120:
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735:, where, in his memory, a figure was recently mounted in a window of a tenement, overseeing the Old Town. At 1:13 p.m. and 9:13 p.m. the window opens and Pan Twardowski appears, to the accompaniment of weird music and devilish laughter. He takes a bow, waves his hand, and then disappears. This little show gathers crowds of amused spectators.
370:(1822). In this version of the story, Twardowski agrees to be taken to Hell on condition that the Devil spends a year living with his wife, Pani Twardowska. The Devil, however, prefers to run away and thus Pan Twardowski is saved. In 1869
716:, hangs a polished metal plate claimed to be the magic mirror which once belonged to Pan Twardowski. According to a legend, it was possible to see future events reflected in the mirror until it was broken in 1812 by Emperor
701:("Rome"), all of which claim to be the one where Pan Twardowski met the devil. The oldest of these inns date back to only the late 17th century, about 100 years after Twardowski's time. The one in
678:, the capital of Poland at the time. Different places in Kraków claim to be the exact location of Twardowski's house. The sorcerer might have lived either somewhere in the city center, near the
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186:
of the late queen to comfort the grieving monarch, using a magic mirror. The sorcerer also wrote two books, both dictated to him by the devil – a book on magic and an
563:
445:
155:
powers. However, Twardowski wanted to outwit the devil by including a special clause in the contract, stating that the devil could only take
Twardowski's soul to
1004:
Schamschula, Walter (2023). "Pan
Twardowski: The Polish Variant of the Faust Legend in Slavic Literatures: A Study in Motif History". In Birnbaum, Henrik (ed.).
573:
337:
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The tale of
Twardowski exists in various versions, and forms the basis for many works of fiction, including the humorous ballad "Pani Twardowska" by
683:
163:– a place the sorcerer never intended to go. Other variants of the story have Twardowski being sold to the devil as a child by his father.
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229:
Dr. Jan Kuchta in his 1935 doctoral thesis "Cracovian
Warlock of XVI Century. Master Twardowski" suggested that Twardowski may have been a
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mean "hard" in Latin and Polish respectively. There is also some speculation that this legend was inspired by the life of either
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313:(John), though most versions of the tale do not mention a given name. Pan Twardowski may have been confused with the Polish
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1952:
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After years of evading his fate, Twardowski was eventually tricked by the devil and caught not in the city, but at an
1864:
1848:
1794:
1341:
1031:
Zinkow, Leszek (2013). "Mistrz
Twardowski wśród egipskich mumii" [Master Twardowski Among Egyptian Mummies].
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2008:
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With the devil's aid, Twardowski quickly rose to wealth and fame, eventually becoming a courtier of King
96:. Twardowski sold his soul in exchange for special powers – such as being able to summon for King
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and polite form of address – at the time the tale developed, was reserved for members of the nobility (
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Images. The
International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication
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107:. The folklore is commonly assumed to have been heavily inspired by the similar German story of
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where he lives to this day. His only companion is his sidekick whom he once turned into a
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302:(e.g., "Sir Isaac") or his complete name (e.g., "Sir Isaac Newton"), not before his
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One of the best known literary works featuring Pan
Twardowski is the humorous
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1008:. Vol. XIV. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 209–231.
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931:"Jan Dobrogost Krasiński i jego związek z "Lustrem Twardowskiego""
209:, who made the devil drop his victim midway to hell. Twardowski fell on the
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the spirit of his deceased wife – and eventually met a tragic fate.
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in Polish). While being spirited away, Twardowski started to pray to the
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356:, and German poets, novelists, composers, directors, and other artists.
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2016:
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It is also said that Pan
Twardowski spent some time in the city of
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The legend of Pan
Twardowski has inspired a great many Polish,
214:
82:
646:). He is typically depicted as a Polish noble either riding a
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624:(2015), has a main storyline heavily inspired by the legend.
298:), but in the English language "Sir" is used before a man's
507:
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160:
156:
217:; from time to time Twardowski lets the spider descend to
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981:[The first film adaptation of Pan Twardowski].
294:) and was roughly equivalent to the English "Sir" (see
139:
According to an old legend, Twardowski was a nobleman (
977:
Hendrykowska, Małgorzata; Hendrykowski, Marek (2017).
862:(in Polish). "Mówią wieki", nr 9, 1972. Archived from
697:
Across Poland, there are various inns and pubs called
1271:
Exploits and
Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician
221:
on a thread and bring him news from the world below.
2311:
Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils
628:Pan Twardowski is also a popular character in the
2277:
674:Pan Twardowski is said to have lived in or near
325:Twardowski in literature, music, film and gaming
989:(29). Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza: 149–160.
898:
309:Twardowski's given name is sometimes given as
1056:
406:, Zagoskin's short story from the collection
147:in the 16th century. He sold his soul to the
1003:
822:
273:, both of whom lived for a time in Kraków.
2326:Fictional characters from the 16th century
1063:
1049:
724:when he saw in it his future retreat from
705:is probably the best known of these inns.
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979:"Pierwsza ekranizacja Pana Twardowskiego"
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377:Other works based on the legend include:
1632:2nd movement "Quasi-Faust" (1847, Alkan)
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952:
929:Górczyk, Wojciech Jerzy (January 2018).
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657:
328:
224:
118:
29:
1449:The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon
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894:
892:
885:Full movie on YouTube streaming service
853:
849:
847:
845:
799:"Legendy i fakty o Mistrzu Twardowskim"
570:Pan Twardowski oder Der Polnische Faust
111:, with which there are many parallels.
2278:
1030:
779:
170:, who sought consolation in magic and
2090:The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings
1326:The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant
1044:
654:Places associated with Pan Twardowski
540:Pan Twardowski, czarnoksiężnik polski
174:after the death of his beloved wife,
60:
958:Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie
956:(1956). "Zu Pan Twardowski in Rom".
889:
842:
334:Pan Twardowski Abducted by the Devil
151:in exchange for great knowledge and
241:before coming to Kraków. His name
13:
1035:(in Polish) (1-2 (245-246)): 3–18.
945:
670:Pan Twardowski statue in Bydgoszcz
636:region; he appears in some Kraków
14:
2342:
1953:El extraño caso del doctor Fausto
1795:The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles
1342:The Devil to Pay in the Backlands
2260:
2259:
1817:The Laboratory of Mephistopheles
1548:Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights
1630:Grande sonate 'Les quatre âges'
1441:Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?
2116:When the Devil Calls Your Name
1781:The Devil Went Down to Georgia
1572:Historia von D. Johann Fausten
1398:Johannes Cabal the Necromancer
1150:Historia von D. Johann Fausten
922:
877:
816:
584:The Story of Master Twardowski
1:
2241:Mephistopheles and Margaretta
899:Jan Mielniczka (2007-10-29).
772:
2286:European folklore characters
1881:The Devil and Daniel Webster
1295:The Devil and Daniel Webster
728:and collapse of his empire.
580:Dzieje Mistrza Twardowskiego
374:wrote music for the ballad.
306:only (e.g., "Sir Newton").
35:Pan Twardowski and the devil
16:Character in Polish folklore
7:
907:(in Polish). Archived from
738:
618:, an expansion to RPG game
10:
2347:
2108:The Devil and Daniel Mouse
1637:Scenes from Goethe's Faust
25:Pan Twardowski (1936 film)
21:Pan Twardowski (1921 film)
18:
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2181:
2130:
2099:
2074:
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2009:Faust: Love of the Damned
1808:
1737:
1693:
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1590:
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1201:
1141:
1078:
1033:Przegląd Orientalistyczny
1014:10.1525/9780520343078-010
1006:California Slavic Studies
829:mickiewicz.kulturalna.com
662:Twardowski's Magic Mirror
650:or standing on the Moon.
408:An Evening on the Khopyor
233:nobleman who was born in
123:Pan Twardowski summoning
114:
62:[ˈpantfarˈdɔfski]
1279:The Master and Margarita
1232:The Devil and Tom Walker
883:Tomasz Bagiński, 2015 -
860:www.wilanow-palac.art.pl
621:The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt
253:and in turn rendered as
2306:Fictional Polish people
2291:Legendary Polish people
1676:Bagatelle sans tonalité
1580:Faustus, the Last Night
762:The Smith and the Devil
446:Adolf Gustaw Sonnenfeld
422:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
39:Michał Elwiro Andriolli
1833:The Damnation of Faust
1760:Sympathy for the Devil
1721:Beethoven's Last Night
694:(now part of Kraków).
686:, or across the River
671:
663:
432:Semen Hulak-Artemovsky
341:
178:. He was said to have
136:
42:
2033:Shortcut to Happiness
2025:I Was a Teenage Faust
1913:Marguerite de la nuit
1865:The Student of Prague
1849:The Student of Prague
1615:Gretchen am Spinnrade
1492:La damnation de Faust
1350:That Hell-Bound Train
669:
661:
574:Matthias Werner Kruse
338:Ignacy Gierdziejewski
332:
225:Historical Twardowski
122:
58:Polish pronunciation:
33:
2296:Supernatural legends
2147:Randy Newman's Faust
1905:Beauty and the Devil
1841:Faust and Marguerite
1825:Faust and Marguerite
1524:Faust and Marguerite
1382:The Devil's Own Work
1358:For a Breath I Tarry
1263:The Sorrows of Satan
1224:Melmoth the Wanderer
1217:Daniel and the Devil
1072:Works based on Faust
996:10.14746/i.2017.29.9
935:Muzealne Rozmaitości
901:"Legendy o Węgrowie"
803:www.wilanow-palac.pl
159:during his visit to
2321:Deal with the Devil
1897:The Legend of Faust
1767:Friend of the Devil
1556:The Rake's Progress
1543:(1916–1925, Busoni)
1318:The Devil in Velvet
1113:Theophilus of Adana
1096:Deal with the Devil
856:"Mistrz Twardowski"
767:Theophilus of Adana
606:series directed by
588:Krzysztof Gradowski
544:Wacław Sieroszewski
372:Stanisław Moniuszko
280:" – used in modern
94:deal with the Devil
19:For the films, see
1977:Oh, God! You Devil
1655:(1854–1857, Liszt)
1559:(1951, Stravinsky)
1366:The Damnation Game
1101:in popular culture
1091:Johann Georg Faust
866:on 27 October 2007
718:Napoléon Bonaparte
690:in the village of
672:
664:
564:Wacław Gąsiorowski
512:Ladislas Starevich
474:Jaroslav Vrchlický
342:
168:Sigismund Augustus
137:
129:Sigismund Augustus
127:'s ghost for King
98:Sigismund Augustus
43:
2331:Culture in Kraków
2273:
2272:
2126:
2125:
1857:Rapsodia satanica
1804:
1803:
1774:Bohemian Rhapsody
1647:(1906–07, Mahler)
1023:978-0-520-34307-8
905:www.wegrow.com.pl
825:"Pani Twardowska"
823:Adam Mickiewicz.
480:Mistrz Twardowski
414:Mistrz Twardowski
390:Alexey Verstovsky
269:or his associate
176:Barbara Radziwiłł
125:Barbara Radziwiłł
75:Mistrz Twardowski
67:Master Twardowski
65:), also known as
2338:
2263:
2262:
2072:
2071:
1753:Cross Road Blues
1691:
1690:
1660:Mephisto Waltzes
1640:(1853, Schumann)
1618:(1814, Schubert)
1532:Faust up to Date
1302:None but Lucifer
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1000:
998:
973:
954:Anderson, Walter
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871:
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839:
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810:
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534:Wiktor Biegański
398:Mikhail Zagoskin
251:Laurentius Durus
64:
59:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2301:Polish folklore
2276:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2251:
2228:
2208:(comics) (1968)
2177:
2122:
2095:
2083:Printer's Devil
2063:
1889:Alias Nick Beal
1800:
1788:Faustian Echoes
1733:
1728:The Black Rider
1682:
1668:Gothic Symphony
1607:Classical music
1602:
1586:
1495:(1846, Berlioz)
1471:
1465:Il Dottor Faust
1412:
1197:
1190:Faust, Part Two
1183:Faust, Part One
1153:(1587 chapbook)
1137:
1074:
1069:
1039:
1024:
948:
946:Further reading
943:
942:
927:
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912:
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817:
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797:Hanna Widacka.
795:
780:
775:
741:
712:of a church in
656:
638:Nativity scenes
615:Hearts of Stone
608:Tomasz Bagiński
522:Ludomir Różycki
368:Adam Mickiewicz
364:Pani Twardowska
327:
317:priest writer,
284:as a universal
237:and studied in
227:
143:) who lived in
133:Wojciech Gerson
117:
105:Adam Mickiewicz
57:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2206:Doctor Faustus
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2057:The Last Faust
2053:
2045:
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2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1969:Doctor Faustus
1965:
1957:
1949:
1945:Doctor Faustus
1941:
1933:
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1909:
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1802:
1801:
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1746:Mephisto Polka
1741:
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1712:The Black Halo
1708:
1697:
1695:
1688:
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1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1652:Faust Symphony
1648:
1645:Symphony No. 8
1641:
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1627:
1626:(1840, Wagner)
1623:Faust Overture
1619:
1610:
1608:
1604:
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1564:Reuben, Reuben
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1516:Le petit Faust
1512:
1504:
1503:(1859, Gounod)
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1406:The Last Faust
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1334:Gimmicks Three
1330:
1322:
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1310:Doktor Faustus
1306:
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1259:
1255:Chasse-galerie
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1243:
1239:St. John's Eve
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1203:
1199:
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1158:Doctor Faustus
1154:
1145:
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1128:Pan Twardowski
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1123:Mephistopheles
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626:
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611:
603:Polish Legends
591:
577:
567:
551:Pan Twardowski
547:
537:
529:Pan Twardowski
525:
520:, a ballet by
518:Pan Twardowski
515:
504:Pan Tvardovsky
501:
496:, a ballad by
494:Pan Twardowski
491:
477:
463:
452:Pan Tvardovski
449:
438:Pan Twardowski
435:
430:, a ballad by
425:
411:
404:Pan Tvardovsky
401:
382:Pan Tvardovsky
336:. Painting by
326:
323:
319:Jan Twardowski
226:
223:
131:. Painting by
116:
113:
54:Pan Twardowski
46:Pan Twardowski
15:
9:
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3:
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2171:Disco Inferno
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2110:
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2027:
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2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
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1990:
1987:
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1982:
1979:
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1764:
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1754:
1750:
1748:" (1859–1885)
1747:
1743:
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1628:
1625:
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1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:Faust ballets
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
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1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:(1869, Hervé)
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:(1868, Boito)
1510:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:(1816, Spohr)
1486:
1485:
1481:
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1478:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1462:
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1400:
1399:
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1371:
1368:
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1142:Seminal works
1140:
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1109:
1106:
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1007:
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988:
985:(in Polish).
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
964:(2): 309–11.
963:
960:(in German).
959:
955:
951:
950:
936:
932:
925:
911:on 2008-10-06
910:
906:
902:
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854:Roman Bugaj.
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689:
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684:Ulica Grodzka
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635:
631:
623:
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599:
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592:
589:
586:), a film by
585:
581:
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553:
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548:
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531:
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488:Leopold Staff
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316:
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307:
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297:
293:
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279:
274:
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271:Edward Kelley
268:
264:
260:
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252:
248:
244:
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222:
220:
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208:
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99:
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91:
87:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
55:
51:
47:
40:
37:. Drawing by
36:
32:
26:
22:
2239:
2220:
2212:
2197:
2188:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2139:Damn Yankees
2137:
2114:
2106:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:Damn Yankees
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1726:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1635:
1621:
1613:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1540:Doktor Faust
1538:
1535:(1888, Lutz)
1530:
1527:(1855, Lutz)
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1482:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1433:Damn Yankees
1431:
1423:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1222:
1188:
1181:
1178:(1808 play)
1174:
1169:(1602, play)
1164:
1156:
1148:
1127:
1032:
1005:
986:
982:
961:
957:
934:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
904:
879:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
859:
833:. Retrieved
828:
818:
807:. Retrieved
802:
749:
730:
707:
698:
696:
680:Rynek Główny
673:
641:
632:of Poland's
627:
619:
613:
601:
593:
583:
579:
569:
556:Henryk Szaro
554:, a film by
549:
539:
532:, a film by
527:
517:
503:
498:Lucjan Rydel
493:
479:
465:
451:
437:
427:
413:
407:
403:
381:
376:
363:
358:
343:
333:
310:
308:
289:
277:
275:
262:
258:
254:
250:
242:
228:
202:
198:
192:
188:encyclopedia
165:
138:
102:
74:
66:
53:
45:
44:
34:
1700:Epica Saga
1687:Other music
1643:Part II of
1508:Mefistofele
1282:(1929–1940)
1161:(1592 play)
1133:Stingy Jack
1108:Simon Magus
1079:Folk legend
831:(in Polish)
805:(in Polish)
757:Simon Magus
751:Pan Tadeusz
296:Polish name
257:in Polish;
243:Lorenz Dhur
207:Virgin Mary
92:who made a
2316:Moon myths
2280:Categories
2222:Frau Faust
2068:Television
2041:Goat Story
2017:Fausto 5.0
1985:Crossroads
1457:Temptation
1390:Jack Faust
915:2009-03-19
870:2009-03-20
835:2009-03-20
809:2023-02-14
773:References
692:Krzemionki
600:film from
596:, a short
594:Twardowsky
560:screenplay
466:Twardowski
428:Tvardovsky
300:given name
255:Twardowski
239:Wittenberg
90:literature
2247:Paintings
2190:Gods' Man
2001:Bedazzled
1937:Bedazzled
1173:Goethe's
1166:Cenodoxus
733:Bydgoszcz
460:Ivan Zajc
350:Ukrainian
286:honorific
247:Latinised
235:Nuremberg
172:astrology
141:szlachcic
2265:Category
2215:(comics)
2155:Success!
2131:Musicals
2092:" (2003)
2085:" (1963)
2075:Episodes
1961:Mephisto
1797:" (2015)
1790:" (2012)
1783:" (1979)
1776:" (1975)
1769:" (1970)
1762:" (1968)
1755:" (1936)
1425:Gretchen
1297:" (1937)
1287:Mephisto
1234:" (1824)
1210:Bearskin
1118:Erdgeist
970:23999892
739:See also
710:sacristy
630:folk art
394:libretto
315:Catholic
291:szlachta
267:John Dee
180:summoned
86:folklore
79:sorcerer
77:), is a
2200:(manga)
1679:(Liszt)
1671:(Brian)
1663:(Liszt)
1591:Ballets
708:In the
688:Vistula
648:rooster
590:(1995).
576:(1981);
566:(1936);
546:(1930);
536:(1921);
524:(1921);
514:(1917);
500:(1906);
490:(1902);
476:(1885);
462:(1880);
448:(1874);
424:(1840);
410:(1834);
400:(1828);
354:Russian
304:surname
197:called
153:magical
2225:(2014)
2217:(1987)
2202:(1950)
2193:(1929)
2182:Comics
2174:(2004)
2166:(2003)
2158:(1993)
2150:(1995)
2142:(1955)
2119:(2019)
2111:(1978)
2060:(2019)
2052:(2011)
2044:(2008)
2036:(2007)
2028:(2002)
2020:(2001)
2012:(2000)
2004:(2000)
1996:(1994)
1988:(1986)
1980:(1984)
1972:(1982)
1964:(1981)
1956:(1969)
1948:(1967)
1940:(1967)
1932:(1960)
1924:(1958)
1916:(1955)
1908:(1950)
1900:(1949)
1892:(1949)
1884:(1941)
1876:(1926)
1868:(1926)
1860:(1915)
1852:(1913)
1844:(1904)
1836:(1903)
1828:(1900)
1820:(1897)
1694:Albums
1583:(2006)
1575:(1994)
1567:(1955)
1551:(1938)
1476:Operas
1468:(2018)
1460:(1986)
1452:(1965)
1444:(1955)
1436:(1955)
1428:(1879)
1409:(2019)
1401:(2009)
1393:(1997)
1385:(1991)
1377:(1990)
1369:(1986)
1361:(1966)
1353:(1958)
1345:(1956)
1337:(1956)
1329:(1954)
1321:(1951)
1313:(1947)
1305:(1939)
1290:(1936)
1274:(1898)
1266:(1896)
1258:(1892)
1250:(1844)
1247:Auriol
1242:(1830)
1227:(1820)
1020:
968:
726:Russia
722:France
714:Węgrów
676:Kraków
643:szopki
634:Kraków
610:(2015)
598:sci-fi
442:ballet
361:ballad
282:Polish
263:twardy
231:German
215:spider
145:Kraków
115:Legend
83:Polish
71:Polish
50:Polish
2213:Faust
2198:Faust
2163:Faust
2100:Other
2049:Faust
1993:Faust
1929:Faust
1873:Faust
1809:Films
1738:Songs
1705:Epica
1500:Faust
1484:Faust
1417:Plays
1202:Prose
1175:Faust
1086:Faust
966:JSTOR
745:Faust
703:Sucha
456:opera
454:, an
418:novel
386:opera
384:, an
346:Czech
259:durus
219:Earth
184:ghost
149:devil
109:Faust
1374:Eric
1018:ISBN
699:Rzym
508:film
506:, a
484:poem
482:, a
470:poem
468:, a
440:, a
416:, a
261:and
245:was
211:Moon
203:Rome
199:Rzym
182:the
161:Rome
157:Hell
88:and
23:and
2233:Art
1010:doi
991:doi
720:of
682:or
562:by
510:by
486:by
472:by
458:by
444:by
420:by
396:by
388:by
366:by
311:Jan
278:Pan
249:to
195:inn
81:in
2282::
1016:.
987:20
962:25
933:.
903:.
891:^
858:.
844:^
827:.
801:.
781:^
558:,
392:,
352:,
348:,
321:.
190:.
73::
56:,
52::
2088:"
2081:"
1793:"
1786:"
1779:"
1772:"
1765:"
1758:"
1751:"
1744:"
1293:"
1230:"
1219:"
1215:"
1212:"
1208:"
1064:e
1057:t
1050:v
1026:.
1012::
999:.
993::
972:.
937:.
918:.
873:.
838:.
812:.
640:(
582:(
434:;
340:.
276:"
201:(
135:.
69:(
48:(
41:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
