Prevention science

746:

and environmental influences. Additionally, they address adverse social conditions that contribute to both behavioral problems (e.g., poor self-regulation, substance use and excessive alcohol use, violence) and major chronic illnesses (e.g., asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease) that originate in childhood and become compounded in adulthood. Given that behavioral, mental and physical health problems are highly concentrated in high poverty neighborhoods, the NPSC has prioritized the reduction of poverty and its ill effects. Criminal and juvenile justice issues are also a matter of concern to them. Effective prevention of these multiple problems requires fostering environments from the prenatal period onward that nurture child and adolescent successful development.

768:, and academic problems and on the translation of that information to promote health and well being. The multi-disciplinary membership of SPR is international and includes scientists, practitioners, advocates, administrators, and policy makers who value the conduct and dissemination of prevention science worldwide. The Society for Prevention Research has commissioned a series of task forces around building standards of evidence and knowledge in prevention science. The official publication of the organization, called Prevention Science, serves as an interdisciplinary forum designed to disseminate new developments in the theory, research and practice of prevention. Prevention sciences encompassing etiology, epidemiology and intervention are represented through 827:

foundations, businesses, and other organizations trying to make informed judgments about their investments in violence and drug prevention programs. Blueprints staff systematically and continuously review the research on violence and substance use programs to determine which are exemplary and grounded in evidence. To date, it has assessed more than 900 programs. Blueprints' standards for certifying model and promising violence prevention programs are widely recognized as the most rigorous in use. Program effectiveness is based upon an initial review by Blueprints staff and a final review and recommendation from a distinguished Advisory Board, composed of experts in the field of violence prevention.

499:(NFP) is an evidence-based community health program that was developed by Dr. David Olds in Elmira, New York in 1977. NFP provides regular home visits by specially trained public health nurses to low-income, unmarried pregnant women with no previous live births. The nurses teach positive health related behaviors, competent care of children, and maternal personal development encompassing family, education, and economic self-sufficiency, instilling confidence and empowering them to achieve a better life for their children and themselves. All of these services are free and voluntary, and goes on until the first-born child reaches 2 years of age. 811:, estimates the cost-effectiveness of diverse prevention programs with scientifically rigorous standards applied consistently across a wide variety of social issues relevant to state legislators. Cost-benefit analyses are important to show the economic benefit to the state and to tax-payers, as well as provide a standard to compare between different programs with similar goals and outcomes. Furthermore, cost-effective programs are more likely to be funded and approved by policy makers. 855:(SDRG) is a nationally recognized interdisciplinary team of researchers based in Seattle, Washington that seek to promote youth development, as well as prevent and treat health and behavior problems among young people through identifying risk and protective factors and understanding the effects of promotive and preventive interventions that address these factors. Academic success and positive development as well as substance use, delinquency, 25: 465:, whereby Catalano and his colleagues provided examples of cost-effective social programs that have undergone rigorous research to show that implementing such programs can prevent a variety of behavioral problems and conditions contributing to poor health in today's youth. The paper was published on April 25, 2012 as part of a series on adolescent health. 843:, England, dedicated to improving the health and development of children in Europe and North America. They do so by utilizing research to first establish potential causes of impairment, and then to develop and disseminate appropriate information to the widest international audience regarding their findings about responding more effectively to risk. 859:, violence, mental health problems and school dropout are among the outcomes studied. In 1979, J. David Hawkins and Richard F. Catalano began to develop the Social Development Model which provides the theoretical basis for this approach to promotion and prevention which underlies much of the group's research. 1014:

Olds, D. L., Knudtson, M. D., Luckey, D. W., Bondy, J., Stevenson, A. J., Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., ... Arcoleo, K. J. (May 01, 2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on maternal life course and government spending: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at

745:

was formed in 2013 as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization to promote the application of validated, science-based findings to wide-scale, effective implementation of prevention practices and policies. In doing so, they address several areas of concern, such as mental and behavioral health, education,

507:

Three randomized controlled trials were conducted with 3 diverse populations in Elmira, New York (1977); in Memphis, Tennessee (1988); and in Denver, Colorado (1994). These research studies provide evidence on the positive and effective outcomes of NFP. Follow-up research still continues today, which

1004:

Kitzman, H., Olds, D. L., Sidora, K., Henderson, C. R. J., Hanks, C., Cole, R., Luckey, D. W., ... Glazner, J. (January 01, 2000). Enduring effects of nurse home visitation on maternal life course: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association,

749:

The NPSC, directed by Dr. Diana Fishbein and Dr. John Roman, is composed of scientists, educators, practitioners and clinicians, policy makers, foundation representatives, and affiliated organizations, housed at the Pennsylvania State University. They work in a nonpartisan manner with Congressional

587:

There was a long-term follow-up of children whose mother was part of the initial NFP effectiveness study. There was low attrition as the data on the outcomes described above were obtained for 77%-83% of the initial sample group, and follow-up rates were similar for both treatment and control groups.

471:

The Nurse Family Partnership program, which provides regular home visits with nurses to poor, first-time mothers. The program led to 43 percent fewer subsequent pregnancies and decreased the mothers' welfare use, smoking and arrests. As the children grew up, they drank less alcohol, were less likely

460:

Behavior problems are major causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality, and Prevention Science has led to the identification of tested and effective preventive interventions. Longitudinal studies have provided an understanding of risk and protective factors across the life course for many of these

195:

Scientific experiments that test the preventive intervention programs ability to prevent the problem under favorable conditions. Under these optimal conditions, the researcher has control over the intervention and how it is delivered. If the test finds significant desirable effects, the intervention

632:

For nurse-visited children in the subsample whose mothers had low psychological resources prior to the program participation (mothers in the lower half of the sample in intelligence, mental health, and self-confidence), research found that the children made improvements in academic performance. The

516:

300 women in a semi-rural community, who had agreed to be part of the study were randomly assigned to either a group that will participate in the Nurse-Family Partnership, or a control group that was only provided developmental screening and referral to treatment for their child. Approximately 90%

984:

Eckenrode, John, Mary Campa, Dennis Luckey, Charles Henderson Jr., Robert Cole, Harriet Kitzman, Elizabeth Anson, Kimberly Sidora-Arcoleo, Jane Powers, and David Olds. “Long-term Effects of Prenatal and Infancy Nurse Home Visitation on the Life course of Youths: 19-Year Follow-up of a Randomized

974:

Luckey, Dennis W., David L. Olds, Weiming Zhang, Charles R. Henderson Jr, Michael Knudtson, John Eckenrode, Harriet Kitzman, Robert Cole, and Lisa Pettitt. “Revised Analysis of 15-Year Outcomes in the Elmira Trial of the Nurse-Family Partnership.” Prevention Research Center for Family and Child

964:

954:

1024:

Kitzman, H. J., Cole, R. E., Anson, E. A., Olds, D. L., Knudtson, M. D., Holmberg, J. R., Hanks, C. A., ... Henderson, J. C. R. (May 01, 2010). Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children: Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years. Archives of

690:

Versus the control group, the subsample of children whose mothers had low psychological resources prior to participating in the program made sizable gains in researcher assed language development; behavioral adaptation (attention, impulse control, sociability); executive functioning (capacity for

681:

490 women who had agreed to participate in the program was randomly assigned to either a treatment group that would be given the opportunity to participate in the Nurse Family Partnership, or a control group that was only provided developmental screening and referrals to treatment for their child

596:

743 women who had agreed to participate in the study were randomly assigned to either a treatment group that would be given the opportunity to participate in the Nurse Family Partnership, or a control group that was only provided free transportation to scheduled prenatal medical appointments, and

290:

Strategies that involves the full population (nation, local community, school, district, etc.) based on evidence that it is likely to provide some benefit to all. It aims to prevent or delay the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. All individuals, without screening, are provided with

312:

Strategies that involve a screening process, and aim to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of early conduct problems and/or having an increased risk for a disorder, but currently do not have a diagnosable disorder. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem

142:

that seeks to prevent or moderate major human dysfunctions before they occur. Regardless of the type of issue on hand, the factors that lead to the problem must be identified and addressed. Prevention research is thus focused primarily on the systematic study of these potential precursors of

826:

that provides a list of effective violence, drug, and crime prevention programs. The Blueprints mission is to identify truly outstanding violence and drug prevention programs that meet a high scientific standard of effectiveness. In doing so, Blueprints serves as a resource for governments,

750:

offices and Caucuses and collaborate with like-minded groups and federal agency administrators in a mutual advisory capacity. They invite individuals and organizations to join in this effort. There is no cost to membership; involvement at any level is welcomed. To register, click here:

303:

is already at an elevated level above average. Targeted groups may be identified by exposure to specific risk factors such as poor family management, family history, or impulsive behaviors. An example of selective prevention is parenting programs for children with early conduct problems.

875:

Coie, J. D., Watt, N. F., West, S. G., Hawkins, J. D., Asarnow, J. R., Markman, H. J., Ramey, S. L., ... Long, B. (January 01, 1993). The science of prevention. A conceptual framework and some directions for a national research program. The American Psychologist, 48, 10,

204:

Scientific experiments that test the preventive intervention programs ability to prevent the problem under real world conditions. The setting and the kinds of people in the experiment should be very similar to the actual targeted population in a particular location.

924:

Olds, David L., Charles R. Henderson Jr, Robert Tatelbaum, and Robert Chamberlin. “Improving the Life-Course Development of Socially Disadvantaged Mothers: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation,”American Journal of Public Health, 1988, vol. 88, no. 11, pp.

1044:

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J., Pettitt, L., Luckey, D. W., Holmberg, J., Ng, R. K., Isacks, K., ... Henderson, C. R. J. (January 01, 2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114, 6,

597:

developmental screening, as well as referrals to treatment for their child under the age of 2 years old. 92% of the women were African-American; 85% came from households with income on or under the poverty line; 98% were unmarried; average age was 18.

672:

This was a large study with follow-up all the way till the first child reached age 12. There was low-moderate attrition; data obtained were for 74-85% of the original sample, and follow-up rates were similar for both the treatment and control groups.

1034:

Olds, D. L., Robinson, J. A., O'Brien, R., Luckey, D. W., Pettitt, L. M., Ng, R. K., Sheff, K. L., ... Henderson, J. C. R. (September 01, 2002). Home Visiting by Paraprofessionals and by Nurses: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Pediatrics, 110,

944:

Olds, David L., Charles R. Henderson Jr, Robert Tatelbaum, and Robert Chamberlin. “Improving the Delivery of Prenatal Care and Outcomes of Pregnancy: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation,” Pediatrics, January 1986, vol. 77, no. 1, pp.

895:

Markman, H. J., & Jones-Leonard, D. (1985). Marital discord and children at risk: Implications for research and prevention. In W. Frankenberg & R. Emde (Eds.), Early identification of children at risk (pp. 59-77). New York: Plenum

532:

43% less likely to have been arrested, and 58% less likely to have been convicted, as of age 19 (21% of nurse-visited children had been arrested versus 37% of control-group children, and 12% versus 28% had been convicted, according to

1068:

Coie JD, Watt NF, West SG, Hawkins JD, Asarnow JR, Markman HJ et al. The Science of Prevention: A Conceptual Framework and Some Directions for a National Research Program. American Psychologist. 1993 Oct;48(10):1013-1022.

319:

Selective and indicated prevention strategies might involve more intensive interventions and thus involve greater cost to the participants, since their risk and thus potential benefit from participation would be greater.

914:

Catalano, R. F., Fagan, A. A., Gavin, L. E., Greenberg, M. T., Irwin, C. E., Ross, D. A., & Shek, D. T. (April 28, 2012). Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. The Lancet, 379, 9826,

885:

Mrazek, P. B., Haggerty, R. J., Institute of Medicine (U.S.)., & United States. (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, D.C: National Academy

934:

Olds, David L., Charles R. Henderson Jr, Robert Chamberlin, and Robert Tatelbaum. “Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect: A Randomized Trial of Nurse Home Visitation,” Pediatrics, July 1986, vol. 78, no. 1, pp.

253:

Different forms of dysfunction are typically related to many different risk factors, rather than a single risk factor. On the other hand, a single risk factor may lead to a variety of consequences in different

637:

Scored 6 percentile points higher on the Tennessee state reading and math achievement tests in grades 1-6 (41st percentile for children in the treatment group vs. 35th percentile for children in the control

260:

Some risk factors may predict dysfunction only at specific periods of development, while others stay constant throughout one's lifespan. As a general rule, prediction is best made from proximal risk factors.

994:

Kitzman, H., & Olds, D. L. (August 27, 1997). Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries. Jama: Journal of the American Medical Association, 278,

561:

20% less time spent on welfare (an average of 53 months per nurse-visited woman versus 66 months per woman in the control group). This effect was statistically significant at the .10 level, but not the .05

272:

In defining the level of prevention in the public health sector, R.S. Gordon, Jr. proposed 3 classifications based upon the costs and benefits of delivering the intervention to the target population group.

177:

The prevalence, distribution, and determinants of the problem in time and space. Epidemiological investigations can be carried out through surveillance and descriptive studies to determine its extent.

1063: 328:

The following guidelines for prevention science was established by an undergraduate social welfare class titled "Advances in Prevention Science: Bridging the Gap from Science to Service" at the

819: 548:

No significant effect on percent engaged in economically productive activities at age 19 (e.g., work or school), or on lifetime use of welfare or other public assistance, per self-reports.

486:

programs, paid school fees and gave about $ 10 a month to mothers to ensure their children attend school. As a result, more girls stayed in school and adolescent pregnancies declined.

291:

information and skills needed to prevent the problem. Also include environmental strategies such as policies that change the availability and/or price of such problematic substances.

151:. Preventive interventions aim to counteract risk factors and reinforce protective factors in order to disrupt processes or situations that give rise to human or social dysfunction. 725:

The children's mental development and language skills were measured through assessments whose reliability and validity are well-established, such as the Preschool Language Scales-3.

722:

The study measured outcomes for all mothers and children that were originally assigned to the nurse-visited treatment group regardless of how long they participated in the program.

536:

57% fewer lifetime arrests and 66% fewer lifetime convictions, as of age 19 (an average of 0.37 versus 0.86 arrests, and 0.20 versus 0.58 convictions, according to self reports).

263:

Diverse disorders may share common fundamental risk factors. For example, marital discord has been found to precede both conduct problems in children and depression among women.

461:

problem behaviors. An article by Richard Catalano, director of the University of Washington's Social Development Research Group, was recently published in the medical journal

529:

48% fewer officially verified incidents of child abuse and neglect as of age 15 (an average of 0.26 incidents per nurse-visited child versus 0.50 per control-group child).

657:

9% reduction in time on food stamps during the 12 years of having their first child (6.3 months/year for the treatment group vs. 6.9 months/year for the control group).

719:

Low attrition rate as the data on the outcomes were obtained for 82-86% of the original sample, and follow-up rates were similar for both treatment and control groups.

663:

16% reduction in subsequent births during the first 6 years of their first child's life (an average of 1.08 for the treatment group vs. 1.28 for the control group).

654:

9% reduction in time on welfare during the 12 years of having their first child (5.0 months/year for the treatment group vs. 5.5 months/year for the control group).

257:

Risk factors have compounding effects on an individual. The risk of dysfunction seems to increase exponentially with each additional exposure to a new risk factor.

475:

The Gatehouse Project, including a curriculum focused on building social, problem-solving and coping skills in schoolchildren and more positive classroom and

609:

23% fewer health care encounters for injuries or ingestions (an average of 0.43 encounters per child in the treatment group vs. 0.56 in the control group).

706:

Lower percentage of women experienced domestic violence from their partner in the past 6 months (7% in the treatment group vs. 14% in the control group).

641:

Had 8% higher reading and math GPA in grades 1-6 (an average GPA of 2.46 for children in the treatment group vs. 2.27 for children in the control group).

633:

effects on academic performance were sustained over the follow-up period, including grades 4–6. Compared to the control group in the same subsample:

703:

20% longer interval between the women's 1st and 2nd births (24.5 months for the treatment group women vs. 20.4 months for the control group women).

628:

28% less likely to have an internalizing disorder, such as depression or anxiety (22.1% in the treatment group vs. 30.9% in the control group).

660:

10% reduction in annual government spending per person on welfare, food stamps, and Medicaid during the 12 years of having their first child.

804: 682:

under the age of 2 years old. 46% were Mexican-American; 36% were caucasian; 15% African American; 84% were unmarried; average age was 20.

612:

78% fewer days hospitalized for injuries or ingestions (an average of 0.04 days in the treatment group vs. 0.18 days in the control group).

187:

The causes of such positive or negative outcomes, with an emphasis on risk and protective factors. Also known as the Theory of Causation.

418:

with enough data points before and after intervention to allow threats to internal validity of results to be ruled out; or with a quasi-

545:

No significant effect on likelihood of becoming pregnant or giving birth, or causing a pregnancy or birth (per self-reports at age 19).

147:; as well as components or circumstances that reduces the probability of problem development in the presence of risk, also known as 89: 61: 796:. The journal also publishes literature reviews, theoretical articles, and papers concerning new developments in methodology. 517:

of the women were caucasian; 60% were from low-income families; 60% unmarried. Average age of the women in the study was 19.

764:

is an organization dedicated to advancing scientific investigation on the etiology and prevention of social, physical and

68: 42: 213:

Analyzes how tested and effective prevention intervention programs may be spread to reduce problems at a larger scale.

905:

Gordon, R. S. J. (January 1, 1983). An operational classification of disease prevention. Public Health Reports, 98, 2.

1064:

Contemporary Models of Youth Development and Problem Prevention: Toward an Integration of Terms, Concepts, and Models

432:

The trial found outcomes that were statistically significant improvements for the intervention group compared to the

108: 380:

Choose interveners who are trusted, respected people whom recipients will listen to and develop a relationship with.

75: 476: 243:

To identify malleable individual or environmental characteristics that can be changed by preventive intervention.

574:

There were no significant effects on months employed, months on food stamps or Medicaid, or behavior-impairing

415: 57: 46: 479:, led to decreased smoking and other substance use and delayed the onset of sexual intercourse in adolescents. 377:

Build a community of support for the intervention (parents, teachers, community members, policy makers, etc.).

240:

To identify subpopulations more likely to develop problems which should be reached by preventive intervention.

401:

Specify the duration of the intervention and provide sufficient amount to achieve a positive behavior change.

226: 789: 222: 483: 439:

The trial experienced little or no differential attrition from intervention versus control condition.

772:

original research articles on a variety of health and social problems, including but not limited to

728:

The research staff administering these assessments and outcomes were blind to the group assignments.

1113: 329: 985:

Trial.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, January 2010, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 9-15.

965:

Trial.” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, January 2010, vol. 164, no. 1, pp. 9-15.

1059:

National research agenda for prevention research - The National Institute of Mental Health Report

625:

67% less likely to have smoked cigarettes, consumed alcohol, or used marijuana in the past month.

313:

consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc.

35: 82: 823: 773: 716:

This was a large study with a moderately long-term follow-up of age 4 for the first-born child.

575: 230: 139: 472:

to be arrested and had fewer sex partners than children whose mothers were not in the program.

856: 383:

Provide a standard protocol or manual for intervention activities that is easily available.

300: 445:

The intervention was found to be most effective with those at highest risk of the problem.

299:

Strategies that involve targeted subpopulations whose risk of developing problems such as

8: 808: 419: 414:

The preventive intervention has been tested in a randomized controlled trial; or with an

122: 429:

The population in which the preventive intervention was tested was properly described.

781: 423: 422:

with a comparison group in which the researchers have ruled out plausible threats to

364:

Ensure adequate financing for full implementation by utilizing cost-benefit analyses.

348:

Prevention interventions should include and reach those at high risk for the problem.

148: 129: 542:

No significant effect on high school graduation rates (per self-reports at age 19).

358: 333: 221:

The term "risk factor" was first coined Dr. William B. Kannel in a 1961 article in

404:

Document all activities occurring during the program in order to monitor fidelity.

389:

Provide proper and adequate training for the interveners on the program protocols.

121:

This article is about the academic discipline. For the peer-reviewed journal, see

793: 1058: 1015:

age 12 years. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164, 5, 419-424.

508:

studies the long-term outcomes for both mothers and children in these trials.

1107: 769: 765: 433: 442:

Longitudinal follow up of participants and controls found sustained effects.

1093: 822:

is a project of the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence at the

539:

No significant effect on recent substance use (per self-reports at age 19).

395:

Make services available and accessible to clients in their local community.

171: 144: 496: 247: 840: 751: 386:

Allow flexible implementation of protocol to meet needs of the program.

236:

There are 2 useful ways to utilize risk factors in prevention science:

398:

Ensure intervention is culturally competent for the target population.

1083: 761: 571:

72% fewer self-reported convictions (an average of 0.05 versus 0.18).

225:. Dr. Kannel was the epidemiologist who discovered most of the major 24: 777: 332:

in Seattle during the winter quarter of 2012. It was taught by Dr.

181: 565:

19% fewer subsequent births (an average of 1.3 births versus 1.6).

1079:

The National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives (NPSC)

785: 743:

The National Prevention Science Coalition to Improve Lives (NPSC)

568:

61% fewer self-reported arrests (an average of 0.13 versus 0.33).

1078: 836: 799: 742: 351:

Address malleable risk factors for the problem to be prevented.

975:

Health, University of Colorado Department of Pediatrics, 2008.

955:

Health, University of Colorado Department of Pediatrics, 2008.

645: 451:

Trial may or may not be conducted by an independent evaluator.

392:

Provide referrals to other services if needed by participants.

694: 1098: 374:

Specify clear goals with specific and measurable objectives.

354:

Strengthen malleable protective factors against the problem.

336:, one of the developers for the Social Development Model. 737: 1089:

Social Development Research Group - Prevention research

490: 1088: 852: 248:

Further observations about risk and protective factors

814: 1025:

Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164, 5, 412-418.

846: 732: 448:

Results have been replicated in two or more trials.

154: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 756: 357:Base prevention program in a clear and believable 408: 16:Scientific study of preventing human dysfunctions 1105: 691:sustained attention, fine gross motor skills); 455: 345:Start prevention early before a problem arises. 1099:Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center 710: 616: 216: 805:Washington State Institute for Public Policy 800:Washington State Institute for Public Policy 685: 600: 502: 323: 646:Effects on mother when child reached age 12 467:Samples of their recommended programs are: 695:Effects on mother when child reached age 4 368: 792:, obesity, diet/nutrition, exercise, and 196:program is considered to be efficacious. 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 339: 862: 830: 591: 267: 227:risk factors for cardiovascular disease 1106: 676: 511: 738:National Prevention Science Coalition 752:http://www.npscoalition.org/register 552: 491:Case study: nurse family partnership 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 839:is an independent charity based in 520: 13: 1094:Blueprints for Violence Prevention 1052: 820:Blueprints for Violence Prevention 815:Blueprints for Violence Prevention 667: 14: 1125: 1072: 853:Social Development Research Group 847:Social Development Research Group 733:Advancement in prevention science 582: 155:Components of prevention science 23: 1084:Society For Prevention Research 1038: 1028: 1018: 1008: 998: 988: 978: 968: 958: 762:Society For Prevention Research 757:Society for Prevention Research 34:needs additional citations for 948: 938: 928: 918: 908: 899: 889: 879: 869: 416:interrupted time series design 409:Convincing evidence guidelines 1: 482:In low-income countries, the 456:Effects on adolescent health 7: 711:Discussion of study quality 223:Annals of Internal Medicine 143:dysfunction, also known as 10: 1130: 699:Versus the control group: 650:Versus the control group: 621:Versus the control group: 617:Effects on child at age 12 605:Versus the control group: 557:Versus the control group: 525:Versus the control group: 217:Usefulness of risk factors 127: 120: 686:Effects on child at age 4 601:Effects on child at age 2 503:Evidence of effectiveness 484:Conditional cash transfer 324:Guidelines for prevention 497:Nurse Family Partnership 477:school-wide environments 330:University of Washington 138:is the application of a 128:Not to be confused with 780:, violence, accidents, 576:substance use disorders 369:Intervention guidelines 824:University of Colorado 774:substance use disorder 231:Framingham Heart Study 209:Dissemination research 140:scientific methodology 857:risky sexual behavior 340:Foundation guidelines 309:Indicated prevention 296:Selective prevention 287:Universal prevention 229:while working on the 863:Notes and references 837:Social Research Unit 831:Social Research Unit 592:Study 2: Memphis, TN 301:alcohol use disorder 268:Levels of prevention 200:Effectiveness trials 58:"Prevention science" 43:improve this article 809:Olympia, Washington 807:(WSIPP) located in 677:Study 3: Denver, CO 512:Study 1: Elmira, NY 420:experimental design 233:in Massachusetts. 149:protective factors 136:Prevention science 123:Prevention Science 782:teenage pregnancy 776:, mental health, 553:Effects on mother 424:internal validity 317: 316: 130:Childhood studies 119: 118: 111: 93: 1121: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1032: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1005:283, 15, 1983-9. 1002: 996: 992: 986: 982: 976: 972: 966: 962: 956: 952: 946: 942: 936: 932: 926: 922: 916: 912: 906: 903: 897: 893: 887: 883: 877: 873: 521:Effects on child 359:theory of change 334:J. David Hawkins 276: 275: 167: 166: 162: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1114:Risk management 1104: 1103: 1075: 1055: 1053:Further reading 1050: 1049: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1013: 1009: 1003: 999: 993: 989: 983: 979: 973: 969: 963: 959: 953: 949: 943: 939: 933: 929: 923: 919: 913: 909: 904: 900: 894: 890: 884: 880: 874: 870: 865: 849: 833: 817: 802: 794:chronic illness 788:, delinquency, 759: 740: 735: 713: 697: 688: 679: 670: 648: 619: 603: 594: 585: 555: 523: 514: 505: 493: 466: 458: 411: 371: 342: 326: 270: 250: 219: 191:Efficacy trials 168: 164: 160: 158: 157: 133: 126: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1074: 1073:External links 1071: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1017: 1007: 997: 987: 977: 967: 957: 947: 937: 927: 917: 907: 898: 888: 878: 867: 866: 864: 861: 848: 845: 832: 829: 816: 813: 801: 798: 758: 755: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 712: 709: 708: 707: 704: 696: 693: 687: 684: 678: 675: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 647: 644: 643: 642: 639: 630: 629: 626: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 602: 599: 593: 590: 584: 581: 580: 579: 572: 569: 566: 563: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 533:self-reports). 530: 522: 519: 513: 510: 504: 501: 492: 489: 488: 487: 480: 473: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 430: 427: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 355: 352: 349: 346: 341: 338: 325: 322: 315: 314: 310: 306: 305: 297: 293: 292: 288: 284: 283: 280: 269: 266: 265: 264: 261: 258: 255: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 218: 215: 156: 153: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1126: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1041: 1031: 1021: 1011: 1001: 991: 981: 971: 961: 951: 941: 931: 921: 911: 902: 892: 882: 872: 868: 860: 858: 854: 844: 842: 838: 828: 825: 821: 812: 810: 806: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 770:peer-reviewed 767: 766:mental health 763: 754: 753: 747: 744: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 714: 705: 702: 701: 700: 692: 683: 674: 668:Study quality 662: 659: 656: 653: 652: 651: 640: 636: 635: 634: 627: 624: 623: 622: 611: 608: 607: 606: 598: 589: 583:Study quality 577: 573: 570: 567: 564: 560: 559: 558: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 518: 509: 500: 498: 485: 481: 478: 474: 470: 469: 468: 464: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 434:control group 431: 428: 425: 421: 417: 413: 412: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 372: 363: 360: 356: 353: 350: 347: 344: 343: 337: 335: 331: 321: 311: 308: 307: 302: 298: 295: 294: 289: 286: 285: 281: 278: 277: 274: 262: 259: 256: 252: 251: 242: 239: 238: 237: 234: 232: 228: 224: 214: 211: 210: 206: 202: 201: 197: 193: 192: 188: 185: 184: 183: 178: 175: 174: 173: 163: 152: 150: 146: 141: 137: 131: 124: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 1040: 1030: 1020: 1010: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 940: 930: 920: 910: 901: 891: 881: 871: 850: 834: 818: 803: 760: 748: 741: 698: 689: 680: 671: 649: 631: 620: 604: 595: 586: 556: 524: 515: 506: 494: 462: 459: 327: 318: 271: 235: 220: 212: 208: 207: 203: 199: 198: 194: 190: 189: 186: 180: 179: 176: 172:Epidemiology 170: 169: 145:risk factors 135: 134: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 282:Definition 925:1436-1444. 915:1653-1664. 841:Dartington 463:The Lancet 69:newspapers 254:settings. 1108:Category 876:1013-22. 778:HIV/AIDS 182:Etiology 99:May 2012 1045:1560-8. 786:suicide 638:group). 83:scholar 945:16-27. 935:65-78. 896:Press. 886:Press. 562:level. 159:": --> 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 790:STD's 279:Tier 90:JSTOR 76:books 851:The 835:The 495:The 161:edit 62:news 1035:3.) 995:8.) 45:by 1110:: 784:, 578:. 436:. 426:. 361:. 165:] 132:. 125:. 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Prevention science

Index