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The NWHI once accounted for approximately half of the locally landed bottomfish in Hawaii. The NWHI bottomfish fishery was a limited entry fishery, with eight vessels, which were restricted to 60 feet (18 m) in length. Frank McCoy, then chair of the
Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management
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converted it into the
Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge in 1940. A series of incremental protection expansions followed, leading to the establishment of Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge in 1988, Kure Atoll State Wildlife Sanctuary in 1993, and the NWHI Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve in
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We are pleased the
President recognizes the near pristine condition of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands waters. We believe the abundance and biodiversity of the area attests to the successful management of the NWHI fisheries by the Council the past 30 years and indicates that properly regulated
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can undo a monument designation. The sanctuary process, it takes longer; it involves more congressional input, more public debate, more hearings and meetings. And he obviously made a decision today to, actually, take a bold step and create something which is going to be immediate, that the law
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458:(NMFS) reported in 2008 that many species populations have not fully recovered from a large-scale shift in the oceanic ecosystem that affected the North Pacific during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This shift reduced populations of important species such as
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fisheries can operate in the NWHI without impacting the ecosystem. The small NWHI bottomfish fishery has not and would not jeopardize the protection of the NWHI that
President Bush is pursuing by designating the area a national monument.
701:(MPA) had already taken five years of effort, but the abrupt establishment of the NWHI as a National Monument, rather than a Sanctuary, provided immediate and more resilient protection. The protection is revocable only by legislation.
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The
National Marine Fisheries Service published reports attesting to the health of bottomfish stocks. Commercial and recreational bottomfish and pelagic fishing were recommended to be continued under a 2004 NOAA draft of protections.
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761:(PSSA) status, which would "alert mariners to exercise caution in the ecologically important, sensitive, and hazardous area they are entering." In October 2007, the Marine Environmental Protection Committee of the
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The monument covers roughly 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea (out to 200 miles (320 km) offshore) in the
Pacific Ocean – larger than all of
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Rohmann, S. O.; J. J. Hayes; R. C. Newhall; M. E. Monaco; R. W. Grigg (November 2005). "The area of potential shallow-water tropical and subtropical coral ecosystems in the United States".
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About 132,000 square miles (340,000 km) of the monument are part of the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve, designated in 2000. The monument also includes the
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for the proposed
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary was to be published. This was the second use by Bush of the Antiquities Act, following the declaration of the
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have not recovered from extensive harvesting in the 1980s and 1990s, which is now banned; the remaining fisheries are overfished, although commercial fishing is banned.
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between people and the natural world, and as the place where it is believed that life originates and to where the spirits return after death. On two of the islands,
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On
February 27, 2007, President Bush amended Proclamation 8031, naming the monument "Papahānaumokuākea", inspired by the names of the Hawaiian creator goddess
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The
Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, with an area of 254,418.1 acres (397.53 sq mi; 1,029.6 km) is administered by the
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347:. It was created in June 2006 with 140,000 square miles (360,000 km) and expanded in August 2016 by moving its border to the limit of the
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685:. Using the Antiquities Act bypassed the normal year of consultations and halted the public input process and came just before the draft
620:, as a response to the over-harvesting of seabirds, and in recognition of the importance of the NWHI as seabird nesting sites. President
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A 2010 expedition to the Kure atoll sent divers to a depth of 250 feet (76 m) revealing new species of coral and other animals.
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1931:"Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center response to questions concerning Hawaii's bottomfish and seamount groundfish populations"
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2099:"From the meetings • Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) • 57th session : Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas"
1780:"Federal Fishery Managers Address Impact of NWHI Monument on Bottomfish Fishery and Research throughout Hawaii Archipelago"
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During an annual cleanup in 2015, 705 toothbrushes and personal care items were removed from the shorelines of Midway Atoll
494:
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462:, seabirds and Hawaiian monk seals. The monument receives strict conservation protection, with exceptions for traditional
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2041:"Amending Proclamation 8031 of June 15, 2006, To Read, "Establishment of the Papahānaumokuāke Marine National Monument"
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375:, there are archaeological remains relating to pre-European settlement and use. Much of the monument is made up of
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encompassing 583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km) of ocean waters, including ten islands and atolls of the
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habitat (i.e., down to 100 fathoms (180 m)) in U.S. territory. It is slightly larger than Australia's
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in February 2006. The legislated process for stakeholder involvement in the planning and management of a
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2164:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – World Heritage Committee inscribes two new sites on World Heritage List"
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The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) were first protected on February 3, 1909, when U.S. President
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666:. Compelled by the film's portrayal of the flora and fauna, Bush moved quickly to expand protections.
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established the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Coral Reef Ecosystem Reserve on December 4, 2000, with
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1969:
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883:) take increased by 12%. The catch increased the most at 115 to 230 miles from the area boundaries.
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2426:"Aloha! Welcome to Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument – where nature and culture are one"
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681:, designating the waters of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands a national monument under the 1906
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2013:
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Monument status is quicker; it's more comprehensive; and it's more permanent. Only an act of
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in July 2010 as "Papahānaumokuākea". at the 34th Session of the World Heritage Committee in
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2312:"RV Petrel discovers the IJN Flagship AKAGI and Aircraft Carrier KAGA | Argunners Magazine"
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In 2020 a species of seaweed was discovered that has been killing large patches of coral.
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The Federal Interagency Panel for World Heritage officially designated the monument as a
636:. Clinton's executive order initiated a process to designate the waters of the NWHI as a
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1785:(Press release). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. October 18, 2006
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In 2022, a study reported that the MPA acted as a tuna nursery. Near the reserve the
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while running at full speed and in ballast. Researchers will map and study the wreck
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Global locator map of all sites in the United States National Marine Sanctuary system
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within the monument. She had sunk there on October 8, 1957, when she ran aground on
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On May 15, 2007, President Bush announced his intention to submit the monument for
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482:, approximately the size of the country of Germany, and just slightly smaller than
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PMNMIMS = Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Information Management System
1865:(Press release). Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. May 15, 2006
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2279:"Fact Sheet: President Obama to Create the World's Largest Marine Protected Area"
1936:. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. October 24, 2005. Archived from
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2333:"Aggressive new seaweed is killing coral reefs in remote Hawaiian island chain"
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1200:"Climate variation, regime shifts, and implications for sustainable fisheries"
673:
George W. Bush signing proclamation to establish the monument on June 15, 2006
355:. It is internationally known for its cultural and natural values as follows:
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1546:"President Sets Aside Largest Marine Conservation Area on Earth (Story 2644)"
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Joshua Reichert proclaimed the importance of the timely designation, saying:
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combined. It contains approximately 10 percent of the tropical shallow water
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1572:"President Bush Establishes Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument"
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1428:"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument: A Citizen's Guide"
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1214:
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629:
603:
413:
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World Heritage Site profile for Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
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4800:
4795:
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2183:"World Heritage Committee inscribes two new sites on World Heritage List"
2077:"President's Statement on Advancing U.S. Interests in the World's Oceans"
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expanded the monument's area by roughly four times, to the limits of the
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The area has deep cosmological and traditional significance for living
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Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
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Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
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PMNMIMS.org: Papahānaumokuākea Information Management System homepage
2500:
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902:
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76:
2258:"Obama To Create World's Largest Protected Marine Area Off Hawaii"
1984:"Proposed Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Marine Sanctuary"
1885:"Response to questions concerning Hawaii's bottomfish populations"
751:
523:(IUCN) commented on the natural features of the monument, and the
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4551:
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1890:. NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. October 27, 2005
1631:
815:
448:
1070:"Hawaii Is Now Home to an Ocean Reserve Twice the Size of Texas"
44:
5136:
4843:
4718:
La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico
2694:
2595:
1860:"NWHI Fisheries and Ecosystem Protection Have and Can Co-Exist"
490:
483:
309:
1402:"Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Proclaimed a National Monument"
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The monument supports 7,000 species, one quarter of which are
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culture, as an ancestral environment, as an embodiment of the
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4511:
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in November 2008. The national monument was inscribed on the
516:, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands State Marine Refuge.
315:
297:
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2079:(Press release). Office of the Press Secretary. May 15, 2007
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3092:
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Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Condition Report
2447:
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Discovery Center
2296:
1699:
1223:
Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science
501:, on Midway Atoll, provides aerial access to the monument.
327:
321:
303:
4919:
2465:
Facebook.com: Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
519:
As a mixed site with natural and cultural resources, the
512:
National Memorial, the Hawaii State Seabird Sanctuary at
489:
The islands included in the monument are all part of the
5422:
National monuments in insular areas of the United States
4644:
Kluane-Wrangell–St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek
2174:
2161:
875:) catch increased by 54% between 2016 and 2019 and the
654:
and his wife viewed a screening of the documentary film
2362:"Protecting marine areas helps both fish and fishermen"
1797:
1501:, which became Public Law 106-513 on November 13, 2000.
1345:
System, National Wildlife Refuge (September 30, 2007).
2493:
NOAA/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration:
852:
on June 4, 1942, was found within the monument by the
647:
declared parts of the monument a state marine refuge.
613:
created the Hawaiian Islands Bird Reservation through
379:
and deepwater habitats, with notable features such as
1745:"President Bush Declares National Monument in Hawaii"
1125:
UNESCO's World Heritage listing for Papahānaumokuākea
318:
312:
306:
294:
5402:
Natural history of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2091:
279:
273:
4700:
The 20th-Century Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright
300:
288:
285:
4396:Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex
2475:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument images.
1743:(guest); Joshua Reichert (guest) (June 15, 2006).
1163:
640:. A public comment period began in 2002. In 2005,
547:(NOAA). It contains U.S. and Hawaiian designated
4138:President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
2558:
1813:, Pacific Islands Regional Office, archived from
802:On August 3, 2015, divers found the wreck of the
543:The monument's ocean area is administered by the
5358:
3310:Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
1347:"Lands Report – National Wildlife Refuge System"
1063:
1061:
149:Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
2518:Smithsonian Ocean Portal: Papahānaumokuākea MNM
1036:List of national monuments of the United States
829:. It was at that time the world's largest MPA.
581:at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument
545:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
141:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1655:"Bush Plans Vast Protected Sea Area in Hawaii"
1599:"Turnaround as Bush creates huge aquatic Eden"
1118:
521:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4963:The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
4760:
4497:
4314:
4185:
3337:
2689:
2675:
2651:
2544:
1372:"Bush creates world's biggest ocean preserve"
1135:
1133:
1058:
3068:Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park
2461:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
2432:. Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
2138:"Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument"
1836:"Papahanaumokuakea Marine National Monument"
1256:
1191:
555:and memorials with separate administration.
525:International Council on Monuments and Sites
493:, except Midway Atoll, which is part of the
1680:
1646:
400:. Prominent species include the endangered
324:
4774:
4767:
4753:
4504:
4490:
4321:
4307:
4192:
4178:
3344:
3330:
2682:
2668:
2628:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
2551:
2537:
2495:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
2395:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
2209:"Sea temperature rise prompts coral watch"
1130:
265:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
163:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
24:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
5427:World Heritage Sites in the United States
4674:Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
4513:World Heritage Sites in the United States
2481:Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge
1847:All commercial fishing eliminated in 2010
1340:
1338:
508:(590,991.50 acres (2,391.7 km)) and
3292:Wahiawā Freshwater State Recreation Area
3025:Wailuku River State Park / Rainbow Falls
2310:Magazine, ARGunners (October 21, 2019).
2309:
2231:"Waikīkī Aquarium » Coral Programs"
1624:"Jean-Michel Cousteau: Ocean Adventures"
1197:
1046:List of marine protected areas of Hawaii
793:
726:
668:
594:
584:
569:
534:
527:(ICOMOS) assessed its cultural aspects.
251:
124:583,000 square miles (1,510,000 km)
3353:National monuments of the United States
1492:National Marine Sanctuaries Act of 2000
1067:
691:African Burial Ground National Monument
432:, numerous species of plants including
5359:
5042:Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
3015:Old Kona Airport State Recreation Area
2980:Kohala Historical Sites State Monument
2206:
1712:Head of Environmental Programs at the
1652:
1344:
1335:
1100:"Learn to pronounce Papahānaumokuākea"
832:On October 21, 2019, the wreck of the
713:applies immediately to this place now.
5194:Environmental issues with coral reefs
4748:
4485:
4302:
4173:
3325:
3227:Kūkaniloko Birthstones State Monument
3121:Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area
2735:National Historical Parks & Sites
2663:
2650:
2532:
2487:Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
2255:
1596:
1382:from the original on November 8, 2012
506:Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
16:Protected region of ocean and islands
5377:Marine reserves of the United States
4334:United States Minor Outlying Islands
4037:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
3887:Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
3287:Waʻahila Ridge State Recreation Area
3101:Halekiʻi-Pihana Heiau State Monument
2965:Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park
2359:
1993:. September 20, 2004. Archived from
1828:
1068:Barnett, Cynthia (August 26, 2016).
495:United States Minor Outlying Islands
67:United States Minor Outlying Islands
5412:Protected areas established in 2006
5382:National Wildlife Refuges in Hawaii
4108:Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
2399:National Marine Sanctuaries Program
2207:Kubota, Gary T. (August 21, 2010).
2110:International Maritime Organization
1653:Revkin, Andrew C. (June 15, 2006).
1141:"Bush creates new marine sanctuary"
765:designated the monument as a PSSA.
763:International Maritime Organization
13:
3252:Puʻu o Mahuka Heiau State Monument
3217:Keaīwa Heiau State Recreation Area
3020:Wailoa River State Recreation Area
2970:Kekaha Kai (Kona Coast) State Park
2950:Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area
2383:
2180:
1681:Connaughton, Jim (June 20, 2006).
1171:"Lobster fishery remains battered"
987:Stenella longirostris longirostris
14:
5438:
3524:Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley
3277:Sand Island State Recreation Area
3242:Mālaekahana State Recreation Area
2418:
2360:Koop, Fermin (October 21, 2022).
2256:Eagle, Nathan (August 26, 2016).
1811:National Marine Fisheries Service
530:
456:National Marine Fisheries Service
49:August 2016 boundary and location
5237:International Coral Reef Society
5077:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
4858:
3177:ʻAiea Bay State Recreation Area
3136:Wailua Valley State Wayside Park
2445:Papahanaumokuakea.gov: Official
1597:Weiss, Kenneth (June 15, 2006).
994:
968:
949:
930:
911:
893:
791:cultured the new coral species.
269:
43:
5168:Stony coral tissue loss disease
4639:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
4248:Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
4123:Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
3282:Ulupō Heiau State Historic Site
3010:Mauna Kea State Recreation Area
2995:MacKenzie State Recreation Area
2799:Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale
2635:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
2353:
2325:
2303:
2271:
2249:
2223:
2200:
2181:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
2155:
2130:
2069:
2050:. March 2, 2007. Archived from
2033:
1976:
1923:
1877:
1852:
1772:
1729:
1706:
1674:
1616:
1590:
1564:
1538:
1522:. June 17, 2006. Archived from
1504:
1485:
1420:
1394:
1364:
1030:List of largest protected areas
759:Particularly Sensitive Sea Area
383:and submerged banks, extensive
353:world's largest protected areas
5397:Archaeological sites in Hawaii
3837:Camp Hale – Continental Divide
3474:Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers
3267:Royal Mausoleum State Monument
3083:Waimea State Recreational Pier
2985:Lapakahi State Historical Park
2162:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1288:
1092:
942:Gallinula galeata sandvicensis
687:environmental impact statement
677:On June 15, 2006, Bush signed
560:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
480:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
391:
145:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
5417:2006 establishments in Hawaii
5372:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
5097:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
4128:Pacific Remote Islands Marine
4093:Aleutian Islands World War II
3399:Belmont-Paul Women's Equality
3197:ʻIolani Palace State Monument
3126:Puaʻa Kaʻa State Wayside Park
3043:Ahukini State Recreation Pier
2560:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
2048:Office of the Press Secretary
1759:NewsHour Hawaii June 16, 2006
1576:Office of the Press Secretary
1198:Polovina, Jeffrey J. (2005).
1051:
345:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
59:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
5367:National Monuments in Hawaii
4007:Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks
3649:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home
3579:George Washington Birthplace
3257:Puʻu ʻUalakaʻa State Wayside
3237:Makapuʻu Point State Wayside
3207:Kaiwi State Scenic Shoreline
3172:Ahupuaʻa O Kahana State Park
3111:Kaumahina State Wayside Park
2960:Kalopa State Recreation Area
1750:The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer
7:
5122:Southeast Asian coral reefs
4202:National Marine Sanctuaries
4047:Upper Missouri River Breaks
3187:Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve
3182:Diamond Head State Monument
1013:
365:Hawaiian concept of kinship
10:
5443:
5082:New Caledonia barrier reef
4634:Grand Canyon National Park
4118:Military Working Dog Teams
3872:Saint Francis Dam Disaster
3729:Springfield 1908 Race Riot
3644:Little Bighorn Battlefield
3247:Nuʻuanu Pali State Wayside
3106:ʻĪao Valley State Monument
2108:, no. 2, London, UK:
1207:Bulletin of Marine Science
886:
821:In August 2016, President
565:
466:uses and limited tourism.
175:UNESCO World Heritage Site
153:Office of Hawaiian Affairs
5407:Protected areas of Hawaii
5296:
5264:
5217:
5186:
5145:
4982:
4974:Spur and groove formation
4905:
4867:
4856:
4786:
4726:
4708:
4692:
4679:Yellowstone National Park
4614:
4565:
4542:
4519:
4470:Office of Insular Affairs
4464:
4446:
4383:National Wildlife Refuges
4381:
4363:
4342:Marine national monuments
4340:
4288:Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast
4208:
4156:
4060:
3982:Grand Staircase–Escalante
3895:
3802:
3774:Virgin Islands Coral Reef
3634:Katahdin Woods and Waters
3359:
3304:
3232:Lāʻie Point State Wayside
3162:
3144:
3091:
3033:
3005:Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve
3000:Manuka State Wayside Park
2975:Kīholo State Park Reserve
2935:
2920:
2898:
2875:
2809:National Wildlife Refuges
2807:
2791:National Marine Sanctuary
2789:
2771:
2733:
2710:
2701:
2657:
2652:Links to related articles
2624:
2566:
2471:Flickr: FWS photo gallery
2211:. Hawaii Star-Adverstiser
2142:www.papahanaumokuakea.gov
1321:10.1007/s00338-005-0014-4
961:Neomonachus schauinslandi
662:along with its director,
650:In April 2006, President
638:National Marine Sanctuary
445:the Pew Charitable Trusts
246:
242:
232:
222:
205:
197:
189:
181:
172:
168:
158:
136:
128:
120:
83:
72:
54:
42:
28:
23:
5037:East African coral coast
4133:Papahānaumokuākea Marine
3764:Tule Springs Fossil Beds
3654:Mill Springs Battlefield
3584:George Washington Carver
3262:Queen Emma Summer Palace
3212:Kaka'ako Waterfront Park
3131:Waiʻanapanapa State Park
3078:Waimea Canyon State Park
3058:Nā Pali Coast State Park
2990:Lava Tree State Monument
2781:Papahānaumokuākea Marine
2758:Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP
1406:Environment News Service
1378:. MSNBC. June 15, 2006.
983:Hawaiian spinner dolphin
579:short-tailed albatrosses
472:America's national parks
3997:Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
3947:Canyons of the Ancients
3932:Berryessa Snow Mountain
3827:Berryessa Snow Mountain
3719:Salinas Pueblo Missions
3404:Birmingham Civil Rights
3379:Alibates Flint Quarries
3272:Sacred Falls State Park
3202:Ka'ena Point State Park
3073:Wailua River State Park
2945:ʻAkaka Falls State Park
1376:U.S. news / Environment
1127:Accessed August 1, 2010
827:exclusive economic zone
428:, seabirds such as the
351:, making it one of the
349:exclusive economic zone
5204:Coral reef restoration
4684:Yosemite National Park
4596:University of Virginia
4448:The Nature Conservancy
4350:Pacific Remote Islands
4113:Marianas Trench Marine
3977:Grand Canyon–Parashant
3599:Grand Canyon–Parashant
3529:Florissant Fossil Beds
3449:Castillo de San Marcos
2606:Pearl and Hermes Atoll
2401:. 2008. Archived from
2112:, 2008, archived from
2021:Cite journal requires
1964:Cite journal requires
1911:Cite journal requires
1723:June 24, 2006, at the
1497:June 14, 2006, at the
1473:Cite journal requires
1445:. 2005. Archived from
834:Imperial Japanese Navy
799:
739:
725:
715:
674:
606:
592:
582:
540:
439:, and many species of
389:
341:U.S. National Monument
260:
105:25.70000°N 171.73333°W
5199:Coral reef protection
5163:Skeletal eroding band
4969:Catlin Seaview Survey
4957:Census of Coral Reefs
4935:mesophotic coral reef
4654:Olympic National Park
4580:Great Smoky Mountains
4017:Prehistoric Trackways
3877:San Gabriel Mountains
3744:Sunset Crater Volcano
3369:African Burial Ground
3361:National Park Service
2581:French Frigate Shoals
2430:papahanaumokuakea.gov
2000:on September 10, 2008
1809:, Honolulu, HI, USA:
1757:on January 22, 2014.
1714:Pew Charitable Trusts
1683:"Ask the White House"
1452:on September 10, 2008
1265:Theodore Roosevelt IV
1104:papahanaumokuakea.gov
900:School of sea chubs (
797:
736:French Frigate Shoals
732:Hawaiian squirrelfish
730:
720:
706:
699:marine protected area
672:
634:Executive Order 13178
622:Franklin D. Roosevelt
598:
588:
573:
538:
357:
255:
35:strict nature reserve
5309:Aquaculture of coral
5092:Non-tropical regions
4606:San Antonio Missions
4022:Río Grande del Norte
3852:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3629:John Day Fossil Beds
3609:Hagerman Fossil Beds
3589:Gila Cliff Dwellings
3409:Booker T. Washington
2763:Puʻukoholā Heiau NHS
2753:Kaloko-Honokōhau NHP
1741:Jean-Michel Cousteau
1080:on November 16, 2018
844:, which sank during
664:Jean-Michel Cousteau
402:hawksbill sea turtle
201:iii, vi, viii, ix, x
110:25.70000; -171.73333
5227:Coral Reef Alliance
5117:Solomon Archipelago
5022:Belize Barrier Reef
4997:African coral reefs
4233:Flower Garden Banks
3962:Craters of the Moon
3489:Craters of the Moon
3063:Polihale State Park
2237:. November 12, 2013
2235:waikikiaquarium.org
1313:2005CorRe..24..370R
1227:University of Miami
1176:Honolulu Advertiser
1106:. February 27, 2007
1074:National Geographic
1006:Balaenoptera brydei
778:World Heritage List
774:World Heritage site
738:, Papahānaumokuākea
408:and the endangered
259:– Papahānaumokuākea
137:Governing body
101: /
5173:White band disease
5158:Black band disease
5127:Tuvalu Archipelago
5107:Raja Ampat Islands
5047:Great Barrier Reef
4693:Multiple locations
4365:National Memorials
4243:Greater Farallones
4160:Full Detailed List
3942:California Coastal
3154:Palaʻau State Park
2773:National Monuments
2119:on August 28, 2013
2057:on August 30, 2021
1660:The New York Times
1274:The New York Times
1269:"Treasure Islands"
1263:Reichert, Joshua;
1025:Great Barrier Reef
957:Hawaiian monk seal
938:Hawaiian gallinule
806:Mission San Miguel
800:
767:Commercial fishing
740:
718:Council, claimed:
675:
642:Governor of Hawaii
611:Theodore Roosevelt
607:
593:
590:Hawaiian monk seal
583:
541:
410:Hawaiian monk seal
261:
223:Reference no.
5352:
5351:
5260:
5259:
5178:White pox disease
5027:Coral Sea Islands
4742:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4664:Papahānaumokuākea
4594:
4534:Statue of Liberty
4529:Independence Hall
4479:
4478:
4355:Papahānaumokuākea
4296:
4295:
4273:Papahānaumokuākea
4167:
4166:
4143:Rose Atoll Marine
3804:US Forest Service
3734:Statue of Liberty
3684:Organ Pipe Cactus
3444:Casa Grande Ruins
3374:Agate Fossil Beds
3319:
3318:
3300:
3299:
3192:Heʻeia State Park
3116:Makena State Park
3053:Kōkeʻe State Park
3048:Haʻena State Park
2916:
2915:
2900:National memorial
2725:Hawaiʻi Volcanoes
2644:
2643:
2586:Gardner Pinnacles
2459:Papahānaumokuākea
2405:on March 10, 2008
2338:Los Angeles Times
2297:National Archives
2287:. August 26, 2016
2106:IMO News Magazine
2046:(Press release).
1700:National Archives
1603:Los Angeles Times
1574:(Press release).
1548:(Press release).
1267:(June 15, 2006).
1020:Galápagos Islands
977:
873:Thunnus albacares
679:Proclamation 8031
447:, populations of
404:, the threatened
257:Red pencil urchin
250:
249:
218:
185:Papahānaumokuākea
73:Nearest city
5434:
5339:Deep-water coral
5314:Coral dermatitis
5215:
5214:
4930:Deep-water coral
4862:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4624:Carlsbad Caverns
4592:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4456:Palmyra Preserve
4373:Battle of Midway
4323:
4316:
4309:
4300:
4299:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4052:Vermilion Cliffs
4027:San Juan Islands
3957:Cascade–Siskiyou
3862:Mount St. Helens
3812:Admiralty Island
3659:Montezuma Castle
3594:Governors Island
3459:Castle Mountains
3434:Cape Krusenstern
3429:Canyon de Chelly
3414:Buck Island Reef
3346:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3322:
2937:Hawaiʻi (island)
2933:
2932:
2926:Recreation Areas
2890:Hawaii Volcanoes
2877:Wilderness Areas
2827:Hawaiian Islands
2708:
2707:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2648:
2647:
2601:Lisianski Island
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2453:homepage + links
2441:
2439:
2437:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1943:on June 25, 2008
1942:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1753:. Archived from
1733:
1727:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1508:
1502:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1432:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1244:on June 24, 2006
1243:
1237:. Archived from
1204:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1076:. Archived from
1065:
1041:Valdes Peninsula
998:
979:
978:
953:
934:
915:
897:
850:Battle of Midway
837:aircraft carrier
789:Waikiki Aquarium
750:and her husband
600:Spinner dolphins
510:Battle of Midway
430:Laysan albatross
422:Nihoa millerbird
406:green sea turtle
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
267:(PMNM) (roughly
212:
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
47:
21:
20:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5348:
5334:Coralline algae
5304:Artificial reef
5292:
5265:Symbiotic algae
5256:
5213:
5209:Reef resilience
5182:
5153:Coral bleaching
5141:
5007:Andros, Bahamas
4978:
4952:Coral reef fish
4901:
4863:
4854:
4782:
4773:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4704:
4688:
4610:
4561:
4538:
4515:
4510:
4480:
4475:
4460:
4442:
4377:
4359:
4336:
4330:Protected areas
4327:
4297:
4292:
4278:Stellwagen Bank
4218:Channel Islands
4204:
4198:
4168:
4163:
4152:
4070:
4056:
3987:Ironwood Forest
3922:Basin and Range
3899:Land Management
3898:
3891:
3798:
3749:Timpanogos Cave
3669:Natural Bridges
3494:Devils Postpile
3469:César E. Chávez
3439:Capulin Volcano
3355:
3350:
3320:
3315:
3296:
3158:
3140:
3087:
3029:
2955:Huliheʻe Palace
2927:
2925:
2923:
2912:
2894:
2871:
2803:
2785:
2767:
2729:
2697:
2691:Protected areas
2688:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2620:
2562:
2557:
2435:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2408:
2406:
2389:
2386:
2384:Further reading
2381:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2290:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1965:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1818:
1817:on May 27, 2010
1806:Fishing Permits
1803:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1725:Wayback Machine
1718:Reichart letter
1711:
1707:
1693:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1579:
1578:. June 15, 2006
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1552:. June 15, 2006
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1526:on July 6, 2008
1510:
1509:
1505:
1499:Wayback Machine
1490:
1486:
1474:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1408:. June 15, 2006
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1336:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1179:. June 19, 2006
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1151:. June 15, 2006
1139:
1138:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1016:
1009:
999:
990:
980:
969:
964:
954:
945:
935:
926:
923:Sula dactylatra
916:
907:
898:
889:
854:research vessel
769:ended in 2010.
683:Antiquities Act
615:Executive Order
568:
551:, sanctuaries,
533:
499:Henderson Field
491:State of Hawaii
464:Native Hawaiian
443:. According to
394:
361:Native Hawaiian
272:
268:
177:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
50:
38:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5319:Precious coral
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5268:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5146:Coral diseases
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5132:Virgin Islands
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:Coral Triangle
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4772:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4659:Pueblo de Taos
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Johnston Atoll
4415:
4410:
4408:Howland Island
4405:
4404:
4403:
4401:Navassa Island
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:American Samoa
4209:
4206:
4205:
4200:United States
4197:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4042:Sonoran Desert
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4012:Pompeys Pillar
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Rainbow Bridge
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Freedom Riders
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Fort Frederica
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:Castle Clinton
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:James Campbell
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Hakalau Forest
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Honouliuli NHS
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2712:National Parks
2705:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2442:
2420:
2419:External links
2417:
2416:
2415:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2352:
2341:. July 8, 2020
2324:
2302:
2284:whitehouse.gov
2270:
2248:
2222:
2199:
2173:
2154:
2129:
2090:
2068:
2032:
2023:|journal=
1975:
1966:|journal=
1922:
1913:|journal=
1876:
1851:
1827:
1796:
1771:
1728:
1705:
1688:whitehouse.gov
1673:
1645:
1628:Voyage to Kure
1615:
1589:
1563:
1537:
1503:
1484:
1475:|journal=
1419:
1393:
1363:
1334:
1287:
1255:
1190:
1162:
1129:
1117:
1091:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1000:
993:
991:
981:
967:
965:
955:
948:
946:
936:
929:
927:
919:Masked boobies
917:
910:
908:
899:
892:
888:
885:
881:Thunnus obesus
869:yellowfin tuna
656:Voyage to Kure
652:George W. Bush
567:
564:
532:
531:Administration
529:
497:insular area.
393:
390:
337:World Heritage
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
207:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
85:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5439:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5355:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5287:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:Zooxanthellae
5270:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Project AWARE
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5219:Organizations
5216:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Ningaloo Reef
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4992:List of reefs
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4984:Coral regions
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Chaco Culture
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Poverty Point
4599:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Palmyra Atoll
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Jarvis Island
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4310:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:Olympic Coast
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Hanford Reach
4101:
4099:
4098:Castner Range
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4002:Mojave Trails
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:Carrizo Plain
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Browns Canyon
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Giant Sequoia
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Browns Canyon
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Walnut Canyon
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Poverty Point
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Grand Portage
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Fort Matanzas
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Effigy Mounds
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
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3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:and Preserves
2919:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Kilauea Point
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Kalaupapa NHP
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:Necker Island
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2015:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1958:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1905:
1886:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1837:
1831:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1739:(moderator);
1738:
1737:Jeffrey Brown
1732:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1551:
1550:NOAA Magazine
1547:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1512:"Designation"
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1467:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:(3). Berlin:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1003:
1002:Bryde's whale
997:
992:
988:
984:
966:
962:
958:
952:
947:
943:
939:
933:
928:
924:
920:
914:
909:
905:
904:
896:
891:
890:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
860:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:
838:
835:
830:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
807:
796:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:Papahānaumoku
744:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
714:
711:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
671:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:
619:
616:
612:
605:
601:
597:
591:
587:
580:
576:
572:
563:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
537:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
465:
461:
460:spiny lobster
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Nihoa finches
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
388:
387:and lagoons.
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
266:
258:
254:
245:
241:
238:
237:North America
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
216:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
182:Official name
180:
176:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:June 15, 2006
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
53:
46:
41:
36:
32:
31:IUCN category
27:
22:
19:
5387:Midway Atoll
5354:
5285:Symbiodinium
5283:
5276:
5187:Conservation
5102:Pulley Ridge
5096:
4961:
4869:Octocorallia
4788:Hexacorallia
4728:Shared with
4663:
4585:Mammoth Cave
4468:
4428:Midway Atoll
4423:Kingman Reef
4391:Baker Island
4354:
4272:
4263:Monterey Bay
4228:Florida Keys
4223:Cordell Bank
4158:
4132:
4032:Sand to Snow
3882:Sand to Snow
3857:Misty Fjords
3842:Chimney Rock
3779:Waco Mammoth
3724:Scotts Bluff
3714:Russell Cave
3679:Oregon Caves
3614:Hohokam Pima
3569:Fossil Butte
3559:Fort Stanwix
3554:Fort Pulaski
3544:Fort McHenry
3499:Devils Tower
3464:Cedar Breaks
3308:
3222:Kewalo Basin
2922:State Parks,
2908:Pearl Harbor
2867:Pearl Harbor
2826:
2780:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2611:Midway Atoll
2511:
2474:
2452:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2429:
2409:September 3,
2407:. Retrieved
2403:the original
2394:
2369:. Retrieved
2365:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2336:
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2305:
2295:– via
2291:September 3,
2289:. Retrieved
2282:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2202:
2192:September 3,
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2176:
2167:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2132:
2121:, retrieved
2114:the original
2105:
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2035:
2014:cite journal
2002:. Retrieved
1995:the original
1978:
1957:cite journal
1945:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1925:
1904:cite journal
1892:. Retrieved
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1854:
1846:
1839:. Retrieved
1830:
1821:September 4,
1819:, retrieved
1815:the original
1805:
1799:
1787:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:September 7,
1762:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1749:
1731:
1708:
1698:– via
1692:. Retrieved
1686:
1676:
1664:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1592:
1580:. Retrieved
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1515:
1506:
1487:
1466:cite journal
1454:. Retrieved
1447:the original
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1356:September 3,
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1278:. Retrieved
1272:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1215:Virginia Key
1210:
1206:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1144:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1073:
1032:in the world
1005:
986:
960:
941:
922:
901:
880:
872:
866:
863:
857:
846:World War II
840:
831:
823:Barack Obama
820:
805:
801:
786:
771:
756:
745:
741:
721:
716:
707:
703:
676:
655:
649:
645:Linda Lingle
630:Bill Clinton
627:
608:
604:Midway Atoll
557:
542:
518:
503:
488:
468:
453:
434:
395:
373:Mokumanamana
358:
264:
262:
79:, Hawaii, US
63:Midway Atoll
18:
5278:Amphidinium
5067:Lakshadweep
5002:Amazon Reef
4907:Coral reefs
4780:coral reefs
4710:Territories
4438:Wake Island
4283:Thunder Bay
4253:Mallows Bay
4238:Gray's Reef
3912:Avi Kwa Ame
3794:Yucca House
3694:Pipe Spring
3549:Fort Monroe
3424:Camp Nelson
3389:Aztec Ruins
2862:Oahu Forest
2857:Kona Forest
2847:Kealia Pond
2371:October 24,
2366:ZME Science
2317:October 24,
2147:October 24,
1307:: 370–383.
1297:Coral Reefs
1229:: 233–244.
1221:, Florida:
877:bigeye tuna
660:White House
435:Pritchardia
426:Laysan duck
392:Description
385:coral reefs
129:Established
108: /
96:171°44′00″W
84:Coordinates
61:, Hawaii /
5361:Categories
5344:Fire coral
5329:Coral sand
5252:Reef Check
5232:Green Fins
4947:Microatoll
4887:Organ pipe
4811:Hermatypic
4649:Mesa Verde
4590:Monticello
4575:Everglades
3972:Gold Butte
3927:Bears Ears
3822:Bears Ears
3689:Petroglyph
3664:Muir Woods
3624:Jewel Cave
3564:Fort Union
3514:El Malpais
3479:Chiricahua
2616:Kure Atoll
2436:August 27,
2263:August 26,
2241:August 27,
2215:August 26,
2187:unesco.org
2168:unesco.org
2083:August 30,
2061:August 28,
2004:August 26,
1947:August 26,
1894:August 26,
1869:August 26,
1789:August 26,
1694:August 26,
1666:August 28,
1638:August 26,
1608:August 26,
1582:August 26,
1556:August 25,
1530:August 26,
1516:Management
1456:August 26,
1412:August 25,
1386:August 25,
1280:August 25,
1248:August 25,
1183:August 30,
1155:August 25,
1084:August 26,
1052:References
808:(T-AO-129)
628:President
514:Kure Atoll
476:coral reef
441:arthropods
206:Designated
93:25°42′00″N
5324:Coral rag
5247:Reef Ball
5017:Baa Atoll
4521:Northeast
4148:Tule Lake
3907:Agua Fria
3897:Bureau of
3759:Tule Lake
3739:Stonewall
3699:Pipestone
3639:Lava Beds
3619:Hovenweep
3394:Bandelier
3384:Aniakchak
2924:Monuments
2885:Haleakala
2720:Haleakalā
2591:Maro Reef
2391:"Library"
1235:0007-4977
812:Maro Reef
695:Manhattan
381:seamounts
5072:Maldives
5062:Kiribati
5012:Apo Reef
4942:Fringing
4897:Sea pens
4892:Sea fans
4850:Tabulate
4836:Staghorn
4806:Elegance
4557:Hopewell
3992:Jurassic
3967:Fort Ord
3867:Newberry
3769:Tuzigoot
3519:El Morro
3504:Dinosaur
3484:Colorado
3419:Cabrillo
3146:Moloka‘i
2842:Kakahaia
2522:UNESCO:
2345:July 30,
1721:Archived
1716:. See:
1495:Archived
1380:Archived
1329:31572150
1305:Springer
1149:BBC News
1145:Americas
1014:See also
903:Kyphosus
782:Brasília
710:Congress
553:reserves
198:Criteria
77:Honolulu
55:Location
5112:Red Sea
5057:Jamaica
4831:Elkhorn
4816:Chalice
4669:Redwood
4593:and the
4552:Cahokia
4544:Midwest
4332:of the
4258:Monitor
4061:Other (
3789:Wupatki
2822:Hanalei
2703:Federal
2485:USFWS:
2479:USFWS:
2469:USFWS:
2449:website
2123:June 9,
1841:June 9,
1632:KQED-TV
1351:fws.gov
1309:Bibcode
1110:May 17,
887:Gallery
848:in the
816:in situ
658:at the
566:History
562:(FWS).
549:refuges
449:lobster
398:endemic
377:pelagic
339:listed
335:) is a
215:session
159:Website
5137:Yabiji
4877:Bamboo
4844:Rugose
4821:Pillar
4776:Corals
4730:Canada
3674:Navajo
3035:Kaua‘i
2832:Huleia
2695:Hawaii
2596:Laysan
2499:NOAA:
1634:. 2006
1327:
1233:
858:Petrel
625:2000.
575:Laysan
484:Alaska
420:, the
414:Laysan
412:, the
233:Region
213:(34th
5392:Nihoa
5297:Other
5052:India
4925:Coral
4915:Atoll
4826:Table
4801:Brain
4796:Black
4567:South
3754:Tonto
3164:O‘ahu
2571:Nihoa
2117:(PDF)
2102:(PDF)
2055:(PDF)
2044:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1941:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1863:(PDF)
1783:(PDF)
1450:(PDF)
1439:USFWS
1431:(PDF)
1325:S2CID
1242:(PDF)
1219:Miami
1213:(2).
1203:(PDF)
841:Akagi
804:USNS
752:Wākea
437:palms
369:Nihoa
193:Mixed
4882:Blue
4778:and
4616:West
4084:Army
4080:USAF
4076:NOAA
4072:AFRH
3093:Maui
2438:2016
2411:2008
2373:2022
2347:2020
2319:2022
2293:2016
2265:2016
2243:2016
2217:2016
2194:2016
2149:2022
2125:2012
2085:2008
2063:2008
2027:help
2006:2008
1991:NOAA
1970:help
1949:2008
1917:help
1896:2008
1871:2008
1843:2012
1823:2012
1791:2008
1766:2017
1696:2008
1668:2008
1640:2008
1610:2008
1584:2008
1558:2008
1532:2008
1520:NOAA
1479:help
1458:2008
1443:DLNR
1435:NOAA
1414:2008
1388:2008
1358:2016
1282:2008
1250:2008
1231:ISSN
1185:2009
1157:2008
1112:2017
1086:2016
618:1019
577:and
454:The
416:and
371:and
263:The
227:1326
210:2010
190:Type
121:Area
33:Ia (
4920:Cay
4067:DOE
4063:FWS
2693:of
2510:– (
1317:doi
754:.
734:at
693:on
602:at
5363::
4082:,
4078:,
4074:,
4065:,
2514:.)
2473:–
2451:–
2428:.
2397:.
2393:.
2364:.
2335:.
2281:.
2233:.
2185:.
2166:.
2140:.
2104:,
2018::
2016:}}
2012:{{
1989:.
1961::
1959:}}
1955:{{
1908::
1906:}}
1902:{{
1845:.
1747:.
1685:.
1657:.
1630:.
1626:.
1601:.
1518:.
1514:.
1470::
1468:}}
1464:{{
1441:,
1437:,
1433:.
1404:.
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