1712:
2609:
1953:
966:
1279:, the first Iranian university, was established. The number of modern industrial plants increased 17-fold under Reza Shah (excluding oil installations), and the number of miles of highway increased from 2,000 to 14,000. He founded 100,000-man army (previously, the shah had relied on tribal forces who were rewarded with plunder from the enemy), 90,000-man civil service. He set up free, compulsory education for both males and females and shut down private religious schools—Islamic, Christian, Jewish, etc. He confiscated land and real estate from the wealthy shrine endowments at Mashhad and Qom, etc. In Mashhad, the revenues of the sanctuary of Imam Reza helped finance secular education, build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises."
1941:. By 28–29 August, the Iranian military situation was in complete chaos. The Allies had complete control over the skies of Iran, and large sections of the country were in their hands. Major Iranian cities (such as Tehran) were suffering repeated air raids. In Tehran itself, the casualties had been light, but the Soviet Air Force dropped leaflets over city, warning the population of an upcoming massive bombing raid and urging them to surrender before they suffered imminent destruction. Tehran's water and food supply had faced shortages, and soldiers fled in fear of the Soviets killing them upon capture. Faced with total collapse, the royal family (except the Shah and the Crown Prince) fled to
4804:
1393:. His account of building the university and the medical school’s first dissection hall reveals the cultural challenges faced during Iran's modernization. In a 1934 ministerial meeting, Hekmat pointed out that Tehran lacked a university. Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of 250,000 Toman. Before, Shah had ordered ten students annually to study in Europe and the United States. Reza Shah advised against sending more students abroad, suggesting the establishment of a university in Tehran instead. From 1937, the University of Tehran admitted both men and women to study law, medicine, pharmacology, and literature.
1235:—would be "free of clerical influence, nomadic uprisings, and ethnic differences", on the one hand, and on the other hand would contain "European-style educational institutions, Westernized women active outside the home, and modern economic structures with state factories, communication networks, investment banks, and department stores." Reza is said to have avoided political participation and consultation with politicians or political personalities, instead embracing the slogan "every country has its own ruling system and ours is a one man system." He is also said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens.
4812:
1704:, who acted as the nation's finance minister. Reza Shah also purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare. He also imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects. Mindful of Persia's long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control. He also insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers. This was based upon his experience with Anglo-Persian, which was owned and operated by the
1260:
1506:
state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000 full-time government workers. Patronage controlled by the Shah's royal court served as the third "pillar". This was financed by the Shah's considerable personal wealth which had been built up by forced sales and confiscations of estates, making him "the richest man in Iran". On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres."
1419:
2317:
2092:
588:
4259:
814:
1120:
1634:
2100:
1782:, the Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies. Relations with the Soviet Union had already deteriorated because of that country's commercial policies, which in the 1920s and 1930s adversely affected Iran. In 1932, the Shah cancelled the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil. Although a new and improved agreement was eventually signed, it did not satisfy Iran's demands and left bad feeling on both sides.
1354:
1283:
2026:
1224:
1136:
925:'s command. Farman Farma noted that Reza had potential and sent him to military school where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant. In 1911, he gave a good account of himself in later campaigns and was promoted to First Lieutenant. His proficiency in handling machine guns elevated him to the rank equivalent to captain in 1912. By 1915, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel. His record of military service eventually led him to a commission as a
53:
2220:
1899:
his rivals and into his own estates. The corruption continued under his rule and even became institutionalized. Progress toward modernization was spotty and isolated as it could only take place with Shah's approval. Eventually the Shah became totally dependent on the military and secret police to retain power; in return, these state organs regularly received funding up to 50 percent of available public revenue to ensure their loyalty.
5926:
1828:
1914:
1567:
1582:. Women were allowed to study in the colleges of law and medicine, and in 1934 a law set heavy fines for cinemas, restaurant, and hotels that did not open their doors to both sexes. Doctors were permitted to dissect human bodies, in defiance of the Quranic ban on necropsy (the Shah even forced his cabinet members to "accompany him to the university's pathology lab to view two cadavers in a vat") He restricted public
1307:, wanted a garden, she chose a design by French architect André Godard. However, the shah's approval was required for construction within the royal compound. Upon seeing a Latin name on the plans, Reza Shah became visibly angry. Despite assurances that Godard had lived in Iran long enough to be considered virtually Iranian, the shah tore up the plans and insisted that an Iranian architect design the garden.
5914:
1975:
firing squad. When he entered into negotiations with the
British, instead of negotiating a favorable settlement, Foroughi implied that both he and the Iranian people wanted to be "liberated" from the Shah's rule. The British and Foroughi agreed that for the Allies to withdraw, Iran would have to expel the German minister and his staff should leave Tehran; the German, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian
2069:. When he accepted the unpleasant responsibility of acting as defense attorney for a group of officers accused of torturing political prisoners, he stated; "Our young intellectuals cannot possibly understand and cannot judge the reign of Reza Shah. They cannot because they were too young to remember the chaotic and desperate conditions out of which arose the autocrat named Reza Shah."
828:
1860:
1294:, the main site of French excavation in Iran. Enraged by the sight of a large European castle with a French flag, he remarked, "Did they intend to position an army there up on the hill?" He also received multiple reports of French looting of Susa's antiquities and taking them to France. When Reza Khan ascended the throne in 1925, his court minister,
1819:. Caught off guard, out gunned and diplomatically isolated, Reza Shah was defeated by Anglo-Soviet invasion, ordering his forces to surrender to prevent the world war from reaching Iran, and w as forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his son. Reza Shah then was banished into exile while Iran would remain under Allied occupation until 1946.
1403:’s poems praising knowledge. Despite strong opposition from conservative clerics who opposed the dissection hall, efforts by figures like Hekmat ensured the school’s opening. Dr. Bakhtiar, a surgeon and deputy, had to discreetly visit hospitals, retrieve corpses, load them into his car, and transport them to the dissection hall.
3402:
1155:, and that Reza Khan would wear civilian clothing instead of the military attire. This erroneous calculation by Zia ol Din Tabatabaee backfired and instead it was apparent to people who observed Reza Khan, including members of parliament, that he (and not Zia ol Din Tabatabaee) was the one who wielded power.
2151:
about which he had been complaining for many years. His personal doctor had boosted the King's morale in exile by telling him that he was suffering from chronic indigestion and not heart ailment. He lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life. He was sixty-six years
2021:
The Anglo-Soviet invasion was instigated in response to Reza for having denied the request to remove the German residents, who could threaten the Abadan refinery. Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran and denied the use of the railway to the Allies.
1979:
would be closed; and all remaining German nationals (including all families) would be handed over to the
British and Soviet authorities. The last order would mean almost certain imprisonment or, in the case of those handed to the Soviets, possible death. Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing
1948:
The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating. Many
Iranian commanders behaved incompetently, others secretly sympathized with the British and sabotaged Iranian resistance. The army generals met in secret to discuss surrender options. When the Shah
1743:
Not all observers agree that the Shah minimized foreign influence. Reza Shah built a 1392 km-long rail line connecting the
Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea, using foreign technicians from countries with no historic interest in Iran—principally Germany, Scandinavia, and the United States—and not
1530:
to beat a cleric who had angrily admonished Reza Shah's wife for temporarily exposing her face a day earlier while on pilgrimage to Qom. In
December of that year he instituted a law requiring everyone (except Shia jurisconsults who had passed a special qualifying examination) to wear Western clothes.
1513:
but from Iran's: "tribes, the clergy, and the young generation of the new intelligentsia. The tribes bore the brunt of the new order." Among the tribes forcibly settled where the
Bakhtiari, Qashqai, Lur, Kurd, Baluchi. According to Sandra Mackey, the settling "shattered tribal economic and undermined
1974:
Within days, Reza Shah ordered the military to cease resistance and entered into negotiations with the
British and Soviets. Foroughi was disobliged towards Reza Shah, having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter's father in-law being executed by
1505:
Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded
761:
His legacy remains controversial to this day. His defenders say that he was an essential reunifying and modernizing force for Iran, while his detractors (particularly the
Islamic Republic of Iran) assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernize Iran's large peasant population
1814:
Reza Shah's foreign policy, which had consisted largely on playing the Soviet Union off against the United
Kingdom, failed when the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, resulted in those two powers becoming sudden allies in the fight against the Axis powers. Seeking to scold this new Axis ally, and
1314:
from
Iranian working society. Supporters held that the veil impeded physical exercise and the ability of women to enter society and contribute to the progress of the nation. This move met opposition from the Mullahs from the religious establishment. The unveiling issue and the Women's Awakening are
1898:
with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient. The bureaucracy fell apart, since officials preferred sycophancy, when anyone could be whisked away to prison for even the whiff of disobeying his whims. He confiscated land from the Qajars and from
1855:
The later years of his reign were dedicated to institutionalizing the educational system of Iran and also to the industrialization of the country. He knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians,
1851:
and a large number of modern educated Iranians, proved adept at masterminding the implementation of many reforms demanded since the failed constitutional revolution of 1905–1911. The preservation and promotion of the country's historic heritage, the provision of public education, construction of a
1805:"to convince the Persians of the kinship between Germans and the Persians, the modern Aryans and the ancient Aryans". In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the
1453:"), the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the names for the Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from
1158:
By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran's interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed prime minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile)
2022:
However, according to the British embassy reports from Tehran in 1940, the total number of German citizens in Iran from technicians to spies was no more than one thousand. Because of its strategic importance to the Allies, Iran was subsequently called "The Bridge of Victory" by Winston Churchill.
1747:
However, according to Makki Hossein, this north–south railway line was uneconomical, only serving the British, who had a military presence in the south of Iran and desired the ability to transfer their troops north to Russia, as part of their strategic defence plan. Instead, the Shah's government
905:
of 1856. Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza was barely 8 months old. Upon his father's death, Reza and his mother moved to her brother's house in Tehran. She remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle. In 1882, his uncle in turn sent Reza to a family friend, Amir
3991:
1611:
arrived and broke into the shrine, killing dozens and injuring hundreds, and marking a final rupture between the clergy and the Shah. Some of the Mashed clergy even left their jobs, such as the Keeper of the Keys of the shrine Hassan Mazloumi, later named Barjesteh, who stated he did not want to
2118:
Like his son after him, Reza Shah died in exile. After the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Iran on 25 August 1941, the British offered to keep his family in power if Reza Shah agreed to a life of exile. Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his
1361:
Parliamentary elections during the Shah's reign were not democratic. The general practice was to "draw up, with the help of the police chief, a list of parliamentary candidates for the interior minister. The interior minister then passed the same names onto the provincial governor-general. ...
1250:
and many other western-educated Iranians emerged to implement modernist plans, such as the construction of railways, a modern judiciary and educational system, and the imposition of changes in traditional attire, and traditional and religious customs and mores. In the second half of his reign
1726:
In his campaign against foreign influence, he annulled the 19th-century capitulations to Europeans in 1928. Under these, Europeans in Iran had enjoyed the privilege of being subject to their own consular courts rather than to the Iranian judiciary. The right to print money was moved from the
4805:"آمار ترانزیت کالا از کشور و میزان کالاهاى عبورى نشان دهنده نقش و اهمیت کریدور شمال و جنـوب درترانزیت کشور است که با کامل شدن زیرساخت هاى لازم این نقش به مراتب افزایش خواهد یافت.ولى بـا دقـت در ایـن آمارها مشاهده مى شود که نقش کریدور شرق به غرب در کشور، همچنان کمرنگ و بى رونق است"
1369:, was accused and convicted of corruption, bribery, misuse of foreign currency regulations, and plans to overthrow the Shah. He was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933. The minister of finance, Prince
1377:, his minister of justice, was suspected of similar charges and committed suicide in February 1937. The elimination of these ministers "deprived" Iran "of her most dynamic figures ... and the burden of government fell heavily on Reza Shah" according to historian Cyrus Ghani.
1032:
2052:
Reza Shah's main critics were the so-called "new intelligentsia", often educated in Europe, for whom the Shah "was not a state-builder but an 'oriental despot' ... not a reformer but a plutocrat strengthening the landed upper class; not a real nationalist but a jack-booted
1465:, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son and successor, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably, nonetheless use of "Iran" continued to supplant "Persia", especially in the West. Though the predominant and official language of the country was the
1748:
should have developed what critics believe was an economically justifiable east–west railway system. (However, in the decades that followed and continuing into the present, north-south transit is considered far more economically vital in comparison to west–east transit.)
724:
Two years after the coup, Seyyed Zia appointed Reza Pahlavi as Iran's prime minister, backed by the compliant national assembly of Iran. In 1925, Reza Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly. The assembly deposed
3029:
1949:
learned of the generals' actions, he beat armed forces chief General Ahmad Nakhjavan with a cane and physically stripped him of his rank. Nakhjavan was nearly shot by the Shah on the spot, but at the insistence of the Crown Prince, he was sent to prison instead.
914:. Maurits Wagenvoort, who met and spoke to Reza at a meeting of the "Babi-circle of Hadsji Achont" in Tehran in 1903, in a publication from 1926 speaks of him as the "gholam of His Presence the Dutch Consul" and noted his very keen interest in Western politics.
1098:
Reza Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran's interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government. Among the greatest threats to the new administration were the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic, which had been established in
1362:
handed down the list to the supervisory electoral councils that were packed by the Interior Ministry to oversee the ballots. Parliament ceased to be a meaningful institution, and instead became a decorative garb covering the nakedness of military rule."
2202:. During this rampage, happening all over the nation, any construction depicting or even citing the name of the Shah and his family was destroyed. This included the destruction of Reza Shah's mausoleum, but they were unable to find his dead body.
1739:
to the Iranian government, in addition to the collection of customs by Belgian officials. He eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.
1983:
In response to the Shah's defiance, the Red Army on 16 September moved to occupy Tehran. Fearing execution by the Communists, many people (especially the wealthy) fled the city. Reza Shah, in a letter handwritten by Foroughi, announced his
2083:: "Reza Shah Pahlavi, posthumously entitled 'The Great' in the annals of his country was indeed, if not the greatest, at any rate one of the strongest and ablest men Iran has produced in all the two and a half milleniums of her history".
1298:, suggested ending the French monopoly on excavation granted by Qajar government and appointing a Frenchman as the director of a new archaeological institute. Consequently, the French monopoly was abolished in 1927, and as a compromise,
906:
Tuman Kazim Khan, an officer in the Persian Cossack Brigade, in whose home he had a room of his own and a chance to study with Kazim Khan's children with the tutors who came to the house. When Reza was sixteen years old, he joined the
1302:
was appointed director of the archaeological service. The Iranian Parliament voted on April 29, 1928, to hire Godard for five years starting from November 18, 1928. Reza Shah preferred Iranian architects. When his favorite daughter,
2825:
Following the overthrow of the Qajar dynasty and becoming the Shahanshah of Iran, he commanded all offices of Iran to address him with his surname and title, "Reza Shah Pahlavi". In the spring of 1950, after the foundation of the
1586:
to one day, banned self-flagellation during Ashura, and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques. By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's rule had caused intense dissatisfaction of the
1539:. He announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings. One of his daughters reviewed a girls' athletic event with an uncovered head.Reza Shah confiscated some religious madrasas from clerics.
705:, and also served in the army. In 1911, he was promoted to first lieutenant, by 1912 he was elevated to the rank of captain and by 1915 he became a colonel. In February 1921, as leader of the entire Cossack Brigade based in
1090:. It is thought that the British provided "ammunition, supplies and pay" for Reza's troops. On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power.
1043:, promoted Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan led his 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade, based in
1514:
the traditional social structure. ... people and herds, ill adapted to a sedentary lifestyle and dependent for hygiene and health on moving campsites from time to time, died in terrible numbers. None have forgotten."
1481:) was geographically confusing at times as it was also the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces. Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the
1603:. Responding to a cleric who denounced the Shah's "heretical" innovations, corruption and heavy consumer taxes, many bazaaris and villagers took refuge in the shrine, chanting slogans such as "The Shah is a new
1380:
Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Hekmat funded the construction of key cultural and educational sites in Iran, including the University of Tehran, the Ancient Iran Museum (later the Iran National Museum), and the tombs of
2179:, in the southern suburbs of the capital, Tehran. The Iranian parliament (Majlis) later designated the title "the Great" to be added to his name. There were reports that on 14 January 1979, shortly before the
5615:, Resources for feminist research (RFR) / Documentation sur la recherche féministe (DRF), Vol. 22, n. 3/4, pp. 5–18, Toronto: Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto (OISE),
2205:
In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran. An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.
1094:
gave a situation report to the British War Office saying that a capable Persian officer was in command of the Cossacks and this "would solve many difficulties and enable us to depart in peace and honour".
2016:
Would His Highness kindly abdicate in favour of his son, the heir to the throne? We have a high opinion of him and will ensure his position. But His Highness should not think there is any other solution.
1894:
and the suicide of Davar, ensured that any progress towards democratization was stillborn and organized opposition to the Shah, impossible. Reza Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and
1801:, as they were considered to be the only people besides germans to be "pure Aryans". In 1939, Hitler also provided Iran with their German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books on
1399:
enlisted Godard to design the University of Tehran, using the 200,000-square-meter Jalaliyah Garden for the project. In 1935, the Ebne Sina Medical School opened first, adorned with calligraphy from
1251:(1933–41), which the Shah described as "one-man rule", strong personalities like Davar and Teymourtash were removed, and secularist and Western policies and plans initiated earlier were implemented.
6901:
2583:
was historically the common name for Iran. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the historical name of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.
1612:
listen to the orders of a dog. From 1925 to 1941 enrollment of "theology students in the traditional madresehs"—roughly the equivalent in age level of secondary schools—declined from 5984 to 785.
1071:), or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah. While Reza Khan and his Cossack brigade secured Tehran, the Persian envoy in Moscow negotiated a treaty with the
3636:(in Persian and English). Gronsveld and Rotterdam: Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn & Co's Uitgeversmaatschappij. Initiated by the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Tehran. pp. 254–256.
1852:
national railway, abolition of capitulation agreements, and the establishment of a national bank had all been advocated by intellectuals since the tumult of the constitutional revolution.
1717:
His Imperial Majesty – Reza Shah Pahlavi – Shahanshah of Iran – With the Best Wishes – Berlin, 12 March 1936 –
1151:, who was prime minister at the time. Zia ol Din Tabatabaee wrongly calculated that when Reza Khan was appointed as the minister of war, he would relinquish his post as the head of the
1001:
was often unable to control. By 1920, the government had lost virtually all power outside its capital: British and Soviet forces exercised control over most of the Iranian mainland.
1693:), which was slated to expire in 1961. The concession granted Persia 16% of the net profits from APOC oil operations. The Shah wanted 21%. The British took the dispute before the
1886:
The parliament assented to his decrees, the free press was suppressed, and the swift incarceration of political leaders like Mossadegh, the murder of others such as Teymourtash,
737:, and amended Iran's 1906 constitution to allow selection of Reza Pahlavi as the Shah of Iran. He founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until overthrown in 1979 during the
6894:
1815:
to guarantee the continued supply for United Kingdom and in order to secure a route of supply to provide Soviet forces with war material, the two allies jointly launched a
7169:
1648:
Reza Shah initiated change in foreign affairs as well. He worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.
1711:
2324:
Under Reza Shah's reign, a number of new concepts were introduced between 1923 and 1941. Some of these significant changes, achievements, concepts and laws included:
1310:
Along with the modernization of the nation, Reza Shah was the ruler during the time of the Women's Awakening (1936–1941). This movement sought the elimination of the
4048:
2694:(1905–1995), was a member of the Qajar dynasty. She married Reza Shah in 1923 and accompanied him to his exile. Esmat was Reza Shah's favorite wife, who resided at
6887:
4601:
1952:
1839:
The Shah's reign is sometimes divided into periods. All the efforts of Reza Shah's reign were either completed or conceived in the 1925–1938 period. Abdolhossein
2751:) (1 November 1925 – 13 June 1926), was a close colleague / friend of Reza Shah (before he became king), was probably also Reza Shah's favorite prime minister.
1086:
was partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the
1373:, who played an important role in the first three years of his reign, was convicted on similar charges in May 1930, and also died in prison, in January 1938.
1231:
While the Shah left behind no major thesis, or speeches giving an overarching policy, his reforms indicated a striving for an Iran which—according to scholar
6056:
663:
186:
5541:
2617:
1079:
allowed the Soviets to invade and occupy Persia, should they believe foreign troops were using it as a staging area for an invasion of Soviet territory.
7144:
6378:
2636:(1896–1982). The couple married in 1916 and when Reza Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official wife. They had four children together:
1891:
1522:
As his reign became more secure, Reza Shah clashed with Iran's clergy and devout Muslims on many issues. In March 1928, he violated the sanctuary of
1345:
He forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.
5788:
1700:
He previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems. Among them was U.S. economist
4116:
1055:
be appointed prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was as commander of the Iranian Army, which he combined with the post of
918:
1980:
instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country. By 18 September, most of the German nationals had escaped via the Turkish border.
7134:
6714:
2608:
1531:
This angered devout Muslims because it included a hat with a brim which prevented the devout from touching their foreheads on the ground during
7159:
6910:
6080:
4407:
5426:
1887:
6914:
2589:
1159:
until his death. It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of
978:
2131:. The Chateau Val Ory is still an Iranian property, albeit in a decrepitated state with the Iranian government refusing to sell it to the
1509:
Although the landed aristocracy lost most of their influence during Reza Shah's reign, his regime aroused opposition not from them or the
965:
7179:
1789:, Germany was Iran's largest ally and trading partner. The Germans agreed to give the Shah the steel factory he coveted and considered a
3695:
1697:. However, before a decision was made by the League, the company and Iran compromised and a new concession was signed on 26 April 1933.
6317:
2422:
977:, Persia had become a battleground. In 1917, Britain used Iran as the springboard to launch an expedition into Russia as part of their
2065:, a contemporary intellectual and historian of constitutional movement, who had strongly criticized participation of Reza Shah in the
1180:
to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah, and instate him as the next Shah of Iran. Initially, he had planned to declare the country a
6181:
5449:
5268:
Mohammad Gholi Majd, August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs, University Press of America, 2012, p. 12.
3965:
1076:
5828:
lbrecht Schnabel and Amin Saikal (2003), Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges, and Modernization.
721:
as the new prime minister. Reza Khan's first role in the new government was commander-in-chief of the army and the minister of war.
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7074:
6501:
6461:
6451:
4714:
5397:
4147:
1173:
on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.
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7114:
5090:
4740:
7099:
6371:
5869:
5136:
4724:
4032:
3749:
3557:
3522:
3492:
3378:
1988:, as the Soviets entered the city on 17 September. The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power, but the heir to
694:, but also introduced many social, economic, and political reforms during his reign, ultimately laying the foundation of the
2576:), an edict that was swiftly and forcefully implemented. The government also banned many types of male traditional clothing.
7089:
7079:
6420:
5949:
4315:
4229:
3830:
874:
7164:
6435:
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Ghani, Cyrus. (1998), Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule. Tauris publisher, London
1570:
Military commanders of the Iranian armed forces, government officials and their wives commemorating the abolition of the
1184:, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.
1091:
1040:
845:
4598:
3765:
2284:
6270:
6118:
4916:
4677:
1316:
24:
2256:
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3471:(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...)
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4230:"Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux: Disentangling the Narrative of French Colonialism and Modern Architecture in Iran"
2183:, the remains were moved back to Egypt and buried in the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo. However, in a 2015 documentary
1651:
One of the first acts of the new government after the 1921 entrance into Tehran was to tear up the treaty with the
1607:." For four full days local police and army refused to violate the shrine. The standoff was ended when troops from
1342:. Contradicting this are claims that he was behind anti-Jewish incidents in parts of Tehran during September 1922.
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1793:
of progress and modernity. they began to form a stronger alliance as Iran started helping the axis forces and the
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From the beginning of the appointment of Reza Khan as the minister of war, there was ever increasing tension with
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2794:(26 October 1939 – 26 June 1940). Reza Shah removed him from office and imprisoned him in 1940 for spying on the
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129:
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1238:
Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods". From 1925 to 1933, figures such as
587:
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Katouzian, Homa (2003). "2. Riza Shah's Political Legitimacy and Social Base, 1921–1941" in Cronin, Stephanie:
5584:
3806:
3254:
2827:
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During Reza Shah's sixteen years of rule, major developments, such as large road construction projects and the
910:. In 1903, when he was 25 years old, he is reported to have been guard and servant to the Dutch consul general
755:
1083:
1048:
960:
714:
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3087:"Crowning the "Sun of the Aryans": Mohammad Reza Shah's Coronation and Monarchical Spectacle in Pahlavi Iran"
2441:
1908:
1816:
1543:, the Minister of Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasa into a new art college (Honar Kadeh) in Tehran, where
683:
5549:
2620:, who was his cousin, in 1895. The marriage lasted until Maryam's death in 1911, the couple had a daughter:
1028:. This, along with various other unrest in the country, created "an acute political crisis in the capital."
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SINCONA Auction 49: The Kian Collection (Machine Struck Coins and Medals of the Qajar and Pahlavi Dynasties
2663:
2487:
Eradication of corruption in civil servants, paying wages in time so people did not have to rely on bribes.
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and ordering all citizens, rich and poor, to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.
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Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII
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1685:. The next year, 1932, he surprised the British by unilaterally canceling the oil concession awarded to
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Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikhe-Mashrothe Iran (The history of constitutional movement of Iran), pp. 825, 855.
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3197:
2171:). In May 1950, the remains were flown back to Iran where the embalming was removed, and buried in a
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1579:
997:. The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers
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4404:
4128:
1967:, whom he blamed for demoralising the military, to resign, replacing him with former prime minister
1871:
Reza Shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with Iran's Middle Eastern neighbors, particularly
1199:. Three days later, on 15 December, he took his imperial oath and thus became the first shah of the
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Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers. His minister of Imperial Court,
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781:, resulted in the suppression of several ethnic and social groups. Although he was of Iranian
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107:
20:
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The Veil in Their Minds and on Our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women
3448:
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2448:
conducted excavations for eight seasons, beginning in 1930, and included other nearby sites.
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A Rich Record: The Cultural, Political and Social Transformation of Iran Under the Pahlavis
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4262: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2612:
Reza Shah and his children (from left to right: Mohammad Reza, Shams, and Ashraf), 1920s
6995:
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6659:
6609:
6327:
5433: – Hardline cleric known as the "hanging judge" of Iran", Adel Darwish,
4144:
3422:
2764:
2731:
2710:
2703:
2478:
2277:
2180:
1993:
1938:
1608:
1555:, later relocated the art college to the basement of the faculty of engineering at the
974:
894:
890:
782:
763:
738:
687:
576:
510:
498:
494:
5765:
State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis
5528:
Town and Country in the Middle East: Iran and Egypt in the Transition to Globalization
4323:
3969:
3838:
3514:
State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis
658:(15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the
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5027:
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2491:
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Unlike British and Soviet, Germany was always in good terms with Iran. On the eve of
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2198:, Iran faced a series of rampages at the hand of an extremist mob led by the cleric
1473:, whereas "Iranians" made for a much more neutral and unifying reference to all the
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5735:
Katouzian, Homa (2004). "1. State and Society under Reza Shah" in Atabaki, Touraj;
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4237:
3545:
3414:
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2886:
2874:
2544:
2415:
2396:
2001:
1989:
1880:
1764:
1678:
1671:
1596:
1466:
1338:. Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the
1124:
1064:
998:
902:
835:
767:
726:
550:
530:
207:
150:
97:
5885:
3673:"History of Iran : Reza Shah Pahlavi – Reza Shah Kabir (Reza Shah The Great)"
3449:
1876:
1807:
1259:
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6720:
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5502:"عضو شورای شهر پایتخت ایران: جسد مومیایی شده متعلق به رضاشاه بود و دوباره دفن شد"
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1997:
1934:
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1832:
1735:(Bank-i Melli Iran), as was the administration of the telegraph system, from the
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1374:
1335:
1247:
1200:
937:
858:
778:
771:
706:
659:
506:
4777:
History of Iran in Twenty Years, Vol. II, Preparation for the Change of Monarchy
3249:(چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15–16, 21–33, 39–40, 43–45.
1544:
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6689:
6674:
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6229:
3893:
For fine discussions of this period and Ironside's key role, see R. H. Ullman,
3508:
3403:"Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921–1926"
2795:
2781:
2678:. The couple married in 1922 but divorced in 1923 and together they had a son:
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2633:
2437:
2316:
2091:
1961:
1926:
1798:
1615:
The Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident with the
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1400:
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986:
878:
802:
786:
482:
390:
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3418:
3103:
3086:
1751:
On 21 March 1935, he issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term
1322:
Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the
1119:
813:
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2533:
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2188:
2062:
1633:
1617:
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1430:
1390:
1304:
794:
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trying to create a single, united and largely homogeneous nation, similar to
734:
474:
227:
162:
5767:, 2nd ed, Library of modern Middle East studies, Vol. 28, London; New York:
5501:
3816:
2191:, claimed that the remains of the late Reza Shah remain in the town of Ray.
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6586:
5608:
5016:
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4895:
3539:
3326:
2807:
2803:
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2537:
2505:
Establishment of the first Iranian kindergarten and school for deaf people.
2474:
2369:
2144:
2075:, a British civil servant who accompanied Reza Shah on his 1941 journey to
2005:
1930:
1856:
and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.
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1779:
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1212:
1207:
took place much later, on 25 April 1926. It was at that time that his son,
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866:
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315:
4119:(ed.) Gholamali Haddad Adel, Mohammad Jafar Elmi, Hassan Taromi-Rad, p. 15
3549:
1681:
to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned
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3799:
Iran and the rise of Reza Shah : from Qajar collapse to Pahlavi rule
2927:
Superstition as Ideology in Iranian Politics: From Majlesi to Ahmadinejad
2777:
2515:
Creation of birth certificates and Identification cards for all Iranians.
2365:
2099:
1840:
1767:. It was, however, attributed more to the Iranian people than others, as
1588:
1087:
1051:. He forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that
1039:
On 14 January 1921, the commander of the British Forces in Iran, General
841:
691:
223:
5477:"Iran Unearths Mummy That Could Belong to One of its Last Royal Leaders"
4242:
3741:
Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power
2518:
Creation of the first Iranian airplane factory with buying license from
1353:
1282:
6922:
6704:
6629:
6402:
5741:
Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernisation in Turkey and Iran, 1918–1942
5709:
The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941
5380:
5378:
5376:
3177:
2813:
2456:
2429:
2244: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2037:
2025:
1985:
1964:
1423:
1223:
1204:
1135:
882:
671:
607:
84:
5597:
The Iranian Labyrinth: Journeys Through Theocratic Iran and Its Furies
2061:
and brought to power by British imperialists." His defenders included
2029:
Reza Shah's legs statue after the original statue was destroyed after
1535:
as required by Islamic law. The Shah also encouraged women to discard
6760:
5841:
5712:
2569:
2354:
2176:
2132:
2120:
2107:
1072:
1017:
348:
5373:
4278:"(Link is down, needs verification) A Brief History of Iranian Jews"
2219:
2044:
who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.
1334:
and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after
1290:
In 1923, Reza Khan, then Sardar Sepah (Commander in Chief), visited
52:
6909:
3910:(London, 1977), pp. 180–184. Ironside's diary is the main document.
2411:
2140:
1976:
1802:
1382:
1181:
1025:
898:
886:
698:. Therefore, he is regarded by many as the founder of modern Iran.
298:
6159:
5635:, Cambridge Middle East studies, Vol. 1, Cambridge, UK; New York:
5328:
5279:
4117:
Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam
3631:
1913:
1883:
shortly thereafter, prevented these projects from being realized.
1827:
1566:
1326:
by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of
5925:
2519:
2058:
2054:
1942:
1604:
1600:
1560:
1327:
1044:
545:
5577:
The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History 1789–1945 (2nd ed.)
4807:[Summary report of road transit goods from the country]
2008:
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi took the oath to become the Shah of Iran.
1705:
1075:
for the removal of Soviet troops from Persia. Article IV of the
993:
responded by annexing portions of northern Persia, creating the
5913:
2573:
2136:
2111:
1872:
1659:
1642:
1622:
1571:
1510:
1490:
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1339:
1311:
1177:
1168:
1140:
870:
854:
818:
798:
710:
294:
30:"Reza Khan" and "Shah Reza" redirect here. For other uses, see
4640:
Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution
3221:(چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46–51 جلد اول.
869:
Abbas-Ali Khan and wife Noush-Afarin. His mother, Nush Afarin
777:
and cultural unitarism, along with forced detribalization and
5055:
Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers
2596:
2565:
2499:
2495:
2484:
Ordering all educational institutions in Iran to admit women.
2164:
2156:
1536:
1532:
1386:
1161:
1104:
1100:
1008:
prepared to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500
1005:
921:. His initial career started as a private under Qajar Prince
893:
several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a
817:
Museum of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the house where he was born, in
333:
4909:
Paved with Good Intentions: The American Experience and Iran
3277:(اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61–62.
2564:). On 8 January 1936, Reza Shah issued a decree banning all
1778:
Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the
1489:
knew the country as Persia, largely a legacy of the Ancient
1031:
717:. He forced the dissolution of the government and installed
7012:
6827:
5936:
5657:
Great Britain and Reza Shah: The Plunder of Iran, 1921–1941
2466:
Creation of the first university in Iran which is known as
2128:
1551:
were among the teachers. However, the second Pahlavi king,
1438:
1323:
1291:
1192:
785:
descent, his government carried out an extensive policy of
730:
675:
4584:
The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
4553:
The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
4481:
The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
3697:
Onomastic Reforms: Family Names and State-Building in Iran
3240:
3238:
5633:
Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran
1937:
Iran by a massive air, land, and naval assault without a
1771:
means "Land of the Aryans". This wisdom of this decision
1523:
940:, which later became the name of the dynasty he founded.
885:
when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the
5937:
IRANNOTES.com | High Quality IRANIAN Banknotes and Coins
5186:
3577:(in Persian). Tehran: Hekayat Ghalam Novin. p. 31.
3487:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 538.
2395:
Rebuilding Iran's historical sites, including the tombs
5864:(in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466.
3235:
2780:(3 December 1935 – 26 October 1939), Mahmoud Jam's son
2494:
and schoolbooks in Iran; before Reza Shah Pahlavi, the
2194:
After the 1979 revolution and during the period of the
1859:
1437:(or its cognates) was historically the common name for
5450:"Iranian officials discover body of Reza Shah Pahlavi"
5329:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?"
5280:"Diplomacy: what lies behind the Iran-Mauritius thaw?"
5154:"Iran, Jews and the Holocaust: An answer to Mr. Black"
4520:
4518:
4516:
3737:
3147:، نشر ثالث، ۷۸۶ صفحه، چاپ سوم، ۱۳۸۲، ویژه:منابع کتاب/
1578:
The devout were also angered by policies that allowed
3634:
Iran and the Netherlands; interwoven through the ages
2455:(with German advice) and other Iranian banks such as
2167:(also the future burial place of his son, the exiled
1902:
1035:
Reza Pahlavi portrait during his time as war minister
5842:"Kolana Řádu Bílého lva aneb hlavy států v řetězech"
4495:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
4207:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
3927:(Mohammad-Ali Elmi Press, 1945), pp. 87–90, 358–451.
2451:
Creation of the Iran's first national bank known as
1275:
were built, modern education was introduced and the
1195:(King) of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the
1143:
on the occasion of the coronation of Reza Shah, 1926
744:
In the spring of 1950, he was posthumously named as
682:
from 1925 until he was forced to abdicate after the
7170:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
5223:A.Kasravi, The case or the defense of the accused,
5179:"Country name calling: the case of Iran vs. Persia"
4513:
3366:
3031:بزرگداشت رضاشاه بزرگ، بنیانگذار ایران نوین، در لندن
2951:"Historic Personalities of Iran: Reza Shah Pahlavi"
2632:Reza Shah's second wife was Nimtaj Ayromlou, later
2436:, were carried out by the initiative of Reza Shah.
2328:Successful suppression of separatist movements and
2147:, South Africa, where he died on 26 July 1944 of a
1917:
Reza Shah and Crown Prince Mohammad Reza in a train
6386:
5015:
3656:
3604:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 180–181.
1406:
3859:Report dated 8 December 1920. Richard H. Ullman,
2011:The British left the Shah a face-saving way out:
1441:. In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and
1114:
7056:
5683:, 5th ed, Area handbook series, Washington, DC:
4564:
4562:
3212:
3210:
2830:, he was given the title "Reza Shah the Great".
2036:Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to
1628:
1176:By October 1925, he succeeded in pressuring the
5857:
5673:
4779:. Tehran: Nasher Publication. pp. 484–485.
4474:
4472:
4944:
4942:
4678:"Reza Shah – Historic Footage with Soundtrack"
4227:
3731:
3074:. SINCONA Swiss International Coin Auction AG.
2320:500 Rials Iranian banknote depicting Reza Shah
2159:, where it was embalmed and kept at the royal
2139:and then to a house at 41 Young Avenue in the
1797:cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the
6895:
6372:
6175:
4955:
4774:
4642:by Shaul, Bakhash, Basic Books, c 1984, p. 22
4559:
4177:
3796:
3661:(in Dutch). Santpoort: C.A. Mees. p. 84.
3373:. University of California Press. p. 4.
3207:
3139:
3137:
3124:
3122:
2820:
2425:in order to protect Iran's official language.
2410:to commemorate the thousandth anniversary of
2209:
1357:Reza Shah addressing Iranian parliament, 1939
1330:; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the
749:
686:in 1941. He was succeeded by his eldest son,
5151:
5145:
5113:
4469:
4079:"Timeline: Iran; A chronology of key events"
3407:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3145:از سوادکوه تا ژوهانسبورگ: زندگی رضاشاه پهلوی
3091:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2547:and making it the official calendar of Iran.
2525:Building the first Iranian airport known as
1992:since that last Qajar Shah's death in 1930,
5890:(in Swedish), vol. II, 1940, p. 8
5757:
5729:
5701:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5119:
4939:
4692:"Reza Shah of Iran meets Ataturk of Turkey"
4371:Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah
4305:, University Press of Florida, 2001, p. 169
3632:Martine Gosselink and Dirk J. Tang (2009).
3360:
2929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 115.
2603:
2444:representing the Oriental Institute of the
1759:is a term used for a country identified as
1658:In 1934 he made an official state visit to
1348:
1315:linked to the Marriage Law of 1931 and the
690:. A modernizer, Reza Shah clashed with the
662:. As a politician, he previously served as
6902:
6888:
6379:
6365:
6182:
6168:
6085:14 February 1925 – 16 September 1941
6004:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941
5277:
5259:. Constable & Company, Ltd, pp. 86–87.
5243:, 1982, Princeton University Press, p. 154
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
4712:
4575:
4544:
4397:
4228:Salari Sardari, Mohadeseh (4 March 2024).
4027:. Government Printing Office. p. 27.
4016:
3455:. University of California Press. p.
3297:
3134:
3119:
2738:
2423:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
2375:Nationalizing Iranian forests and jungles.
1831:Reza Shah in his office (Green Palace) at
1666:. During their meeting Reza Shah spoke in
1317:Second Congress of Eastern Women in Tehran
853:Reza Shah Pahlavi was born in the town of
142:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925
51:
5679:Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (2008).
4898:, Iran in the epoch of Pahlavi the first.
4706:
4478:
4241:
3507:
3268:
3266:
3102:
3001:
2502:was the only form of schooling available.
2304:Learn how and when to remove this message
2155:After his death, his body was carried to
1500:
1263:Reza Shah at the opening ceremony of the
936:In November 1919, he chose the last name
7145:Imperial Iranian Army brigadier generals
5602:
5564:
3572:
3400:
3272:
2839:Czechoslovakia: Collar 1st Class of the
2607:
2346:and public hospitals across the country.
2315:
2098:
2090:
2047:
2024:
1951:
1912:
1858:
1826:
1710:
1632:
1565:
1517:
1417:
1352:
1281:
1258:
1222:
1134:
1118:
1030:
964:
812:
199:24 April 1921 – 1 November 1925
6036:28 October 1923 – 1 November 1925
5625:
5474:
5040:
4986:
3949:
3758:
3693:
3446:
3367:Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008).
3244:
3192:
3190:
2977:"ظهور رضا شاه از دروازه نوسازی قاجارها"
2924:
2774:) (18 September 1933 – 3 December 1935)
2616:Reza Shah married, for the first time,
2378:Creation of an Iranian modern military.
2004:. Instead (with the help of Foroughi),
1822:
846:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
766:nearly four decades later, which ended
380: 1895; died 1911)
7135:Collars of the Order of the White Lion
7057:
5539:
5013:
4854:Russia and the West in Iran 1918-1948.
4581:
4550:
4155:: Recent History, The Education System
4024:Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study
3482:
3339:
3263:
3084:
2974:
1477:, further, "Persia" (locally known as
301:, Mazandaran, Sublime State of Persia
7160:Iranian people of Azerbaijani descent
6883:
6360:
6163:
5649:
4856:George Lenczowski. 1949. pp. 160-161.
4768:
4702:from the original on 7 November 2021.
4483:. New York: Dutton. pp. 173–174.
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
3992:"Political history. Mahrzad Brujerdi"
3792:
3790:
3788:
3597:
3537:
3216:
3178:The Origins of the Iranian Revolution
2885:
2127:on Bois-Cheri Road in the village of
1715:This photograph's inscription reads:
1047:, Qazvin, and Hamadan, to Tehran and
5861:Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009
5475:Hignett, Katherine (24 April 2018).
5326:
4609:(PDF), University Press of America.
4171:
3517:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 269.
3187:
3050:
3048:
2912:"Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography"
2428:The first scientific excavations at
2332:under a powerful central government.
2242:adding citations to reliable sources
2213:
762:eventually sowing the seeds for the
79:15 December 1925 – 16 September 1941
6189:
5942:Newspaper clippings about Reza Shah
5424:Obituary: Ayatollah Sadeq Khalkhali
5385:Historical Iranian Sites and People
5327:Khan, Iqbal Ahmed (20 March 2023).
5278:Ahmed Khan, Iqbal (20 March 2023).
4884:Reza Shah Pahlavi: Policies as Shah
4131:Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam
4071:
3925:Preparations For Change of Monarchy
2878:
1469:, many did not consider themselves
1286:Reza Shah opening a railway station
1218:
1068:
897:, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh
750:
534:
13:
7180:Iranian people of Georgian descent
6126:Non-profit organization positions
6061:24 April 1921 – 13 June 1926
4747:. 8 September 1941. Archived from
4497:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 181
4212:
4209:, New York: Dutton, c 1996. p. 180
3801:. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
3785:
2690:Reza Shah's fourth and last wife,
2357:in order to enforce law and order.
1903:World War II and forced abdication
1879:in 1938, followed by the start of
1077:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship
25:Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran
14:
7196:
5906:
5789:"Iranian princess dies at age 58"
5639:, pp. 106–107, 214–215, 218–220,
4886:, Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
4716:A Persian Odyssey: Iran Revisited
4129:"Pahlavi Dynasty": An Entry from
3738:Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (2001).
3045:
2767:(2 June 1927 – 18 September 1933)
995:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
969:Reza Pahlavi behind a machine gun
950:Iranian Constitutional Revolution
881:), whose family had emigrated to
6142:Iranian Red Lion and Sun Society
5924:
5912:
5878:
5851:
5835:
5822:
5807:
5781:
5589:
5540:Kinzer, Stephen (October 2008).
5533:
5520:
5494:
5468:
5442:
5416:
5390:
5347:
5320:
5302:"Reza Shah's Residence For Sale"
5294:
5271:
5262:
5246:
5230:
5217:
5208:
5195:
5171:
5083:
5071:
5007:
4980:
4911:(Oxford University Press, 1980:
4586:. New York: Dutton. p. 184.
4555:. New York: Dutton. p. 179.
4405:Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi
4257:
3908:The English amongst the Persians
3895:Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921
3575:Reza Shah az Tavalod ta Saltanat
3131:، حسین مکی، نشر ناشر، ۱۳۶۳ تهران
3085:Steele, Robert (22 March 2021).
3027:
2975:افشاری, علی (24 February 2021).
2887:[ɾeˈzɒːˈʃɒːh-epæhlæˈviː]
2698:. The couple had five children:
2670:The third wife of Reza Shah was
2473:Transferring and providing full
2218:
1817:surprise invasion in August 1941
1254:
943:
826:
586:
431:
7085:People from Mazandaran province
7075:20th-century monarchs of Persia
6318:Human rights in the Pahlavi Era
5846:Czech Medals and Orders Society
5743:, pp. 13–43, London; New York:
5711:, pp. 15–37, London; New York:
4926:
4901:
4889:
4877:
4868:
4859:
4847:
4822:
4797:
4783:
4755:
4733:
4684:
4670:
4657:
4645:
4632:
4619:
4590:
4531:
4500:
4487:
4456:
4443:
4430:
4421:
4384:
4364:
4351:
4338:
4308:
4295:
4270:
4199:
4186:
4158:
4137:
4122:
4110:
4097:
4041:
4010:
3984:
3958:
3952:Hayat Yahya (The Life of Yahya)
3943:
3930:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3866:
3853:
3823:
3718:
3687:
3665:
3650:
3625:
3591:
3566:
3531:
3501:
3476:
3440:
3394:
3333:
3291:
3170:
3157:
3078:
2816:(26 June 1940 – 27 August 1941)
2581:Persia (or one of its cognates)
2532:Changing Iranian currency from
2408:Ferdowsi Millenary Celebrations
2229:needs additional citations for
2135:. Subsequently, he was sent to
1863:Reza Shah meeting officials in
1737:Indo-European Telegraph Company
1485:, many countries including the
1227:Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi
768:2,500 years of Iranian monarchy
701:At the age of 14 he joined the
453:
427:
402:
377:
7125:World War II political leaders
7115:Leaders who took power by coup
5152:Abbas Milani (February 2006).
3744:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 147–.
3541:Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah
3451:The Life and Times of the Shah
3370:The Life and Times of the Shah
3062:
3021:
2995:
2968:
2943:
2918:
2904:
2868:
2828:National Consultative Assembly
2784:marries Reza Shah's daughter,
2761:) (13 June 1926 – 2 June 1927)
2674:(1905–1994), who was from the
2152:old at the time of his death.
1115:Overthrow of the Qajar dynasty
770:. Moreover, his insistence on
756:National Consultative Assembly
16:Shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941
1:
7047:indicate interim officeholder
6323:Corruption in the Pahlavi Era
5655:Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2001).
5530:, Lexington Books 2009, p. 71
5091:"The Iranian History 1941 AD"
4865:Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161
4719:. AuthorHouse. pp. 33–.
3659:Karavaanreis door Zuid-Perzië
3573:Niazmand, Seyed Reza (2002).
3447:Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009).
3401:Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992).
3198:"سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه"
2897:
2586:Reconstruction of old cities.
2432:, the ancient capital of the
2095:Reza Shah's funeral in Tehran
1960:The Shah ordered pro-British
1909:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1755:in formal correspondence, as
1677:In 1931, he refused to allow
1629:Foreign affairs and influence
1461:. In 1959, the government of
1004:In late 1920, the Soviets in
808:
684:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
130:16th Prime Minister of Persia
58:
7100:Iranian critics of religions
5241:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4763:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4654:by Ervand Abrahamian, p. 145
4652:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4451:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4438:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4359:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4180:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4166:Iran Between Two Revolutions
4105:Iran Between Two Revolutions
3726:Iran Between Two Revolutions
3700:. Harvard University Press.
3304:Iran Between Two Revolutions
3176:Roger Homan. (Autumn 1980) "
3002:dsi.co.ir (3 October 2018).
2550:Ordering all men other than
2477:for the Iranian students to
2173:mausoleum built in his honor
1591:throughout Iran. In 1935, a
1197:Persian Constitution of 1906
1024:", reinforced by the Soviet
954:
674:and subsequently reigned as
7:
7090:Commanders-in-chief of Iran
7080:20th-century Iranian people
6242:Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary
5946:20th Century Press Archives
5661:University Press of Florida
5599:, Nation Books, 2005, p. 91
4791:"Iran's Transit Importance"
4303:Great Britain and Reza Shah
3954:. Vol. 4. p. 246.
3921:The History of Twenty Years
3657:Maurits Wagenvoort (1926).
3544:. I.B.Tauris. p. 161.
3143:نجفقلی پسیان و خسرو معتضد،
2855:Royal Order of the Seraphim
2344:national health care system
1371:Firouz Nosrat-ed-Dowleh III
1187:The Majlis, convening as a
471:Princess Hamdam al-Saltaneh
10:
7201:
7165:People exiled to Mauritius
6806:Interim Government of Iran
6081:Commander-in-Chief of Iran
5848:. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
5637:Cambridge University Press
4950:Paved with Good Intentions
4934:Paved with Good Intentions
4479:Mackey, Sandra (c. 1996).
4427:Encarta: Reza Shah Pahlavi
3309:Princeton University Press
2833:
2821:Titles, styles and honours
2649:Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
2626:Hamdam al-Saltaneh Pahlavi
2414:'s birth as the savior of
2210:Amendments and foundations
2196:Interim Government of Iran
1906:
1662:and met Turkish President
1463:Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1166:(His Serene Highness) and
1129:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
958:
947:
923:Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma
36:Shah Reza (disambiguation)
32:Reza Khan (disambiguation)
29:
18:
7042:
7011:
6974:
6921:
6868:
6826:
6804:
6585:
6401:
6336:
6305:
6280:
6257:
6222:
6199:
6148:
6138:
6130:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6097:
6087:
6078:
6070:
6065:
6054:
6048:
6038:
6029:
6021:
6016:
6006:
5997:
5989:
5984:
5957:
5685:Federal Research Division
5508:(in Persian). 21 May 2018
5059:Syracuse University Press
5053:Milani, Farzaneh (1992).
3766:"The Pahlavi Era of Iran"
3419:10.1017/s0020743800022388
3346:. Yale University Press.
3307:. Princeton, New Jersey:
3203:. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
3104:10.1017/S002074382000121X
1691:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
1637:Reza Shah with president
649:
645:
635:
627:
617:
603:
598:
594:
582:
572:
564:
556:
544:
525:
520:
516:
464:
356:
322:
305:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
249:
239:
213:
203:
192:
185:
168:
156:
146:
135:
128:
124:
117:
113:
103:
93:
83:
75:
68:
50:
45:
6828:Islamic Republic of Iran
5898:– via runeberg.org
5858:Jørgen Pedersen (2009).
5763:Katouzian, Homa (2006).
5663:, pp. 209–213, 217–218,
5579:, Penguin, 2001, p. 459
5404:. Tehran. AP. 7 May 1950
5203:A History of Modern Iran
4969:(Yale University, 1981:
4418:, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989)
2861:
2604:Family and personal life
2554:to wear Western clothes.
2342:Foundation of the first
2335:Foundation of the first
2086:
1367:Abdolhossein Teymourtash
1349:Parliament and ministers
1240:Abdolhossein Teymourtash
1131:to the left of Reza Khan
973:In the aftermath of the
961:1921 Persian coup d'état
873:, was an immigrant from
19:Not to be confused with
7175:Politicide perpetrators
7120:Prime ministers of Iran
7105:Iranian anti-communists
6388:Prime ministers of Iran
6109:Persian Cossack Brigade
5631:Paidar, Parvin (1995):
5526:JMohammad A. Chaichia,
5429:14 October 2006 at the
5359:The Mail & Guardian
5192:Parcham, 16 August 1942
4987:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011).
4874:Rezun. 1982, p. 29
4582:Mackey, Sandra (1996).
4551:Mackey, Sandra (1996).
4410:24 October 2010 at the
4390:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,
3861:The Anglo-Soviet Accord
3694:Chehabi, H. E. (2020).
3598:Nahai, Gina B. (2000).
3273:زیباکلام, صادق (1398).
3247:رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت
2846:Denmark: Knight of the
2841:Order of the White Lion
2770:Mohammad Ali Foroughi (
2739:List of prime ministers
2510:Iran Scout Organization
2390:national Museum of Iran
2337:judicial system of Iran
2187:, his daughter-in-law,
1933:) invaded and occupied
1773:continues to be debated
1267:'s Faculty of Medicine.
1244:Nosrat ol Dowleh Firouz
1153:Persian Cossack Brigade
931:Persian Cossack Brigade
912:Fridolin Marinus Knobel
908:Persian Cossack Brigade
703:Persian Cossack Brigade
622:Persian Cossack Brigade
608:Sublime State of Persia
318:, Union of South Africa
256:Amir Abdollah Tahmasebi
7130:Monarchs who abdicated
6860:Post abolished in 1989
6032:Prime Minister of Iran
5929:Quotations related to
5887:Sveriges statskalender
5771:, pp. 33–34, 335–336,
5398:"Shah's body returned"
5057:, Syracuse, New York:
5014:Milani, Abbas (2011).
4990:Iran at War: 1500–1988
4775:Makki Hossein (1945).
4665:History of Modern Iran
4627:History of Modern Iran
4570:History of Modern Iran
4526:History of Modern Iran
4464:History of Modern Iran
4392:Mission for My Country
4348:, Tehran, 2005, p. 15.
3966:"Bahman Amir Hosseini"
3874:Modern Iran since 1921
3797:Ghanī, Sīrūs. (2000).
3728:, (1982), pp. 116–117.
3675:. Iran Chamber Society
3485:Iran: A Modern History
3483:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
3343:Iran: A Modern History
3340:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
3165:History of Modern Iran
2853:Sweden: Knight of the
2613:
2579:In the Western world,
2492:national school system
2490:Creation of the first
2321:
2115:
2104:Mausoleum of Reza Shah
2096:
2079:, writes in his book,
2033:
2019:
1957:
1918:
1868:
1836:
1723:
1645:
1575:
1501:Support and opposition
1487:English-speaking world
1426:
1358:
1287:
1268:
1228:
1144:
1132:
1041:Edmund "Tiny" Ironside
1036:
970:
917:He also served in the
834:This article contains
821:
801:after the fall of the
612:Imperial State of Iran
391:Tadj ol-Molouk Ayromlu
345:Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
341:Mausoleum of Reza Shah
57:Reza Shah in uniform,
6152:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
6101:Vsevolod Starosselsky
6091:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
6042:Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
6010:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
5681:Iran: A Country Study
5402:Eugene Register Guard
5022:. Macmillan. p.
4751:on 18 September 2012.
4604:26 March 2009 at the
4301:Mohammad Gholi Majd,
3897:, 3 (Princeton, 1972)
3550:10.5040/9780755612079
3538:Ghani, Cyrus (1998).
3245:نیازمند, رضا (1387).
3182:International Affairs
3129:تاریخ بیست ساله ایران
2925:Rahnema, Ali (2011).
2848:Order of the Elephant
2745:Mohammad Ali Foroughi
2611:
2446:University of Chicago
2418:and Iranian identity.
2362:Trans-Iranian Railway
2330:reunification of Iran
2319:
2169:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2102:
2094:
2048:Critics and defenders
2042:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
2028:
2013:
1969:Mohammad Ali Foroughi
1955:
1916:
1862:
1830:
1744:using foreign loans.
1733:National Bank of Iran
1729:British Imperial Bank
1714:
1664:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1639:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
1636:
1569:
1528:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
1518:Clash with the clergy
1475:ethnic groups of Iran
1421:
1356:
1285:
1273:Trans-Iranian Railway
1262:
1226:
1209:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
1149:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
1138:
1122:
1053:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
1034:
968:
865:, in 1878, to son of
816:
791:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
719:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
709:, he marched towards
628:Years of service
220:Zia ol Din Tabatabaee
175:Mohammad Ali Foroughi
21:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
7140:People from Savadkuh
7110:Iranian nationalists
6931:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah
6915:Iranian Armed Forces
6542:Fathollah Khan Akbar
6294:Yasmine Etemad-Amini
5921:at Wikimedia Commons
5793:The Lewiston Journal
5717:Taylor & Francis
5546:Smithsonian Magazine
5542:"Inside Iran's Fury"
5183:Retrieved 4 May 2008
5121:Kapuscinski, Ryszard
4961:Nikki R. Keddie and
4830:"Historical Setting"
4761:Abrahamian, Ervand,
4164:Abrahamian, Ervand,
4150:4 March 2016 at the
3950:Dowlatabadi, Yahya.
3724:Abrahamian, Ervand,
3311:. pp. 123–163.
3217:معتضد, خسرو (1387).
2718:Mahmoud Reza Pahlavi
2590:Abolition of slavery
2481:for studying abroad.
2468:University of Tehran
2238:improve this article
2185:From Tehran to Cairo
2133:Mauritian government
2123:, where he lived at
2067:1909 siege of Tabriz
2040:in favor of his son
1890:, Firouz, Modarres,
1823:Later years of reign
1621:decree, banning the
1584:mourning observances
1557:University of Tehran
1277:University of Tehran
1265:University of Tehran
1189:constituent assembly
1059:. He took the title
901:, and served in the
696:modern Iranian State
430: 1922;
119:Pre-royal positions
7095:Critics of Islamism
6911:Commanders-in-Chief
6313:Pahlavi family tree
6134:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
5691:, pp. 28, 116–117,
5689:Library of Congress
5439:, 29 November 2003.
5361:. 17 September 2010
4967:Roots of Revolution
4921:Nationalism in Iran
4713:Rami Yelda (2012).
4528:, (2008), pp. 93–94
4243:10.1017/irn.2024.10
4178:Ervand Abrahamian.
4049:"Mashallah Ajudani"
3938:Nationalism in Iran
3772:on 13 November 1999
2792:Ahmad Matin-Daftari
2755:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
2684:Gholam Reza Pahlavi
2672:Turan Amirsoleimani
2421:Creation of Iran's
2351:Iranian Gendarmerie
2349:Reestablishment of
1921:In August 1941 the
1687:William Knox D'Arcy
1580:mixing of the sexes
1191:, declared him the
1139:Military parade in
1084:coup d'état of 1921
985:on the side of the
863:Mazandaran province
746:Reza Shah the Great
503:Prince Mahmoud Reza
416:Turan Amirsoleimani
232:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
180:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
7155:Exiled politicians
7002:Mohammad Reza Shah
6990:Mohammad Reza Shah
6527:Samsam al-Saltaneh
6467:Samsam al-Saltaneh
6441:Moshir al-Saltaneh
6426:Moshir al-Saltaneh
6328:Great Civilization
6213:Mohammad Reza Shah
6017:Political offices
5552:on 15 October 2009
5387:. 12 December 2010
4993:. Bloomsbury USA.
4059:on 22 October 2018
4017:Curtis, Glenn E.;
3998:. 13 November 2008
3831:"Shojaeddin Shafa"
3601:Cry of the Peacock
3299:Abrahamian, Ervand
3004:"همه مردان رضاشاه"
2857:(10 November 1934)
2765:Mehdi Qoli Hedayat
2732:Hamid Reza Pahlavi
2711:Ahmad Reza Pahlavi
2704:Abdul Reza Pahlavi
2614:
2479:European countries
2383:Iran's first radio
2322:
2181:Iranian Revolution
2116:
2097:
2034:
1994:Hamid Hassan Mirza
1958:
1956:Reza Shah in exile
1939:declaration of war
1919:
1869:
1837:
1724:
1706:British government
1683:Lufthansa Airlines
1646:
1609:Iranian Azerbaijan
1576:
1553:Mohammad Reza Shah
1427:
1359:
1288:
1269:
1229:
1145:
1133:
1049:seized the capital
1037:
975:Russian Revolution
971:
891:Russo-Persian Wars
877:(then part of the
822:
764:Iranian Revolution
739:Iranian Revolution
715:seized the capital
688:Mohammad Reza Shah
491:Prince Gholam Reza
479:Mohammad Reza Shah
108:Mohammad Reza Shah
7052:
7051:
6937:Mohammad Ali Shah
6877:
6876:
6436:Nezam as-Saltaneh
6354:
6353:
6298:
6158:
6157:
6149:Succeeded by
6119:Ghassem Khan Vali
6116:Succeeded by
6107:Commander of the
6088:Succeeded by
6066:Military offices
6039:Succeeded by
6007:Succeeded by
5917:Media related to
5871:978-87-7674-434-2
5737:Zürcher, Erik-Jan
5575:Townson, Duncan,
5257:World War in Iran
5237:Ervand Abrahamian
5227:, 16 August 1942.
5138:978-0-14-118804-1
5061:, pp. 19, 34–37,
4818:on 6 August 2020.
4741:"Persian Paradox"
4726:978-1-4772-0291-3
4596:Rajaee, Farhang,
4403:Yarshater, Ehsan
4085:. 22 January 2007
4034:978-0-8444-1187-3
3751:978-1-86064-629-4
3714:on 26 April 2021.
3559:978-1-86064-258-6
3524:978-1-84511-272-1
3494:978-0-300-11254-2
3380:978-0-520-25328-5
2850:(20 January 1937)
2800:Winston Churchill
2692:Esmat Dowlatshahi
2618:Maryam Savadkoohi
2434:Achaemenid Empire
2314:
2313:
2306:
2288:
2081:World War in Iran
2077:British Mauritius
1702:Arthur Millspaugh
1695:League of Nations
1670:, and Atatürk in
1495:Achaemenid Empire
1443:League of Nations
1397:Ali Asghar Hekmat
1233:Ervand Abrahamian
1211:, was proclaimed
1123:Reza Khan behind
983:Russian Civil War
927:brigadier general
842:rendering support
656:Reza Shah Pahlavi
653:
652:
640:Brigadier general
540:
539:
511:Prince Hamid Reza
499:Prince Ahmad Reza
495:Prince Abdul Reza
445:Esmat Dowlatshahi
367:Maryam Savadkoohi
261:
260:
46:Reza Shah Pahlavi
7192:
7185:Pahlavi monarchs
7013:Islamic Republic
6904:
6897:
6890:
6881:
6880:
6872:
6833:
6811:
6592:
6408:
6396:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6358:
6357:
6296:
6281:Crown Princesses
6193:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6140:Chairman of the
6131:Preceded by
6098:Preceded by
6074:Ahmad Shah Qajar
6071:Preceded by
6049:Preceded by
6022:Preceded by
5993:Ahmad Shah Qajar
5990:Preceded by
5980:
5973:
5972:15 March 1878
5964:House of Pahlavi
5955:
5954:
5928:
5916:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5882:
5876:
5875:
5855:
5849:
5839:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5817:Orlando Sentinel
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5785:
5779:
5761:
5755:
5733:
5727:
5705:
5699:
5677:
5671:
5653:
5647:
5629:
5623:
5606:
5600:
5593:
5587:
5573:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5548:. Archived from
5537:
5531:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5340:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5253:Skrine, Clarmont
5250:
5244:
5234:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5199:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5097:. Archived from
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5051:
5038:
5037:
5021:
5011:
5005:
5004:
4984:
4978:
4959:
4953:
4946:
4937:
4930:
4924:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4811:. Archived from
4810:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4638:Bakhash, Shaul,
4636:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4573:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4548:
4542:
4535:
4529:
4522:
4511:
4504:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4476:
4467:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4441:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4322:. Archived from
4312:
4306:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4274:
4268:
4261:
4255:
4245:
4225:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4169:
4162:
4156:
4141:
4135:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4055:. Archived from
4045:
4039:
4038:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3972:on 24 March 2009
3968:. Archived from
3962:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3917:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3876:(Longman, 2003:
3870:
3864:
3863:, vol. 3, p. 384
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3837:. Archived from
3827:
3821:
3820:
3794:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3768:. Archived from
3762:
3756:
3755:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3710:. Archived from
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3454:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3106:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2664:Ali Reza Pahlavi
2545:Persian calendar
2527:Mehrabad airport
2508:Creation of the
2416:Persian language
2388:Founding of the
2364:which connected
2309:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2246:
2222:
2214:
2161:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
2143:neighborhood of
1990:Ahmad Shah Qajar
1765:Persian language
1679:Imperial Airways
1597:Imam Reza Shrine
1563:to the clerics.
1559:, returning the
1467:Persian language
1445:to use the term
1219:Rule as the Shah
1125:Ahmad Shah Qajar
1092:General Ironside
1070:
903:Second Herat War
830:
829:
753:
752:
727:Ahmad Shah Qajar
599:Military service
590:
536:
518:
517:
507:Princess Fatemeh
457:
455:
435:
433:
429:
406:
404:
381:
379:
330:Al-Rifa'i Mosque
312:
291:
289:
252:
242:
216:
208:Ahmad Shah Qajar
197:
171:
159:
151:Ahmad Shah Qajar
140:
115:
114:
98:Ahmad Shah Qajar
63:
60:
55:
43:
42:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7038:
7007:
6970:
6917:
6908:
6878:
6873:
6870:
6864:
6831:
6830:
6822:
6809:
6808:
6800:
6590:
6589:
6581:
6512:Ala ol-Saltaneh
6472:Ala ol-Saltaneh
6406:
6405:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6355:
6350:
6332:
6301:
6288:Fawzia of Egypt
6276:
6253:
6236:Fawzia of Egypt
6218:
6195:
6192:Pahlavi dynasty
6191:
6188:
6154:
6145:
6136:
6121:
6112:
6103:
6093:
6084:
6076:
6060:
6057:Minister of War
6052:
6044:
6035:
6027:
6012:
6003:
5995:
5979:26 July 1944
5974:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5909:
5904:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5872:
5856:
5852:
5840:
5836:
5827:
5823:
5812:
5808:
5798:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5762:
5758:
5734:
5730:
5706:
5702:
5678:
5674:
5659:, Gainesville:
5654:
5650:
5630:
5626:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5590:
5574:
5565:
5555:
5553:
5538:
5534:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5509:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5483:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5457:
5456:. 23 April 2018
5454:The Daily Sabah
5448:
5447:
5443:
5436:The Independent
5431:Wayback Machine
5421:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5383:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5355:"Royal Jo'burg"
5353:
5352:
5348:
5338:
5336:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5251:
5247:
5235:
5231:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5101:on 10 July 2013
5089:
5088:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5052:
5041:
5034:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4960:
4956:
4947:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4838:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4756:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4711:
4707:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4667:, (2008), p. 95
4662:
4658:
4650:
4646:
4637:
4633:
4629:, (2008), p. 94
4624:
4620:
4606:Wayback Machine
4595:
4591:
4580:
4576:
4572:, (2008), p. 94
4567:
4560:
4549:
4545:
4541:, (1996) p. 182
4536:
4532:
4523:
4514:
4510:, (1996) p. 184
4505:
4501:
4493:Mackey, Sandra
4492:
4488:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4416:Iranian Studies
4412:Wayback Machine
4402:
4398:
4389:
4385:
4373:, I.B. Tauris,
4369:
4365:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4339:
4329:
4327:
4326:on 17 July 2012
4314:
4313:
4309:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4234:Iranian Studies
4226:
4213:
4205:Mackey, Sandra
4204:
4200:
4196:, (1996) p. 179
4191:
4187:
4176:
4172:
4168:, 1982, p. 146.
4163:
4159:
4152:Wayback Machine
4142:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3919:Makki Hossein,
3918:
3914:
3905:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3872:Ansari, Ali M.
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3841:on 18 July 2012
3829:
3828:
3824:
3809:
3795:
3786:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3708:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3509:Katouzian, Homa
3506:
3502:
3495:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3338:
3334:
3319:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3215:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3175:
3171:
3167:, (2008), p. 91
3162:
3158:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3120:
3083:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2955:iranchamber.com
2949:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2836:
2823:
2741:
2725:Fatemeh Pahlavi
2606:
2461:Keshavarzi Bank
2453:Bank Melli Iran
2406:Organizing the
2310:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2223:
2212:
2200:Sadeq Khalkhali
2175:in the town of
2125:Château Val Ory
2089:
2073:Clarmont Skrine
2057:trained by the
2050:
2031:1979 Revolution
1998:British subject
1911:
1905:
1892:Arbab Keikhosro
1875:. The death of
1865:Saadabad Palace
1849:Ali-Akbar Davar
1833:Saadabad Palace
1825:
1631:
1595:erupted in the
1520:
1503:
1483:Sasanian Empire
1471:ethnic Persians
1416:
1407:Replacement of
1375:Ali-Akbar Davar
1351:
1336:Cyrus the Great
1257:
1248:Ali-Akbar Davar
1221:
1201:Pahlavi dynasty
1117:
1057:Minister of War
963:
957:
952:
946:
859:Savadkuh County
851:
850:
849:
840:Without proper
831:
827:
811:
779:sedentarization
707:Qazvin province
664:minister of war
660:Pahlavi dynasty
610:
529:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
487:Prince Ali Reza
485:
483:Princess Ashraf
481:
477:
473:
460:
459:
456: 1923)
451:
447:
437:
434: 1923)
425:
421:
418:
408:
405: 1916)
400:
396:
393:
383:
375:
371:
368:
352:
339:
337:
327:
314:
310:
293:
287:
285:
250:
240:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
198:
193:
187:Minister of War
178:
169:
157:
141:
136:
120:
64:
61:
39:
28:
27:, his grandson.
17:
12:
11:
5:
7198:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7150:Exiled royalty
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7050:
7049:
7043:
7040:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7035:(1989–present)
7030:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6952:Abolqasem Khan
6948:
6940:
6934:
6927:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6884:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
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6677:
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6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6446:Sa'd al-Dowleh
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6411:
6409:
6399:
6398:
6384:
6383:
6376:
6369:
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6268:
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6252:
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6245:
6239:
6233:
6230:Tadj ol-Molouk
6226:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6210:
6203:
6201:
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6023:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6005:
5996:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5985:Regnal titles
5982:
5981:
5961:
5958:
5953:
5952:
5939:
5934:
5922:
5908:
5907:External links
5905:
5902:
5901:
5877:
5870:
5850:
5834:
5821:
5819:, 15 July 1992
5806:
5780:
5756:
5728:
5700:
5672:
5648:
5624:
5601:
5588:
5563:
5532:
5519:
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5467:
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5389:
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5319:
5293:
5270:
5261:
5245:
5229:
5216:
5207:
5194:
5185:
5170:
5144:
5137:
5131:. p. 25.
5112:
5082:
5070:
5039:
5032:
5006:
4999:
4979:
4954:
4938:
4925:
4919:) and Cottam,
4917:0-14-00-5964-4
4900:
4888:
4876:
4867:
4858:
4846:
4821:
4796:
4782:
4767:
4765:, pp. 143–144.
4754:
4732:
4725:
4705:
4683:
4669:
4656:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4589:
4574:
4558:
4543:
4530:
4512:
4499:
4486:
4468:
4455:
4442:
4429:
4420:
4396:
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4363:
4350:
4337:
4307:
4294:
4269:
4211:
4198:
4185:
4170:
4157:
4136:
4121:
4109:
4107:, 1982, p. 140
4096:
4070:
4040:
4033:
4019:Hooglund, Eric
4009:
3983:
3957:
3942:
3929:
3912:
3899:
3886:
3865:
3852:
3822:
3807:
3784:
3757:
3750:
3730:
3717:
3706:
3686:
3664:
3649:
3642:
3624:
3610:
3590:
3583:
3565:
3558:
3530:
3523:
3500:
3493:
3475:
3465:
3439:
3413:(4): 639–663.
3393:
3379:
3359:
3352:
3332:
3317:
3290:
3283:
3262:
3255:
3234:
3227:
3206:
3186:
3184:56/4: 673–677.
3169:
3156:
3133:
3118:
3097:(2): 175–193.
3077:
3061:
3044:
3020:
2994:
2967:
2942:
2935:
2917:
2914:. 29 May 2023.
2902:
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2811:
2789:
2786:Princess Shams
2775:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2688:
2687:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2657:Ashraf Pahlavi
2653:
2645:
2634:Tadj ol-Molouk
2630:
2629:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2593:
2587:
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2577:
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2464:
2449:
2438:Ernst Herzfeld
2426:
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2404:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2360:Foundation of
2358:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2312:
2311:
2294:September 2018
2226:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2088:
2085:
2049:
2046:
1962:Prime Minister
1927:United Kingdom
1907:Main article:
1904:
1901:
1824:
1821:
1799:Nuremberg Laws
1630:
1627:
1519:
1516:
1502:
1499:
1449:("Land of the
1415:
1405:
1350:
1347:
1305:Princess Shams
1256:
1253:
1220:
1217:
1203:. Reza Shah's
1116:
1113:
987:White movement
959:Main article:
956:
953:
945:
942:
889:following the
879:Russian Empire
844:, you may see
832:
825:
824:
823:
810:
807:
803:Ottoman Empire
787:Persianization
668:prime minister
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
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637:
633:
632:
629:
625:
624:
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618:Branch/service
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596:
595:
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584:
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579:
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560:Abbas-Ali Khan
558:
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541:
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522:
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475:Princess Shams
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313:(aged 66)
307:
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283:
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91:
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81:
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73:
72:
66:
65:
56:
48:
47:
23:, his son, or
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:Matin-Daftari
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
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6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Eyn-ed-Dowleh
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:Eyn-ed-Dowleh
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6431:Naser ol-Molk
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6375:
6370:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6265:Mohammad Reza
6263:
6262:
6260:
6258:Crown Princes
6256:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6185:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6171:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6153:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6111:
6110:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6051:Masoud Kayhan
6047:
6043:
6034:
6033:
6026:
6025:Hassan Pirnia
6020:
6015:
6011:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5889:
5888:
5881:
5873:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5854:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5818:
5815:
5810:
5795:. 2 June 1987
5794:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5777:9781845112721
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5754:
5753:9781860644269
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5725:9780415302845
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5697:9780844411873
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5669:9780813021119
5666:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5645:9780521473408
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:(fall 1993).
5610:
5609:Hoodfar, Homa
5605:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5523:
5507:
5503:
5497:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5419:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5281:
5274:
5265:
5258:
5254:
5249:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5205:(2008), p. 96
5204:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5174:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5129:Penguin Books
5126:
5125:Shah of Shahs
5122:
5116:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5067:9780815602668
5064:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5035:
5033:9781403971937
5029:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5010:
5002:
5000:9781299584235
4996:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4976:
4975:0-300-02606-4
4972:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4935:
4932:Barry Rubin,
4929:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4907:Barry Rubin,
4904:
4897:
4892:
4885:
4880:
4871:
4862:
4855:
4850:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4792:
4786:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4679:
4673:
4666:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4628:
4622:
4616:
4615:0-8191-3578-X
4612:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4593:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4490:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4424:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4381:, 2000 p. 403
4380:
4379:1-86064-629-8
4376:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4320:Talash-online
4317:
4311:
4304:
4298:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4182:. p. 51.
4181:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4013:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3896:
3890:
3884:), pp. 26–31.
3883:
3882:0-582-35685-7
3879:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3856:
3840:
3836:
3835:Talash-online
3832:
3826:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3707:9780674248199
3703:
3699:
3698:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3643:9789056130985
3639:
3635:
3628:
3613:
3611:0-7434-0337-1
3607:
3603:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3584:9789645925466
3580:
3576:
3569:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3466:9780520253285
3462:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3443:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3353:9780300231465
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3318:9780691053424
3314:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3284:9781780837628
3280:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3228:9789644425974
3224:
3220:
3219:تاج های زنانه
3213:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3153:964-6404-20-0
3150:
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3110:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3033:
3032:
3028:لندن, کیهان,
3024:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2938:
2936:9781139495622
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2888:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:on behalf of
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:Fereydoun Jam
2779:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:Marble Palace
2693:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:Qajar dynasty
2673:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:Shams Pahlavi
2639:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2598:
2595:Abolition of
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:Kashf-e hijab
2556:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:madreseh and
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2442:Erich Schmidt
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2305:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255: –
2254:
2250:
2249:Find sources:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:This section
2225:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2189:Empress Farah
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2149:heart ailment
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:Ahmad Kasravi
2060:
2056:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:who spoke no
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:Allied powers
1915:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:complex, 1941
1834:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:Führerprinzip
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1618:Kashf-e hijab
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:Maxime Siroux
1546:
1542:
1541:Esmail Meraat
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1493:name for the
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1431:Western world
1425:
1422:Reza Shah at
1420:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1255:Modernization
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
967:
962:
951:
944:Rise to power
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:Imperial Army
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
847:
843:
839:
837:
820:
815:
806:
804:
800:
796:
795:Turkification
793:'s policy of
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
759:
757:
747:
742:
740:
736:
735:Qajar dynasty
732:
728:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
648:
644:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:
577:Twelver Shiʿa
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
543:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
467:
463:
446:
439:
438:
417:
410:
409:
392:
385:
384:
362:
361:
359:
355:
350:
346:
342:
335:
331:
325:
321:
317:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:15 March 1878
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
254:
248:
245:Masoud Kayhan
244:
238:
233:
229:
228:Hassan Pirnia
225:
221:
218:
212:
209:
206:
202:
196:
191:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
167:
164:
163:Hassan Pirnia
161:
155:
152:
149:
145:
139:
134:
131:
127:
123:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:25 April 1926
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
7044:
6983:
6976:Pahlavi Iran
6964:
6950:
6944:Alireza Khan
6942:
6859:
6850:Mahdavi Kani
6832:(since 1979)
6786:Sharif-Emami
6756:Sharif-Emami
6587:Pahlavi Iran
6576:
6497:Farman Farma
6343:
6206:
6139:
6106:
6079:
6055:
6030:
6000:Shah of Iran
5998:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5933:at Wikiquote
5892:, retrieved
5886:
5880:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5844:(in Czech),
5837:
5824:
5816:
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5792:
5783:
5764:
5759:
5740:
5731:
5708:
5703:
5680:
5675:
5656:
5651:
5632:
5627:
5612:
5604:
5596:
5595:Dilip Hiro,
5591:
5576:
5554:. Retrieved
5550:the original
5545:
5535:
5527:
5522:
5510:. Retrieved
5505:
5496:
5484:. Retrieved
5480:
5470:
5458:. Retrieved
5453:
5444:
5434:
5418:
5406:. Retrieved
5401:
5392:
5363:. Retrieved
5358:
5349:
5337:. Retrieved
5332:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5308:. 7 May 2018
5305:
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5273:
5264:
5256:
5248:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5224:
5219:
5210:
5202:
5201:Abrahamian,
5197:
5188:
5173:
5161:. Retrieved
5157:
5147:
5124:
5115:
5103:. Retrieved
5099:the original
5094:
5085:
5078:
5073:
5054:
5017:
5009:
4989:
4982:
4966:
4963:Yann Richard
4957:
4949:
4936:, pp. 14–15.
4933:
4928:
4920:
4908:
4903:
4896:Saeed Nafisi
4891:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4837:. Retrieved
4833:
4824:
4813:the original
4799:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4762:
4757:
4749:the original
4744:
4735:
4715:
4708:
4695:
4686:
4672:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4639:
4634:
4626:
4621:
4597:
4592:
4583:
4577:
4569:
4568:Abrahamian,
4552:
4546:
4539:The Iranians
4538:
4533:
4525:
4524:Abrahamian,
4508:The Iranians
4507:
4502:
4494:
4489:
4480:
4463:
4462:Abrahamian,
4458:
4453:1982, p. 137
4450:
4449:Abrahamian,
4445:
4440:1982, p. 136
4437:
4436:Abrahamian,
4432:
4423:
4415:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4370:
4366:
4361:1982, p. 138
4358:
4357:Abrahamian,
4353:
4345:
4340:
4328:. Retrieved
4324:the original
4319:
4316:"Guel Kohan"
4310:
4302:
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4281:
4272:
4256:
4233:
4206:
4201:
4194:The Iranians
4193:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4124:
4112:
4104:
4103:Abrahamian,
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4082:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4057:the original
4052:
4043:
4023:
4012:
4000:. Retrieved
3995:
3986:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3960:
3951:
3945:
3937:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:the original
3834:
3825:
3798:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:the original
3760:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:the original
3696:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3667:
3658:
3652:
3633:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3600:
3593:
3574:
3568:
3540:
3533:
3513:
3503:
3484:
3478:
3470:
3450:
3442:
3430:. Retrieved
3410:
3406:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3369:
3362:
3342:
3335:
3302:
3293:
3274:
3246:
3218:
3181:
3172:
3164:
3163:Abrahamian,
3159:
3144:
3128:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3064:
3055:
3036:, retrieved
3034:(in Persian)
3030:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2983:(in Persian)
2980:
2970:
2958:. Retrieved
2954:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2906:
2879:رضاشاه پهلوی
2870:
2824:
2808:Nazi Germany
2804:Adolf Hitler
2771:
2758:
2748:
2734:(1932–1992).
2689:
2669:
2666:(1922–1954).
2647:
2631:
2615:
2561:
2551:
2475:scholarships
2381:Creation of
2370:Persian Gulf
2323:
2300:
2291:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2248:
2236:Please help
2231:verification
2228:
2204:
2193:
2184:
2154:
2145:Johannesburg
2124:
2119:children to
2117:
2080:
2071:
2051:
2035:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2006:Crown Prince
1982:
1973:
1959:
1947:
1931:Soviet Union
1920:
1885:
1881:World War II
1870:
1854:
1845:Farman Farma
1843:assisted by
1838:
1813:
1806:
1791:sine qua non
1790:
1787:World War II
1784:
1780:Soviet Union
1777:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1725:
1719:Adolf Hitler
1716:
1699:
1676:
1657:
1653:Soviet Union
1650:
1647:
1616:
1614:
1577:
1545:Andre Godard
1521:
1508:
1504:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1434:
1428:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1379:
1364:
1360:
1344:
1332:Iranian Jews
1321:
1309:
1300:André Godard
1289:
1270:
1237:
1230:
1213:crown prince
1186:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1146:
1097:
1081:
1061:Sardar Sepah
1060:
1038:
1022:Azerbaijanis
1003:
991:Soviet Union
979:intervention
972:
935:
916:
852:
836:Persian text
833:
760:
754:) by Iran's
751:رضا شاه بزرگ
745:
743:
723:
700:
680:Pahlavi Iran
655:
654:
568:Noush-Afarin
527:Reza Pahlavi
526:
316:Johannesburg
311:(1944-07-26)
309:26 July 1944
251:Succeeded by
194:
170:Succeeded by
137:
70:Shah of Iran
40:
7070:1944 deaths
7065:1878 births
6591:(1925–1979)
6407:(1907–1925)
6290:(1939–1941)
6273:(1967–1979)
6267:(1926–1941)
6250:(1959–1979)
6244:(1951–1958)
6238:(1941–1948)
6232:(1925–1941)
6215:(1941–1979)
6209:(1925–1941)
5769:I.B. Tauris
5745:I.B. Tauris
5506:BBC Persian
5335:(in French)
5282:. L'Express
5158:Iranian.com
4696:youtube.com
4282:Iran Online
3906:D. Wright,
2778:Mahmoud Jam
2727:(1928–1987)
2720:(1926–2001)
2713:(1925–1981)
2706:(1924–2004)
2686:(1923–2017)
2659:(1919–2016)
2652:(1919–1980)
2644:(1917–1996)
2628:(1903–1992)
2397:of Ferdowsi
2366:Caspian Sea
2253:"Reza Shah"
1896:technocrats
1888:Sardar Asad
1841:Teymourtash
1668:Azerbaijani
1589:Shia clergy
1296:Teymourtash
1088:British Raj
895:Mazanderani
783:Mazanderani
775:nationalism
729:, the last
692:Shia clergy
241:Preceded by
224:Ahmad Qavam
158:Preceded by
94:Predecessor
62: 1931
7059:Categories
6959:Ahmad Shah
6923:Qajar Iran
6547:Tabatabaee
6502:Tonekaboni
6462:Tonekaboni
6452:Tonekaboni
6403:Qajar Iran
6248:Farah Diba
6146:1931–1941
6113:1920–1921
5959:Reza Shah
5814:Hamid Reza
5799:4 November
5585:0140514902
5163:17 January
5095:fouman.com
4839:17 January
4330:17 January
4287:17 January
4089:4 February
4063:17 January
4002:17 January
3923:, Vol. 2,
3845:17 January
3808:1860646298
3782:para. 2, 3
3617:31 October
3432:2 November
3386:2 November
3256:9645925460
2981:رادیو فردا
2898:References
2883:pronounced
2814:Ali Mansur
2543:Restoring
2457:Bank Sepah
2430:Persepolis
2264:newspapers
1986:abdication
1965:Ali Mansur
1424:Persepolis
1205:coronation
1103:, and the
1073:Bolsheviks
1069:سردار سپاه
999:Ahmad Shah
948:See also:
883:Qajar Iran
809:Early life
672:Qajar Iran
604:Allegiance
338:7 May 1950
288:1878-03-15
85:Coronation
7029:(1981–89)
7023:(1980–81)
7004:(1953–79)
6998:(1952–53)
6996:Mosaddegh
6992:(1941–52)
6986:(1925–41)
6984:Reza Shah
6965:Reza Khan
6961:(1914–25)
6955:(1910–14)
6947:(1909–10)
6939:(1907–09)
6933:(1906–07)
6781:Amouzegar
6771:H. Mansur
6736:Mosaddegh
6726:Mosaddegh
6705:A. Mansur
6630:A. Mansur
6577:Reza Khan
6297:(titular)
6207:Reza Shah
5931:Reza Shah
5919:Reza Shah
5894:6 January
5713:Routledge
5621:0707-8412
5365:4 October
5339:16 August
5333:L'express
5312:4 October
4834:Parstimes
4264:CC BY 4.0
4252:0021-0862
3427:159878744
3113:0020-7438
2723:Princess
2655:Princess
2640:Princess
2624:Princess
2570:headscarf
2562:Unveiling
2385:stations.
2355:Shahrbani
2121:Mauritius
1977:legations
1689:(and the
1593:rebellion
1319:in 1932.
1171:-i-Ashraf
1164:-i-Ashraf
1018:Armenians
955:1921 coup
631:1894–1921
583:Signature
535:رضا پهلوی
195:In office
138:In office
104:Successor
7033:Khamenei
7027:Khomeini
7021:Banisadr
6818:Bazargan
6796:Bakhtiar
6635:Foroughi
6615:Foroughi
6605:Mostowfi
6599:Foroughi
6567:Mostowfi
6522:Mostowfi
6492:Mostowfi
6477:Mostowfi
6457:Mostowfi
6345:Hostages
5556:9 August
5486:24 April
5481:Newsweek
5460:24 April
5427:Archived
5408:8 August
5286:20 March
5255:(1962).
5123:(2006).
5079:The Shah
5077:Milani,
5018:The Shah
4700:Archived
4663:Ervand,
4625:Ervand,
4602:Archived
4537:Mackey,
4506:Mackey,
4466:, p. 92.
4408:Archived
4266:license.
4236:: 1–29.
4192:Mackey,
4148:Archived
4053:Ajoudani
3936:Cottam,
3817:47177045
3776:4 August
3679:10 April
3511:(2006).
3301:(1982).
3008:iichs.ir
2772:2nd Term
2759:6th Term
2749:1st Term
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2141:Parktown
2059:Tsarists
2038:abdicate
1996:, was a
1929:and the
1803:Eugenics
1795:Hitler's
1574:. (1936)
1383:Ferdowsi
1182:republic
1109:Khorasan
1026:Red Army
1010:Jangalis
899:Regiment
887:Caucasus
573:Religion
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299:Savadkuh
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7045:Italics
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3976:29 July
3327:7975938
3038:9 April
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2002:Persian
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6810:(1979)
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6741:Zahedi
6715:Fahimi
6695:Hazhir
6690:Hakimi
6685:Hekmat
6675:Hakimi
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