442:
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55:
31:
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652:
shortleaf proponents and maximize current conservation strategies to optimize restoration strategies. This plan has a primary focus on restoring woodlands that were either dominated or co-dominated by shortleaf pines in the past. It is intended to be utilized by natural resource managers, wildlife and conservation biologists, and foresters, as well as
396: in) long, with thin scales with a transverse keel and a short prickle. They open at maturity but are persistent. Shortleaf pine seedlings develop a persistent J-shaped crook near the ground surface. Axillary and other buds form near the crook and initiate growth if the upper stem is killed by fire or is severed.
687:
crossbreeding with the loblolly pine. Fast growth is a desirable trait among trees, and this is usually a characteristic of hybrid trees; in turn, breeders are inclined to select these traits. Shortleaf pine orchards are also often adjacent to loblolly pine orchards, which could cause hybrid breeding to occur as well.
421:
species within its native range. For example, the bark of a loblolly tree is slightly darker, thicker, and more furrowed and rigged in comparison to the shortleaf pine at the beginning of its lifespan, but when it starts maturing these differences fade; however, the resin pockets are still visible on
575:
Fire plays a key role in shortleaf pines ecology, fire influences their maintenance, structure, composition, regeneration, and establishment. Fire reduces competition with different tree species which increases shortleaf pine survival, and it also prepares the soil for regeneration. Shortleaf pine
567:
The shortleaf pine occurs in various habitats such as hardwood forests and open woodlands. The soils, geology, hydrology, and interaction with fire all influence the community structure of the species. It is able to grow in several different hydrological gradients, including sand hills, sandstone
638:
The turpentine that is found in the resin of the tree can be used for treatment of the kidney and bladder. It can be used for treating rheumatic infections as a rub or steam bath; it can also be used internally. It has proven useful for treating respiratory illnesses, such as influenza, coughs,
651:
The
Shortleaf Pine Initiative (SPI) was launched in the spring of 2013 to help combat this issue. SPI is composed of state and federal agencies, as well as public and private organizations. There was a range-wide conservation plan released in June 2016 that aimed to increase coordination with
686:
launched a genetic improvement program in the 1960s that aimed to increase the genetic diversity of the species, which is crucial for effective restoration of the species, by breeding trees and conducting progeny tests. This program posed inadvertent effects, as it opened the opportunity of
428:
The tree has very strong roots, and thus it is able to withstand high winds; additionally, the tree can survive in very dry conditions. The roots are able to reach great depths to search for water. It is believed the roots are this long due to the wide range of the species that consequently
555:
Since the shortleaf pine has such a large range, it can use many different soils. Most shortleaf pines grow in soils that have low organic matter in subsurface horizons and are relatively moist. The shortleaf pine grows in altitudes of up to 3,000 feet in the
Southern Appalachians.
647:
There has been a 53% decline of the shortleaf pine since 1980 due to a lack of disturbance required for regeneration of the species, and impacts of farming and extensive logging. Fire exclusion, land conversion, and land development have negative impacts on shortleaf pine.
320:
is variable in form, sometimes straight, sometimes crooked, with an irregular crown. The tree reaches heights of 80–100 feet. In areas that have optimal growing conditions, the height reached is between 24–27 m (100 to 120 ft). The trunk diameter ranges between 0.5–0.9 m
675:
organism that has twelve pairs of chromosomes. The genome of the shortleaf is comparatively similar to that of other pine species. The C value of the shortleaf pine, or the amount of DNA of a species chromosome, is 21.73 pg when measured utilizing laser flow cytometry.
634:
and into the 1800's, it was a major timber source for homes. The shortleaf pine is famous for lightwood, also known as fat wood: a resinous wood that is well known for lighting fires. A strong fire with this wood only requires a kitchen match.
630:"; it is also occasionally called southern yellow pine or the shortstraw pine. The wood from the shortleaf pine is used commercially for creating flooring and beams. In the past, it was used in building ship masts, and during the
291:
endemic to the United States. The shortleaf pine is sometimes referred to as the "old field", "spruce", "rosemary", "yellow", "two-leaf" and "heart" pine. The common name "shortleaf pine" may refer to other species like
559:
There are 85 different forest types that the shortleaf pine is a component, spanning 22 states in the U.S. Generally speaking, the volume of shortleaf pines has decreased over time across the U.S.
432:
Shortleaf pine can be found in a variety of soils including, stiff clay, gravel, and sand. Although the species is not soil-specific, they do not thrive in wet or very poorly drained conditions.
568:
hills, and slopes. It occurs in rolling uplands and mesic lowlands. It also occurs in several different forest types; these forest types depend on the classification scheme. According to the
679:
The genome of the shortleaf pine is not sequenced; however, loblolly pine genomic information can be used in comparative genetic studies regarding the shortleaf pine.
683:
441:
599:
where their ranges intersect. Hybridization with loblolly pine has become increasingly frequent in recent decades and results in hybrids with lower
663:
conservation status is "critically imperiled" in New York, Pennsylvania, and
Illinois. Conversely, it is "secure" in North Carolina and Virginia.
1533:
920:
1035:"Post-fire resprouting of shortleaf pine is facilitated by a morphological trait but fire eliminates shortleaf × loblolly pine hybrid seedlings"
1598:
1737:
1752:
1747:
1660:
870:"Hybridization Leads to Loss of Genetic Integrity in Shortleaf Pine: Unexpected Consequences of Pine Management and Fire Suppression"
1481:
576:
typically respond well to prescribed fire. With frequent fire, the species can occur in savanna environments, with a very diverse
1546:
1494:
851:
1577:
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The crown is a pyramidal head that contains several small branches. It does not change much throughout the tree's lifetime.
1762:
469:
868:
Tauer, Charles G.; Stewart, John F.; Will, Rodney E.; Lilly, Curtis J.; Guldin, James M.; Nelson, C. Dana (2012-06-01).
1767:
457:
1120:
631:
481:
79:
1019:
Service and support : the 1963 yearbook / U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Intermountain Region, Forest Service
1603:
1169:
1520:
1296:
1263:
572:, the shortleaf pine is found in eighteen different forest cover types and sixty NatureServe plant communities.
833:
1678:
1757:
569:
1473:
1460:
847:
825:
792:
1101:
Hedrick, Larry D.; Bukenhofer, George A.; Montague, Warren G.; Pell, William F.; Guldin, James M. (2007).
909:
403:
has resin pockets (sometimes called pitch patches), which form small depressions, less than 1 millimetre (
1398:
810:
1202:"The genetics of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata mill.) with implications for restoration and management"
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1499:
301:
1613:
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806:
1447:
536:
Shortleaf pine has the largest range of the southern US yellow pines. It is found from southernmost
1364:
211:
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In: Shortleaf Pine
Restoration and Ecology in the Ozarks: Proceedings of a Symposium: 206-213
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238:
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8:
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44:
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74:
1200:
Stewart, John F.; Will, Rodney E.; Crane, Barbara S.; Nelson, C. Dana (October 2016).
1033:
Bradley, J.C.; Will, R.E.; Stewart, J.F.; Nelson, C.D.; Guldin, J.M. (November 2016).
1621:
1406:
1221:
1201:
1056:
891:
805:. Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
333:
308:
can be distinguished from other pines by examining its short leaves and small cones.
179:
1312:
800:
708:
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588:
552:. This pine occupies a variety of habitats from rocky uplands to wet flood plains.
537:
1077:
1034:
528:. It was named by Phillip Miller, and the date of publication was April 16, 1768.
1078:"Ecological and Social History of Shortleaf Pine — The Shortleaf Pine Initiative"
1051:
945:
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colds, and TB. It can also be used dermally for burns, sores, wounds, and boils.
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59:
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263:
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1507:
1358:
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946:"Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database"
886:
869:
596:
577:
304:
to only refer to pines as either "long-leaf" or "short-leaf". However,
117:
336:(bundles) of two and three mixed together, and from 7–11 centimetres (
1512:
1432:
1103:"Shortleaf pine-bluestem restoration in the Ouachita National Forest"
626:
for a variety of uses. The shortleaf pine is one of the southern US "
612:
1320:
1686:
1343:
549:
513:
157:
1525:
1437:
1121:"Shortleaf Pine Restoration Plan — The Shortleaf Pine Initiative"
672:
616:
541:
147:
137:
127:
30:
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413: in) in diameter. This feature can be used to distinguish
329:
969:
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1100:
545:
91:
317:
167:
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325:–3 ft) and averages between 0.6–0.9m (two to three ft).
799:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1199:
867:
994:"Plants Profile for Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine)"
832:. In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
1170:"medicinal herbs: SHORT-LEAF PINE - Pinus echinata"
970:"Pinus echinata | International Plant Names Index"
524:the hybrid typically has a closer resemblance to
1729:
422:shortleaf pine and can used for identification.
1022:. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1964.
770:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
684:United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
854:(USDA) – via Southern Research Station.
732:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42359A2974993.en
702:
700:
802:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
531:
780:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
706:
697:
262:
53:
29:
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885:
775:
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487:Gigantic specimens, with human for scale
852:United States Department of Agriculture
765:
1730:
1072:
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823:
1325:
1324:
1195:
1193:
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1189:
1146:"Shortleaf Pine - TreeInspection.com"
761:
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753:
751:
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1614:95c0ad02-08c0-4da3-aebe-8bea13f45f0d
863:
861:
790:
475:Illustration of tree characteristics
1738:IUCN Red List least concern species
1143:
1067:
718:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1753:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
1748:Trees of the Eastern United States
1186:
784:
746:
14:
1779:
1284:
858:
1679:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262913-1
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480:
468:
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447:Seedlings for planting, showing
440:
78:
1256:
1240:"The Shortleaf Pine Initiative"
1232:
1162:
1137:
1113:
1094:
1026:
1010:
926:from the original on 2016-12-24
642:
520:. It naturally hybridizes with
463:Bark with resin pockets visible
986:
962:
938:
902:
817:
768:Life history of shortleaf pine
659:According to NatureServe, the
611:Shortleaf pine is a source of
311:
1:
1174:www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net
1039:Forest Ecology and Management
917:North Carolina Forest Service
690:
570:Society of American Foresters
512:means "spiny" and refers to "
500:The shortleaf pine is in the
429:experiences varying climate.
1052:10.1016/j.foreco.2016.08.016
848:United States Forest Service
300:), based on a custom in the
7:
1763:Taxa named by Philip Miller
1313:NCRS: USDA Plants Profile:
1206:Tree Genetics & Genomes
910:"Silvics of Shortleaf Pine"
811:Harvard University Herbaria
766:Mattoon, Wilbur R. (1915).
666:
495:
451:crooks near base of foliage
10:
1784:
1264:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
580:and prime habitat for the
562:
302:Southeastern United States
1768:Trees of Northern America
1333:
1218:10.1007/s11295-016-1052-5
824:Lawson, Edwin R. (1990).
807:Missouri Botanical Garden
270:
261:
244:
237:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1268:explorer.natureserve.org
840:Silvics of North America
777:10.5962/bhl.title.108486
671:The shortleaf pine is a
532:Distribution and habitat
998:plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
606:
582:red-cockaded woodpecker
38:Shortleaf pine savanna
809:, St. Louis, MO &
1305:Gymnosperm Database:
791:Kral, Robert (1993).
628:southern yellow pines
1758:Least concern plants
1301:at Wikimedia Commons
725:: e.T42359A2974993.
587:The tree frequently
540:, south to northern
332:are needle-like, in
874:Journal of Forestry
707:Farjon, A. (2013).
45:Conservation status
1150:treeinspection.com
887:10.5849/jof.11-044
544:, west to eastern
364:inches) long. The
16:Species of conifer
1725:
1724:
1622:Open Tree of Life
1327:Taxon identifiers
1295:Media related to
1244:shortleafpine.org
1125:shortleafpine.org
1082:shortleafpine.org
632:Revolutionary War
368:are 4–7 cm (
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950:www.conifers.org
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919:. January 2016.
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844:Washington, D.C.
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813:, Cambridge, MA.
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842:. Vol. 1.
822:
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591:naturally with
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417:from all other
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24:Shortleaf pine
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1715:wfo-0000481283
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1640:Pinus echinata
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1399:pinus-echinata
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1365:Pinus echinata
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1335:Pinus echinata
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1315:Pinus echinata
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1307:Pinus echinata
1302:
1298:Pinus echinata
1286:
1285:External links
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880:(4): 216–224.
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828:Pinus echinata
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661:Pinus echinata
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60:Least Concern
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654:policymakers
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643:Conservation
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118:Gymnospermae
111:
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1653:kew-2561909
1586:NatureServe
1508:iNaturalist
1359:Wikispecies
1045:: 146–152.
930:11 November
526:P. echinata
312:Description
306:P. echinata
298:Pinus taeda
1732:Categories
1648:Plant List
1273:2023-12-03
1249:2023-11-06
1179:2023-11-06
1155:2023-11-06
1130:2023-11-06
1087:2023-11-06
1003:2020-09-30
979:2023-12-03
955:2023-11-06
691:References
597:pitch pine
589:hybridizes
578:understory
176:Subgenus:
124:Division:
1474:200005332
1461:200005332
1226:1614-2942
1061:0378-1127
896:0022-1201
613:wood pulp
334:fascicles
224:Species:
217:Australes
215:subsect.
201:Trifoliae
192:Section:
138:Pinopsida
128:Pinophyta
88:Kingdom:
1692:24900188
1687:Tropicos
1591:2.156332
1539:11079414
1526:262913-1
1350:Q3237846
1344:Wikidata
974:ipni.org
921:Archived
850:(USFS),
835:Conifers
667:Genetics
550:Oklahoma
538:New York
516:", from
514:hedgehog
510:echinata
496:Taxonomy
449:J-shaped
158:Pinaceae
154:Family:
65:IUCN 3.1
1573:MoBotPF
1487:5285324
1425:1033598
738:1 March
673:diploid
617:plywood
563:Ecology
542:Florida
518:echinus
506:epithet
408:⁄
391:⁄
377:⁄
359:⁄
345:⁄
164:Genus:
148:Pinales
144:Order:
134:Class:
92:Plantae
63: (
1702:468882
1699:uBio:
1661:PLANTS
1627:212461
1611:NZOR:
1578:284995
1552:183335
1448:pinech
1445:FEIS:
1394:ARKive
1373:AoFP:
1224:
1059:
894:
624:lumber
622:, and
620:veneer
330:leaves
199:sect.
183:subg.
1743:Pinus
1666:PIEC2
1604:71631
1565:42359
1534:IRMNG
1513:49396
1500:28444
1438:PIUEC
1412:4J267
1383:APA:
1212:(5).
924:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
546:Texas
502:Pinus
419:Pinus
366:cones
255:Mill.
185:Pinus
169:Pinus
112:Clade
99:Clade
1674:POWO
1635:PfaF
1599:NCBI
1560:IUCN
1547:ITIS
1521:IPNI
1495:GRIN
1482:GBIF
1433:EPPO
1376:3422
1222:ISSN
1057:ISSN
932:2018
892:ISSN
740:2024
723:2013
682:The
607:Uses
595:and
548:and
401:bark
399:The
328:The
321:(1+⁄
318:tree
316:The
277:The
1710:WFO
1469:FoC
1456:FNA
1420:EoL
1407:CoL
1386:210
1214:doi
1047:doi
1043:379
882:doi
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727:doi
508:of
281:or
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181:P.
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296:(
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