1535:
53:
761:
1885:
1477:
918:
1610:
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35:
800:, more than half of Germany's territory which is almost 19 million hectares, is used for farming, and located in the rural areas. Almost 10% of people in Germany have jobs related to the agricultural, forest and fisheries sectors; approximately a fifth of them are employed in the primary production. Since there is a policy of equal living conditions, people see rural areas as equivalent as urban areas. Village renewal is an approach to develop countryside and supports the challenges faced in the process of it.
1288:
75:
867:
651:
693:
1002:
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disadvantages depending on the purpose of the classification. The 2011 rural urban area classification for
England and Wales classifies Output Areas (OA) and wards as either urban or rural depending on whether the bulk of their population falls in a settlement of greater than 10,000 residents. It also offers sub-classifications of urban and rural areas, based on population density. A 2021 rural urban classification is under development.
1230:, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions. Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies. In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally.
1312:
4553:
3464:
1458:. To some extent, governments generally seek only to manage rural flight and channel it into certain cities, rather than stop it outright as this would imply taking on the expensive task of building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas.
573:" has a population density less than 150 people per square kilometre. In Canada, the census division has been used to represent "regions" and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent "communities". Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly
4433:
3344:
1507:
Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and
582:
which are adjacent to metropolitan centres while rural non-metro-adjacent regions are those predominantly rural census divisions which are not adjacent to metropolitan centres. Rural northern regions are predominantly rural census divisions that are found either entirely or mostly above the following
742:
it is not applicable and there is no countryside as all of it is treated as the federal capital. Brasília is nominally the capital, but the capitality is shared through all
Federal District, because Brazil de facto defines its capital as a municipality, and in municipal matters, the Federal District
978:
It is generally said that the rural areas house up to 70% of India's population. Rural India contributes a large chunk to India's GDP by way of agriculture, self-employment, services, construction etc. As per a strict measure used by the
National Sample Survey in its 63rd round, called monthly per
1419:
for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy. Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger
626:
Statistics Canada defines rural areas by their population counts. This has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or fewer inhabitants. The current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population
577:
have less than 15 percent of their population living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Philip
Ehrensaft and Jennifer Beeman (1992). Rural metro-adjacent regions are predominantly rural
1223:
have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers. The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource-based
783:
In 2018, the government had launched the "Action Cœur de Ville" program to revitalize town centers across the country. 222 towns were selected as part of the five-year program. One of the program's aims is to make the towns attractive so the areas nearby can also benefit from investments.
3141:
There is no single definition of a rural area, as there are many different approaches to classifying what is 'rural' (or 'non-urban'). These include approaches based on population, population density, land use and socio-economic characteristics, all of which have different advantages and
1503:
systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic disadvantage found there. Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers.
1267:
typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally,
1701:, and higher rates of alcohol and smoking when compared to their urban counterparts. Additionally, the rate of poverty is higher in rural populations globally, contributing to health disparities due to an inability to access healthy foods, healthcare, and housing.
1542:
program. Access to affordable transportation has been a key part of gaining access to greater economic mobility in many parts of the world. For example, distributing bicycles was one of the key strategies used by China to reduce rural poverty in the 20th
1703:
Many countries have made it a priority to increase funding for research on rural health. These research efforts are designed to help identify the healthcare needs of rural communities and provide policy solutions to ensure those needs are
952:
Almost every Indian economic agency today has its own definition of rural India, some of which follow: According to the
Planning Commission, a town with a maximum population of 15,000 is considered rural in nature. In these areas the
4732:
3643:
1688:
such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, contributing to worse health outcomes and higher mortality rates. Factors contributing to these health disparities include remote
717:
In Brazil, there are different notions of "rural area" and "countryside". Rural areas are any place outside a municipality's urban development (buildings, streets) and it is carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside
4002:
4834:
Thomas C. Ricketts, Karen D. Johnson-Webb, Patricia Taylor. Chapel Hill: North
Carolina Rural Health Research Program, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, 1998. 13
1283:
share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development.
1048:
in village cultures. The majority of rural
Pakistani inhabitants livelihoods is based upon the rearing of livestock, which also comprises a significant part of Pakistan's gross domestic product. Some
4052:
1697:, decreased health insurance coverage among the population, lack of health infrastructure, and work force demographics. People living in rural areas also tend to have less education, lower
1753:
and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and
1117:
and finance attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities and
979:
capita expenditure, rural expenditure accounts for 55% of total national monthly expenditure. The rural population currently accounts for one-third of the total Indian FMCG sales.
1538:
Many parts of rural Africa, such as this community in
Mozambique, experience rural poverty. This woman was given access to a bicycle through a rural development program through a
1819:
Specific interventions and solutions will depend entirely on the needs of each region in each country, but generally speaking, regional planning at the macro level will seek to:
1385:(refining and processing) are consolidated. Rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion. These are examples of
1165:, Bangladesh. Many government and non-governmental agencies invest in capacity building and opportunities for rural communities to gain greater access to economic opportunities.
688:, declining infrastructure, and fewer economic prospects. The declining population also results in less access to services, such as high-quality medical and education systems.
421:
1188:, poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities, and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education.
4223:
1841:
Some thought into the various 'role's settlements in the region may play, for example some may be administrative, with others based upon manufacturing or transport.
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2762:
traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas. It is an active academic field in much of the world, originating in the
832:. These definitions have various grades, but the upper point is any local government area with more than 26% of its population living in a rural settlement or
4437: • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008). "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective,"
3348: • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008). "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective,"
1534:
4621:
3532:
4709:
3620:
52:
4700:
4534: • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives," in Karla Hoff,
3611:
3445: • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives," in Karla Hoff,
400:
4674:
3585:
4548: • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia,"
3459: • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia,"
821:
4248:
1547:
Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in
1291:
This graph shows the world rural electrification rate along with the electrification growth rate 1990–2016 and synthesizes data from the World Bank.
4646:
3557:
4355:
3246:
512:, where economic incentives encourage younger populations to go to cities for education and access to jobs, leaving older, less educated and less
1552:
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fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population.
4530:
4493:
3441:
3404:
3029:
2988:
4612:
4509:
3523:
3420:
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469:
are typically described as rural, as well as other areas lacking substantial development. Different countries have varying definitions of
1350:
3050:
516:
populations in the rural areas. Slower economic development results in poorer services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
4771:"Disentangling three decades of strategic spatial planning in England through participation, project promotion and policy integration"
4428: • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries,"
3339: • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries,"
4484:
4442:
3395:
3353:
682:), live in rural America. Definitions vary from different parts of the United States government as to what constitutes those areas.
3830:
4748:
4669:
3937:
3659:
3580:
1564:
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whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture. These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to
4655:
4424:
3566:
3335:
1684:
and greater barriers in access to healthcare compared to urban populations. Globally, rural populations face increased burdens of
2767:
1765:
providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.
1129:
providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.
1069:
census areas are classified based on their degree of rurality. However, traffic law has a different interpretation and defines a
428:
2320:
1184:
of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Often, rural regions have experienced
3009:
4605:
4155:
3780:
3755:
3689:
3516:
760:
4736:
4331:
3647:
3124:
1775:, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.
1139:, and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.
987:
In Japan, rural areas are referred to as "Inaka" which translates literally to "the countryside" or "one's native village".
4581:
4458:
3492:
3369:
4846:
4249:
Global evidence on inequities in rural health protection. New data on rural deficits in health coverage for 174 countries
2742:
2339:
726:) are officially defined as all municipalities outside the state/territory capital's metropolitan region. Some states as
4704: • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere (2008). "agricultural markets in developing countries,"
3615: • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere (2008). "agricultural markets in developing countries,"
1771:: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,
1135:: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,
3089:
Chigbu, Uchendu Eugene (2012). "Village renewal as an instrument of rural development: evidence from Weyarn, Germany".
1807:. The definition of these fields differs between languages and contexts. Sometimes the terms are used interchangeably.
793:
3154:
3068:
1075:... a road or a geographical area that is not an urban traffic area, to which the rural speed limit generally applies.
569:
defines a "predominantly rural region" as having more than 50% of the population living in rural communities where a "
4368:
3920:
3889:
3037:
2681:
2671:
2375:
2335:
1192:
679:
521:
301:
4625: • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development,"
4384:
4357:
Healthy
Horizons- Outlook 2003-2007: A Framework for Improving the Health of Rural, Regional, and Remote Australians
3536: • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development,"
2130:
671:
643:
636:
321:
3863:. In B.GardnerG. Rausser (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2, A, Amsterdam: NorthHolland: 1593–658.
1415:. Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes
768:
15% of the French population lives in rural areas, spread over 90% of the country. The government under
President
684:
Rural areas tend to be poorer and their populations are older than in other parts of the United States because of
4199:
2430:
2215:
1966:
1835:
1382:
4263:"WHO guideline on health workforce development, attraction, recruitment and retention in rural and remote areas"
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in favor of rural areas named the "Agenda Rural". Among many initiatives recommended to redynamize rural areas,
476:
Rural areas have unique economic and social dynamics due to their relationship with land-based industry such as
4851:
1586:
1578:
1408:
4099:"SDG 2. Zero hunger | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
4911:
4123:"SDG 1. No poverty | Sustainable Development Goals | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"
2776:
While the issue of natural resource access transcends traditional rural spatial boundaries, the sociology of
2696:
2350:
1362:
734:
is singular in Brazil and it is de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in
4630:
3541:
1430:
Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as
1021:
areas. This is due to the definition of a rural area in Pakistan being an area that does not come within an
4262:
3297:
2015:
1981:
730:
do not have any metropolitan regions, thus all of the state, except its capital is officially countryside.
20:
4385:"Rural Health in Rural Hands: Strategic Directions for Rural, Remote, Northern and Aboriginal Communities"
1476:
4416:
3327:
2659:
1985:
1935:
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about 64% of Pakistanis live in rural areas. Most rural areas in Pakistan tend to be near cities and are
975:
RBI defines rural areas as those areas with a population of less than 49,000 (tier -3 to tier-6 cities).
889:
841:
237:
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1508:
developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet,
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1713:
Because of their unique dynamics, different academic fields have developed to study rural communities.
1519:, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas. Both rural poverty and
1208:
829:
291:
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2235:
2105:
1971:
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2225:
2060:
1685:
780:
is one of them. Research is being carried out to assess the impact of new projects in rural areas.
665:
24:
4678: • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts,"
4283:
3896:
3589: • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts,"
1411:, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close, in a
900:
and western regions, rural society is still perceived as lowly and primitive. Basic needs such as
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contributes to why three quarters of the global impoverished live in rural areas according to the
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Set regional level 'policy' and zoning which encourages a mix of housing values and communities.
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sets international goals to address these issues, and is deeply connected with investments in a
63:
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4822:
4224:"Tackling inequalities in public service coverage to "build forward better" for the rural poor"
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1742:
1366:
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28:
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are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in
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to make rural flight illegal. Economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include
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The remote rural villagers of Pakistan commonly live in houses made of bricks, clay or mud.
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and coastal China, rural areas are developing and, in some cases, statistically approaching
3718:
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2488:
2455:
2425:
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1930:
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343:
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A minimum of 75% of male working population involved in agriculture and allied activities.
678:' land area. An estimated 60 million people, or one in five residents (17.9% of the total
8:
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is one focus of rural sociology, and much of the field is dedicated to the economics of
820:
In Britain, there are various definitions of a rural area. "Rural" is defined by the UK
67:
4790:
4718:
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4030:
3629:
3374:
3106:
2728:
2370:
2365:
2285:
2240:
2190:
2160:
2140:
2000:
1977:
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Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of
1694:
1681:
1520:
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1447:
1435:
1416:
1381:—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related
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1131:
Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of
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205:
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Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities
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Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities
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1844:
Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste disposal.
1157:
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4794:
4714:
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4535:
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4151:
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4022:
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3254:
3247:"Exploring rural Japan from the comfort of your living room with 'The Inaka Project'"
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1995:
1800:
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is expected to reduce the effectiveness of programs reducing rural poverty and cause
1548:
1439:
1378:
1354:
1346:
1330:(also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the
1169:
1150:
1114:
1041:
1018:
777:
528:
121:
4667:• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development,"
3974:
3578:• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development,"
2552:
4881:
4782:
4419:(1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application,"
4064:
4014:
3877:
3726:
3330:(1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application,"
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2640:
2600:
2544:
2400:
2355:
2310:
2255:
2195:
2110:
2075:
2025:
1915:
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1555:, 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are
1443:
1196:
840:). A number of measures are in place to protect the British countryside, including
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JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
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JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories
4752:
4616:
4585:
4513:
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2005:
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4479: • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development,"
3489:
3390: • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development,"
1757:. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with
1121:. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with
2928:
2888:
2716:
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1961:
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1323:, illustrating the flight of young female adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa
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958:
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797:
536:
136:
38:
4501:(2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth,"
4068:
4018:
3731:
3706:
3412:(2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth,"
2828:-care, and educational policies. Many rural sociologists work in the areas of
1851:
land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment.
1741:
and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than
1645:
environments. The concept of rural health incorporates many fields, including
1287:
1105:
and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than
888:
and means of living. Life in rural China differs from that of urban China. In
836:("market town" being defined as any settlement which has permission to hold a
4875:
4171:
4076:
4026:
3913:
The State of World Rural Poverty: An Inquiry into Its Causes and Consequences
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2010:
1956:
1762:
1754:
1484:
1469:
1216:
1185:
1126:
1118:
1045:
961:. The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) defines 'rural' as follows:
954:
866:
837:
796:
and 107 urban districts. As one of the largest agricultural producers in the
675:
517:
493:
393:
336:
279:
198:
153:
146:
83:
74:
19:"Countryside", "The country", and "Rural" redirect here. For other uses, see
4308:"Addressing health inequities among people living in rural and remote areas"
1279:
of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher
4823:"Definitions of Rural: A Handbook for Health Policy Makers and Researchers"
4577:. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter
4475:
4412:
3488:. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter
3386:
3323:
2923:
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2548:
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1600:
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affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases
1556:
1480:
Gustave Courbet depicted nineteenth century rural poverty in this painting.
1401:
1386:
1339:
1327:
1304:
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674:, often referred to as rural America, consists of approximately 97% of the
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306:
274:
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109:
79:
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Village elders participate in a training for rural health care workers in
1515:
In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with
543:, such as mining and forestry. However, recent approaches more focused on
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2801:
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to rural and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal
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1066:
1025:
boundary. Rural areas in Pakistan that are near cities are considered as
934:
833:
477:
462:
366:
284:
232:
210:
188:
3298:"Land Transport Rule: Setting of Speed Limits 2003, Rule 54001 - Part 2"
650:
2938:
2793:
2145:
2065:
1990:
1848:
1670:
1560:
1487:
refers to situations where people living in non-urban regions are in a
1335:
1280:
1220:
1181:
1022:
893:
744:
701:
193:
4856:
4051:
Hallegatte, Stephane; Fay, Marianne; Barbier, Edward B. (June 2018).
2908:
2868:
2759:
2564:
2520:
1907:
1690:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1500:
1451:
1424:) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by
1397:
1276:
1040:
among rural Pakistani villagers is often based upon the ownership of
1001:
922:
901:
808:
660:
4740: • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998).
3651: • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998).
3279:
1489:
state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials
965:
An area with a population density of up to 400 per square kilometer,
2873:
2805:
1804:
1772:
1622:
1614:
1204:
1136:
692:
588:
481:
466:
296:
46:
4695:• John W. Mellor (2008). "agriculture and economic development,"
4284:"Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub"
4200:"Rural Health Disparities Overview - Rural Health Information Hub"
3827:"Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) | Data"
3606:• John W. Mellor (2008). "agriculture and economic development,"
2711:
933:' in India. It has a very low population density. In rural areas,
2903:
1951:
1889:
1734:
1658:
1488:
1098:
1006:
946:
938:
930:
871:
620:
600:
592:
547:
take into account economic diversification in these communities.
501:
222:
4564:• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth,"
3475:• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth,"
1392:
The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of
4488: • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change,"
4453:• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995).
3911:
Jazaïry, Idriss; Alamgir, Mohiuddin; Panuccio, Theresa (1992).
3399: • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change,"
3364:• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995).
2898:
1858:
1831:. These areas may be utilised as parks, or unimproved farmland.
1634:
1311:
1030:
968:
Villages with clear surveyed boundaries but no municipal board,
825:
604:
513:
215:
183:
4744:. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development.
4596:• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008).
3655:. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development.
3507:• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008).
504:. These dynamics alongside larger economic forces encouraging
1642:
1162:
881:
612:
611:, 54th. As well, rural northern regions encompass all of the
4727: • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995).
4723:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
4540:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
3795:
Van Assche, Kristof. & Hornidge, Anna-Katharina. (2015)
3638: • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995).
3634:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
3451:
Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy
539:. Historically, development policies have focused on larger
4003:"Poverty, rural population distribution and climate change"
2777:
1893:
1738:
1393:
1102:
566:
454:
450:
56:
3797:
Rural development. Knowledge & expertise in governance
3271:
3065:"BMELV - Agriculture and rural areas - Farming in Germany"
3025:
Energy Transition in Metropolises, Rural Areas and Deserts
1861:
laws and policies that encourage the best use of the land.
792:
Germany is divided into 402 administrative districts, 295
4768:
3748:
Rural development research : a foundation for policy
4680:
Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues
4641:• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography."
4150:. France: Graphic design: Rasmussen/CH. pp. 14–18.
3906:
3904:
3750:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press.
3591:
Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues
3552:• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography."
1215:
have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly
4332:"Economic Stability - Healthy People 2030 | health.gov"
3051:"Un plan national de revitalisation des centres-villes"
3910:
2816:(including forests, mining, fishing and other areas),
957:
makes all the decisions. There are five people in the
929:
Rural areas are also known as the 'countryside' or a '
884:'s population (roughly 45%) and has a varied range of
567:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
4652:
Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics
4525:• Michael R. Carter (2008), "agricultural finance,"
3962:
Rural poverty and income dynamics in Asia and Africa.
3901:
3814:
https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections
3563:
Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics
3436:• Michael R. Carter (2008), "agricultural finance,"
508:
have led to significant demographic declines, called
4769:
Ziafati Bafarasat, Abbas; Oliveira, Eduardo (2021).
4050:
3954:
3866:
3853:
3170:"Greening the Blue: End Child Labour in Agriculture"
1191:
Rural development has traditionally centered on the
401:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
4194:
4192:
4046:
4044:
4001:Barbier, Edward B.; Hochard, Jacob P. (June 2018).
3996:
3994:
3812:IEA (2022), SDG7: Data and Projections, IEA, Paris
3704:
4462: • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and
3373: • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and
3117:
1693:, increased rates of health risk behaviors, lower
1575:displacement of rural communities to urban centers
822:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
4466:(2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy," in
4172:"About Rural Health | CSELS | Rural Health | CDC"
3859:Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002.
3377:(2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy," in
743:is treated and governs as a single municipality,
4873:
4255:
4240:
4189:
4164:
4115:
4041:
3991:
3975:"Transforming food systems for rural prosperity"
3773:Rural development : principles and practice
3682:Rural development : principles and practice
3131:. Office for National Statistics. 24 August 2023
4575:Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change
4139:
3775:(1. publ. ed.). London : SAGE. p. 7.
3705:Ward, Neil; Brown, David L. (1 December 2009).
3684:(1. publ. ed.). London : SAGE. p. 5.
3486:Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change
3194:
3192:
3190:
1553:International Fund for Agricultural Development
878:Rural society in the People's Republic of China
824:(DEFRA), using population data from the latest
627:density below 400 people per square kilometre.
4000:
3938:"The Rise and Fall of China's Cycling Empires"
3872:
527:Some communities have successfully encouraged
4725:. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
4246:
3636:. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
2766:in the 1910s with close ties to the national
2736:
1438:. Governments can also use restrictions like
937:is the chief source of livelihood along with
473:for statistical and administrative purposes.
449:is a geographic area that is located outside
422:
3884:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.
3187:
3155:"Local Authority Rural-Urban Classification"
3022:Louis Boisgibault, Fahad Al Kabbani (2020):
1512:, and improved access to credit and income.
531:, with policies such as increased access to
3707:"Placing the Rural in Regional Development"
1587:Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger
1491:for living. It takes account of factors of
4847:Census 2000 Urban and Rural Classification
4503:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
4053:"Poverty and climate change: introduction"
3414:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
3125:"A Beginners Guide to UK Geography (2023)"
2743:
2729:
1914:
1579:Sustainable Development Goal 1: No Poverty
870:Fish farmer at peasant market in Danshan,
429:
415:
4598:Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics
3730:
3509:Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics
3053:. Banque des territoires. 12 August 2020.
1834:Designate transportation corridors using
772:launched an action plan in 2019 amid the
4852:North West Rural Affairs Forum (England)
4706:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4697:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4670:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4643:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4566:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4527:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4490:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4363:. National Rural Health Alliance. 2003.
3617:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3608:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3581:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3554:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3477:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3438:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3401:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
1888:Boy plowing with a tractor at sunset in
1883:
1838:and considering major new infrastructure
1608:
1533:
1475:
1315:Population age comparison between rural
1310:
1286:
1156:
1000:
916:
865:
807:
759:
691:
659:
649:
73:
51:
33:
16:Geographic area outside towns and cities
4627:Journal of Agricultural and Development
4573: • David McGranahan (1999).
3770:
3679:
3538:Journal of Agricultural and Development
3484: • David McGranahan (1999).
1420:towns that have one. But the concept (
550:
4874:
3745:
3219:
3088:
1787:is an academic discipline that exists
1400:available in urban areas; examples of
4057:Environment and Development Economics
4007:Environment and Development Economics
3935:
3277:
3244:
3010:"Nos campagnes, territoires d'avenir"
4145:
3861:"Rural Development and Rural Policy"
2804:, public-lands policies, so-called "
1407:Once rural populations fall below a
1050:livestock raised by rural Pakistanis
583:lines of latitude in each province:
4650: • France Ivry (1994).
3561: • France Ivry (1994).
3222:"Inaka: Moving from Scorn to Pride"
1680:Rural populations often experience
529:economic development in rural areas
13:
4814:
4468:Handbook of Agricultural Economics
4392:Society of Rural Physicians Canada
3882:Spatial inequality and development
3379:Handbook of Agricultural Economics
3278:Zaidi, S. Akbar (29 August 2017).
1355:East Asia in the twentieth century
522:Food and Agricultural Organization
14:
4923:
4840:
4439:Journal of Agricultural Economics
3350:Journal of Agricultural Economics
1779:
1708:
1351:Britain in the eighteenth century
1342:seen from the rural perspective.
803:
457:. Typical rural areas have a low
4538:, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed.,
4497: • Steven C. Deller
4421:Journal of Development Economics
4247:Scheil-Adlung, X. (2015-05-05).
3449:, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed.,
3408: • Steven C. Deller
3332:Journal of Development Economics
3220:Asamen, Tim (10 February 2017).
2844:. Much of the research involves
2710:
1876:This section is an excerpt from
1811:This section is an excerpt from
1737:. Rural economies include both
1722:This section is an excerpt from
1599:This section is an excerpt from
1468:This section is an excerpt from
1334:of people from rural areas into
1303:This section is an excerpt from
1240:This section is an excerpt from
1172:is the process of improving the
1149:This section is an excerpt from
1101:. Rural economies include both
1086:This section is an excerpt from
858:This section is an excerpt from
707:
672:Rural areas in the United States
644:Rural areas in the United States
642:This section is an excerpt from
637:Rural areas in the United States
630:
555:
4801:
4762:
4689:
4661:
4635:
4590:
4558:
4519:
4455:Transforming Agrarian Economies
4447:
4405:
4377:
4348:
4324:
4300:
4276:
4216:
4091:
3967:
3929:
3844:
3833:from the original on 2018-09-17
3819:
3806:
3789:
3764:
3746:Rowley, Thomas D., ed. (1996).
3739:
3698:
3673:
3600:
3572:
3546:
3501:
3469:
3430:
3366:Transforming Agrarian Economies
3358:
3316:
3302:Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency
3290:
3238:
3213:
3161:
2991:from the original on 2021-09-03
2788:. Other areas of study include
2296:Peace, war, and social conflict
1593:
1161:A rural development academy in
764:A rural area in Northern France
3915:. New York: University Press.
3801:Wageningen Academic Publishers
3157:. UK Government. 24 June 2011.
3147:
3082:
3057:
3043:
3016:
3002:
2973:
2952:
1813:Regional planning § Principles
1716:
1417:proportionately more expensive
1234:
1143:
1060:
880:encompasses less than half of
500:or natural disasters, such as
1:
4862:The Better India- Rural India
4787:10.1080/09654313.2020.1863920
4742:Strengthening Rural Economics
4731:. Wash., D.C.: Island Press.
4148:Global Policy Recommendations
3936:Huang, Frankie (2018-12-31).
3653:Strengthening Rural Economics
3642:. Wash., D.C.: Island Press.
3167:
2945:
1357:, it can occur following the
908:are a problem in these areas.
4600:. Resources for the Future.
3771:Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003).
3680:Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003).
3511:. Resources for the Future.
3280:"Rethinking urban and rural"
3103:10.1080/15575330.2011.575231
3067:. 2012-06-09. Archived from
1870:
1297:
1175:
1080:
21:Countryside (disambiguation)
7:
4713: • Karla Hoff,
3624: • Karla Hoff,
3245:Foley, Dylan (2019-04-20).
2985:United States Census Bureau
2856:
1251:is the process of bringing
1219:, niche manufacturers, and
990:
10:
4928:
4857:Canadian Rural Partnership
2962:. Wordnetweb.princeton.edu
1967:Human environmental impact
1875:
1810:
1721:
1598:
1467:
1462:
1302:
1239:
1209:global production networks
1148:
1085:
1055:
1052:include cattle and goats.
994:
857:
830:United Kingdom Census 2001
787:
641:
634:
18:
4775:European Planning Studies
4270:World Health Organization
4069:10.1017/S1355770X18000141
4019:10.1017/S1355770X17000353
3732:10.1080/00343400903234696
2774:colleges of agriculture.
2768:Department of Agriculture
1857:Consider building codes,
1629:or rural medicine is the
1540:Bicycle poverty reduction
1347:industrializing economies
1044:, which also may provide
755:
750:
712:
585:Newfoundland and Labrador
560:
496:cycles and vulnerable to
2981:"What is Rural America?"
2061:Structural functionalism
1686:noncommunicable diseases
982:
912:
852:
666:Marshall County, Indiana
664:A rural country road in
25:Country (disambiguation)
4288:www.ruralhealthinfo.org
4204:www.ruralhealthinfo.org
4146:Chan, Margaret (2010).
3960:Otsuka, Keijiro. 2009.
3304:. Ministry of Transport
2914:Rural Community Council
2802:amenity-led development
2798:environmental sociology
2081:Symbolic interactionism
1976:Industrial revolutions
1583:sustainable food system
1448:outdoor-focused tourism
1317:Pocahontas County, Iowa
847:
696:A rural landscape near
545:sustainable development
461:and small settlements.
4867:India Rural Population
4481:Agricultural Economics
4459:Arrow-page searchable.
4430:Agricultural Economics
4394:. 2002. Archived from
3392:Agricultural Economics
3370:Arrow-page searchable.
3341:Agricultural Economics
3251:The Japan Times Online
2960:"WordNet Search - 3.1"
2071:Social constructionism
1896:
1823:Resist development in
1743:agricultural economics
1733:is the study of rural
1618:
1544:
1481:
1324:
1292:
1207:. However, changes in
1166:
1107:agricultural economics
1097:is the study of rural
1010:
1005:Amra Kalan village in
997:Pakistani village life
926:
875:
860:Rural society in China
817:
765:
747:-like (Brasília, DF).
704:
668:
657:
87:
71:
49:
29:Rural (disambiguation)
4483:, 32(s1), pp. 21-41.
4441:,51(2), pp. 266-288.
4423:, 40(1), pp. 75-101.
3850:2000 U.S. Census Data
3394:, 32(s1), pp. 21-41.
3352:,51(2), pp. 266-288.
3334:, 40(1), pp. 75-101.
3129:Open Geography Portal
3091:Community Development
2842:environmental studies
2838:community development
2772:land-grant university
2446:Conversation analysis
2021:Social stratification
1887:
1759:rural electrification
1612:
1537:
1479:
1314:
1290:
1249:Rural electrification
1242:Rural electrification
1160:
1123:rural electrification
1004:
920:
869:
811:
774:yellow vests movement
763:
695:
663:
653:
635:Further information:
617:Northwest Territories
541:extractive industries
518:This cycle of poverty
465:areas and areas with
78:A rural landscape in
77:
55:
37:
4912:Settlement geography
4552:, 24(1), pp. 65-78.
4472:(scrollable preview)
4432:, 26(1), pp. 1-23.
3964:New York: Routledge.
3878:Venables, Anthony J.
3816:, License: CC BY 4.0
3463:, 24(1), pp. 65-78.
3383:(scrollable preview)
3343:, 26(1), pp. 1-23.
2846:developing countries
2794:demographic patterns
1745:which focus more on
1699:socioeconomic status
1561:agricultural workers
1525:developing countries
1426:central place theory
1383:secondary industries
1321:Johnson County, Iowa
1109:which focus more on
1038:Socioeconomic status
655:Westminster, Vermont
551:Regional definitions
292:Types of communities
3723:2009RegSt..43.1237W
2830:development studies
2812:, the sociology of
2031:Social cycle theory
1902:Part of a series on
1864:Allocation of land.
1647:wilderness medicine
1551:. According to the
1529:developed countries
1446:, the expansion of
921:A rural village in
486:resource extraction
4751:2009-05-09 at the
4719:Joseph E. Stiglitz
4615:2008-10-31 at the
4584:2009-04-03 at the
4516:(close Pages tab).
4512:2011-07-21 at the
4464:Elisabeth Sadoulet
3662:2009-05-09 at the
3630:Joseph E. Stiglitz
3526:2008-10-31 at the
3495:2009-04-03 at the
3427:(close Pages tab).
3423:2011-07-21 at the
3375:Elisabeth Sadoulet
3032:. (Energy series)
2717:Society portal
2340:History of science
2321:Race and ethnicity
2001:Social environment
1897:
1769:economic geography
1695:population density
1682:health disparities
1619:
1545:
1521:spatial inequality
1517:spatial inequality
1482:
1440:internal passports
1436:distance education
1398:educational access
1363:primary industries
1325:
1293:
1195:of land-intensive
1167:
1133:economic geography
1011:
943:cottage industries
927:
886:standard of living
876:
818:
766:
728:Mato Grosso do Sul
705:
669:
658:
492:can be subject to
459:population density
206:Indigenous peoples
88:
72:
50:
4715:Avishay Braverman
4606:978-1-933115-65-8
4550:World Development
4536:Avishay Braverman
4157:978-92-4-156401-4
3782:978-0-7619-4766-0
3757:978-0-313-29726-7
3717:(10): 1237–1244.
3691:978-0-7619-4766-0
3626:Avishay Braverman
3517:978-1-933115-65-8
3461:World Development
3447:Avishay Braverman
3174:Greening the Blue
2864:American Old West
2834:community studies
2814:natural resources
2810:social disruption
2753:
2752:
2471:Social experiment
2351:Social psychology
1996:Social complexity
1829:earthquake faults
1801:regional planning
1751:Rural development
1631:interdisciplinary
1549:rural development
1450:, and a shift to
1444:commodities booms
1359:industrialization
1332:migratory pattern
1197:natural resources
1170:Rural development
1151:Rural development
1115:Rural development
1042:agricultural land
1013:According to the
874:in September 2005
778:energy transition
439:
438:
4919:
4833:
4829:
4827:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4781:(8): 1375–1392.
4766:
4760:
4693:
4687:
4665:
4659:
4639:
4633:
4594:
4588:
4568:, 2nd Edition.
4562:
4556:
4523:
4517:
4451:
4445:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4389:
4381:
4375:
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4362:
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4112:
4110:
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4095:
4089:
4088:
4048:
4039:
4038:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3908:
3899:
3895:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3711:Regional Studies
3702:
3696:
3695:
3677:
3671:
3604:
3598:
3576:
3570:
3550:
3544:
3505:
3499:
3479:, 2nd Edition.
3473:
3467:
3434:
3428:
3362:
3356:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3209:. December 2010.
3207:www.dhanbank.com
3204:
3196:
3185:
3184:
3182:
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3158:
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2466:Network analysis
2356:Sociocybernetics
2346:Social movements
2076:Social darwinism
2026:Social structure
1918:
1899:
1898:
1253:electrical power
1228:entrepreneurship
1177:
740:Federal District
597:British Columbia
580:census divisions
431:
424:
417:
389:Peasant movement
379:Nomadic conflict
127:Delivery service
90:
89:
68:Hyōgo Prefecture
45:, noted for its
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4907:Rural geography
4902:Rural economics
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4825:
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4815:Further reading
4812:
4811:
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4802:
4767:
4763:
4753:Wayback Machine
4739:
4726:
4712:
4708:, 2nd Edition.
4703:
4699:, 2nd Edition.
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4617:Wayback Machine
4595:
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4529:, 2nd Edition.
4524:
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4514:Wayback Machine
4496:
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4417:Frances Stewart
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3619:, 2nd Edition.
3614:
3610:, 2nd Edition.
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3531: •
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3528:Wayback Machine
3506:
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3497:Wayback Machine
3483:
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3440:, 2nd Edition.
3435:
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3328:Frances Stewart
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2884:Developed areas
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2808:" development,
2790:rural migration
2786:farm production
2756:Rural sociology
2749:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2662:
2652:
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2505:
2491:
2489:Major theorists
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2406:
2405:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2056:Critical theory
2051:Conflict theory
2046:
2036:
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2006:Social equality
1947:
1881:
1878:Rural sociology
1873:
1868:
1867:
1836:hubs and spokes
1816:
1782:
1777:
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1731:Rural economics
1727:
1724:Rural economics
1719:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1604:
1596:
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1473:
1465:
1460:
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1432:electrification
1422:urban hierarchy
1308:
1300:
1295:
1294:
1265:Electrification
1257:market failures
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1141:
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1095:Rural economics
1091:
1088:Rural economics
1083:
1063:
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1046:social prestige
999:
993:
985:
915:
910:
909:
904:and accessible
863:
855:
850:
814:Yorkshire Dales
806:
794:rural districts
790:
770:Emmanuel Macron
758:
753:
715:
710:
690:
689:
680:U.S. population
647:
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571:rural community
565:In Canada, the
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498:extreme weather
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132:Electrification
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43:South Australia
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4887:Human habitats
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4841:External links
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4721:, ed. (1993).
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4401:on 2014-03-09.
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1797:urban planning
1785:Rural planning
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1709:Academic study
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1571:climate crisis
1474:
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1456:exurbanization
1413:vicious circle
1309:
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1275:to reduce the
1261:national grids
1246:
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1211:and increased
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995:Main article:
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906:transportation
896:economies. In
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828:, such as the
805:
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4542:, ch. 2, pp.
4541:
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4511:
4508:
4505:, 83(2), pp.
4504:
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3071:on 2012-06-09
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2682:Organizations
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2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Environmental
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2131:Consciousness
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Social equity
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Globalization
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:the field of
1794:
1790:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:rural tourism
1760:
1756:
1755:rural poverty
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1714:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:gender parity
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:rural economy
1494:
1493:rural society
1490:
1486:
1485:Rural poverty
1478:
1471:
1470:Rural poverty
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1409:critical mass
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:capital costs
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1217:rural tourism
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1186:rural poverty
1183:
1180:and economic
1179:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:rural tourism
1124:
1120:
1119:rural poverty
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1003:
998:
988:
980:
976:
970:
967:
964:
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
924:
919:
907:
903:
902:running water
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
868:
861:
845:
843:
839:
838:street market
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
810:
801:
799:
795:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
762:
748:
746:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
708:South America
703:
699:
694:
687:
683:
681:
677:
676:United States
673:
667:
662:
656:
652:
645:
638:
631:United States
628:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
576:
575:urban regions
572:
568:
556:North America
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:boom and bust
491:
487:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
432:
427:
425:
420:
418:
413:
412:
410:
409:
402:
399:
395:
394:Via Campesina
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
370:
369:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
333:
332:
323:
322:United States
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
249:
248:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
217:
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
175:
174:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
107:
104:
99:
98:
95:
92:
91:
85:
84:South Karelia
81:
76:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4807:Nelson, 1969
4803:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4741:
4728:
4722:
4705:
4696:
4691:
4679:
4668:
4663:
4654:. Elsevier.
4651:
4642:
4637:
4629:, 4(1), pp.
4626:
4610:Description.
4597:
4592:
4574:
4565:
4560:
4549:
4539:
4526:
4521:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4467:
4454:
4449:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4413:Gustav Ranis
4407:
4396:the original
4391:
4379:
4356:
4350:
4339:. Retrieved
4335:
4326:
4315:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4291:. Retrieved
4287:
4278:
4269:
4257:
4242:
4231:. Retrieved
4227:
4218:
4207:. Retrieved
4203:
4180:. Retrieved
4178:. 2023-11-28
4175:
4166:
4147:
4141:
4130:. Retrieved
4126:
4117:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:
4093:
4060:
4056:
4010:
4006:
3982:. Retrieved
3979:www.ifad.org
3978:
3969:
3956:
3945:. Retrieved
3941:
3931:
3912:
3897:Pdf version.
3881:
3874:Kanbur, Ravi
3868:
3855:
3846:
3835:. Retrieved
3821:
3808:
3803:, Wageningen
3796:
3791:
3772:
3766:
3747:
3741:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3681:
3675:
3652:
3639:
3633:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3590:
3579:
3574:
3565:. Elsevier.
3562:
3553:
3548:
3540:, 4(1), pp.
3537:
3521:Description.
3508:
3503:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3460:
3450:
3437:
3432:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3378:
3365:
3360:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3324:Gustav Ranis
3318:
3306:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3283:
3273:
3262:. Retrieved
3250:
3240:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:
3215:
3206:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3149:
3140:
3133:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:the original
3059:
3045:
3030:Wiley - ISTE
3024:
3018:
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2984:
2975:
2964:. Retrieved
2954:
2924:Rural ghetto
2919:Rural crafts
2826:rural health
2754:
2667:Bibliography
2581:
2509:
2508:
2495:
2461:Mathematical
2441:Ethnographic
2421:Quantitative
2106:Architecture
2044:Perspectives
2016:Social power
1825:flood plains
1818:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1747:food systems
1739:agricultural
1729:
1712:
1679:
1675:telemedicine
1641:delivery in
1627:rural health
1620:
1606:
1601:Rural health
1594:Rural health
1557:smallholders
1546:
1514:
1506:
1483:
1406:
1402:pull factors
1394:higher wages
1391:
1387:push factors
1344:
1340:urbanization
1328:Rural flight
1326:
1319:, and urban
1305:Rural flight
1247:
1224:businesses.
1213:urbanization
1193:exploitation
1190:
1168:
1111:food systems
1103:agricultural
1093:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1035:
1012:
986:
977:
974:
951:
928:
819:
791:
782:
767:
719:
716:
698:Mount Shasta
686:rural flight
670:
625:
609:Saskatchewan
564:
526:
510:rural flight
506:urbanization
475:
470:
463:Agricultural
446:
442:
440:
344:Agricultural
285:Agricultural
228:Smallholders
211:Pastoralists
93:
80:Lappeenranta
4746:Description
4733:Description
4312:www.who.int
4228:www.who.int
4176:www.cdc.gov
4127:www.fao.org
4103:www.fao.org
3657:Description
3644:Description
2934:Urban decay
2850:Third World
2782:agriculture
2672:Terminology
2641:Baudrillard
2517:Tocqueville
2431:Comparative
2426:Qualitative
2396:Victimology
2226:Immigration
2211:Generations
2126:Criminology
1639:health care
1585:as part of
1452:remote work
1367:agriculture
1336:urban areas
1235:Electricity
1226:Education,
1201:agriculture
1144:Development
1067:New Zealand
1061:New Zealand
1015:2017 census
935:agriculture
842:green belts
834:market town
736:Greater Rio
533:electricity
478:agriculture
447:countryside
367:Agrarianism
159:Reservation
122:Development
4876:Categories
4759:(press +).
4686:(press +).
4546:(press +).
4474:, ch. 31.
4341:2024-03-29
4336:health.gov
4317:2024-03-29
4293:2024-04-07
4233:2024-03-29
4209:2024-04-03
4182:2024-03-17
4132:2021-10-10
4108:2021-10-10
3984:2024-01-23
3947:2023-10-26
3837:2019-03-13
3670:(press +).
3597:(press +).
3457:(press +).
3385:, ch. 31.
3264:2019-09-19
3231:2019-09-19
3200:"In Focus"
3135:9 December
3075:2020-02-20
2995:2021-09-03
2966:2013-04-25
2946:References
2939:Wilderness
2822:identities
2792:and other
2697:By country
2451:Historical
2376:Technology
2316:Punishment
2301:Philosophy
2276:Mathematic
2266:Literature
2231:Industrial
2221:Historical
2146:Demography
2066:Positivism
1991:Popularity
1946:Key themes
1849:Green belt
1847:Designate
1671:telehealth
1281:per capita
1270:amortizing
1221:recreation
1182:well-being
1071:Rural area
1019:peri-urban
1009:, Pakistan
816:in England
745:city-state
724:Portuguese
702:California
443:rural area
384:Parliament
302:By Country
194:Farmworker
94:Rural area
86:in Finland
4795:234437777
4710:Abstract.
4701:Abstract.
4675:Abstract.
4647:Abstract.
4570:Abstract.
4554:Abstract.
4531:Abstract.
4494:Abstract.
4485:Abstract.
4476:Abstract.
4443:Abstract.
4434:Abstract.
4425:Abstract.
4251:(Report).
4085:158756317
4077:1355-770X
4035:158642860
4027:1355-770X
3621:Abstract.
3612:Abstract.
3586:Abstract.
3558:Abstract.
3481:Abstract.
3465:Abstract.
3442:Abstract.
3405:Abstract.
3396:Abstract.
3387:Abstract.
3354:Abstract.
3345:Abstract.
3336:Abstract.
3308:9 January
3259:0447-5763
3111:154040610
2909:Peasantry
2869:Boondocks
2760:sociology
2513:Martineau
2456:Interview
2381:Terrorism
2361:Sociology
2306:Political
2246:Knowledge
2166:Education
1908:Sociology
1871:Sociology
1827:or along
1793:alongside
1735:economies
1717:Economics
1691:geography
1667:economics
1663:sociology
1655:midwifery
1651:geography
1633:study of
1569:Thus the
1501:political
1298:Migration
1277:unit cost
1099:economies
1081:Economics
959:panchayat
955:panchayat
923:Rajasthan
898:northwest
738:. In the
490:economics
372:Socialism
270:Diversity
103:Economics
47:vineyards
4749:Archived
4735:and TOC
4656:Abstract
4613:Archived
4582:Archived
4510:Archived
4470:, v. 2A
3880:(2005).
3831:Archived
3660:Archived
3646:and TOC
3567:Abstract
3524:Archived
3493:Archived
3421:Archived
3381:, v. 2A
2989:Archived
2874:Bushland
2857:See also
2806:boomtown
2692:Timeline
2677:Journals
2645:Bourdieu
2637:Habermas
2633:Luhmann
2629:Foucault
2573:Mannheim
2553:Durkheim
2326:Religion
2286:Military
2251:Language
2236:Internet
2191:Feminist
2175:Jealousy
2161:Economic
2156:Disaster
2151:Deviance
2094:Branches
1972:Identity
1805:urbanism
1773:land use
1623:medicine
1615:Ethiopia
1543:century.
1527:than in
1379:forestry
1365:such as
1338:. It is
1205:forestry
1199:such as
1174:quality
1137:land use
991:Pakistan
890:southern
720:interior
591:, 53rd;
589:Manitoba
587:, 50th;
537:internet
502:droughts
488:. Rural
482:forestry
467:forestry
361:Politics
349:Regional
297:Rurality
260:Agrarian
137:Internet
70:in Japan
60:terraces
4882:Ecology
4507:352-365
4272:. 2010.
3719:Bibcode
3418:352-365
3179:24 July
3168:林, 榮祥.
3012:. CGET.
2904:Outback
2848:or the
2649:Giddens
2647:·
2643:·
2635:·
2623:·
2621:Goffman
2617:Schoeck
2603:·
2595:·
2571:·
2569:Du Bois
2567:·
2559:·
2555:·
2547:·
2541:Tönnies
2539:·
2525:Spencer
2523:·
2501:·
2414:Methods
2391:Utopian
2336:Science
2281:Medical
2271:Marxist
2261:Leisure
2171:Emotion
2136:Culture
1952:Society
1931:Outline
1926:History
1890:Don Det
1659:nursing
1463:Poverty
1375:fishing
1259:as the
1056:Oceania
1031:suburbs
1007:Kharian
947:pottery
939:fishing
931:village
925:, India
872:Sichuan
788:Germany
621:Nunavut
601:Ontario
593:Alberta
514:wealthy
337:History
280:Tourism
265:Country
253:Society
223:Peasant
154:Poverty
147:Housing
4830:
4793:
4717:, and
4631:66-98.
4604:
4579:links.
4499:et al.
4367:
4154:
4083:
4075:
4033:
4025:
3919:
3888:
3779:
3754:
3688:
3628:, and
3542:66-98.
3515:
3490:links.
3410:et al.
3257:
3109:
3036:
2899:Nature
2840:, and
2687:People
2625:Bauman
2605:Nisbet
2601:Merton
2593:Gehlen
2589:Adorno
2582:1900s:
2557:Addams
2549:Simmel
2545:Veblen
2537:Pareto
2529:Le Bon
2510:1800s:
2503:Sieyès
2496:1700s:
2476:Survey
2401:Visual
2311:Public
2216:Health
2206:Gender
2196:Fiscal
2186:Family
1859:zoning
1789:within
1669:, and
1635:health
1499:, and
1377:, and
1371:mining
826:census
812:Rural
756:France
751:Europe
713:Brazil
607:, and
605:Quebec
561:Canada
484:, and
455:cities
307:Canada
275:Flight
216:Herder
199:Tenant
184:Farmer
178:People
164:Ghetto
142:Health
110:Crafts
27:, and
4826:(PDF)
4791:S2CID
4737:link.
4544:33-52
4415:and
4399:(PDF)
4388:(PDF)
4361:(PDF)
4266:(PDF)
4081:S2CID
4031:S2CID
3648:link.
3455:33-52
3326:and
3203:(PDF)
3107:S2CID
2660:Lists
2609:Mills
2585:Fromm
2577:Elias
2565:Weber
2499:Comte
2386:Urban
2371:Sport
2366:Space
2331:Rural
2291:Music
2241:Jewry
2141:Death
2101:Aging
1936:Index
1643:rural
1454:, or
1349:like
1163:Bogra
1023:urban
983:Japan
949:etc.
913:India
894:urban
882:China
853:China
613:Yukon
471:rural
451:towns
445:or a
312:China
233:Women
115:India
4755:and
4684:6-10
4602:ISBN
4365:ISBN
4152:ISBN
4073:ISSN
4023:ISSN
3917:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3777:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3686:ISBN
3666:and
3595:6-10
3513:ISBN
3310:2021
3284:Dawn
3255:ISSN
3181:2018
3137:2023
3034:ISBN
2820:and
2780:and
2778:food
2770:and
2613:Bell
2597:Aron
2561:Mead
2533:Ward
2521:Marx
2201:Food
2121:Body
1894:Laos
1761:and
1704:met.
1637:and
1396:and
1203:and
1178:life
1125:and
1073:as "
848:Asia
619:and
453:and
317:Laos
64:Kami
57:Rice
4783:doi
4757:PDF
4065:doi
4015:doi
3727:doi
3668:PDF
3099:doi
2256:Law
2111:Art
1803:or
1791:or
1673:or
1621:In
1559:or
1434:or
1361:of
1353:or
1345:In
1065:In
1033:.
1029:or
722:in
700:in
535:or
62:in
41:in
4878::
4835:p.
4789:.
4779:29
4777:.
4773:.
4457:.
4411:•
4390:.
4334:.
4310:.
4286:.
4268:.
4226:.
4202:.
4191:^
4174:.
4125:.
4101:.
4079:.
4071:.
4061:23
4059:.
4055:.
4043:^
4029:.
4021:.
4011:23
4009:.
4005:.
3993:^
3977:.
3940:.
3903:^
3876:;
3829:.
3799:.
3725:.
3715:43
3713:.
3709:.
3368:.
3322:•
3300:.
3282:.
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