27:
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108:. In the 18th century, the Russian authorities opened the southern parts of the land to colonization and the northern parts became a place to which criminal and political prisoners were exiled.
2182:
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2336:
1053:
1072:
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817:
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substrate in northern
Russian dialects suggests that in Bjarmaland there once lived speakers of other Finno-Ugric languages beside the Permians.
1845:
371:
834:
1260:
776:
810:
290:
263:
1771:
233:
A Genome-Wide
Analysis of Populations from European Russia Reveals a New Pole of Genetic Diversity in Northern Europe.
364:
803:
2061:
123:
until their land was ceded to Russia, and the people were
Christianized at the beginning of the 18th century.
2398:
2131:
1524:
1452:
312:
View of the
Russian Empire. During the Reign of Catharine the Second, and to the close of the Present Century
195:
Ekaterina
Goldina & Rimma Goldina (2018) On North-Western Contacts of Perm Finns in VII–VIII Centuries,
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232:
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2101:
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211:
1917:
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130:, a northern people mentioned in Old Norse sources, has been suggested. Recent research on the
280:
2209:
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1830:
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253:
131:
101:
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1967:
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8:
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2019:
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259:
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93:
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Khrunin AV, Khokhrin DV, Filippova IN, Esko T, Nelis M, Bebyakova NA, et al. (2013)
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1165:
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341:
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Substrata
Uralica. Studies in Finno-Ugric substrate in northern Russian dialects.
240:
1427:
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2001:
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221:. Vol. IX (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 219.
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148:
100:
in the 1360s and 1370s. From 1471 to 1478, their lands were conquered by the
66:
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http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/hum/suoma/vk/saarikivi/substrat.pdf
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89:. Permians split into two groups, probably during the 9th century.
81:
The ancestors of the
Permians originally inhabited the land called
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38:
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315:. London: T. N. Longman, O. Rees, and J. Debrett. pp.
143:
379:
2520:
282:The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state
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333:Doctoral dissertation. Tartu 2006: 294-295.
45:in the 9th century; Permians marked with red
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96:in the 13th century and were converted to
278:
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111:The Udmurts came under the rule of the
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208:
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305:
92:The Komis came under the rule of the
299:
13:
126:A connection between Permians and
16:Peoples who speak Permic languages
14:
2545:
258:. St Vladimir's Seminary Press.
197:Estonian Journal of Archaeology
104:, which would later become the
966:Indigenous peoples of Dagestan
323:
272:
245:
225:
202:
189:
161:
85:covering the middle and upper
53:are the peoples who speak the
1:
182:
61:language family, and include
19:Not to be confused with the
241:10.1371/journal.pone.0058552
167:Occasionally referred to as
7:
209:Baynes, T. S., ed. (1879).
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279:Taagepera, Rein (1999).
255:On the Edge of the World
252:Leskov, Nikolaĭ (1992).
154:
827:Ethnic groups in Russia
235:PLoS ONE 8(3): e58552.
218:Encyclopædia Britannica
46:
102:Grand Duchy of Moscow
29:
2386:Unrecognized peoples
1872:Other ethnic peoples
1159:Amur-Ussuri Cossacks
2534:Finno-Ugric peoples
2461:Assimilated peoples
1054:Meadow-Eastern Mari
2508:Siberian Bukharans
1644:Aukhovite Chechens
1596:Siberian Bukharans
922:Aukhovite Chechens
340:2017-08-30 at the
329:Saarikivi, Janne:
57:, a branch of the
47:
2516:
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2143:Astrakhan Kazakhs
1867:
1866:
1603:Zabolotnie Tatars
1082:Northwestern Mari
793:
792:
594:Northwestern Mari
380:Peoples speaking
292:978-0-415-91977-7
265:978-0-88141-118-8
106:Tsardom of Russia
98:Russian Orthodoxy
94:Novgorod Republic
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2432:Crimean Italians
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382:Uralic languages
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55:Permic languages
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2427:Caucasus Greeks
2399:Afro-Abkhazians
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2251:Kola Norwegians
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2002:Siberian Finns
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1995:Murmansk Finns
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1859:Tver Karelians
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1173:Kuban Cossacks
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961:Crimean Tatars
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503:Volkhov Chudes
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460:Tver Karelians
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307:Tooke, William
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199:22: 2, 163–180
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2442:Pontic Greeks
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2235:Mountain Jews
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2157:North Koreans
2154:
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2089:
2086:
2081:
2080:Volga Germans
2077:
2074:
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2069:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Georgian Jews
2060:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:Ingrian Finns
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1980:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1969:
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1949:
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1944:
1943:Bukharan Jews
1941:
1939:
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1911:
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1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:Kalmak Tatars
1586:
1583:
1582:Eushta Tatars
1579:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1568:Baraba Tatars
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1236:Mishar Tatars
1233:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1068:Mountain Mari
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
954:
950:
947:
943:
942:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
923:
919:
918:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
894:
890:
887:
883:
880:
876:
875:
874:
871:
866:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
847:
846:
843:
842:
840:
838:
837:nationalities
832:
828:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
798:
783:
778:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
711:
707:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
688:
684:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
655:
653:
651:
647:
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
623:
619:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
602:
597:
595:
592:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
580:
578:
576:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Southern Sámi
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Northern Sámi
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
520:
518:
514:
505:
504:
500:
499:
497:
496:
492:
487:
486:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
451:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
433:Ingrian Finns
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
355:
352:
343:
339:
336:
332:
326:
318:
314:
313:
308:
302:
294:
288:
285:. Routledge.
284:
283:
275:
267:
261:
257:
256:
248:
242:
238:
234:
228:
220:
219:
213:
205:
198:
192:
188:
174:
173:Permian Finns
170:
164:
160:
150:
149:Vychegda Perm
147:
145:
142:
141:
135:
133:
129:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:geologic era.
22:
2230:Montenegrins
1918:Azerbaijanis
1754:Azerbaijanis
1209:Volga Tatars
1196:Tozhu Tuvans
1038:Komi-Permyak
649:
636:
628:
620:
598:Eastern Mari
501:
493:
483:
466:
443:Tornedalians
428:Forest Finns
397:
390:Baltic Finns
330:
325:
311:
301:
281:
274:
254:
247:
227:
216:
204:
196:
191:
172:
168:
163:
125:
117:Golden Horde
110:
91:
80:
50:
48:
35:Baltic Finns
2412:Armeno-Tats
2329:Ural Swedes
2215:Macedonians
2210:Lithuanians
2047:Mingrelians
1923:Belarusians
1905:Cherkesogai
1575:Chat Tatars
1071: [
1057: [
780: [
587:Meadow Mari
575:Volga Finns
530:Kildin Sámi
132:Finno-Ugric
31:Volga Finns
2523:Categories
2372:Vietnamese
2357:Ukrainians
2285:Ruska Roma
2259:Pakistanis
2245:Norwegians
2202:Latgalians
2112:Hungarians
2073:Mennonites
1938:Bulgarians
1821:Tabasarans
1315:Kamchadals
1261:Indigenous
1030:Izhma Komi
976:Kabardians
710:Hungarians
687:Ob-Ugrians
663:Izhma Komi
550:Skolt Sámi
525:Inari Sámi
183:References
169:Perm Finns
87:Kama River
71:Besermyans
2503:Pumpokols
2318:Spaniards
2293:Romanians
2225:Moldovans
2172:Krymchaks
2107:Hamshenis
2026:Adjarians
2020:Georgians
1968:Estonians
1913:Assyrians
1899:Armenians
1889:Americans
1854:Besermyan
1772:Kubachins
1697:Chamalals
1676:Bagvalals
1538:Kumandins
1467:Hamnigans
1423:Izhorians
1415:Northwest
1385:Nganasans
1377:Khandeyar
1272:Far North
1243:Nağaybäks
1229:Kryashens
1125:Ossetians
1117:Khandeyar
991:Karelians
986:Karachays
886:Telengits
858:Natukhajs
756:Nganasans
728:Magyarabs
675:Besermans
630:Meshchera
590:Hill Mari
545:Pite Sámi
535:Lule Sámi
468:Livonians
455:Karelians
450:Izhorians
406:Estonians
399:Bjarmians
128:Bjarmians
2529:Permians
2498:Meschera
2452:Sireniki
2393:Africans
2342:Turkmens
2313:Slovenes
2269:Persians
2196:Latvians
2127:Japanese
2122:Italians
1928:Bosniaks
1836:Tsakhurs
1808:Karagash
1801:Ak Nogai
1732:Khwarshi
1704:Godoberi
1690:Botlikhs
1655:Akhvakhs
1626:Dagestan
1616:Tofalars
1533:Kamasins
1485:Negidals
1453:Far East
1438:Vepsians
1400:Yukaghir
1340:Alyutors
1310:Itelmens
1285:Chukchis
1152:Cossacks
1146:Russians
1090:Mordvins
946:Besleney
940:Cherkess
916:Chechens
906:Bashkirs
893:Tubalars
879:Chelkans
873:Altaians
865:Shapsugs
851:Bzhedugs
766:Kamasins
738:Samoyeds
723:Székelys
650:Permians
604:Mordvins
565:Ume Sámi
560:Ter Sámi
485:Kreevins
474:Vepsians
338:Archived
309:(1799).
138:See also
119:and the
51:Permians
2468:Agrzhan
2447:Qaratay
2437:Korlaks
2377:Yazidis
2367:Uyghurs
2308:Slovaks
2264:Pamiris
2183:Kurmanj
2151:Koreans
2137:Kazakhs
2117:Indians
2067:Germans
2033:Ingiloy
1963:Dungans
1933:Britons
1884:Afghans
1790:Lezgins
1765:Kaitags
1759:Dargins
1725:Karatas
1718:Hunzibs
1711:Hinukhs
1683:Bezhtas
1634:Abazins
1611:Teleuts
1525:Siberia
1443:Votians
1390:Selkups
1335:Koryaks
1300:Dolgans
1295:Chuvans
1290:Chulyms
1263:peoples
1204:Udmurts
1096:Mokshas
1009:Abugach
1002:Koibals
981:Kalmyks
935:Chuvash
930:Chukchi
911:Buryats
901:Balkars
835:Titular
761:Selkups
718:Csángós
670:Udmurts
622:Meryans
614:Mokshas
77:History
67:Udmurts
43:Khazars
21:Permian
2488:Muroma
2422:Buzava
2362:Uzbeks
2337:Tajiks
2323:Swedes
2298:Rusyns
2191:Kyrgyz
2088:Greeks
2015:Gagauz
2010:French
1958:Czechs
1953:Cubans
1879:Abkhaz
1826:Talysh
1816:Rutuls
1795:Nogais
1780:Kumyks
1739:Tindis
1669:Archis
1639:Aghuls
1557:Soyots
1495:Orochs
1490:Nivkhs
1461:Evenks
1405:Yupiks
1371:Nenets
1366:Naukan
1353:Karaga
1330:Khanty
1320:Kereks
1280:Aleuts
1251:Yakuts
1214:Tatars
1190:Tuvans
1182:Pomors
1131:Digors
1111:Nenets
1103:Erzyas
1019:Khanty
996:Khakas
971:Ingush
953:Ademey
845:Adyghe
777:Mators
771:Yurats
746:Nenets
695:Khanty
638:Muroma
609:Erzyas
289:
262:
115:, the
113:Tatars
83:Permia
69:, and
59:Uralic
2493:Merya
2483:Kotts
2473:Asans
2407:Ainus
2347:Turks
2303:Serbs
2274:Poles
2240:Mugat
2177:Kurds
2094:Urums
2054:Svans
1982:Finns
1974:Setos
1894:Arabs
1846:Other
1662:Andis
1649:Avars
1543:Shors
1515:Ulchs
1510:Udege
1500:Oroks
1480:Nanai
1475:Evens
1433:Setos
1395:Yughs
1361:Mansi
1346:Apuka
1305:Enets
1138:Irons
1075:]
1061:]
1043:Mansi
784:]
751:Enets
700:Mansi
495:Chuds
479:Votes
438:Kvens
423:Finns
416:Võros
411:Setos
319:–532.
155:Notes
63:Komis
39:Slavs
2478:Chud
2352:Udis
2279:Roma
2132:Jews
1831:Tats
1785:Laks
1746:Tsez
1428:Sámi
1325:Kets
1212:(as
1048:Mari
1024:Komi
658:Komi
583:Mari
517:Sámi
287:ISBN
260:ISBN
144:Chud
49:The
41:and
2102:Han
2040:Laz
1549:Aba
1505:Taz
317:527
237:doi
171:or
2525::
1073:ru
1059:ru
782:ru
498:†
215:.
73:.
65:,
37:,
33:,
1216:)
819:e
812:t
805:v
786:†
773:†
641:†
633:†
625:†
506:†
488:†
402:†
373:e
366:t
359:v
295:.
268:.
239::
175:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.