1189:
794:
786:
774:
1124:
1177:
441:
987:
486:
979:, resulting in the reabsorption of water molecules as it passes through the collecting duct. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. As much as three-quarters of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it leaves the collecting duct by osmosis. Thus the levels of ADH determine whether urine will be concentrated or diluted. An increase in ADH is an indication of
1146:
1165:
51:
938:
301:. Filtration or ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus and is largely passive: it is dependent on the intracapillary blood pressure. About one-fifth of the plasma is filtered as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Normally the only components of the blood that are not filtered into Bowman's capsule are
990:
Fig.7) Cross-sectional diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adjacent structures: 1) top, yellow - distal convoluted tubule; 2) top, brown -macula densa cuboidal cells surrounding arterioles; 3) small blue cells - juxtaglomerular cells; 4) large blue cells - mesangial cells; 5) tan - podocytes
810:
as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including 80% of glucose, more than half of the filtered salt, water
781:
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion. These apply to numerous substances. The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron, and have segments named by their location
835:
is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to
205:
that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the
210:
outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining
1052:
and results in the ten amino acid substance angiotensin-1 (A-1). A-1 is then converted to angiotensin-2, a potent vasoconstrictor, by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred to as the
953:. The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla. As the urine travels down the collecting duct system, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's
1188:
836:
empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to enable an organism to produce concentrated urine, not by increasing the tubular concentration, but by rendering the interstitial fluid hypertonic.
865:
mechanism employed by the loop. The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate, generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange. In passing through the ascending limb, the filtrate grows
922:
A part of Distal nephron. This is the final segment of the tubule before it enters the collecting duct system. Water, some salts and nitrogenous waste like urea and creatinine are passed out to collecting tubule.
995:
adjacent to capillaries, and parietal layer of capsule, 6)center - five glomerular capillaries, and the 6)bottom, purple - exiting tubule. Structures (2), (3), and (4) constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
1123:
964:
than the rest of the nephron, the collecting duct is sometimes not considered a part of the nephron. Instead of originating from the metanephrogenic blastema, the collecting duct originates from the
409:
provides the mechanism for generating a hypertonic interstitium, which allows the recovery of solute-free water from within the nephron and returning it to the venous vasculature when appropriate.
1513:
854:
until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate. The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loops of Henle.
684:, tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules, where the tubular fluid flows. Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream.
765:
In humans, cortical nephrons have their renal corpuscles in the outer two thirds of the cortex, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons have their corpuscles in the inner third of the cortex.
762:
The juxtamedullary nephrons comprise only about 15% of the nephrons in the human kidney. However, it is this type of nephron which is most often depicted in illustrations of nephrons.
687:
The peritubular capillaries then recombine to form an efferent venule, which combines with efferent venules from other nephrons into the renal vein, and rejoins the main bloodstream.
843:
is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. As the filtrate descends deeper into the
941:
Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium.
698:(the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into
712:
start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the
1057:(RAS) or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The JGA is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole. It contains three components: the
325:, or active, due to pumping against a concentration gradient. Secretion also occurs in the tubules and collecting duct and is active. Substances reabsorbed include:
1194:
This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and
Glomerular mesangial cell are present.
125:
569:. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and this difference increases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
1521:
961:
385:
which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, include (along with the substance affected)
1644:
1464:
520:
enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole.
317:. Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day: 99% of the water in that filtrate is reabsorbed. Reabsorption occurs in the
1357:
581:, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called
448:
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. This means that each separate nephron is where the main work of the kidney is performed.
1044:(JGA) is a specialized region associated with the nephron, but separate from it. It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme
716:. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of concentrated
2107:
489:
Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore (fenestra).
2194:
2102:
282:. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine-concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.
444:
Fig.1) Schematic diagram of the nephron (yellow), relevant circulation (red/blue), and the four methods of altering the filtrate.
2241:
1003:, allowing some of it to enter the medulla, thus maintaining its high concentration (which is very important for the nephron).
910:
is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Ammonia is also absorbed during the selective reabsorption.
1552:
1497:
1341:
1297:
1269:
657:
1637:
653:
185:. A healthy adult has 1 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the
886:
has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous
677:
The epithelial cells that form these nephron segments can be distinguished by the shapes of their actin cytoskeleton.
1398:
1145:
680:
Blood from the efferent arteriole, containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus, moves into the
226:
The interior of Bowman's capsule, called Bowman's space, collects the filtrate from the filtering capillaries of the
1904:
840:
643:
412:
Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include
285:
The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are
2287:
2144:
1914:
1909:
1630:
858:
649:
63:. The left nephron is labelled with six named nephron segments. Collecting duct is the last part of the nephron.
2585:
2187:
2071:
1996:
1876:
1772:
1066:
954:
1088:
Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include
2504:
1802:
1081:
show an approximate 50% reduction in the number of nephrons, comparable to the nephron loss that occurs with
713:
120:
839:
Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The
1856:
1762:
1054:
554:. The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the
492:
17:
1416:"Identification and classification of epithelial cells in nephron segments by actin cytoskeleton patterns"
898:
to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the
652:: two segments of differing thickness (proximal portion lined by simple squamous epithelium is called the
2563:
2272:
2114:
1129:
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a
593:
in the glomerulus are ultrafiltered through several layers, resulting in what is known as the filtrate.
2512:
2367:
2292:
2282:
1894:
1472:
911:
748:
627:
586:
398:
259:
616:
filtered through the glomerulus. The filtrate passing through the renal tubule ultimately ends at the
177:. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of
2595:
2522:
2479:
2439:
2267:
2207:
2180:
2172:
2089:
2066:
1973:
1109:
1041:
1035:
971:
Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable in the presence of
429:
402:
797:
Fig.5) Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
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2320:
2231:
1921:
1365:
883:
871:
665:
271:
108:
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267:
202:
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The renal corpuscle has two poles: a vascular pole and a tubular pole. The arterioles from the
425:
132:
1415:
546:
of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an
235:
2527:
2446:
2124:
1777:
789:
Fig.4) Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron, with the collecting ducts on the right.
83:
1487:
2552:
2532:
2517:
1986:
1176:
1089:
1062:
972:
723:
Juxtamedullary nephrons are found only in birds and mammals, and have a specific location:
413:
79:
8:
2471:
2428:
2412:
2330:
2277:
2149:
2094:
1851:
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1782:
1767:
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992:
903:
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510:
506:
394:
254:(foot processes). The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the
174:
170:
906:, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When
565:
Only about a fifth of the plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. The rest passes into an
2489:
2418:
2134:
1817:
1608:
1440:
1164:
1136:
1093:
870:
since it has lost much of its sodium content. This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the
566:
417:
242:. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of
207:
773:
2547:
2542:
2456:
2315:
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1600:
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31:
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1435:
1427:
983:, while water sufficiency results in a decrease in ADH allowing for diluted urine.
899:
895:
812:
756:
596:
The filtrate next moves to the renal tubule, where it is further processed to form
310:
243:
178:
497:
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragm
2246:
2061:
2032:
1838:
1726:
1388:
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807:
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330:
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182:
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113:
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266:, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the
2377:
2161:
2154:
2139:
2053:
1936:
1704:
1654:
777:
Fig.3) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron.
306:
302:
231:
96:
1596:
2620:
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2397:
2387:
2048:
1948:
1943:
1899:
1699:
1682:
1307:
1007:
844:
832:
752:
728:
637:
613:
612:
The renal tubule is a continuous and long pipe-like structure containing the
601:
406:
263:
2423:
2262:
1981:
1963:
1886:
1807:
1757:
1692:
1687:
1677:
1604:
1449:
1058:
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318:
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91:
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1958:
1953:
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35:
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2403:
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1792:
1721:
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1205:
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986:
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of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by
820:
467:
366:
338:
286:
74:
2202:
1583:
Kuro-O M (January 2019). "The Klotho proteins in health and disease".
1362:
Ecology & Evolutionary
Biology - University of Colorado at Boulder
630:: lies in the cortex and is lined by 'simple cuboidal epithelium with
2461:
1991:
1871:
539:
485:
378:
370:
354:
346:
322:
298:
294:
166:
720:. Also the hairpin bend penetrates up to the inner zone of medulla.
138:
1861:
656:, distal portion lined by simple cuboidal epithelium is called the
600:. The different stages of this fluid are collectively known as the
582:
382:
374:
314:
251:
198:
153:
is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the
30:
This article is about the unit of the kidney. For the journal, see
747:
is a nephron whose renal corpuscle is near the medulla, and whose
2407:
2081:
1210:
851:
816:
334:
50:
755:
occur deeper in the medulla than the other type of nephron, the
495:: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
2014:
1662:
1082:
1023:
262:
followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the
234:
supporting these capillaries. These components function as the
220:
154:
1264:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349.
640:: lies in the medulla and is U-shaped (similar to a hair-pin)
2605:
2372:
2216:
1045:
999:
Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to
717:
597:
590:
326:
212:
914:
causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium.
2537:
1131:
1000:
937:
362:
945:
Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a
1006:
Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the
27:
Microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney
1545:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
201:
of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent
1292:(12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
735:(Latin: near) refers to the relative position of the
634:' which greatly increase surface area for absorption.
501:
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of
861:is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the
962:development of the urinary and reproductive organs
1652:
1287:
2618:
1413:
1572:(2nd ed.). Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
1485:
459:, which is the initial filtering component, and
1567:
1259:
782:and which reflects their different functions.
743:, but still in the cortex. In other words, a
2188:
1638:
1489:Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders
1386:
1262:Human physiology : the basis of medicine
960:Because it has a different origin during the
1576:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1029:
165:. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of
34:. For the drug with trade name Nephron, see
877:
2195:
2181:
1645:
1631:
1439:
1314:
1283:
1281:
926:
585:, and a parietal outer layer composed of
534:The glomerulus is the network known as a
405:(sodium). A countercurrent system in the
1561:
1536:
1072:
985:
936:
792:
784:
772:
623:The components of the renal tubule are:
484:
439:
1492:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 3.
1358:"The Kidney Tubule I: Urine Production"
1331:
14:
2619:
1582:
1414:Kumaran GK, Hanukoglu I (March 2020).
1278:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
505:. The renal corpuscle consists of the
2176:
1626:
1542:
1253:
658:thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
258:, which has a convoluted section the
1290:Principles of anatomy and physiology
1244:
1115:
1048:(angiotensinogenase), which cleaves
949:, the first segment of which is the
917:
690:
654:thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
466:that processes and carries away the
1514:"Regulation of Urine Concentration"
1223:
975:(ADH). ADH affects the function of
572:
278:, and the last part of nephron the
24:
1547:. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743.
1288:Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH (2010).
801:
474:
173:and a cup-shaped structure called
25:
2638:
1462:
1100:; renal tubular diseases include
424:; renal tubular diseases include
215:—exits: it is composed of water,
162:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1144:
1122:
1085:(between ages 18–29 and 70–75).
955:countercurrent multiplier system
857:Unlike the descending limb, the
826:
646:: one segment of equal thickness
644:Descending limb of loop of Henle
509:, and the glomerular capsule or
451:A nephron is made of two parts:
49:
1506:
1486:Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2010).
1067:extraglomerular mesangial cells
650:Ascending limb of loop of Henle
607:
2586:Fractional excretion of sodium
1997:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1877:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
1479:
1469:Essentials of Human Physiology
1456:
1407:
1387:Hook JB, Goldstein RS (1993).
1380:
1350:
1260:Pocock G, Richards CD (2006).
1247:Principles of Renal Physiology
361:. Substances secreted include
321:and is either passive, due to
13:
1:
1568:Mitchell B, Sharma R (2009).
1520:. CliffsNotes. Archived from
1216:
700:superficial cortical nephrons
523:
1857:Glomerular basement membrane
1077:Patients in early stages of
768:
493:Glomerular basement membrane
435:
7:
2564:Effective renal plasma flow
2408:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
1334:Junqueira's Basic Histology
1199:
558:, and into the interior of
189:of the capillary wall, its
10:
2643:
2513:Glomerular filtration rate
2505:Assessment and measurement
2368:Atrial natriuretic peptide
1895:Proximal convoluted tubule
1585:Nature Reviews. Nephrology
1465:"Section 7/7ch03/7ch03p16"
1393:. Raven Press. p. 8.
1033:
947:system of collecting ducts
930:
912:Atrial natriuretic peptide
890:to produce enough energy (
749:proximal convoluted tubule
628:Proximal convoluted tubule
587:simple squamous epithelium
527:
478:
399:atrial natriuretic peptide
260:proximal convoluted tubule
29:
2596:Tubuloglomerular feedback
2578:
2523:Augmented renal clearance
2503:
2480:Bicarbonate buffer system
2438:
2396:
2350:
2343:
2301:
2255:
2224:
2214:
2204:Physiology of the kidneys
2090:Internal urethral orifice
2080:
2067:Median umbilical ligament
2031:
2013:
1974:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1972:
1885:
1837:
1828:
1745:
1670:
1661:
1597:10.1038/s41581-018-0078-3
1249:(5th ed.). Springer.
1110:polycystic kidney disease
1042:juxtaglomerular apparatus
1036:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1030:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
562:, called Bowman's space.
430:polycystic kidney disease
403:brain natriuretic peptide
131:
119:
107:
102:
90:
73:
68:
55:Diagram (left) of a long
48:
43:
2485:Respiratory compensation
2242:Clearance of medications
1922:Distal convoluted tubule
1518:Anatomy & Physiology
1390:Toxicology of the Kidney
1336:(14th ed.). Lange.
1055:renin–angiotensin system
884:distal convoluted tubule
878:Distal convoluted tubule
872:distal convoluted tubule
666:Distal convoluted tubule
272:distal convoluted tubule
270:("ascending loop"); the
2591:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
2326:Countercurrent exchange
1798:Peritubular capillaries
1018:, and finally into the
863:countercurrent exchange
710:Juxtamedullary nephrons
682:peritubular capillaries
268:ascending loop of Henle
203:peritubular capillaries
59:and (right) of a short
2023:Ureteropelvic junction
1927:Collecting duct system
1710:medullary interstitium
1106:renal tubular acidosis
1102:acute tubular necrosis
1079:chronic kidney disease
996:
942:
933:Collecting duct system
927:Collecting duct system
798:
790:
778:
745:juxtamedullary nephron
618:collecting duct system
498:
445:
426:acute tubular necrosis
397:(calcium, phosphate),
230:, which also contains
157:. It is composed of a
133:Anatomical terminology
57:juxtamedullary nephron
2528:Renal clearance ratio
2447:Darrow Yannet diagram
1987:Juxtaglomerular cells
1073:Clinical significance
1063:juxtaglomerular cells
989:
940:
902:. In the presence of
874:in the renal cortex.
796:
788:
776:
488:
443:
393:(sodium, potassium),
274:("distal loop"); the
238:unit and make up the
84:intermediate mesoderm
2553:Hemodialysis product
2533:Urea reduction ratio
2518:Creatinine clearance
2358:Antidiuretic hormone
2208:acid–base physiology
1135:, it is actually an
1090:diabetic nephropathy
1010:, emptying into the
973:antidiuretic hormone
859:thick ascending limb
704:midcortical nephrons
668:: lies in the cortex
414:diabetic nephropathy
387:antidiuretic hormone
80:Metanephric blastema
2429:Transcellular fluid
2413:Extracellular fluid
2331:Filtration fraction
2150:Lacunae of Morgagni
2095:Urethral sphincters
1332:Mescher AL (2016).
904:parathyroid hormone
815:solutes (primarily
751:and its associated
739:of this nephron -
395:parathyroid hormone
2490:Renal compensation
2419:Interstitial fluid
1524:on 25 October 2012
1432:10.1111/febs.15088
1368:on October 2, 2007
1094:glomerulonephritis
997:
943:
799:
791:
779:
567:efferent arteriole
548:afferent arteriole
499:
446:
418:glomerulonephritis
208:interstitial fluid
193:, and between the
2614:
2613:
2548:Dialysis adequacy
2543:Standardized Kt/V
2499:
2498:
2457:Davenport diagram
2440:Acid–base balance
2339:
2338:
2316:Renal plasma flow
2170:
2169:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1932:Connecting tubule
1554:978-1-4160-2328-9
1543:Boron WF (2005).
1499:978-0-07-166339-7
1343:978-0-07-184268-6
1299:978-0-470-23347-4
1271:978-0-19-856878-0
1116:Additional images
951:connecting tubule
918:Connecting tubule
811:and all filtered
696:Cortical nephrons
691:Length difference
672:Collecting tubule
552:renal circulation
518:renal circulation
351:calcium phosphate
311:white blood cells
276:connecting tubule
248:basement membrane
244:endothelial cells
191:basement membrane
187:endothelial cells
147:
146:
142:
32:Nephron (journal)
16:(Redirected from
2634:
2569:Extraction ratio
2472:Winters' formula
2348:
2347:
2311:Renal blood flow
2237:Pharmacokinetics
2222:
2221:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2044:Vesical arteries
1867:Filtration slits
1852:Bowman's capsule
1835:
1834:
1668:
1667:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1471:. Archived from
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1426:(6): 1176–1194.
1411:
1405:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1364:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1347:
1329:
1312:
1311:
1285:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1245:Lote CJ (2012).
1242:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1156:Bowman's capsule
1148:
1126:
993:Bowman's capsule
900:endocrine system
896:active transport
757:cortical nephron
741:near the medulla
579:Bowman's capsule
573:Bowman's capsule
560:Bowman's capsule
511:Bowman's capsule
280:collecting ducts
179:epithelial cells
175:Bowman's capsule
139:edit on Wikidata
136:
61:cortical nephron
53:
41:
40:
21:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2574:
2495:
2434:
2392:
2344:Other functions
2335:
2321:Ultrafiltration
2297:
2251:
2247:Urine flow rate
2210:
2201:
2171:
2166:
2145:navicular fossa
2076:
2062:Detrusor muscle
2027:
2001:
1968:
1915:Thick ascending
1881:
1839:Renal corpuscle
1824:
1741:
1727:Cortical lobule
1657:
1653:Anatomy of the
1651:
1621:
1620:
1581:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1461:
1457:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1330:
1315:
1300:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1243:
1224:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1127:
1118:
1098:IgA nephropathy
1075:
1050:angiotensinogen
1038:
1032:
1020:urinary bladder
935:
929:
920:
880:
841:descending limb
829:
808:proximal tubule
804:
802:Proximal tubule
771:
737:renal corpuscle
693:
610:
575:
542:located at the
538:, of filtering
532:
526:
496:
490:
483:
481:Renal corpuscle
477:
475:Renal corpuscle
457:renal corpuscle
438:
422:IgA nephropathy
331:sodium chloride
307:red blood cells
256:proximal tubule
240:renal corpuscle
232:mesangial cells
228:glomerular tuft
217:metabolic waste
159:renal corpuscle
143:
64:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2627:Kidney anatomy
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2388:Prostaglandins
2385:
2380:
2378:Erythropoietin
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2162:Urinary meatus
2159:
2158:
2157:
2155:urethral gland
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:Vaginal artery
2051:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1937:Papillary duct
1934:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:Thin ascending
1907:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:urinary system
1650:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1575:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1505:
1498:
1478:
1475:on 2016-03-24.
1455:
1406:
1399:
1379:
1349:
1342:
1313:
1298:
1277:
1270:
1252:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1160:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1128:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1074:
1071:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
1008:renal papillae
931:Main article:
928:
925:
919:
916:
879:
876:
828:
825:
803:
800:
770:
767:
727:refers to the
692:
689:
675:
674:
669:
663:
662:
661:
647:
635:
609:
606:
589:. Fluids from
574:
571:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:filtered fluid
460:
437:
434:
381:. Some of the
303:blood proteins
195:foot processes
145:
144:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
100:
99:
97:Urinary system
94:
88:
87:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2639:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2560:PAH clearance
2558:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:Fluid balance
2395:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Oligopeptides
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:pre-prostatic
2123:
2122:
2121:Male urethra
2120:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Vesical veins
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Renal papilla
1947:
1945:
1944:Tubular fluid
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:Loop of Henle
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Medullary ray
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1400:0-88167-885-6
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1170:Kidney tissue
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:renal calyces
1009:
1004:
1002:
994:
988:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
939:
934:
924:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
875:
873:
869:
864:
860:
855:
853:
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
833:loop of Henle
827:Loop of Henle
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
795:
787:
783:
775:
766:
763:
760:
758:
754:
753:loop of Henle
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:renal medulla
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
688:
685:
683:
678:
673:
670:
667:
664:
659:
655:
651:
648:
645:
642:
641:
639:
638:Loop of Henle
636:
633:
632:brush borders
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
619:
615:
614:tubular fluid
605:
603:
602:tubular fluid
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:vascular pole
541:
537:
531:
521:
519:
514:
512:
508:
504:
494:
487:
482:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
453:
452:
449:
442:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
407:renal medulla
404:
401:(sodium) and
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:renal tubules
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
264:loop of Henle
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
140:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2263:Solvent drag
2256:Reabsorption
2135:intermediate
2040:Circulation
1982:Macula densa
1964:Renal pelvis
1887:Renal tubule
1829:
1778:interlobular
1758:Renal artery
1736:
1591:(1): 27–44.
1588:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1544:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1517:
1508:
1488:
1481:
1473:the original
1468:
1458:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1389:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1361:
1352:
1333:
1289:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1130:
1087:
1076:
1059:macula densa
1039:
1016:renal pelvis
1005:
998:
970:
966:ureteric bud
959:
944:
921:
888:mitochondria
881:
856:
848:interstitium
838:
830:
805:
780:
764:
761:
744:
740:
732:
724:
722:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
694:
686:
679:
676:
622:
611:
608:Renal tubule
595:
576:
564:
556:blood plasma
535:
533:
515:
503:blood plasma
500:
464:renal tubule
450:
447:
411:
291:reabsorption
284:
225:
163:renal tubule
150:
148:
60:
56:
18:Renal tubule
2601:Natriuresis
2466:Delta ratio
2452:Base excess
2363:Aldosterone
1959:Major calyx
1954:Minor calyx
1747:Circulation
1528:27 November
981:dehydration
908:aldosterone
821:amino acids
540:capillaries
391:aldosterone
359:bicarbonate
339:amino acids
167:capillaries
103:Identifiers
36:Epinephrine
2476:Buffering
2404:Body water
2383:Calcitriol
2303:Filtration
1905:Descending
1847:Glomerulus
1813:interlobar
1803:Vasa recta
1793:Renal vein
1768:interlobar
1570:Embriology
1463:Nosek TM.
1217:References
1206:Nephrology
1182:Glomerulus
1152:Glomerulus
977:aquaporins
845:hypertonic
714:vasa recta
530:Glomerulus
524:Glomerulus
507:glomerulus
367:creatinine
287:filtration
236:filtration
171:glomerulus
2462:Anion gap
2232:Clearance
2225:Secretion
2215:Creating
2130:prostatic
2099:External
1992:Mesangium
1872:Mesangium
1763:segmental
1754:Arteries
1308:192027371
1158:is white.
1137:arteriole
868:hypotonic
769:Functions
725:medullary
583:podocytes
436:Structure
389:(water),
379:uric acid
371:potassium
355:uric acid
347:magnesium
323:diffusion
315:platelets
299:excretion
295:secretion
252:podocytes
199:podocytes
169:called a
75:Precursor
2621:Category
2351:Hormones
2273:Chloride
2115:Internal
2056:(female)
1862:Podocyte
1818:efferent
1783:afferent
1705:pyramids
1613:53872296
1605:30455427
1450:31605441
1372:March 6,
1200:See also
1154:is red;
1022:via the
731:, while
383:hormones
375:hydrogen
2293:Protein
2283:Glucose
2082:Urethra
2072:Trigone
2033:Bladder
2015:Ureters
1830:Nephron
1808:arcuate
1773:arcuate
1737:Nephron
1700:Medulla
1683:Capsule
1663:Kidneys
1441:7384063
1211:Urology
991:lining
852:osmosis
817:glucose
813:organic
550:of the
343:lactate
335:glucose
197:of the
181:with a
151:nephron
114:D009399
69:Details
44:Nephron
2424:Plasma
2268:Sodium
2140:spongy
2108:female
1789:Veins
1693:column
1688:Cortex
1678:Fascia
1671:Layers
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161:and a
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2606:Urine
2579:Other
2373:Renin
2217:urine
1717:Sinus
1609:S2CID
1083:aging
1046:renin
733:juxta
718:urine
598:urine
591:blood
327:water
213:urine
183:lumen
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2278:Urea
2206:and
2103:male
1722:Lobe
1601:PMID
1549:ISBN
1530:2012
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1446:PMID
1395:ISBN
1374:2007
1338:ISBN
1304:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1132:vein
1096:and
1040:The
1001:urea
882:The
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577:The
536:tuft
428:and
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