1182:
the cavity at a site called SC or one or more ions at the extracellular side at more or less well-defined sites called S0 or Sext. Several different occupancies of these sites are possible. Since the X-ray structures are averages over many molecules, it is, however, not possible to deduce the actual occupancies directly from such a structure. In general, there is some disadvantage due to electrostatic repulsion to have two neighboring sites occupied by ions. Proposals for the mechanism of selectivity have been made based on
1232:
1268:
physically opening the intracellular gate of the pore domain, thereby allowing potassium ions to traverse the membrane. Some channels have multiple regulatory domains or accessory proteins, which can act to modulate the response to stimulus. While the mechanisms continue to be debated, there are known structures of a number of these regulatory domains, including RCK domains of prokaryotic and eukaryotic channels, pH gating domain of KcsA, cyclic nucleotide gating domains, and voltage gated potassium channels.
1275:. N-type inactivation involves interaction of the N-terminus of the channel, or an associated protein, which interacts with the pore domain and occludes the ion conduction pathway like a "ball". Alternatively, C-type inactivation is thought to occur within the selectivity filter itself, where structural changes within the filter render it non-conductive. There are a number of structural models of C-type inactivated K channel filters, although the precise mechanism remains unclear.
1355:
1034:
1391:
20:
1117:
1143:
and TM2/6, historically termed the P-loop. This signature sequence is highly conserved, with the exception that a valine residue in prokaryotic potassium channels is often substituted with an isoleucine residue in eukaryotic channels. This sequence adopts a unique main chain structure, structurally analogous to a
1263:
and inactivation. Gating is the opening or closing of the channel in response to stimuli, while inactivation is the rapid cessation of current from an open potassium channel and the suppression of the channel's ability to resume conducting. While both processes serve to regulate channel conductance,
1181:
The mechanism of potassium channel selectivity remains under continued debate. The carbonyl oxygens are strongly electro-negative and cation-attractive. The filter can accommodate potassium ions at 4 sites usually labelled S1 to S4 starting at the extracellular side. In addition, one ion can bind in
1159:
of the ions. Sodium ions, however, are too small to fill the space between the carbonyl oxygen atoms. Thus, it is energetically favorable for sodium ions to remain bound with water molecules in the extracellular space, rather than to pass through the potassium-selective ion pore. This width appears
1154:
are aligned toward the center of the filter pore and form a square antiprism similar to a water-solvating shell around each potassium binding site. The distance between the carbonyl oxygens and potassium ions in the binding sites of the selectivity filter is the same as between water oxygens in the
1222:
is highest for the transversing ion due to the hydrophobity of the channel wall. The water-filled cavity and the polar C-terminus of the pore helices ease the energetic barrier for the ion. Repulsion by preceding multiple potassium ions is thought to aid the throughput of the ions. The presence of
1142:
Potassium ion channels remove the hydration shell from the ion when it enters the selectivity filter. The selectivity filter is formed by a five residue sequence, TVGYG, termed the signature sequence, within each of the four subunits. This signature sequence is within a loop between the pore helix
1137:
In this figure, only two of the four subunits of the tetramer are displayed for the sake of clarity. The protein is displayed as a green cartoon diagram. In addition backbone carbonyl groups and threonine sidechain protein atoms (oxygen = red, carbon = green) are displayed. Finally potassium ions
1267:
Generally, gating is thought to be mediated by additional structural domains which sense stimuli and in turn open the channel pore. These domains include the RCK domains of BK channels, and voltage sensor domains of voltage gated K channels. These domains are thought to respond to the stimuli by
1294:
Potassium channel blockers inhibit the flow of potassium ions through the channel. They either compete with potassium binding within the selectivity filter or bind outside the filter to occlude ion conduction. An example of one of these competitors is quaternary ammonium ions, which bind at the
1189:
The mechanism for ion translocation in KcsA has been studied extensively by theoretical calculations and simulation. The prediction of an ion conduction mechanism in which the two doubly occupied states (S1, S3) and (S2, S4) play an essential role has been affirmed by both techniques.
1173:). The next residue toward the extracellular side of the protein is the negatively charged Asp80 (KcsA). This residue together with the five filter residues form the pore that connects the water-filled cavity in the center of the protein with the extracellular solution.
1255:). Two simple bacterial channels are shown to compare the "open" channel structure on the right with the "closed" structure on the left. At top is the filter (selects potassium ions), and at bottom is the gating domain (controls opening and closing of channel).
1295:
extracellular face or central cavity of the channel. For blocking from the central cavity quaternary ammonium ions are also known as open channel blockers, as binding classically requires the prior opening of the cytoplasmic gate.
1462:, a 5-foot (1.5 m) tall sculpture based on the KcsA potassium channel. The artwork contains a wire object representing the channel's interior with a blown glass object representing the main cavity of the channel structure.
2353:
Xynogalos P, Seyler C, Scherer D, Koepple C, Scholz EP, Thomas D, et al. (December 2014). "Class III antiarrhythmic drug dronedarone inhibits cardiac inwardly rectifying Kir2.1 channels through binding at residue E224".
1223:
the cavity can be understood intuitively as one of the channel's mechanisms for overcoming the dielectric barrier, or repulsion by the low-dielectric membrane, by keeping the K ion in a watery, high-dielectric environment.
1168:
within a sheet of aromatic amino acid residues surrounding the selectivity filter. The selectivity filter opens towards the extracellular solution, exposing four carbonyl oxygens in a glycine residue (Gly79 in
5992:
Krapivinsky G, Gordon EA, Wickman K, Velimirović B, Krapivinsky L, Clapham DE (March 1995). "The G-protein-gated atrial K+ channel IKACh is a heteromultimer of two inwardly rectifying K(+)-channel proteins".
1070:) complex arranged around a central ion conducting pore (i.e., a homotetramer). Alternatively four related but not identical protein subunits may associate to form heterotetrameric complexes with pseudo C
3509:
Meadows HJ, Benham CD, Cairns W, Gloger I, Jennings C, Medhurst AD, et al. (April 2000). "Cloning, localisation and functional expression of the human orthologue of the TREK-1 potassium channel".
195:
The following table contains a comparison of the major classes of potassium channels with representative examples (for a complete list of channels within each class, see the respective class pages).
4021:
Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, et al. (April 1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity".
3278:
Kindler CH, Paul M, Zou H, Liu C, Winegar BD, Gray AT, Yost CS (July 2003). "Amide local anesthetics potently inhibit the human tandem pore domain background K+ channel TASK-2 (KCNK5)".
2550:
Soeda F, Fujieda Y, Kinoshita M, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2016). "Centrally acting non-narcotic antitussives prevent hyperactivity in mice: Involvement of GIRK channels".
4317:
Hellgren M, Sandberg L, Edholm O (March 2006). "A comparison between two prokaryotic potassium channels (KirBac1.1 and KcsA) in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study".
3663:
Gray AT, Zhao BB, Kindler CH, Winegar BD, Mazurek MJ, Xu J, et al. (June 2000). "Volatile anesthetics activate the human tandem pore domain baseline K+ channel KCNK5".
174:- are constitutively open or possess high basal activation, such as the "resting potassium channels" or "leak channels" that set the negative membrane potential of neurons.
4179:
Zhou Y, Morais-Cabral JH, Kaufman A, MacKinnon R (November 2001). "Chemistry of ion coordination and hydration revealed by a K+ channel-Fab complex at 2.0 A resolution".
1186:
simulations, toy models of ion binding, thermodynamic calculations, topological considerations, and structural differences between selective and non-selective channels.
1074:
symmetry. All potassium channel subunits have a distinctive pore-loop structure that lines the top of the pore and is responsible for potassium selective permeability.
11582:
11533:
10298:
10143:
7071:
1410:
510:
7981:
9094:
4401:
Noskov SY, Bernèche S, Roux B (October 2004). "Control of ion selectivity in potassium channels by electrostatic and dynamic properties of carbonyl ligands".
8965:
11415:
11410:
11400:
1639:
Lim C, Dudev T (2016). Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel RK (eds.). "Chapter 10. Potassium Versus Sodium
Selectivity in Monovalent Ion Channel Selectivity Filters".
11350:
10639:
7716:
6968:
6901:
9023:
9018:
1301:
ions can also block potassium channel currents, by binding with high affinity within the selectivity filter. This tight binding is thought to underlie
9089:
5896:"The conserved potassium channel filter can have distinct ion binding profiles: structural analysis of rubidium, cesium, and barium binding in NaK2K"
2860:"Gliclazide produces high-affinity block of KATP channels in mouse isolated pancreatic beta cells but not rat heart or arterial smooth muscle cells"
8975:
8685:
8625:
8530:
3620:
Patel AJ, Honoré E, Lesage F, Fink M, Romey G, Lazdunski M (May 1999). "Inhalational anesthetics activate two-pore-domain background K+ channels".
1210:
This region neutralizes the environment around the potassium ion so that it is not attracted to any charges. In turn, it speeds up the reaction.
11484:
10105:
8850:
8795:
8790:
8755:
3766:
Judge SI, Bever CT (July 2006). "Potassium channel blockers in multiple sclerosis: neuronal Kv channels and effects of symptomatic treatment".
2968:
Lotshaw DP (2007). "Biophysical, pharmacological, and functional characteristics of cloned and native mammalian two-pore domain K+ channels".
10966:
10729:
10659:
9588:
9445:
9320:
9064:
8912:
8875:
8775:
8770:
8670:
8655:
8650:
8615:
4917:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2002). "Crystal structure and mechanism of a calcium-gated potassium channel".
10285:
9708:
9683:
9598:
9245:
9235:
8825:
8815:
8785:
8780:
8745:
8700:
8645:
8635:
8630:
6304:
2258:
Dhamoon AS, Jalife J (March 2005). "The inward rectifier current (IK1) controls cardiac excitability and is involved in arrhythmogenesis".
11168:
10290:
10270:
10255:
10225:
9643:
9553:
8985:
8890:
8880:
8860:
8840:
8820:
4257:"Protein interactions central to stabilizing the K+ channel selectivity filter in a four-sited configuration for selective K+ permeation"
3235:
Meadows HJ, Randall AD (March 2001). "Functional characterisation of human TASK-3, an acid-sensitive two-pore domain potassium channel".
4064:
MacKinnon R, Cohen SL, Kuo A, Lee A, Chait BT (April 1998). "Structural conservation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic potassium channels".
1138:(occupying the S2 and S4 sites) and the oxygen atoms of water molecules (S1 and S3) are depicted as purple and red spheres respectively.
11204:
10961:
10956:
10941:
10245:
9159:
8942:
6135:
2762:"ML297 (VU0456810), the first potent and selective activator of the GIRK potassium channel, displays antiepileptic properties in mice"
9693:
9673:
9069:
9049:
4694:
Morais-Cabral JH, Zhou Y, MacKinnon R (November 2001). "Energetic optimization of ion conduction rate by the K+ selectivity filter".
10986:
10308:
9957:
9054:
563:
5653:
Choi KL, Mossman C, Aubé J, Yellen G (March 1993). "The internal quaternary ammonium receptor site of Shaker potassium channels".
2712:"The centrally acting non-narcotic antitussive tipepidine produces antidepressant-like effect in the forced swimming test in rats"
11224:
9177:
7912:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
5184:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Ruta V, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2003). "X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel".
9074:
9000:
7917:
7015:
6287:
2306:"Cardiac and renal inward rectifier potassium channel pharmacology: emerging tools for integrative physiology and therapeutics"
1477:
378:
165:
11519:
10009:
4239:
2811:"Glibenclamide, a blocker of K+(ATP) channels, shows antileishmanial activity in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis"
2185:
1780:
1660:
1623:
1588:
1687:"Purification and subunit structure of a putative K+-channel protein identified by its binding properties for dendrotoxin I"
10449:
10427:
8523:
7969:
7150:
807:
691:
171:
11612:
10322:
7867:
6888:
234:
155:
5512:
Luzhkov VB, Aqvist J (February 2005). "Ions and blockers in potassium channels: insights from free energy simulations".
2595:"[Is the GIRK channel a possible target in the development of a novel therapeutic drug of urinary disturbance?]"
11251:
8556:
7653:
6252:
2452:"Flecainide increases Kir2.1 currents by interacting with cysteine 311, decreasing the polyamine-induced rectification"
439:
2399:"Dual Mechanism for Inhibition of Inwardly Rectifying Kir2.x Channels by Quinidine Involving Direct Pore Block and PIP
2133:
2069:"GAL-021, a new intravenous BKCa-channel blocker, is well tolerated and stimulates ventilation in healthy volunteers"
9521:
4870:"Structure of the RCK domain from the E. coli K+ channel and demonstration of its presence in the human BK channel"
3573:"Inhibition of the human two-pore domain potassium channel, TREK-1, by fluoxetine and its metabolite norfluoxetine"
10212:
10032:
8516:
8246:
7245:
7023:
6339:
1144:
860:
177:
2177:
8268:
5292:
Antz C, Fakler B (August 1998). "Fast
Inactivation of Voltage-Gated K(+) Channels: From Cartoon to Structure".
1155:
first hydration shell and a potassium ion in water solution, providing an energetically-favorable route for de-
10779:
10509:
8477:
6388:
2450:
Caballero R, Dolz-Gaitón P, Gómez R, Amorós I, Barana A, González de la Fuente M, et al. (August 2010).
6194:
6136:"Structure, G protein activation, and functional relevance of the cardiac G protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh"
453:
final repolarization phase and stabilising the resting potential of the action potential in cardiac myocytes
23:
Potassium channel Kv1.2, structure in a membrane-like environment. Calculated hydrocarbon boundaries of the
11578:
7843:
6755:
3150:"The two-pore domain K+ channel, TRESK, is activated by the cytoplasmic calcium signal through calcineurin"
1609:
1492:
1096:, profound insights have been gained into how potassium ions pass through these channels and why (smaller)
2711:
11558:
8118:
3971:"New molecular targets for antiepileptic drugs: alpha(2)delta, SV2A, and K(v)7/KCNQ/M potassium channels"
1855:"A strongly interacting pair of residues on the contact surface of charybdotoxin and a Shaker K+ channel"
1272:
1366:
1336:
potassium channel in the heart. Accordingly, all new drugs are preclinically tested for cardiac safety.
11607:
6296:
6280:
1260:
1037:
Top view of a potassium channel with potassium ions (purple) moving through the pore (in the center). (
574:
4637:"Tuning the ion selectivity of tetrameric cation channels by changing the number of ion binding sites"
2171:
1953:"Mode of action of iberiotoxin, a potent blocker of the large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel"
11544:
11118:
10441:
10339:
10023:
9535:
8472:
6682:
2636:"[Novel antidepressant-like action of drugs possessing GIRK channel blocking action in rats]"
1498:
1309:
1289:
1101:
199:
181:
11446:
11364:
11265:
11182:
11051:
10474:
10371:
10203:
9972:
8462:
6723:
6599:
6265:
6240:
5549:"Structure-activity relationship for extracellular block of K+ channels by tetraalkylammonium ions"
3013:"A neuronal two P domain K+ channel stimulated by arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids"
1345:
203:
133:
94:
63:
6087:"Identification of domains conferring G protein regulation on inward rectifier potassium channels"
4578:"Selectivity in K+ channels is due to topological control of the permeant ion's coordinated state"
2675:
Jin W, Lu Z (September 1998). "A novel high-affinity inhibitor for inward-rectifier K+ channels".
1259:
The flux of ions through the potassium channel pore is regulated by two related processes, termed
11392:
11328:
10664:
8570:
8467:
1798:"Electrostatic interaction between charybdotoxin and a tetrameric mutant of Shaker K(+) channels"
1202:, reflecting ions entering and leaving the filter, also are important actors in ion conduction.
11196:
11132:
10523:
9489:
9480:
9044:
9031:
9013:
8955:
8579:
8498:
6490:
6477:
6464:
6444:
6431:
6396:
4158:
2858:
Lawrence CL, Proks P, Rodrigo GC, Jones P, Hayabuchi Y, Standen NB, Ashcroft FM (August 2001).
1170:
1122:
589:
6236:
5457:"Structural basis for the coupling between activation and inactivation gates in K(+) channels"
3901:"Interaction of tetraethylammonium ion derivatives with the potassium channels of giant axons"
1218:
A central pore, 10 Å wide, is located near the center of the transmembrane channel, where the
1064:
11602:
11160:
11061:
6273:
6046:"Number and stoichiometry of subunits in the native atrial G-protein-gated K+ channel, IKACh"
3470:"Cloning and expression of a novel pH-sensitive two pore domain K+ channel from human kidney"
1405:
based on the molecule's atomic coordinates that were determined by MacKinnon's group in 2001.
1093:
5606:"The voltage-dependent gate in MthK potassium channels is located at the selectivity filter"
4970:"Distinct gating mechanisms revealed by the structures of a multi-ligand gated K(+) channel"
3191:"Local anesthetic inhibition of baseline potassium channels with two pore domains in tandem"
10754:
9285:
9220:
9200:
6371:
6179:
6147:
6002:
5560:
5468:
5411:
5352:
5305:
5248:
5193:
5089:
5032:
4926:
4821:
4761:
4703:
4648:
4589:
4532:
4475:
4410:
4268:
4188:
4073:
4030:
3852:"The selective inhibition of delayed potassium currents in nerve by tetraethylammonium ion"
3719:
3421:"TASK, a human background K+ channel to sense external pH variations near physiological pH"
2463:
2214:
2021:
1964:
1809:
1698:
1486:
1092:
are amongst the most studied of ion channels, in terms of their molecular structure. Using
6134:
Wickman K, Krapivinsky G, Corey S, Kennedy M, Nemec J, Medina I, Clapham DE (April 1999).
5137:"Structural basis of ligand activation in a cyclic nucleotide regulated potassium channel"
1615:
8:
11405:
9543:
8947:
4810:"Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca(2+)-gated K(+) channel"
3370:
Lesage F, Guillemare E, Fink M, Duprat F, Lazdunski M, Romey G, Barhanin J (March 1996).
2760:
Kaufmann K, Romaine I, Days E, Pascual C, Malik A, Yang L, et al. (September 2013).
1416:
1398:
1332:, a potentially life-threatening condition. This is most frequently due to action on the
1317:
1165:
919:
909:
865:
696:
383:
239:
6151:
6006:
5564:
5472:
5415:
5356:
5252:
5197:
5093:
5036:
4930:
4825:
4765:
4707:
4652:
4593:
4536:
4479:
4414:
4272:
4192:
4077:
4034:
3723:
2710:
Kawaura K, Ogata Y, Inoue M, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (December 2009).
2467:
2218:
2025:
1968:
1813:
1702:
43:
9815:
9810:
9713:
9420:
9190:
7838:
6714:
6361:
6171:
6159:
6116:
6026:
5969:
5944:
5920:
5895:
5871:
5846:
5822:
5795:
5771:
5746:
5722:
5697:
5678:
5630:
5605:
5586:
5489:
5456:
5432:
5399:
5375:
5340:
5317:
5274:
5217:
5166:
5112:
5077:
5053:
5020:
5019:
Cao Y, Jin X, Huang H, Derebe MG, Levin EJ, Kabaleeswaran V, et al. (March 2011).
4996:
4969:
4950:
4899:
4842:
4809:
4782:
4749:
4727:
4671:
4636:
4612:
4577:
4553:
4520:
4496:
4465:
4453:
4434:
4378:
4353:
4291:
4256:
4212:
4140:
4097:
3995:
3970:
3925:
3900:
3876:
3851:
3827:
3818:
3802:
3740:
3707:
3688:
3645:
3597:
3572:
3468:
Reyes R, Duprat F, Lesage F, Fink M, Salinas M, Farman N, Lazdunski M (November 1998).
3445:
3420:
3387:
3372:"TWIK-1, a ubiquitous human weakly inward rectifying K+ channel with a novel structure"
3352:
3339:
3322:
3303:
3260:
3089:
3037:
3012:
2993:
2939:
2911:
2835:
2810:
2786:
2761:
2742:
2575:
2486:
2451:
2432:
2379:
2330:
2305:
2235:
2202:
2144:
2109:
1985:
1952:
1928:
1903:
1884:
1830:
1797:
1561:
1507:
1455:
1402:
1321:
1191:
1183:
1105:
1052:
934:
470:
185:
168:- passes current (positive charge) more easily in the inward direction (into the cell).
102:
5573:
5548:
5455:
Cuello LG, Jogini V, Cortes DM, Pan AC, Gagnon DG, Dalmas O, et al. (July 2010).
4886:
4869:
4354:"Importance of hydration and dynamics on the selectivity of the KcsA and NaK channels"
3731:
3571:
Kennard LE, Chumbley JR, Ranatunga KM, Armstrong SJ, Veale EL, Mathie A (March 2005).
3396:
3371:
3248:
3107:
Sano Y, Inamura K, Miyake A, Mochizuki S, Kitada C, Yokoi H, et al. (July 2003).
2226:
1976:
1871:
1854:
1821:
1721:
1686:
1548:
1531:
1271:
N-type inactivation is typically the faster inactivation mechanism, and is termed the
11464:
11075:
10749:
10393:
10265:
9405:
8539:
6163:
6108:
6103:
6086:
6067:
6018:
5974:
5925:
5876:
5827:
5776:
5727:
5670:
5666:
5635:
5578:
5529:
5494:
5437:
5380:
5309:
5266:
5209:
5158:
5117:
5058:
5001:
4954:
4942:
4891:
4847:
4787:
4719:
4676:
4617:
4558:
4501:
4426:
4383:
4334:
4296:
4235:
4216:
4204:
4132:
4089:
4046:
4000:
3930:
3881:
3832:
3783:
3779:
3745:
3680:
3676:
3637:
3602:
3526:
3491:
3450:
3401:
3344:
3295:
3252:
3212:
3207:
3190:
3171:
3130:
3081:
3042:
3011:
Fink M, Lesage F, Duprat F, Heurteaux C, Reyes R, Fosset M, Lazdunski M (June 1998).
2985:
2931:
2881:
2840:
2791:
2734:
2692:
2657:
2616:
2567:
2532:
2491:
2436:
2424:
2371:
2335:
2275:
2240:
2181:
2149:
2129:
2090:
2049:
2044:
2009:
1990:
1933:
1876:
1835:
1776:
1726:
1666:
1656:
1619:
1584:
1553:
1247:
1237:
1219:
1148:
1127:
1039:
869:
788:
700:
387:
347:
243:
79:
6248:
6175:
6120:
5682:
5590:
5321:
5170:
4903:
4144:
4101:
3692:
3649:
3356:
3264:
2997:
2746:
2579:
2383:
1888:
11242:
10739:
10654:
10454:
10173:
9962:
9300:
7645:
6626:
6155:
6098:
6057:
6030:
6010:
5964:
5956:
5915:
5907:
5866:
5858:
5817:
5807:
5766:
5758:
5717:
5709:
5662:
5625:
5617:
5568:
5521:
5484:
5476:
5427:
5419:
5370:
5360:
5301:
5278:
5256:
5221:
5201:
5148:
5107:
5097:
5048:
5040:
4991:
4981:
4934:
4881:
4837:
4829:
4777:
4769:
4731:
4711:
4666:
4656:
4607:
4597:
4548:
4540:
4491:
4483:
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3990:
3982:
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3871:
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3822:
3814:
3775:
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3584:
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3481:
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3307:
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2822:
2781:
2773:
2726:
2684:
2647:
2606:
2559:
2522:
2481:
2471:
2414:
2397:
Koepple C, Scherer D, Seyler C, Scholz E, Thomas D, Katus HA, Zitron E (May 2017).
2363:
2325:
2317:
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2139:
2121:
2080:
2039:
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1980:
1972:
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1915:
1866:
1825:
1817:
1716:
1706:
1648:
1565:
1543:
1329:
983:
900:
812:
87:
5796:"Structural and thermodynamic properties of selective ion binding in a K+ channel"
5747:"Potassium blocks barium permeation through a calcium-activated potassium channel"
4230:
Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser C, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, et al. (2016).
78:
difference in ionic radius). Biologically, these channels act to set or reset the
11494:
11489:
11459:
11288:
11283:
10886:
10851:
10841:
10806:
10413:
10388:
9855:
9548:
9430:
8585:
8547:
8181:
6321:
6229:
6195:"The crucible: Art inspired by science should be more than just a pretty picture"
5812:
5525:
4750:"Structure of the human BK channel Ca2+-activation apparatus at 3.0 A resolution"
4085:
2511:"Inhibition of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels by ifenprodil"
1471:
1436:
1435:
subunits. Examples are potassium channels in the heart, which, when activated by
1313:
1085:
1056:
924:
367:
342:
4544:
4487:
4128:
4042:
3419:
Duprat F, Lesage F, Fink M, Reyes R, Heurteaux C, Lazdunski M (September 1997).
2271:
2010:"An apamin-sensitive Ca2+-activated K+ current in hippocampal pyramidal neurons"
1652:
11469:
11425:
11016:
10916:
10826:
10500:
10356:
10299:
10144:
10100:
10055:
9800:
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9410:
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8927:
8830:
7977:
6664:
5345:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5153:
5136:
5082:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4641:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4582:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4261:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3436:
3028:
2927:
2456:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2321:
2125:
2067:
McLeod JF, Leempoels JM, Peng SX, Dax SL, Myers LJ, Golder FJ (November 2014).
2014:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1691:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1605:
1480: – Group of transmembrane proteins that passively transport potassium ions
1151:
903:
613:
311:
98:
67:
51:
8960:
8555:
4521:"The predominant role of coordination number in potassium channel selectivity"
4330:
3986:
2981:
2912:"Molecular background of leak K+ currents: two-pore domain potassium channels"
2730:
2563:
2367:
11596:
11479:
11372:
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11089:
11026:
10759:
10704:
10699:
10689:
10644:
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10398:
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9890:
9583:
9465:
9305:
9185:
9164:
9139:
9059:
8680:
8675:
7931:
7604:
5698:"Potassium-selective block of barium permeation through single KcsA channels"
5336:
5237:"Crystal structure of a mammalian voltage-dependent Shaker family K+ channel"
5076:
Uysal S, Cuello LG, Cortes DM, Koide S, Kossiakoff AA, Perozo E (July 2011).
3486:
3469:
1579:
Hille, Bertil (2001). "Chapter 5: Potassium Channels and Chloride Channels".
1161:
822:
667:
618:
603:
480:
352:
276:
106:
47:
24:
7964:
7862:
5365:
5341:"Mechanism for selectivity-inactivation coupling in KcsA potassium channels"
5261:
5236:
5102:
4968:
Kong C, Zeng W, Ye S, Chen L, Sauer DB, Lam Y, et al. (December 2012).
4773:
4661:
4602:
4281:
3291:
3109:"A novel two-pore domain K+ channel, TRESK, is localized in the spinal cord"
3061:
2652:
2635:
2611:
2594:
2476:
2419:
2398:
1711:
11351:
11099:
11011:
11001:
10911:
10846:
10744:
10674:
10609:
10599:
10554:
10178:
10163:
10110:
10065:
9920:
9875:
9860:
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8885:
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8600:
8284:
7675:
6167:
6062:
6045:
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5880:
5831:
5731:
5639:
5582:
5533:
5498:
5441:
5384:
5313:
5270:
5213:
5162:
5135:
Clayton GM, Silverman WR, Heginbotham L, Morais-Cabral JH (November 2004).
5121:
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5005:
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4895:
4851:
4791:
4723:
4680:
4621:
4562:
4505:
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3175:
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3149:
3134:
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3085:
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2571:
2536:
2527:
2510:
2495:
2428:
2375:
2339:
2279:
2244:
2153:
2094:
2053:
2034:
1937:
1839:
1670:
1557:
1532:"Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome"
1440:
623:
539:
198:
For more examples of pharmacological modulators of potassium channels, see
75:
6112:
6071:
6022:
5960:
5911:
5862:
5780:
5713:
5674:
4369:
4136:
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3405:
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1994:
1880:
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11150:
11104:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10896:
10881:
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10831:
10810:
10802:
10714:
10709:
10694:
10679:
10614:
10559:
10135:
10125:
10120:
10115:
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9935:
9925:
9915:
9905:
9900:
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9845:
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9805:
9770:
9755:
9718:
9653:
9613:
9603:
9460:
9455:
9440:
9425:
9365:
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9134:
9129:
9124:
9114:
9109:
8990:
8937:
8932:
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8760:
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8725:
8715:
8705:
8695:
8610:
8605:
8595:
8508:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8086:
7925:
6300:
6226:
5762:
3916:
3749:
3544:
3059:
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2085:
2068:
1919:
1325:
1231:
978:
797:
638:
628:
608:
485:
465:
460:
282:
140:
35:
5480:
5423:
5205:
5134:
5044:
4986:
4833:
4470:
4454:"Tuning ion coordination architectures to enable selective partitioning"
4422:
3948:
1354:
1302:
11454:
11382:
11377:
11313:
11308:
11298:
11293:
11273:
11094:
11083:
11079:
11046:
10931:
10926:
10901:
10891:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10797:
10787:
10769:
10764:
10734:
10724:
10684:
10649:
10604:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10569:
10534:
10459:
10403:
10380:
10348:
10275:
10235:
10193:
10183:
10158:
10130:
10090:
10075:
9995:
9990:
9930:
9910:
9895:
9885:
9750:
9740:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9648:
9608:
9563:
9558:
9470:
9450:
9390:
9380:
9310:
9290:
9275:
9265:
9255:
9240:
9225:
9215:
9205:
9195:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9119:
9099:
9079:
9005:
8995:
8980:
8970:
8922:
8870:
8805:
8730:
8720:
8710:
8690:
8665:
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8640:
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8590:
8194:
7560:
6928:
6896:
1444:
1011:
1006:
956:
848:
817:
677:
657:
633:
549:
534:
499:
475:
357:
332:
296:
260:
255:
250:
5621:
4234:(8th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 499.
3803:"Selective inhibition of K(+)-stimulation of Na,K-ATPase by bretylium"
3062:"Potassium leak channels and the KCNK family of two-P-domain subunits"
2777:
2688:
1251:
1241:
1131:
1043:
11474:
11420:
11336:
11219:
11209:
11140:
11069:
11031:
11006:
10996:
10921:
10871:
10816:
10792:
10719:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10579:
10574:
10564:
10549:
10408:
10280:
10260:
10240:
10230:
10188:
10168:
10085:
9880:
9795:
9785:
9765:
9703:
9688:
9678:
9638:
9623:
9593:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9494:
9435:
9385:
9375:
9370:
9355:
9345:
9325:
9315:
9295:
9270:
8900:
8865:
8845:
8810:
8800:
8765:
8750:
8279:
8189:
6014:
4715:
4200:
3077:
1156:
1089:
1078:
1033:
929:
837:
802:
682:
672:
662:
652:
643:
544:
490:
362:
125:
39:
6295:
4938:
4635:
Derebe MG, Sauer DB, Zeng W, Alam A, Shi N, Jiang Y (January 2011).
11145:
10951:
10946:
10906:
10821:
10669:
10544:
10482:
9865:
9830:
9735:
9350:
9280:
9250:
9210:
9104:
8895:
8855:
8835:
8292:
7640:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6536:
6531:
6044:
Corey S, Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, Clapham DE (February 1998).
5991:
5078:"Mechanism of activation gating in the full-length KcsA K+ channel"
3060:
Goldstein SA, Bockenhauer D, O'Kelly I, Zilberberg N (March 2001).
1390:
1060:
951:
842:
129:
113:
70:
of K ions in bulk water) and selectively (excluding, most notably,
6043:
11214:
11036:
10836:
10361:
9760:
9698:
9360:
9340:
9036:
8907:
8419:
8176:
8012:
6513:
6508:
6503:
5847:"The barium site in a potassium channel by x-ray crystallography"
4748:
Yuan P, Leonetti MD, Pico AR, Hsiung Y, MacKinnon R (July 2010).
4178:
3633:
3570:
3548:
2808:
2634:
Kawaura K, Honda S, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (May 2010).
2107:
1320:, have been investigated for the treatment of conditions such as
593:
409:
306:
188:
159:
121:
62:
Potassium channels function to conduct potassium ions down their
2201:
Sackin H, Syn S, Palmer LG, Choe H, Walters DE (February 2001).
11040:
10304:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
10153:
10149:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
9825:
9745:
9628:
9618:
9400:
9169:
8096:
8091:
7825:
7820:
7766:
7761:
7577:
7565:
7555:
7550:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7297:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7138:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7064:
7059:
7049:
7044:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6792:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6457:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
5540:
4868:
Jiang Y, Pico A, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (March 2001).
2449:
1902:
Yu M, Liu SL, Sun PB, Pan H, Tian CL, Zhang LH (January 2016).
1298:
1097:
961:
886:
778:
772:
768:
761:
757:
746:
727:
554:
287:
112:
They also regulate cellular processes such as the secretion of
101:, malfunction of potassium channels may cause life-threatening
83:
71:
6133:
5400:"Structural mechanism of C-type inactivation in K(+) channels"
4020:
2592:
2549:
1443:, cause an outward current of potassium, which slows down the
1235:
Graphical representation of open and shut potassium channels (
11520:
10010:
9780:
9633:
8330:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8168:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8081:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7907:
7851:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7680:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7572:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7491:
7486:
7472:
7467:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7439:
7434:
7425:
7420:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7363:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7311:
7306:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
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7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7128:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7054:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6978:
6973:
6953:
6938:
6933:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6817:
6797:
6782:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6636:
6631:
6354:
6349:
6344:
5945:"Ionic interactions of Ba2+ blockades in the MthK K+ channel"
5514:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics
3708:"3,4-diaminopyridine. A potent new potassium channel blocker"
2809:
Serrano-Martín X, Payares G, Mendoza-León A (December 2006).
2352:
1510: – Transmembrane protein allowing sodium ions in and out
1432:
1428:
1305:
by inhibiting potassium channel activity in excitable cells.
1081:
753:
742:
738:
731:
723:
716:
712:
708:
10428:
6246:
1775:(8 ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 59.
11356:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
11278:
10323:
9981:
9943:
9726:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8125:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8034:
7987:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7663:
7481:
7039:
6376:
6366:
2593:
Yamamoto G, Soeda F, Shirasaki T, Takahama K (April 2011).
1904:"Peptide toxins and small-molecule blockers of BK channels"
1474: – Ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass
1333:
995:
969:
940:
876:
525:
394:
19:
11252:
8557:
4693:
3369:
3320:
3106:
2759:
2633:
2396:
2108:
Dopico AM, Bukiya AN, Kuntamallappanavar G, Liu J (2016).
908:
limits frequency of action potentials (disturbances cause
105:. Potassium channels may also be involved in maintaining
6983:
6943:
5334:
4255:
Sauer DB, Zeng W, Raghunathan S, Jiang Y (October 2011).
4254:
3508:
3280:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
3010:
2857:
2407:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
9522:
5397:
5021:"Crystal structure of a potassium ion transporter, TrkH"
1427:). These channels are a heterotetramer composed of two
1264:
each process may be mediated by a number of mechanisms.
1194:(MD) simulations suggest the two extracellular states, S
10213:
10033:
4229:
3321:
Punke MA, Licher T, Pongs O, Friederich P (June 2003).
2508:
1512:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1482:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1411:
G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel
1116:
210:
Potassium channel classes, function, and pharmacology.
86:, the delayed counterflow of potassium ions shapes the
5546:
5398:
Cuello LG, Jogini V, Cortes DM, Perozo E (July 2010).
5075:
4747:
4316:
3662:
2709:
2066:
2007:
269:
inhibition in response to rising intracellular calcium
10510:
5793:
5652:
5454:
5234:
4518:
3699:
3619:
3467:
3418:
1603:
132:) so their malfunction can lead to diseases (such as
5695:
4867:
4115:
Armstrong C (April 1998). "The vision of the pore".
4063:
3323:"Inhibition of human TREK-1 channels by bupivacaine"
1503:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
151:
There are four major classes of potassium channels:
143:, are potent because they block potassium channels.
54:
types and control a wide variety of cell functions.
5603:
5547:Luzhkov VB, Osterberg F, Aqvist J (November 2003).
4634:
2200:
1950:
5943:Guo R, Zeng W, Cui H, Chen L, Ye S (August 2014).
5604:Posson DJ, McCoy JG, Nimigean CM (February 2013).
4916:
4400:
2303:
1795:
1683:indirectly cited from reference number 3,4,5,6 in
1415:Some types of potassium channels are activated by
11545:
11119:
5894:Lam YL, Zeng W, Sauer DB, Jiang Y (August 2014).
5893:
5696:Piasta KN, Theobald DL, Miller C (October 2011).
5505:
5235:Long SB, Campbell EB, Mackinnon R (August 2005).
5018:
3277:
3147:
2586:
1608:, Schwartz JH (2000). "Chapter 6: Ion Channels".
1529:
292:Some types of dendrotoxin from mamba snake venom,
184:that open or close in response to changes in the
11594:
11183:
8453:
5183:
4519:Thomas M, Jayatilaka D, Corry B (October 2007).
4151:
3566:
3564:
2703:
2627:
2543:
2509:Kobayashi T, Washiyama K, Ikeda K (March 2006).
2169:
1614:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
1597:
1572:
11583:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
4312:
4310:
3761:
3759:
3705:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3188:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2008:Stocker M, Krause M, Pedarzani P (April 1999).
1583:. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer. pp. 131–168.
1385:
5942:
5844:
4967:
4016:
4014:
3234:
2356:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology
2304:Swale DR, Kharade SV, Denton JS (April 2014).
1951:Candia S, Garcia ML, Latorre R (August 1992).
11525:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
10015:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
8524:
6281:
6084:
5794:Lockless SW, Zhou M, MacKinnon R (May 2007).
5511:
4863:
4861:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4743:
4741:
4575:
3968:
3561:
2909:
2257:
2203:"Regulation of ROMK by extracellular cations"
1852:
1684:
1578:
10433:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
6127:
5744:
4307:
4172:
3756:
3656:
3613:
3502:
3314:
3271:
3223:
3182:
3141:
3100:
3053:
2950:
2892:
2802:
2502:
2101:
2001:
1121:Crystallographic structure of the bacterial
38:found in virtually all organisms. They form
10331:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
6247:Neuromuscular Disease Center (2008-03-04).
6078:
6037:
5985:
4108:
4057:
4011:
3794:
3461:
3412:
3363:
3189:Kindler CH, Yost CS, Gray AT (April 1999).
3148:Czirják G, Tóth ZE, Enyedi P (April 2004).
3004:
1944:
1901:
1789:
1523:
853:Modulated by GPCR agonists and antagonists,
827:Modulated by GPCR agonists and antagonists,
82:in many cells. In excitable cells, such as
11257:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
9549:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
8562:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
8538:
8531:
8517:
6288:
6274:
6140:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
5291:
4858:
4798:
4738:
4451:
4351:
3975:Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
3800:
3765:
1846:
925:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
6872:
6317:
6239:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
6102:
6061:
5968:
5919:
5870:
5821:
5811:
5770:
5721:
5629:
5610:Nature Structural & Molecular Biology
5572:
5488:
5431:
5374:
5364:
5260:
5152:
5111:
5101:
5052:
4995:
4985:
4885:
4841:
4808:Wu Y, Yang Y, Ye S, Jiang Y (July 2010).
4781:
4670:
4660:
4611:
4601:
4552:
4495:
4469:
4377:
4290:
4280:
4114:
3994:
3924:
3898:
3875:
3826:
3739:
3596:
3485:
3444:
3395:
3338:
3206:
3165:
3124:
3036:
2875:
2834:
2785:
2651:
2610:
2526:
2485:
2475:
2418:
2329:
2234:
2143:
2084:
2043:
2033:
1984:
1927:
1870:
1829:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1720:
1710:
1641:The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role in Life
1547:
93:By contributing to the regulation of the
9527:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
3962:
2668:
2552:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
1770:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1638:
1389:
1230:
1176:
1115:
1032:
408:recycling and secretion of potassium in
34:are the most widely distributed type of
18:
10221:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
10041:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
8441:
6660:
6085:Kunkel MT, Peralta EG (November 1995).
2967:
1530:Littleton JT, Ganetzky B (April 2000).
1088:. However potassium channels found in
50:. Potassium channels are found in most
11595:
5306:10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.4.177
2110:"Modulation of BK Channels by Ethanol"
1478:Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel
1328:drug effects can lead to drug induced
1108:for his pioneering work in this area.
524:mediate the inhibitory effect of many
158:- open in response to the presence of
16:Ion channel that selectively passes K+
10515:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
8512:
8440:
7625:
6871:
6659:
6316:
6269:
3849:
2815:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
2674:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2165:
2163:
1796:Thompson J, Begenisich T (May 2000).
1737:
1489: – Use of Potassium by organisms
1205:
1111:
166:Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
10450:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
6192:
5745:Neyton J, Miller C (November 1988).
3801:Tiku PE, Nowell PT (December 1991).
3706:Kirsch GE, Narahashi T (June 1978).
2114:International Review of Neurobiology
1853:Naranjo D, Miller C (January 1996).
1495: – Family of transport proteins
1401:. The sculpture was commissioned by
1349:
808:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
172:Tandem pore domain potassium channel
27:are indicated by red and blue lines.
9544:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
7654:Calcium-activated chloride channels
6050:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
5845:Jiang Y, MacKinnon R (March 2000).
4352:Noskov SY, Roux B (February 2007).
4159:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2003"
3969:Rogawski MA, Bazil CW (July 2008).
3892:
3474:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3154:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
3113:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1581:Ion channels of excitable membranes
920:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
162:ions or other signalling molecules.
156:Calcium-activated potassium channel
66:, doing so both rapidly (up to the
13:
6724:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
6253:Washington University in St. Louis
6160:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11300.x
4576:Bostick DL, Brooks CL (May 2007).
3819:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12523.x
3545:"UniProtKB - Q9NPC2 (KCNK9_HUMAN)"
3388:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00437.x
3340:10.1213/01.ANE.0000062524.90936.1F
2910:Enyedi P, Czirják G (April 2010).
2286:
2160:
1493:Potassium transporter (Trk) family
1055:structure in which four identical
14:
11624:
11550:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
11124:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
7626:
6219:
5949:The Journal of General Physiology
5900:The Journal of General Physiology
5851:The Journal of General Physiology
5751:The Journal of General Physiology
5702:The Journal of General Physiology
5335:Cheng WW, McCoy JG, Thompson AN,
4452:Varma S, Rempe SB (August 2007).
4358:The Journal of General Physiology
3905:The Journal of General Physiology
3856:The Journal of General Physiology
1685:Rehm H, Lazdunski M (July 1988).
1213:
11188:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
3780:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.006
3677:10.1097/00000542-200006000-00032
3208:10.1097/00000542-199904000-00024
2970:Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
1353:
8247:Voltage-dependent anion channel
6340:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
6186:
5936:
5887:
5838:
5787:
5738:
5689:
5646:
5597:
5448:
5391:
5328:
5285:
5228:
5177:
5128:
5069:
5012:
4961:
4910:
4687:
4628:
4569:
4512:
4445:
4394:
4345:
4248:
4223:
3941:
3843:
3807:British Journal of Pharmacology
3768:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
3577:British Journal of Pharmacology
3537:
2851:
2753:
2443:
2390:
2346:
2310:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2251:
2194:
2173:Handbook of inorganic chemicals
2060:
1643:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences.
1278:
178:Voltage-gated potassium channel
9006:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
8269:General bacterial porin family
5294:News in Physiological Sciences
2073:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1895:
1677:
1632:
1450:
1084:that encode potassium channel
1:
11579:Receptor/signaling modulators
8981:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
5574:10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01117-7
4887:10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00236-7
3899:Armstrong CM (October 1971).
3732:10.1016/s0006-3495(78)85503-9
3249:10.1016/S0028-3908(00)00189-1
2227:10.1016/S0006-3495(01)76048-1
1977:10.1016/S0006-3495(92)81630-2
1872:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80029-X
1822:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76782-8
1549:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81135-6
1517:
1421:muscarinic potassium channels
1339:
1226:
1145:nest protein structural motif
1059:associate to form a fourfold
6104:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90122-1
5813:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050121
5667:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90340-w
5526:10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.006
5339:, Nimigean CM (March 2011).
4086:10.1126/science.280.5360.106
3066:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
1611:Principles of Neural Science
1386:Muscarinic potassium channel
1028:
847:Volatile anaesthetics, e.g.
7:
4545:10.1529/biophysj.107.108167
4488:10.1529/biophysj.107.107482
4129:10.1126/science.280.5360.56
4043:10.1126/science.280.5360.69
2272:10.1016/j.hrthm.2004.11.012
1653:10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_9
1465:
1283:
57:
10:
11629:
11613:Integral membrane proteins
10542:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
7688:Chloride Channel Accessory
6297:Membrane transport protein
5154:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.030
2928:10.1152/physrev.00029.2009
2719:Behavioural Brain Research
2322:10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.002
2126:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.03.019
1908:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica
1408:
1343:
1310:potassium channel blockers
1287:
1051:Potassium channels have a
182:voltage-gated ion channels
11572:
11543:
11518:
11511:
11445:
11438:
11391:
11363:
11349:
11327:
11264:
11250:
11241:
11195:
11181:
11159:
11131:
11117:
11060:
11052:Tricyclic antidepressants
10522:
10508:
10499:
10473:
10440:
10426:
10370:
10338:
10321:
10202:
10061:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
10022:
10008:
9971:
9534:
9520:
9511:
9479:
8569:
8546:
8494:
8449:
8436:
8277:
8166:
7962:
7860:
7836:
7638:
7634:
7621:
7244:
7149:
7014:
6887:
6883:
6867:
6754:
6713:
6683:Epithelial sodium channel
6675:
6671:
6655:
6387:
6332:
6328:
6312:
6230:channel Potassium channel
4331:10.1016/j.bpc.2005.10.002
3987:10.1007/s11910-008-0053-7
2982:10.1007/s12013-007-0007-8
2766:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
2731:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.07.004
2564:10.1016/j.pbb.2016.02.006
2368:10.1007/s00210-014-1045-6
2170:Patnaik, Pradyot (2003).
1499:Potassium uptake permease
1290:Potassium channel blocker
1102:Nobel Prize for Chemistry
619:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
377:
200:potassium channel blocker
6600:Cation channels of sperm
6241:Medical Subject Headings
3487:10.1074/jbc.273.47.30863
3437:10.1093/emboj/16.17.5464
3327:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3029:10.1093/emboj/17.12.3297
2176:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
1346:Potassium channel opener
204:potassium channel opener
146:
95:cardiac action potential
64:electrochemical gradient
10665:Eslicarbazepine acetate
5366:10.1073/pnas.1014186108
5262:10.1126/science.1116269
5103:10.1073/pnas.1105112108
4774:10.1126/science.1190414
4662:10.1073/pnas.1013636108
4603:10.1073/pnas.0700554104
4282:10.1073/pnas.1111688108
3292:10.1124/jpet.103.049809
2653:10.1248/yakushi.130.699
2612:10.1248/yakushi.131.523
2515:Neuropsychopharmacology
2477:10.1073/pnas.1004021107
2420:10.1124/jpet.116.238287
1712:10.1073/pnas.85.13.4919
1501: – InterPro Family
1441:M2 muscarinic receptors
10409:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
8540:Ion channel modulators
6063:10.1074/jbc.273.9.5271
4232:Molecular Cell Biology
4161:. The Nobel Foundation
3589:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706068
3167:10.1074/jbc.M312229200
3126:10.1074/jbc.M206810200
2528:10.1038/sj.npp.1300844
2035:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4662
1406:
1273:"ball and chain" model
1256:
1139:
1123:KcsA potassium channel
1100:ions do not. The 2003
1048:
830:No selective blockers,
363:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
28:
8766:Ryodipine (riodipine)
6676:Constitutively active
6193:Ball P (March 2008).
5961:10.1085/jgp.201411192
5912:10.1085/jgp.201411191
5863:10.1085/jgp.115.3.269
5714:10.1085/jgp.201110684
4370:10.1085/jgp.200609633
4319:Biophysical Chemistry
3868:10.1085/jgp.50.5.1287
3523:10.1007/s004240050997
2916:Physiological Reviews
2877:10.1007/s001250100595
1647:. Springer: 325–347.
1419:and these are called
1393:
1234:
1177:Selectivity mechanism
1152:carbonyl oxygen atoms
1119:
1094:X-ray crystallography
1036:
139:Some toxins, such as
22:
10755:Valproate semisodium
9286:Carboxyamidotriazole
9221:Gabapentin enacarbil
9201:Arbaclofen placarbil
6249:"Potassium Channels"
5763:10.1085/jgp.92.5.549
3917:10.1085/jgp.58.4.413
3850:Hille B (May 1967).
2827:10.1128/AAC.00617-06
1920:10.1038/aps.2015.139
1487:Potassium in biology
1417:muscarinic receptors
1166:van der Waals forces
1160:to be maintained by
11406:1,10-Phenanthroline
9963:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
8948:Tetrahydropalmatine
8443:By gating mechanism
6152:1999NYASA.868..386W
6007:1995Natur.374..135K
5565:2003FEBSL.554..159L
5481:10.1038/nature09136
5473:2010Natur.466..272C
5424:10.1038/nature09153
5416:2010Natur.466..203C
5357:2011PNAS..108.5272C
5253:2005Sci...309..897L
5206:10.1038/nature01580
5198:2003Natur.423...33J
5094:2011PNAS..10811896U
5088:(29): 11896–11899.
5045:10.1038/nature09731
5037:2011Natur.471..336C
4987:10.7554/eLife.00184
4931:2002Natur.417..515J
4834:10.1038/nature09252
4826:2010Natur.466..393W
4766:2010Sci...329..182Y
4708:2001Natur.414...37M
4653:2011PNAS..108..598D
4594:2007PNAS..104.9260B
4537:2007BpJ....93.2635T
4525:Biophysical Journal
4480:2007BpJ....93.1093V
4458:Biophysical Journal
4423:10.1038/nature02943
4415:2004Natur.431..830N
4273:2011PNAS..10816634S
4267:(40): 16634–16639.
4193:2001Natur.414...43Z
4078:1998Sci...280..106M
4035:1998Sci...280...69D
3724:1978BpJ....22..507K
3712:Biophysical Journal
3622:Nature Neuroscience
3480:(47): 30863–30869.
3160:(18): 18550–18558.
3119:(30): 27406–27412.
2683:(38): 13291–13299.
2468:2010PNAS..10715631C
2462:(35): 15631–15636.
2219:2001BpJ....80..683S
2207:Biophysical Journal
2026:1999PNAS...96.4662S
1969:1992BpJ....63..583C
1957:Biophysical Journal
1814:2000BpJ....78.2382T
1802:Biophysical Journal
1703:1988PNAS...85.4919R
1399:Julian Voss-Andreae
1318:3,4-diaminopyridine
1147:. The four sets of
592:is high to promote
379:Inwardly rectifying
211:
11416:7,8-Benzoquinoline
11411:4,7-Phenanthroline
11401:1,7-Phenanthroline
10777:Local anesthetics:
10309:ML-297 (VU0456810)
9816:Diallyl trisulfide
9811:Dextropropoxyphene
9714:Tetraethylammonium
9421:Pinaverium bromide
9191:4-Methylpregabalin
7970:TRP cation channel
7868:CNG cation channel
7151:Tandem pore domain
6362:Ryanodine receptor
6237:Potassium+Channels
2086:10.1093/bja/aeu182
1508:Sodium ion channel
1456:Roderick MacKinnon
1407:
1403:Roderick MacKinnon
1365:. You can help by
1322:multiple sclerosis
1257:
1206:Hydrophobic region
1192:Molecular dynamics
1184:molecular dynamics
1140:
1112:Selectivity filter
1077:There are over 80
1049:
935:Tetraethylammonium
692:Tandem pore domain
564:ML-297 (VU0456810)
209:
32:Potassium channels
29:
11608:Electrophysiology
11590:
11589:
11568:
11567:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11465:Meclofenamic acid
11434:
11433:
11345:
11344:
11237:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11177:
11176:
11113:
11112:
10987:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
10750:Valproate pivoxil
10640:Acetylpheneturide
10495:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10422:
10421:
10394:Meclofenamic acid
10357:Ethanol (alcohol)
10317:
10316:
10266:Minoxidil sulfate
10004:
10003:
9507:
9506:
9503:
9502:
9406:Otilonium bromide
9331:Ethanol (alcohol)
9095:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
8831:Phenylalkylamines
8506:
8505:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8478:Stretch-activated
8455:Ion channel class
8432:
8431:
8428:
8427:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7612:
6889:Calcium-activated
6877:Potassium channel
6863:
6862:
6859:
6858:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6001:(6518): 135–141.
5622:10.1038/nsmb.2473
5467:(7303): 272–275.
5410:(7303): 203–208.
5351:(13): 5272–5277.
5247:(5736): 897–903.
5031:(7338): 336–340.
4925:(6888): 515–522.
4820:(7304): 393–397.
4760:(5988): 182–186.
4588:(22): 9260–9265.
4409:(7010): 830–834.
4241:978-1-4641-8339-3
4072:(5360): 106–109.
3431:(17): 5464–5471.
3237:Neuropharmacology
3023:(12): 3297–3308.
2821:(12): 4214–4216.
2778:10.1021/cn400062a
2689:10.1021/bi981178p
2362:(12): 1153–1161.
2187:978-0-07-049439-8
1782:978-0-443-07145-4
1771:Rang, HP (2015).
1697:(13): 4919–4923.
1662:978-3-319-21755-0
1625:978-0-8385-7701-1
1590:978-0-87893-321-1
1383:
1382:
1026:
1025:
789:resting potential
348:Meclofenamic acid
312:Ethanol (alcohol)
235:Calcium-activated
80:resting potential
11620:
11551:
11547:
11526:
11522:
11516:
11515:
11443:
11442:
11361:
11360:
11357:
11353:
11262:
11261:
11258:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11193:
11192:
11189:
11185:
11129:
11128:
11125:
11121:
10740:Sodium valproate
10655:Chlorphenacemide
10637:Anticonvulsants:
10520:
10519:
10516:
10512:
10506:
10505:
10455:Arachidonic acid
10438:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10336:
10335:
10332:
10328:
10305:
10301:
10222:
10218:
10174:Dextromethorphan
10150:
10146:
10042:
10038:
10020:
10019:
10016:
10012:
9532:
9531:
9528:
9524:
9518:
9517:
9490:L-type-selective
9301:Dimeditiapramine
9263:Others/unsorted:
9045:T-type-selective
9032:R-type-selective
9014:P-type-selective
8966:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
8956:N-type-selective
8586:Dihydropyridines
8580:L-type-selective
8567:
8566:
8563:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8510:
8509:
8451:
8450:
8438:
8437:
7646:Chloride channel
7636:
7635:
7623:
7622:
7016:Inward-rectifier
6885:
6884:
6869:
6868:
6673:
6672:
6657:
6656:
6627:Two-pore channel
6330:
6329:
6314:
6313:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6190:
6184:
6183:
6178:. Archived from
6131:
6125:
6124:
6106:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6065:
6056:(9): 5271–5278.
6041:
6035:
6034:
6015:10.1038/374135a0
5989:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5923:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5825:
5815:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5774:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5725:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5576:
5559:(1–2): 159–164.
5544:
5538:
5537:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5452:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5368:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5264:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5156:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5115:
5105:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5016:
5010:
5009:
4999:
4989:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4889:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4845:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4785:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4716:10.1038/35102000
4691:
4685:
4684:
4674:
4664:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4605:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4531:(8): 2635–2643.
4516:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4473:
4464:(4): 1093–1099.
4449:
4443:
4442:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4294:
4284:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4201:10.1038/35102009
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3879:
3862:(5): 1287–1302.
3847:
3841:
3840:
3830:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3671:(6): 1722–1730.
3660:
3654:
3653:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3425:The EMBO Journal
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3382:(5): 1004–1011.
3376:The EMBO Journal
3367:
3361:
3360:
3342:
3333:(6): 1665–1673.
3318:
3312:
3311:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3232:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3201:(4): 1092–1102.
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3078:10.1038/35058574
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3017:The EMBO Journal
3008:
3002:
3001:
2965:
2948:
2947:
2907:
2890:
2889:
2879:
2870:(8): 1019–1025.
2855:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2772:(9): 1278–1286.
2757:
2751:
2750:
2716:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2614:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2301:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2037:
2020:(8): 4662–4667.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1808:(5): 2382–2391.
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1735:
1734:
1724:
1714:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1527:
1513:
1504:
1483:
1460:Birth of an Idea
1439:signals through
1395:Birth of an Idea
1378:
1375:
1357:
1350:
1330:Long QT syndrome
1254:
1244:
1162:hydrogen bonding
1134:
1057:protein subunits
1046:
984:Ssm spooky toxin
901:action potential
813:Arachidonic acid
212:
208:
88:action potential
11628:
11627:
11623:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11618:
11617:
11593:
11592:
11591:
11586:
11564:
11549:
11539:
11524:
11499:
11495:Trifluoperazine
11490:Tolfenamic acid
11460:Flufenamic acid
11430:
11387:
11355:
11341:
11323:
11289:Flufenamic acid
11284:Ethacrynic acid
11256:
11229:
11187:
11173:
11155:
11123:
11109:
11056:
10887:Metabutoxycaine
10852:Diphenhydramine
10842:Cyclomethycaine
10807:Levobupivacaine
10514:
10487:
10469:
10432:
10418:
10414:Tolfenamic acid
10389:Flufenamic acid
10384:
10366:
10352:
10330:
10327:
10313:
10303:
10220:
10217:
10198:
10148:
10040:
10037:
10014:
10000:
9985:
9967:
9947:
9856:Norpropoxyphene
9733:11.1)-specific:
9732:
9526:
9499:
9475:
9431:Rhynchophylline
9181:
8561:
8542:
8537:
8507:
8502:
8482:
8445:
8424:
8273:
8172:
8162:
7958:
7856:
7832:
7630:
7609:
7523:
7400:
7257:
7240:
7145:
7109:
7079:
7035:
7027:
7010:
6964:
6879:
6855:
6828:
6767:
6750:
6709:
6667:
6643:
6526:
6498:
6485:
6472:
6452:
6439:
6404:
6383:
6324:
6322:Calcium channel
6308:
6294:
6257:
6255:
6222:
6217:
6208:
6206:
6199:Chemistry World
6191:
6187:
6132:
6128:
6083:
6079:
6042:
6038:
5990:
5986:
5941:
5937:
5892:
5888:
5843:
5839:
5792:
5788:
5743:
5739:
5694:
5690:
5651:
5647:
5602:
5598:
5545:
5541:
5510:
5506:
5453:
5449:
5396:
5392:
5333:
5329:
5290:
5286:
5233:
5229:
5192:(6935): 33–41.
5182:
5178:
5133:
5129:
5074:
5070:
5017:
5013:
4966:
4962:
4939:10.1038/417515a
4915:
4911:
4866:
4859:
4806:
4799:
4746:
4739:
4702:(6859): 37–42.
4692:
4688:
4633:
4629:
4574:
4570:
4517:
4513:
4471:physics/0608180
4450:
4446:
4399:
4395:
4350:
4346:
4315:
4308:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4228:
4224:
4187:(6859): 43–48.
4177:
4173:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4123:(5360): 56–57.
4113:
4109:
4062:
4058:
4029:(5360): 69–77.
4019:
4012:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3897:
3893:
3848:
3844:
3799:
3795:
3764:
3757:
3704:
3700:
3661:
3657:
3618:
3614:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3511:Pflügers Archiv
3507:
3503:
3466:
3462:
3417:
3413:
3368:
3364:
3319:
3315:
3276:
3272:
3233:
3224:
3187:
3183:
3146:
3142:
3105:
3101:
3058:
3054:
3009:
3005:
2966:
2951:
2908:
2893:
2856:
2852:
2807:
2803:
2758:
2754:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2673:
2669:
2640:Yakugaku Zasshi
2632:
2628:
2599:Yakugaku Zasshi
2591:
2587:
2548:
2544:
2507:
2503:
2448:
2444:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2351:
2347:
2302:
2287:
2256:
2252:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2168:
2161:
2136:
2106:
2102:
2065:
2061:
2006:
2002:
1949:
1945:
1900:
1896:
1851:
1847:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1738:
1682:
1678:
1663:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1577:
1573:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1481:
1472:Calcium channel
1468:
1453:
1437:parasympathetic
1426:
1413:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1363:needs expansion
1348:
1342:
1314:4-aminopyridine
1303:barium toxicity
1292:
1286:
1281:
1246:
1236:
1229:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1179:
1149:electronegative
1126:
1114:
1104:was awarded to
1073:
1068:
1038:
1031:
1017:
999:
973:
947:11.1)-specific:
946:
892:
882:
863:
694:
580:
516:
445:
400:
381:
368:Tolfenamic acid
343:Flufenamic acid
336:
300:
237:
149:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
11626:
11616:
11615:
11610:
11605:
11588:
11587:
11573:
11570:
11569:
11566:
11565:
11563:
11562:
11554:
11552:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11537:
11529:
11527:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11470:Mefenamic acid
11467:
11462:
11457:
11451:
11449:
11440:
11436:
11435:
11432:
11431:
11429:
11428:
11426:Phenanthridine
11423:
11418:
11413:
11408:
11403:
11397:
11395:
11389:
11388:
11386:
11385:
11380:
11375:
11369:
11367:
11358:
11347:
11346:
11343:
11342:
11340:
11339:
11333:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11321:
11316:
11311:
11306:
11301:
11296:
11291:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11270:
11268:
11259:
11245:
11239:
11238:
11235:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11201:
11199:
11190:
11179:
11178:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11171:
11165:
11163:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11135:
11126:
11115:
11114:
11111:
11110:
11108:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11074:Atracotoxins (
11072:
11066:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11034:
11029:
11020:
11019:
11017:Zetekitoxin AB
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10990:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10917:Proxymetacaine
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10827:Chloroprocaine
10824:
10819:
10814:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10773:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10662:
10657:
10652:
10647:
10642:
10633:
10632:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10597:
10592:
10587:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10567:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10538:
10537:
10528:
10526:
10517:
10503:
10497:
10496:
10493:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10479:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10446:
10444:
10435:
10424:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10382:
10376:
10374:
10368:
10367:
10365:
10364:
10359:
10350:
10344:
10342:
10333:
10325:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10311:
10294:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10215:
10208:
10206:
10200:
10199:
10197:
10196:
10191:
10186:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10139:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10101:Glyclopyramide
10098:
10093:
10088:
10083:
10078:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10058:
10056:Chlorpropamide
10053:
10048:
10035:
10028:
10026:
10017:
10006:
10005:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9998:
9993:
9983:
9977:
9975:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9945:
9939:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9801:Clarithromycin
9798:
9793:
9791:Chlorpromazine
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9730:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9540:
9538:
9529:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9505:
9504:
9501:
9500:
9498:
9497:
9485:
9483:
9477:
9476:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9411:Paramethadione
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9343:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9259:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9186:gabapentinoids
9179:
9173:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:Non-selective:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9040:
9039:
9027:
9026:
9024:ω-Agatoxin IVB
9021:
9019:ω-Agatoxin IVA
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8976:Huwentoxin XVI
8973:
8968:
8963:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8928:Cyproheptadine
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8686:Levniguldipine
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8626:Dexniguldipine
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8575:
8573:
8564:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8536:
8535:
8528:
8521:
8513:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8492:
8491:
8488:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8481:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8447:
8446:
8434:
8433:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8289:
8287:
8275:
8274:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8244:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8186:
8184:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8123:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8106:
8101:
8100:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8032:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7985:
7974:
7972:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7872:
7870:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7848:
7846:
7844:Proton channel
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7823:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7719:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7685:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7668:
7667:
7666:
7650:
7648:
7632:
7631:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7521:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7430:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7316:
7315:
7314:
7309:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7255:
7250:
7248:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7077:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7020:
7018:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6962:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6893:
6891:
6881:
6880:
6865:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6720:
6718:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6679:
6677:
6669:
6668:
6665:Sodium channel
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6524:
6519:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6496:
6488:
6483:
6475:
6470:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6402:
6393:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6336:
6334:
6326:
6325:
6310:
6309:
6293:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6244:
6234:
6221:
6220:External links
6218:
6216:
6215:
6185:
6182:on 2006-01-29.
6146:(1): 386–398.
6126:
6097:(3): 443–449.
6077:
6036:
5984:
5955:(2): 193–200.
5935:
5906:(2): 181–192.
5886:
5857:(3): 269–272.
5837:
5786:
5757:(5): 549–567.
5737:
5708:(4): 421–436.
5688:
5661:(3): 533–541.
5645:
5616:(2): 159–166.
5596:
5539:
5520:(1): 109–120.
5504:
5447:
5390:
5327:
5300:(4): 177–182.
5284:
5227:
5176:
5147:(5): 615–627.
5127:
5068:
5011:
4960:
4909:
4880:(3): 593–601.
4857:
4797:
4737:
4686:
4647:(2): 598–602.
4627:
4568:
4511:
4444:
4393:
4364:(2): 135–143.
4344:
4306:
4247:
4240:
4222:
4171:
4150:
4107:
4056:
4010:
3981:(4): 345–352.
3961:
3940:
3911:(4): 413–437.
3891:
3842:
3813:(4): 895–900.
3793:
3774:(1): 224–259.
3755:
3718:(3): 507–512.
3698:
3665:Anesthesiology
3655:
3628:(5): 422–426.
3612:
3583:(6): 821–829.
3560:
3536:
3517:(6): 714–722.
3501:
3460:
3411:
3362:
3313:
3270:
3243:(4): 551–559.
3222:
3195:Anesthesiology
3181:
3140:
3099:
3072:(3): 175–184.
3052:
3003:
2976:(2): 209–256.
2949:
2922:(2): 559–605.
2891:
2850:
2801:
2752:
2725:(1): 315–318.
2702:
2667:
2646:(5): 699–705.
2626:
2605:(4): 523–532.
2585:
2542:
2521:(3): 516–524.
2501:
2442:
2413:(2): 209–218.
2403:-interference"
2400:
2389:
2345:
2285:
2266:(3): 316–324.
2250:
2213:(2): 683–697.
2193:
2186:
2159:
2134:
2100:
2079:(5): 875–883.
2059:
2000:
1963:(2): 583–590.
1943:
1894:
1865:(1): 123–130.
1845:
1788:
1781:
1736:
1676:
1661:
1631:
1624:
1596:
1589:
1571:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1464:
1452:
1449:
1424:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1358:
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1288:Main article:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1228:
1225:
1220:energy barrier
1215:
1214:Central cavity
1212:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1178:
1175:
1113:
1110:
1071:
1066:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1009:
997:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
971:
966:
965:
964:
959:
954:
944:
937:
932:
927:
922:
915:
914:
913:
906:
904:repolarization
896:
895:
894:
890:
884:
880:
872:
857:
856:
855:
854:
851:
845:
840:
833:
832:
831:
828:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
793:
792:
791:
787:Contribute to
783:
782:
781:
776:
765:
750:
735:
720:
703:
688:
687:
686:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
614:Chlorpropamide
611:
606:
599:
598:
597:
584:
583:
582:
578:
569:
568:
567:
566:
559:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
530:
529:
528:
520:
519:
518:
514:
511:GPCR regulated
505:
504:
503:
502:
495:
494:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
456:
455:
454:
449:
448:
447:
443:
434:
433:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
424:
414:
413:
412:
404:
403:
402:
398:
390:
375:
374:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
334:
329:
326:
323:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
298:
293:
290:
285:
280:
272:
271:
270:
265:
264:
263:
258:
253:
246:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
193:
192:
175:
169:
163:
148:
145:
99:cardiac muscle
68:diffusion rate
59:
56:
48:cell membranes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11625:
11614:
11611:
11609:
11606:
11604:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11585:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11571:
11560:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11548:
11542:
11535:
11531:
11530:
11528:
11523:
11517:
11514:
11510:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11480:Niflumic acid
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11444:
11441:
11437:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11398:
11396:
11394:
11390:
11384:
11381:
11379:
11376:
11374:
11373:Glibenclamide
11371:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11362:
11359:
11354:
11348:
11338:
11335:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11326:
11320:
11319:Niflumic acid
11317:
11315:
11312:
11310:
11307:
11305:
11304:Glibenclamide
11302:
11300:
11297:
11295:
11292:
11290:
11287:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11275:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11260:
11255:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11240:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11202:
11200:
11198:
11194:
11191:
11186:
11180:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11162:
11158:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11130:
11127:
11122:
11116:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11100:Grayanotoxins
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11090:Batrachotoxin
11088:
11085:
11081:
11077:
11076:ω-Atracotoxin
11073:
11071:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11059:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11028:
11027:Buprenorphine
11025:
11022:
11021:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10992:
10991:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10828:
10825:
10823:
10820:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10778:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10760:Valproic acid
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10705:Oxitriptyline
10703:
10701:
10700:Oxcarbazepine
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10690:Licarbazepine
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10666:
10663:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10646:
10645:Carbamazepine
10643:
10641:
10638:
10635:
10634:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10536:
10533:
10532:Antianginals:
10530:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10521:
10518:
10513:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10498:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10472:
10466:
10465:Norfluoxetine
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10447:
10445:
10443:
10439:
10436:
10431:
10425:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10399:Niflumic acid
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10378:
10377:
10375:
10373:
10369:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10346:
10345:
10343:
10341:
10337:
10334:
10329:
10320:
10310:
10307:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10251:Levcromakalim
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10229:
10227:
10224:
10219:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10077:
10074:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10046:Acetohexamide
10044:
10039:
10030:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10013:
10007:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9989:
9987:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9970:
9964:
9961:
9959:
9956:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9941:
9940:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9892:
9891:Roxithromycin
9889:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9802:
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9728:
9724:
9723:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9584:Charybdotoxin
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9533:
9530:
9525:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9466:Trimethadione
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9354:
9352:
9349:
9347:
9344:
9342:
9339:
9337:
9334:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9306:Diproteverine
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9183:
9175:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9165:Ruthenium red
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9140:Levetiracetam
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9090:ω-Agatoxin TK
9088:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9060:Niflumic acid
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8681:Levamlodipine
8679:
8677:
8676:Lercanidipine
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8583:
8581:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8560:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8534:
8529:
8527:
8522:
8520:
8515:
8514:
8511:
8501:
8500:
8493:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8473:Voltage-gated
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8439:
8435:
8421:
8418:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8276:
8270:
8267:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8192:
8191:
8188:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8165:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7961:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7859:
7853:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7628:Miscellaneous
7624:
7620:
7606:
7605:Shaker (gene)
7603:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7578:minK/ISK-like
7576:
7574:
7571:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7517:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7464:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7259:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7246:Voltage-gated
7243:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7013:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6823:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6756:Voltage-gated
6753:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6663:
6658:
6654:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6466:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6433:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6389:Voltage-gated
6386:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6315:
6311:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6291:
6286:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5649:
5641:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5451:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5394:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5288:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4160:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3950:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2135:9780128036198
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1458:commissioned
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1361:This section
1359:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1211:
1203:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1106:Rod MacKinnon
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
993:
992:
991:
985:
982:
981:
980:
977:
975:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
942:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
911:
907:
905:
902:
899:
898:
897:
888:
885:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:
867:
862:
861:Voltage-gated
859:
858:
852:
850:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
829:
826:
824:
823:Norfluoxetine
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
790:
786:
785:
784:
780:
777:
774:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
704:
702:
698:
693:
690:
689:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:Levcromakalim
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
604:Acetohexamide
602:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
586:
585:
576:
575:ATP-sensitive
573:
572:
571:
570:
565:
562:
561:
560:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
498:
497:
496:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Nortryptiline
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
452:
451:
450:
441:
440:Voltage-gated
438:
437:
436:
435:
432:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:Nonselective:
417:
416:
415:
411:
407:
406:
405:
396:
393:
392:
391:
389:
385:
380:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Niflumic acid
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
337:
330:
327:
324:
321:
320:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
303:
301:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
278:
277:Charybdotoxin
275:
274:
273:
268:
267:
266:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
247:
245:
241:
236:
233:
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
207:
205:
201:
196:
190:
187:
186:transmembrane
183:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
153:
152:
144:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
124:release from
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:vascular tone
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
25:lipid bilayer
21:
11603:Ion channels
11575:
11574:
11485:Talniflumate
11023:
11012:Tetrodotoxin
11002:Neosaxitoxin
10993:
10938:
10912:Propoxycaine
10847:Dimethocaine
10780:
10776:
10745:Valnoctamide
10675:Fosphenytoin
10636:
10610:Procainamide
10600:Pilsicainide
10555:Disopyramide
10541:
10531:
10379:
10347:
10297:
10211:
10179:Ethosuximide
10164:Cloperastine
10142:
10111:Metahexamide
10106:Glycyclamide
10066:Glibornuride
10031:
9980:
9942:
9921:Thioridazine
9876:Promethazine
9861:Orphenadrine
9851:Ketoconazole
9836:Erythromycin
9725:
9512:
9488:
9416:Phensuximide
9396:Ochratoxin A
9336:Ethosuximide
9262:
9184:-selective (
9176:
9086:
9043:
9030:
9012:
8961:ω-Conotoxins
8954:
8904:
8886:Norverapamil
8851:Dexverapamil
8829:
8803:derivatives:
8799:
8796:Vatanidipine
8791:Trombodipine
8756:Palonidipine
8741:Nitrendipine
8696:Mepirodipine
8601:Azelnidipine
8584:
8578:
8496:
8463:Ligand-gated
8454:
8442:
8285:Gap junction
8278:
8167:
7963:
7924:
7902:
7875:
7861:
7837:
7815:
7773:
7721:
7687:
7670:
7658:
7639:
7627:
7582:
7545:
7519:
7396:
7253:
7158:
7105:
7075:
7031:
6960:
6876:
6873:
6824:
6763:
6661:
6570:
6543:
6522:
6494:
6481:
6468:
6448:
6435:
6400:
6333:Ligand-gated
6318:
6301:ion channels
6256:. Retrieved
6225:
6207:. Retrieved
6202:
6198:
6188:
6180:the original
6143:
6139:
6129:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6053:
6049:
6039:
5998:
5994:
5987:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5903:
5899:
5889:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5803:
5800:PLOS Biology
5799:
5789:
5754:
5750:
5740:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5556:
5553:FEBS Letters
5552:
5542:
5517:
5513:
5507:
5464:
5460:
5450:
5407:
5403:
5393:
5348:
5344:
5330:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5144:
5140:
5130:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5028:
5024:
5014:
4977:
4973:
4963:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4877:
4873:
4817:
4813:
4757:
4753:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4585:
4581:
4571:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4461:
4457:
4447:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4322:
4318:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4231:
4225:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4163:. Retrieved
4153:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4026:
4022:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3953:. Retrieved
3949:"Amiodarone"
3943:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3771:
3767:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3634:10.1038/8084
3625:
3621:
3615:
3580:
3576:
3552:. Retrieved
3539:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3286:(1): 84–92.
3283:
3279:
3273:
3240:
3236:
3198:
3194:
3184:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2973:
2969:
2919:
2915:
2867:
2864:Diabetologia
2863:
2853:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2722:
2718:
2705:
2680:
2677:Biochemistry
2676:
2670:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2410:
2406:
2392:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2313:
2309:
2263:
2260:Heart Rhythm
2259:
2253:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2172:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2017:
2013:
2003:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1914:(1): 56–66.
1911:
1907:
1897:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1773:Pharmacology
1772:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1610:
1604:Jessell TM,
1599:
1580:
1574:
1542:(1): 35–43.
1539:
1535:
1525:
1459:
1454:
1420:
1414:
1394:
1371:
1367:adding to it
1362:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1279:Pharmacology
1270:
1266:
1258:
1245: and
1217:
1209:
1188:
1180:
1141:
1120:
1076:
1050:
994:
968:
939:
624:Glibornuride
540:Cloperastine
418:
331:
295:
215:
197:
194:
150:
138:
117:
111:
97:duration in
92:
76:sub-angstrom
74:despite the
61:
31:
30:
11151:Triamterene
11105:Poneratoxin
11095:Ciguatoxins
10982:Raxatrigine
10977:Ralfinamide
10972:PF-05089771
10967:PF-04531083
10939:Analgesics:
10897:Piperocaine
10882:Meprylcaine
10877:Mepivacaine
10832:Cinchocaine
10811:Ropivacaine
10803:Bupivacaine
10730:Sipatrigine
10715:Pheneturide
10710:Phenacemide
10695:Mephenytoin
10680:Lamotrigine
10660:Elpetrigine
10615:Propafenone
10560:Dronedarone
10136:Tolbutamide
10126:Repaglinide
10121:Nateglinide
10116:Mitiglinide
10096:Glisoxepide
10081:Glimepiride
10071:Glicaramide
10051:Carbutamide
9953:Linopirdine
9936:Vernakalant
9926:Tolterodine
9916:Terfenadine
9906:Tamulotoxin
9901:Solifenacin
9871:PNU-282,987
9846:Haloperidol
9841:Gigactonine
9821:Domperidone
9806:Darifenacin
9771:Bedaquiline
9756:Azaspiracid
9719:Vernakalant
9654:Linopirdine
9614:Dronedarone
9604:Dendrotoxin
9589:Clamikalant
9461:Tolperisone
9456:Tetrandrine
9446:Sipatrigine
9441:Silperisone
9426:Prenylamine
9366:Lidoflazine
9321:Elpetrigine
9231:Mirogabalin
9135:Lamotrigine
9130:Flunarizine
9125:Efonidipine
9115:Cinnarizine
9110:Cilnidipine
9065:NNC 55-0396
8991:Ralfinamide
8938:Fantofarone
8933:Dronedarone
8918:Budiodarone
8913:Brinazarone
8876:Levemopamil
8776:Sornidipine
8771:Sagandipine
8761:Pranidipine
8736:Nisoldipine
8726:Nilvadipine
8716:Niguldipine
8706:Nicardipine
8671:Lemildipine
8656:Iganidipine
8651:Furnidipine
8616:Cronidipine
8611:Clevidipine
8606:Barnidipine
8596:Aranidipine
8468:Light-gated
6950:IK channel
6227:Proteopedia
5806:(5): e121.
2120:: 239–279.
1451:In fine art
979:Linopirdine
910:dysrhythmia
798:bupivacaine
639:Glimepiride
629:Glicaramide
609:Carbutamide
588:close when
486:Dronedarone
466:Pentamidine
461:Chloroquine
283:Iberiotoxin
229:Activators
220:Subclasses
141:dendrotoxin
103:arrhythmias
42:-selective
36:ion channel
11597:Categories
11455:Bumetanide
11393:Activators
11383:Piretanide
11378:Lonidamine
11329:Activators
11314:Mibefradil
11309:Mefloquine
11299:Furosemide
11294:Fluoxetine
11274:Crofelemer
11161:Activators
11084:Versutoxin
11080:Robustoxin
11062:Activators
11047:Safinamide
10997:Conotoxins
10932:Trimecaine
10927:Tetracaine
10902:Prilocaine
10892:Orthocaine
10867:Iontocaine
10862:Hexylcaine
10857:Etidocaine
10798:Benzocaine
10788:Amylocaine
10770:Zonisamide
10765:Valpromide
10735:Topiramate
10725:Rufinamide
10685:Lacosamide
10650:Cenobamate
10605:Prajmaline
10595:Moricizine
10590:Mexiletine
10585:Lorcainide
10570:Flecainide
10535:Ranolazine
10475:Activators
10460:Fluoxetine
10404:Nimesulide
10386:-specific:
10372:Activators
10354:-specific:
10306:-specific:
10286:Rilmakalim
10276:Nicorandil
10236:Cromakalim
10223:-specific:
10204:Activators
10194:Tipepidine
10184:Ifenprodil
10159:Caramiphen
10151:-specific:
10131:Tolazamide
10091:Gliquidone
10076:Gliclazide
10043:-specific:
9996:Retigabine
9991:Flupirtine
9988:-specific:
9973:Activators
9950:-specific:
9931:Vanoxerine
9911:Terodiline
9896:Sertindole
9886:Ranolazine
9751:Astemizole
9741:Amiodarone
9709:Terikalant
9684:Pinokalant
9669:Nifekalant
9664:Maurotoxin
9659:Lolitrem B
9649:Kaliotoxin
9609:Dofetilide
9599:Dalazatide
9594:Conotoxins
9564:Amiodarone
9559:Almokalant
9481:Activators
9471:Valperinol
9451:Terodiline
9391:Naftopidil
9381:Mesuximide
9311:Enpiperate
9291:Cycleanine
9276:Bevantolol
9266:Bencyclane
9256:Pregabalin
9246:PD-299,685
9241:PD-217,014
9236:PD-200,347
9226:Imagabalin
9216:Gabapentin
9206:Atagabalin
9196:Arbaclofen
9155:Mibefradil
9150:Loperamide
9145:Lomerizine
9120:Dotarizine
9100:Benidipine
9080:Zonisamide
8996:Safinamide
8971:Caroverine
8923:Celivarone
8871:Gallopamil
8826:Siratiazem
8816:Iprotiazem
8806:Clentiazem
8786:Tiamdipine
8781:Teludipine
8746:Olradipine
8731:Nimodipine
8721:Niludipine
8711:Nifedipine
8701:Mesudipine
8691:Manidipine
8666:Lacidipine
8661:Isradipine
8646:Flordipine
8641:Felodipine
8636:Elnadipine
8631:Elgodipine
8621:Darodipine
8591:Amlodipine
7671:Bestrophin
6929:SK channel
6897:BK channel
6571:γ-subunits
6544:β-subunits
6527:δ-subunits
6258:2008-03-10
6209:2009-01-12
6205:(3): 42–43
5337:Nichols CG
4980:: e00184.
4325:(1): 1–9.
4165:2007-11-16
3955:2019-05-28
3951:. Drugbank
3554:2019-05-29
1518:References
1445:heart rate
1409:See also:
1397:(2007) by
1340:Activators
1326:Off target
1312:, such as
1308:Medically
1227:Regulation
1053:tetrameric
1012:Retigabine
1007:Flupirtine
1002:-specific:
976:-specific:
957:Amiodarone
849:Isoflurane
818:Fluoxetine
678:Nicorandil
658:Cromakalim
634:Gliclazide
550:Tipepidine
535:Ifenprodil
500:Flecainide
476:Fluoxetine
358:Nimesulide
338:-specific:
261:IK channel
256:SK channel
251:BK channel
126:beta-cells
46:that span
11576:See also:
11475:Mepacrine
11421:Ivacaftor
11337:Carbachol
11220:Ibuprofen
11210:Amiloride
11169:Solnatide
11141:Amiloride
11070:Aconitine
11032:Evenamide
11007:Saxitoxin
10922:Risocaine
10872:Lidocaine
10817:Butacaine
10793:Articaine
10720:Phenytoin
10630:Tocainide
10625:Sparteine
10620:Quinidine
10580:Lorajmine
10575:Lidocaine
10565:Encainide
10550:Aprindine
10291:Sarakalim
10281:Pinacidil
10271:Naminidil
10261:Minoxidil
10256:Mazokalim
10241:Diazoxide
10231:Bimakalim
10226:Aprikalim
10189:Tertiapin
10169:Clozapine
10086:Glipizide
9881:Quinidine
9831:Ergtoxins
9796:Cisapride
9786:BRL-32872
9766:Azimilide
9729:(KCNH2, K
9704:Tedisamil
9689:Quinidine
9679:Paxilline
9644:Inakalant
9639:Ibutilide
9624:Hanatoxin
9579:Bunaftine
9574:Bretylium
9569:Azimilide
9554:Adekalant
9513:Potassium
9495:Bay K8644
9436:Sesamodil
9386:Monatepil
9376:Manoalide
9371:Magnesium
9356:Imepitoin
9346:Fendiline
9326:Ethadione
9316:Eperisone
9296:Dauricine
9271:Berbamine
9182:δ subunit
8986:PD-173212
8901:Verapamil
8891:Ronipamil
8881:Nexopamil
8866:Falipamil
8861:Etripamil
8846:Devapamil
8841:Dagapamil
8821:Nictiazem
8811:Diltiazem
8801:Diltiazem
8751:Oxodipine
8499:disorders
8497:see also
8280:Cytoplasm
8190:Aquaporin
7659:Anoctamin
7482:11.1/hERG
4955:205029269
4217:205022645
2558:: 26–32.
2437:206502631
1606:Kandel ER
1157:solvation
1135:).
1079:mammalian
1061:symmetric
1029:Structure
943:(KCNH2, K
930:Bretylium
838:halothane
803:quinidine
683:Pinacidil
673:Minoxidil
663:Diazoxide
653:Bimakalim
644:Glipizide
596:secretion
545:Tertiapin
491:Quinidine
302:-specific
226:Blockers
223:Function
40:potassium
11561:instead.
11536:instead.
11447:Blockers
11439:Unsorted
11365:Blockers
11266:Blockers
11243:Chloride
11205:A-317567
11197:Blockers
11146:Benzamil
11133:Blockers
10962:NKTR-171
10957:GDC-0276
10952:Funapide
10947:DSP-2230
10942:AZD-3161
10907:Procaine
10822:Butamben
10670:Ethotoin
10545:Ajmaline
10524:Blockers
10483:Riluzole
10442:Blockers
10340:Blockers
10246:Emakalim
10024:Blockers
9866:Pimozide
9736:Ajmaline
9536:Blockers
9351:Fostedil
9281:Canadine
9251:Phenibut
9211:Baclofen
9160:NP078585
9105:Bepridil
8943:SR-33805
8896:Tiapamil
8856:Emopamil
8836:Anipamil
8571:Blockers
8293:Connexin
7573:minK/ISK
6176:25949938
6168:10414308
6121:14720432
5979:25024268
5930:25024267
5881:10694255
5832:17472437
5732:21911483
5683:33361945
5640:23262489
5591:32031835
5583:14596932
5534:15680245
5499:20613845
5442:20613835
5385:21402935
5322:38134756
5314:11390785
5271:16002581
5214:12721618
5171:14149494
5163:15550244
5122:21730186
5063:21317882
5006:23240087
4947:12037559
4904:17880955
4896:11301020
4852:20574420
4792:20508092
4724:11689935
4681:21187421
4622:17519335
4563:17573427
4506:17513348
4431:15483608
4388:17227917
4339:16253415
4301:21933962
4209:11689936
4145:35339674
4102:33907550
4005:18590620
3788:16472864
3693:45487917
3685:10839924
3650:23092576
3642:10321245
3607:15685212
3531:10784345
3357:39630495
3349:12760993
3300:12660311
3265:20181576
3257:11249964
3217:10201682
3176:14981085
3135:12754259
3086:11256078
2998:12759521
2990:17652773
2936:20393194
2886:11484080
2845:17015627
2796:23730969
2747:29236491
2739:19616036
2662:20460867
2621:21467791
2580:30118634
2572:26892760
2537:16123769
2496:20713726
2429:28188270
2384:10575229
2376:25182566
2340:24721648
2316:: 7–15.
2280:15851327
2245:11159436
2154:27238266
2095:24989775
2054:10200319
1938:26725735
1889:16794677
1840:10777734
1671:26860305
1558:10798390
1466:See also
1431:and two
1374:May 2019
1284:Blockers
1090:bacteria
1086:subunits
1047:)
952:Ajmaline
843:Riluzole
410:nephrons
134:diabetes
130:pancreas
114:hormones
58:Function
11215:Aspirin
11037:Menthol
11024:Others:
10994:Toxins:
10837:Cocaine
10362:GAL-021
9982:KCNQ (K
9944:KCNQ (K
9761:AZD1305
9699:Sotalol
9694:ShK-186
9674:Notoxin
9361:JTV-519
9341:Fasudil
9070:ProTx I
9050:ABT-639
9037:SNX-482
8908:AH-1058
8905:Others:
8548:Calcium
8420:Innexin
8177:solutes
6148:Bibcode
6113:8521474
6072:9478984
6031:4334467
6023:7877685
6003:Bibcode
5970:4113901
5921:4113894
5872:2217209
5823:1858713
5781:3235973
5772:2228918
5723:3182450
5675:8461140
5631:3565016
5561:Bibcode
5490:3033755
5469:Bibcode
5433:3033749
5412:Bibcode
5376:3069191
5353:Bibcode
5279:6072007
5249:Bibcode
5241:Science
5222:4347957
5194:Bibcode
5113:3141920
5090:Bibcode
5054:3077569
5033:Bibcode
4997:3510474
4927:Bibcode
4843:2910425
4822:Bibcode
4783:3022345
4762:Bibcode
4754:Science
4732:4429890
4704:Bibcode
4672:3021048
4649:Bibcode
4613:1890482
4590:Bibcode
4554:1989715
4533:Bibcode
4497:1929028
4476:Bibcode
4439:4414885
4411:Bibcode
4379:2154357
4292:3189067
4269:Bibcode
4189:Bibcode
4137:9556453
4117:Science
4094:9525854
4074:Bibcode
4066:Science
4051:9525859
4031:Bibcode
4023:Science
3996:2587091
3935:5112659
3926:2226036
3886:6033586
3877:2225709
3837:1667290
3828:1908819
3741:1473482
3720:Bibcode
3598:1576064
3549:Uniprot
3496:9812978
3455:9312005
3446:1170177
3406:8605869
3308:1621972
3094:9682396
3047:9628867
3038:1170668
2944:9358238
2836:1693980
2787:3778424
2697:9748337
2487:2932566
2464:Bibcode
2331:4097192
2236:1301267
2215:Bibcode
2145:5257281
2022:Bibcode
1995:1384740
1986:1262182
1965:Bibcode
1929:4722972
1881:8562075
1831:1300827
1810:Bibcode
1731:2455300
1699:Bibcode
1616:105–124
1566:5694563
996:KCNQ (K
970:KCNQ (K
868:& 1
699:& 2
594:insulin
386:& 1
307:GAL-021
242:& 1
189:voltage
160:calcium
128:in the
122:insulin
84:neurons
11512:Others
10501:Sodium
10154:Barium
9958:XE-991
9826:E-4031
9776:BeKm-1
9746:AmmTX3
9629:HgeTx1
9619:E-4031
9401:Osthol
9170:TROX-1
9055:ML-218
6717:-gated
6715:Proton
6491:T-type
6478:R-type
6465:Q-type
6445:P-type
6432:N-type
6397:L-type
6243:(MeSH)
6174:
6166:
6119:
6111:
6070:
6029:
6021:
5995:Nature
5977:
5967:
5928:
5918:
5879:
5869:
5830:
5820:
5779:
5769:
5730:
5720:
5681:
5673:
5655:Neuron
5638:
5628:
5589:
5581:
5532:
5497:
5487:
5461:Nature
5440:
5430:
5404:Nature
5383:
5373:
5320:
5312:
5277:
5269:
5220:
5212:
5186:Nature
5169:
5161:
5120:
5110:
5061:
5051:
5025:Nature
5004:
4994:
4953:
4945:
4919:Nature
4902:
4894:
4874:Neuron
4850:
4840:
4814:Nature
4790:
4780:
4730:
4722:
4696:Nature
4679:
4669:
4620:
4610:
4561:
4551:
4504:
4494:
4437:
4429:
4403:Nature
4386:
4376:
4337:
4299:
4289:
4238:
4215:
4207:
4181:Nature
4143:
4135:
4100:
4092:
4049:
4003:
3993:
3933:
3923:
3884:
3874:
3835:
3825:
3786:
3750:667299
3748:
3738:
3691:
3683:
3648:
3640:
3605:
3595:
3529:
3494:
3453:
3443:
3404:
3397:449995
3394:
3355:
3347:
3306:
3298:
3263:
3255:
3215:
3174:
3133:
3092:
3084:
3045:
3035:
2996:
2988:
2942:
2934:
2884:
2843:
2833:
2794:
2784:
2745:
2737:
2695:
2660:
2619:
2578:
2570:
2535:
2494:
2484:
2435:
2427:
2382:
2374:
2338:
2328:
2278:
2243:
2233:
2184:
2152:
2142:
2132:
2093:
2052:
2042:
1993:
1983:
1936:
1926:
1887:
1879:
1859:Neuron
1838:
1828:
1779:
1729:
1722:280549
1719:
1669:
1659:
1622:
1587:
1564:
1556:
1536:Neuron
1299:Barium
1261:gating
1098:sodium
962:AmmTX3
887:KvLQT1
773:THIK-2
769:THIK-1
767:THIK (
762:TALK-2
758:TALK-1
754:TASK-2
752:TALK (
747:TASK-5
743:TASK-3
739:TASK-1
737:TASK (
728:TREK-2
724:TREK-1
722:TREK (
713:TWIK-2
709:TWIK-1
707:TWIK (
322:1-EBIO
288:Apamin
180:- are
72:sodium
11546:LGICs
11253:CaCCs
11225:PcTX1
11184:ASICs
10511:VGSCs
9781:BmTx3
9634:HsTx1
9523:VGKCs
8558:VDCCs
8331:GJA10
8182:Porin
8082:TRPML
7852:HVCN1
7546:KCNIP
7401:α7-12
6305:TC 1A
6233:in 3D
6172:S2CID
6117:S2CID
6027:S2CID
5679:S2CID
5587:S2CID
5318:S2CID
5275:S2CID
5218:S2CID
5167:S2CID
4974:eLife
4951:S2CID
4900:S2CID
4728:S2CID
4466:arXiv
4435:S2CID
4213:S2CID
4141:S2CID
4098:S2CID
3689:S2CID
3646:S2CID
3353:S2CID
3304:S2CID
3261:S2CID
3090:S2CID
2994:S2CID
2940:S2CID
2743:S2CID
2715:(PDF)
2576:S2CID
2433:S2CID
2380:S2CID
2180:–78.
2045:16389
1885:S2CID
1562:S2CID
1433:GIRK4
1429:GIRK1
1198:and S
1082:genes
883:11.1)
779:TRESK
732:TRAAK
717:KCNK7
526:GPCRs
471:ML133
328:CyPPA
325:NS309
216:Class
147:Types
44:pores
11559:here
11557:See
11534:here
11532:See
11521:TRPs
11352:CFTR
11279:DIDS
11120:ENaC
11041:mint
10429:K2Ps
10300:GIRK
10145:GIRK
10011:IRKs
9727:hERG
9075:Z944
9001:Z160
8411:GJD4
8406:GJD3
8401:GJD2
8391:GJC3
8386:GJC2
8381:GJC1
8371:GJB7
8366:GJB6
8361:GJB5
8356:GJB4
8351:GJB3
8346:GJB2
8341:GJB1
8326:GJA9
8321:GJA8
8316:GJA5
8311:GJA4
8306:GJA3
8301:GJA1
8126:TRPV
8109:TRPP
8104:TRPN
8035:TRPM
7988:TRPC
7978:TRPA
7816:CLNS
7774:CLIC
7722:CLCN
7717:CFTR
7664:ANO1
7583:MiRP
7511:12.3
7506:12.2
7501:12.1
7492:11.3
7487:11.2
7473:10.2
7468:10.1
7258:α1-6
7072:GIRK
6486:α2.3
6473:α2.1
6440:α2.2
6164:PMID
6109:PMID
6091:Cell
6068:PMID
6019:PMID
5975:PMID
5926:PMID
5877:PMID
5828:PMID
5777:PMID
5728:PMID
5671:PMID
5636:PMID
5579:PMID
5530:PMID
5518:1747
5495:PMID
5438:PMID
5381:PMID
5310:PMID
5267:PMID
5210:PMID
5159:PMID
5141:Cell
5118:PMID
5059:PMID
5002:PMID
4943:PMID
4892:PMID
4848:PMID
4788:PMID
4720:PMID
4677:PMID
4618:PMID
4559:PMID
4502:PMID
4427:PMID
4384:PMID
4335:PMID
4297:PMID
4236:ISBN
4205:PMID
4133:PMID
4090:PMID
4047:PMID
4001:PMID
3931:PMID
3882:PMID
3833:PMID
3784:PMID
3746:PMID
3681:PMID
3638:PMID
3603:PMID
3527:PMID
3492:PMID
3451:PMID
3402:PMID
3345:PMID
3296:PMID
3253:PMID
3213:PMID
3172:PMID
3131:PMID
3082:PMID
3043:PMID
2986:PMID
2932:PMID
2882:PMID
2841:PMID
2792:PMID
2735:PMID
2693:PMID
2658:PMID
2617:PMID
2568:PMID
2533:PMID
2492:PMID
2425:PMID
2372:PMID
2336:PMID
2276:PMID
2241:PMID
2182:ISBN
2150:PMID
2130:ISBN
2091:PMID
2050:PMID
1991:PMID
1934:PMID
1877:PMID
1836:PMID
1777:ISBN
1727:PMID
1667:PMID
1657:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1554:PMID
1425:KACh
1334:hERG
1316:and
1252:1k4c
1242:1lnq
1171:KcsA
1164:and
1132:1K4C
1044:1BL8
941:hERG
893:7.1)
877:hERG
581:6.x)
517:3.x)
446:2.x)
401:1.1)
395:ROMK
202:and
118:e.g.
52:cell
10783:FBT
10216:ATP
10036:ATP
8175:(+
8013:4AP
7926:HCN
7459:9.3
7454:9.2
7449:9.1
7440:8.2
7435:8.1
7426:7.5
7421:7.4
7416:7.3
7411:7.2
7406:7.1
7388:6.4
7383:6.3
7378:6.2
7373:6.1
7364:5.1
7355:4.3
7350:4.2
7345:4.1
7336:3.4
7331:3.3
7326:3.2
7321:3.1
7312:2.2
7307:2.1
7298:1.8
7293:1.7
7288:1.6
7283:1.5
7278:1.4
7273:1.3
7268:1.2
7263:1.1
7159:K2P
7139:7.1
7134:6.2
7129:6.1
7124:5.1
7119:4.2
7114:4.1
7099:3.4
7094:3.3
7089:3.2
7084:3.1
7065:2.6
7060:2.4
7055:2.3
7050:2.2
7045:2.1
7040:1.1
7026:ATP
7004:5.1
6999:4.2
6994:4.1
6989:3.1
6984:2.3
6979:2.2
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