Punishment - Knowledge

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can, of course, inflict pain on people at whim. But this would be called 'spite' unless it were inflicted as a consequence of a breach of rules on the part of the sufferer. Similarly a person in authority might give a person £5 as a consequence of his breaking a rule. But unless this were regarded as painful or at least unpleasant for the recipient it could not be counted as a case of 'punishment'. In other words at least three criteria of (i) intentional infliction of pain (ii) by someone in authority (iii) on a person as a consequence of a breach of rules on his part, must be satisfied if we are to call something a case of 'punishment'. There are, as is usual in such cases, examples that can be produced which do not satisfy all criteria. For instance there is a colloquialism which is used about boxers taking a lot of punishment from their opponents, in which only the first condition is present. But this is a metaphorical use which is peripheral to the central use of the term.

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further, or in the successful pursuit of questionable ends. These benefactors of humanity sacrificed their fellows to appease mythical gods and tortured them to save their souls from a mythical hell, broke and bound the feet of children to promote their eventual marriageability, beat slow schoolchildren to promote learning and respect for teachers, subjected the sick to leeches to rid them of excess blood, and put suspects to the rack and the thumbscrew in the service of truth. They schooled themselves to feel no pity—to renounce human compassion in the service of a higher end. The deliberate doing of harm in the mistaken belief that it promotes some greater good is the essence of tragedy. We would do well to ask whether the goods we seek in harming offenders are worthwhile, and whether the means we choose will indeed secure them.

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people suggest that the ability to make intentional choices should instead be treasured as a source of possibilities of betterment, citing that complex cognition would have been an evolutionarily useless waste of energy if it led to justifications of fixed actions and no change as simple inability to understand arguments would have been the most thrifty protection from being misled by them if arguments were for social manipulation, and reject condemnation of people who intentionally did bad things. Punishment can be effective in stopping undesirable employee behaviors such as tardiness, absenteeism or substandard work performance. However, punishment does not necessarily cause an employee to demonstrate a desirable behavior.

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of the prisoner's being. But these are only the minimum harms, suffered by the least vulnerable inmates in the best-run prisons. Most prisons are run badly, and in some, conditions are more squalid than in the worst of slums. In the District of Columbia jail, for example, inmates must wash their clothes and sheets in cell toilets because the laundry machines are broken. Vermin and insects infest the building, in which air vents are clogged with decades' accumulation of dust and grime. But even inmates in prisons where conditions are sanitary must still face the numbing boredom and emptiness of prison life—a vast desert of wasted days in which little in the way of meaningful activity is possible.

1020: 1453:. The more heinous crimes such as murders have the lowest levels of recidivism and hence are the least likely offences to be subject to incapacitative effects. Antisocial behaviour and the like display high levels of recidivism and hence are the kind of crimes most susceptible to incapacitative effects. It is shown by life-course studies that long sentences for burglaries amongst offenders in their late teens and early twenties fail to incapacitate when the natural reduction in offending due to ageing is taken into account: the longer the sentence, in these cases, the less the incapacitative effect. 1329: 1519: 1408:

as whether the sentence for murder is 40 years or life, most people still know the rough outlines such as the punishments for armed robbery or forcible rape being more severe than the punishments for driving too fast or misparking a car. These criminologists therefore argue that lack of deterring effect of increasing the sentences for already severely punished crimes say nothing about the significance of the existence of punishment as a deterring factor.

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relationship between the overall payoff and the employment of costly punishment. Individuals who achieve the highest total payoffs generally avoid using costly punishment. This indicates that employing costly punishment in cooperative games may be disadvantageous and suggests that it may have evolved for purposes other than promoting cooperation.

1471:, in which the goal is to try to rebalance any unjust advantage gained by ensuring that the offender also suffers a loss. Sometimes viewed as a way of "getting even" with a wrongdoer—the suffering of the wrongdoer is seen as a desired goal in itself, even if it has no restorative benefits for the victim. One reason 1412:

criminologists argue that the use of statistics to gauge the efficiency of crime fighting methods are a danger of creating a reward hack that makes the least efficient criminal justice systems appear to be best at fighting crime, and that the appearance of deterrence being ineffective may be an example of this.

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Imprisonment means, at minimum, the loss of liberty and autonomy, as well as many material comforts, personal security, and access to heterosexual relations. These deprivations, according to Gresham Sykes (who first identified them) "together dealt 'a profound hurt' that went to 'the very foundations

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are examples of positive punishment, while removing an offending student's recess or play privileges are examples of negative punishment. The definition requires that punishment is only determined after the fact by the reduction in behavior; if the offending behavior of the subject does not decrease,

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Unpleasantness inflicted without authority is revenge, and if whimsical, is spite.... There is no conceptual connection between punishment, or deterrence, or reform, for people can be punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made better. And it is also a further

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Punishment... involves the intentional infliction of pain or of something unpleasant on someone who has committed a breach of rules... by someone who is in authority, who has a right to act in this way. Otherwise, it would be impossible to distinguish 'punishment' from 'revenge'. People in authority

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The search for a precise definition of punishment that exercised some philosophers (for discussion and references see Scheid 1980) is likely to prove futile: but we can say that legal punishment involves the imposition of something that is intended to be burdensome or painful, on a supposed offender

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Some criminologists state that the number of people convicted for crime does not decrease as a result of more severe punishment and conclude that deterrence is ineffective. Other criminologists object to said conclusion, citing that while most people do not know the exact severity of punishment such

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Two reasons given to justify punishment is that it is a measure to prevent people from committing an offence - deterring previous offenders from re-offending, and preventing those who may be contemplating an offence they have not committed from actually committing it. This punishment is intended to

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H.R. 2179, the Securities Fraud Deterrence and Investor Restitution Act of 2003 Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, First Session, June

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Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of a deprivation—usually painful—on a person who has violated a law, rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by a designated

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H. Grotius of the Rights of War and Peace: In Three Volumes: In Which Are Explain'd the Laws and Claims of Nature and Nations, and the Principal Points That Relate Either to Publick Government, or the Conduct of Private Life: Together with the Author's Own Notes: Done into English by Several Hands:

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We ought not to impose such harm on anyone unless we have a very good reason for doing so. This remark may seem trivially true, but the history of humankind is littered with examples of the deliberate infliction of harm by well-intentioned persons in the vain pursuit of ends which that harm did not

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issues. That punishment of individuals with certain characteristics (including but, in principle, not restricted to mental abilities) selects against those characteristics, making evolution of any mental abilities considered to be the basis for penal responsibility impossible in populations subject

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In so far as the different 'theories' of punishment are answers to questions about the meaning of 'punishment', only the retributive theory is a possible one. There is no conceptual connection between 'punishment' and notions like those of 'deterrence', 'prevention' and 'reform'. For people can be

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Punishment under law... is the authorized imposition of deprivations—of freedom or privacy or other goods to which the person otherwise has a right, or the imposition of special burdens—because the person has been found guilty of some criminal violation, typically (though not invariably) involving

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Because punishment is both painful and guilt producing, its application calls for a justification. In Western culture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. The history of formal punitive systems is one of a gradual transition from

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A unified theory of punishment brings together multiple penal purposes—such as retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation—in a single, coherent framework. Instead of punishment requiring we choose between them, unified theorists argue that they work together as part of some wider goal such as the

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Grotius, Hugo (1715). "H. Grotius of the Rights of War and Peace: In Three Volumes: in which are Explain'd the Laws and Claims of Nature and Nations, and the Principal Points that Relate Either to Publick Government, Or the Conduct of Private Life: Together with the Author's Own Notes: Done Into

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There are critics of punishment who argue that punishment aimed at intentional actions forces people to suppress their ability to act on intent. Advocates of this viewpoint argue that such suppression of intention causes the harmful behaviors to remain, making punishment counterproductive. These

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Punishment can serve as a means for society to publicly express denunciation of an action as being criminal. Besides educating people regarding what is not acceptable behavior, it serves the dual function of preventing vigilante justice by acknowledging public anger, while concurrently deterring

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category. Operant conditioning refers to learning with either punishment (often confused as negative reinforcement) or a reward that serves as a positive reinforcement of the lesson to be learned. In psychology, punishment is the reduction of a behavior via application of an unpleasant stimulus

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Incapacitation as a justification of punishment refers to the offender's ability to commit further offences being removed. Imprisonment separates offenders from the community, for example, Australia was a dumping ground for early British criminals. This was their way of removing or reducing the

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However, other evolutionary biologists have argued against punishment to favour cooperation. Dreber et al. demonstrate that while the availability of costly punishment can enhance cooperative behavior, it does not improve the group's average payoff. Additionally, there is a significant negative

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If only some of the conditions included in the definition of punishment are present, descriptions other than "punishment" may be considered more accurate. Inflicting something negative, or unpleasant, on a person or animal, without authority or not on the basis of a breach of rules is typically

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Some criminologists argue that increasing the sentences for crimes can cause criminal investigators to give higher priority to said crimes so that a higher percentage of those committing them are convicted for them, causing statistics to give a false appearance of such crimes increasing. These

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problems with the notion that a feeling for punishment as a social signal system evolved if punishment was not effective. The critics argue that some individuals spending time and energy and taking risks in punishing others, and the possible loss of the punished group members, would have been

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role in a process with their offenders who are encouraged to take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community service." The restorative justice approach aims to help the offender want to avoid future offences.

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or informally in other kinds of social settings such as within a family. Negative or unpleasant impositions that are not authorized or that are administered without a breach of rules are not considered to be punishment as defined here. The study and practice of the punishment of

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harm to the innocent. (The classical formulation, conspicuous in Hobbes, for example, defines punishment by reference to imposing pain rather than to deprivations.) This definition, although imperfect because of its brevity, does allow us to bring out several essential points.

926:" during a fight. In other situations, breaking a rule may be rewarded, and so receiving such a reward naturally does not constitute punishment. Finally the condition of breaking (or breaching) the rules must be satisfied for consequences to be considered punishment. 1734:

The salvation of all men strictly examined: and the endless punishment of those who die impenitent : argued and defended against the objections and reasonings of the late Rev. Doctor Chauncy, of Boston ; in his book entitled "The Salvation of all Men,"

1101:, though an aversion that does not decrease behavior is not considered punishment in psychology. Additionally, "aversive stimulus" is a label behaviorists generally apply to negative reinforcers (as in avoidance learning), rather than the punishers. 2230:

familial and tribal authority to the authority of organized society. Although parents today retain much basic authority to discipline their children, physical beatings and other severe deprivations—once widely tolerated—may now be called child abuse

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the culprit so that they will not commit the offence again. This is distinguished from deterrence, in that the goal here is to change the offender's attitude to what they have done, and make them come to see that their behavior was wrong.

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A principle often mentioned with respect to the degree of punishment to be meted out is that the punishment should match the crime. One standard for measurement is the degree to which a crime affects others or society. Measurements of the

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punished without being prevented from repeating the offence, and without being made any better. It is also a further question whether they themselves or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment. But 'punishment'

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In the case of more complex brains, the notion of evolution selecting for specific punishment of intentionally chosen breaches of rules and/or wrongdoers capable of intentional choices (for example, punishing

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offenders ability to carry out certain crimes. The death penalty does this in a permanent (and irrevocable) way. In some societies, people who stole have been punished by having their hands amputated.

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workers with mutations that makes them fertile laying eggs only when other honey bees are not observing them, and that the few that are caught in the act are killed. This is corroborated by

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Crewe however, has pointed out that for incapacitation of an offender to work, it must be the case that the offender would have committed a crime had they not been restricted in this way.

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Raworth, John (1644). Buchanan, David (ed.). "The Historie of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland Containing Five Books, Together with Some Treatises Conducing to the History": 358.

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Some people think that punishment as a whole is unhelpful and even harmful to the people that it is used against. Detractors argue that punishment is simply wrong, of the same design as "

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There are many possible reasons that might be given to justify or explain why someone ought to be punished; here follows a broad outline of typical, possibly conflicting, justifications.

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Punishment can be explained by positive prevention theory to use the criminal justice system to teach people what are the social norms for what is correct, and acts as a reinforcement.

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to such selective punishment. Certain scientists argue that this disproves the notion of humans having a biological feeling of intentional transgressions deserving to be punished.

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proving that a few simple reactions well within mainstream views of the extremely limited intelligence of insects are sufficient to emulate the "political" behavior observed in

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be sufficient that people would choose not to commit the crime rather than experience the punishment. The aim is to deter everyone in the community from committing offences.

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involve 'retribution', for 'retribution' implies doing something to someone in return for what he has done.... Punishment, therefore, must be retributive—by definition.

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refers to punishments in which physical pain is intended to be inflicted upon the transgressor. Punishments may be judged as fair or unfair in terms of their degree of

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Various philosophers have presented definitions of punishment. Conditions commonly considered necessary properly to describe an action as punishment are that

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Congress. House. Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, United States. Committee on Financial Services. and Government Sponsored Enterprises (2003).

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There are also arguments against the notion of punishment requiring intelligence, based on studies of punishment in very small-brained animals such as

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Bingham, Joseph (1712). "Volume 1 of A Scholastical History Of The Practice of the Church In Reference to the Administration of Baptism By Laymen".

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I, Lorge (1933). "The effect of the initial chances for right responses upon the efficacy of intensified reward and of intensified punishment".

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Especially applied to minor offenses, punishment may take the form of the offender "righting the wrong", or making restitution to the victim.

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official, usually a judge. Informally, any organized group—most typically the family, in rearing children—may punish perceived wrongdoers.

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Punishments are applied for various purposes, most generally, to encourage and enforce proper behavior as defined by society or family.

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Criminal activities typically give a benefit to the offender and a loss to the victim. Punishment has been justified as a measure of

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that is deemed undesirable. It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is.

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to the offense. Punishment can be an integral part of socialization, and punishing unwanted behavior is often part of a system of

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future criminal activity by stigmatizing the offender. This is sometimes called the "Expressive Theory" of denunciation. The

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With the Addition of the Author's Life by the Translators: Dedicated to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Hugo Grotius

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M., A, Frankenhaeuser, Rissler (1970). "Effects of punishment on catecholamine release and efficiency of performance".

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Achieving a certain proportion of trust in the population can lead to self-governance without the need for punishment.

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the human (or other animal) to whom the loss is imposed should be deemed at least somewhat responsible for the offense.

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W, J.C, Furman, Masters (1980). "Affective consequences of social reinforcement, punishment, and neutral behavior".

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selected against if punishment served no function other than signals that could evolve to work by less risky means.

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the claim that punishment evolved as a strategy to deal with individuals capable of knowing what they are doing.

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Belief that an individual's ultimate punishment is being sent by God, the highest authority, to an existence in

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rather than punishment. In addition, the word "punishment" is used as a metaphor, as when a boxer experiences "

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Lynch, James P.; Danner, Mona J.E. (1993). "Offense Seriousness Scaling: An Alternative to Scenario Methods".

734: 729: 583: 3477:"The Case against Punishment: Retribution, Crime Prevention, and the Law - 2004, Page III by Deirdre Golash" 1750:

A Scholastical History of the Practice of the Church in Reference to the Administration of Baptism by Laymen

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reference | Frank E. Hagan | 2010 | Introduction to Criminology: Theories, Methods, and Criminal Behavior

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Should the putative offender not be going to commit further crimes, then they have not been incapacitated

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question whether they themselves, or anyone else is deterred from committing the offence by punishment.

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The reasoning for punishment may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social

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Amis, S. (1773). "Association for the Prosecution of Felons (WEST BROMWICH)". The British Library: 5.

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The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages

1440: 1427: 1421: 907: 903: 686: 568: 472: 438: 423: 229: 147: 17: 3209: 2117: 1679: 1664: 1019: 800:, commonly, is the imposition of painful consequences upon an individual or group, meted out by an 691: 97: 2846:

Allen, Elizabeth, et al. (1975). "Against 'Sociobiology'". New York Review of Books 22 (Nov. 13).

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Navy Department, United States (1940). "Compilation of Court-martial Orders, 1916-1937, 1940-41".

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have administered punishments is to diminish the perceived need for retaliatory "street justice",

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True Passive Obedience Restor'd in 1710. In a Dialogue Between a Country-man and a True Patriot

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reference | Anthony Walsh, Craig Hemmens | 2008 | Introduction to Criminology: A Text/Reader

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K. M., Carlsmith (2006). "The roles of retribution and utility in determining punishment".

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Casper, Johann Ludwig (1864). "A Handbook of the practice of forensic medicine v. 3 1864".

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C., Mungan, Murat (2019). "Salience and the severity versus the certainty of punishment".

8: 3751: 2831: 1659: 1502: 1492: 1468: 1462: 1345: 1255:, still apply quite rigid internal discipline, even with a judicial system of their own ( 1202: 1157: 968: 963: 895: 828: 711: 588: 511: 501: 305: 82: 2772: 2707: 2638: 2546: 3554: 3453: 3248: 3240: 3154: 2993: 2958: 2797: 2756: 2732: 2691: 2658: 2566: 2369: 2320: 2077: 2027: 1617: 1206: 1024: 1012: 899: 706: 681: 338: 288: 244: 152: 3010:

reference | J. Mitchell Miller | 2009 | 21st Century Criminology: A Reference Handbook

1527: 1217:, pupils and other trainees may be punished by their educators or instructors (mainly 3693: 3676: 3666: 3570: 3426: 3252: 3158: 2997: 2802: 2784: 2737: 2719: 2650: 2605: 2558: 2515: 2410: 2403: 2373: 2312: 2263: 2179: 2153: 1674: 1498: 1252: 919: 848: 847:—under which the social group is governed. Punishment may be self-inflicted as with 598: 516: 369: 239: 2867:"Observational Learning in Octopus vulgaris." Graziano Fiorito, Pietro Scotto. 1992. 2570: 180: 3658: 3620: 3597: 3418: 3275: 3232: 3223:

Falls, Margaret (April 1987). "Retribution, Reciprocity, and Respect for Persons".

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Blackwood, William (1830). "The Southern Review. Vol. V. February and May, 1830".

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Fehr, Gätcher, Ernst, Simon (10 January 2002). "Altruistic punishment in humans".

2073: 1978: 1328: 1307: 3650: 3644: 1260: 930: 867: 701: 343: 283: 278: 263: 195: 190: 112: 92: 3662: 3654: 3279: 2780: 2443: 2365: 1349: 1251:. Most hierarchical organizations, such as military and police forces, or even 1222: 1198: 1165: 863: 460: 87: 2690:

Dreber, Anna; Rand, David G.; Fudenberg, Drew; Nowak, Martin A. (March 2008).

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Punishment may also be applied on moral, especially religious, grounds, as in

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committed during their life. Sometimes these distinctions are specific, with

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Hester Prynne at the Stocks—an engraved illustration from an 1878 edition of

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T.H., G.A., Clutton-brock, Parker (1995). "Punishment in animal societies".

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for a supposed crime, by a person or body who claims the authority to do so.

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There are a large number of different understandings of what punishment is.

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or compensation orders are examples of this sort of penalty. In models of

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G.T, Gwinn (1949). "The effects of punishment on acts motivated by fear".

2562: 2316: 2243: 1071:, punishment has a more restrictive and technical definition. Along with 3373: 1378: 1374: 1359: 1339: 1287: 1181: 1130: 991: 888: 844: 656: 443: 348: 295: 162: 117: 40: 2715: 1302:, a place believed to exist in the after-life, typically corresponds to 3244: 3236: 3150: 2989: 2962: 2946: 2929:"An Economic Analysis of the Criminal Law as Preference-Shaping Policy" 2308: 2081: 2031: 1711: 1669: 1577:

The Case against Punishment: Retribution, Crime Prevention, and the Law

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Church, R.M. (1963). "The varied effects of punishment on behavior".

2484: 1706: 1546: 1480: 1271: 1213:; detainees risk further punishments for breaches of internal rules. 1161: 1153: 1098: 946: 801: 315: 251: 2928: 2646: 2597: 2145: 1808: 785: 3611:

Lippke, Richard (2001). "Criminal Offenders and Right Forfeiture".

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reference | Gennaro F. Vito, Jeffrey R. Maahs | 2015 | Criminology

2947:"Retribution, Crime Reduction and the Justification of Punishment" 2178:. Purdue University: Committee on Financial Services. p. 50. 1247:. Employees can still be subject to a contractual form of fine or 1243:, domestic and other servants were subject to punishment by their 3539: 1572: 1539: 1523: 1472: 1283: 1267: 1226: 1111: 938: 915: 486: 2820:

How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence

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Punishments differ in their degree of severity, and may include

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and violates the law or rules by which the group is governed.

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J. Robert Lilly, Francis T. Cullen, Richard A. Ball (2014).

2822:, Rolf Pfeifer, Josh Bongard, foreword by Rodney Brooks. 2006 1684: 1601: 1214: 1177: 1173: 880: 855:

in the religious setting, but is most often a form of social

835:, to protect against future harms (in particular, those from 428: 209: 2060:

Kleining, John (October 1972). "R.S. Peters on Punishment".

1125:, leading evolutionary biologists to conclude that it is an 2886:

Lyman Julius Nash, Wisconsin (1919). "Wisconsin Statutes".

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Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future

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Lee Hansen, Marcus (1918). "Old Fort Snelling, 1819-1858".

1299: 1279: 950: 3448:. the University of California: S. H. Parker. p. 149. 1545:

Some critics of the education and denunciation model cite

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suffering for each sin committed (see for example Plato's

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or behavioral modification which also includes rewards.

883:, particularly as it applies to imprisonment, is called 1887:

Compilation of Court-martial Orders, 1916-1937, 1940-41

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Legal Punishment

2135:. Switzerland: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii. 1340:

Seriousness of a crime; punishment that fits the crime

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Edgeworth, Edgeworth, Maria, Richard Lovell (1825).

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Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology

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Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Criminology

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Criminological Theories: Introduction and Evaluation

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Works of Maria Edgeworth: Practical education. 1825

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it is imposed by an authority (single or multiple),

3550:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 653. 3343:"Theory, Sources, and Limitations of Criminal Law" 3117: 2402: 2242:J.M.,K.M, P.H., Darley, Catsman, Robinson (2000). 1893: 1384: 27:Imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome 3103:Crewe, D. (2021). "Punitiveness and Resentment". 2885: 2598:Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008). 2216:. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Archived from 2146:Mary Stohr; Anthony Walsh; Craig Hemmens (2008). 1965: 1946:. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Archived from 1084:punishment") or removal of a pleasant stimulus (" 3743: 3073:Crewe, D (2021). "Punitiveness and Resentment". 1093:it is not considered punishment. There is some 3363:Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences 3087: 1884: 1790:A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine 1373:is generally considered to be a crime of "high 1046:it involves some loss to the supposed offender, 3118:Sir William Draper, Junius (1772). "Lettres". 2394: 2241: 2139: 1838:. State Historical Society of Iowa, 1918: 124. 1737:, C. Ewer and T. Bedlington, 1824, p. 157 3390:"Thom Brooks on Unified Theory of Punishment" 3297:. The British Library: S. Popping. p. 8. 3060:"What's the Best Way to Discipline My Child?" 2755:Battu, Balaraju; Rahwan, Talal (2023-01-21). 2624: 2400: 2055: 2053: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1513: 766: 3687: 3564: 3458:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2675:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2456:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2337:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2280:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1426:Some punishment includes work to reform and 2975: 2754: 2210:"Justification for punishment (Punishment)" 1571:". Critics argue that punishment is simply 3090:An Introduction to Life-Course Criminology 2876:Aliens of the deep sea, documentary. 2011. 2532: 2409:(7th revised ed.). Cengage Learning. 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2050: 1999: 1833: 1623:Capital and corporal punishment in Judaism 1602:Destructiveness to thinking and betterment 812:—as a deterrent to a particular action or 773: 759: 3601: 3471: 3469: 3268:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3171: 2905:Doing Justice – The Choice of Punishments 2857:Twelve misunderstandings of kin selection 2796: 2731: 2354:International Review of Law and Economics 1869: 1121:; it has been observed in all species of 3729:"The Moral Permissibility of Punishment" 3512: 2133:Punishment, Communication, and Community 2059: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1517: 1327: 1323: 1274:with a religious police (as in a strict 1018: 1005: 997: 986: 862:The unpleasant imposition may include a 784: 3292: 3190: 2935:, Feb 1990, Vol. 1, Kenneth Dau-Schmidt 2207: 2192: 1937: 1766: 1747: 1731: 1575:. Professor Deirdre Golash, author of 1188: 14: 3744: 3610: 3466: 2497: 2429: 2405:Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials 2062:British Journal of Educational Studies 2020:British Journal of Educational Studies 2014: 1977:Hugo, Adam Bedau (February 19, 2010). 1903:Hugo, Adam Bedau (February 19, 2010). 1787: 1643:List of people executed for witchcraft 1286:) or (though not a true theocracy) by 1176:for murder while not punishing lethal 894:Justifications for punishment include 3265: 3222: 3102: 3072: 2944: 2294: 1925: 1633:List of methods of capital punishment 1293: 1270:(which is voluntary) or imposed in a 3631: 3586:"Is restorative justice punishment?" 3583: 3513:Milbourn, Gene Jr. (November 1996). 2130: 2098: 1976: 1902: 1854:"Is restorative justice punishment?" 1851: 1144:Examples against sociobiological use 3734:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3720:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3408: 2978:Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2969: 2208:McAnany, Patrick D. (August 2010). 1983:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1938:McAnany, Patrick D. (August 2010). 1909:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1628:List of capital crimes in the Torah 1104: 1049:it is in response to an offense and 823:(in particular, in the contexts of 24: 3646:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 3411:Journal of Experimental Psychology 3328:"A New Kind of Criminal Justice", 2888:Legislative Reference Bureau, 1919 2473:Journal of Experimental Psychology 2351: 1369:of a crime have been developed. A 25: 3778: 3707: 3132: 3088:Carlson, C.; Sarnecki, J (2015). 2470: 1905:"Punishment, Crime and the State" 1806: 1638:List of people burned as heretics 1553: 1434: 1415: 3503:, Kurt Fischer, Christina Hinton 2757:"Cooperation without punishment" 2018:(1966). "Ethics and Education". 1056: 1034: 937:, deprivations of privileges or 128:Risk & actuarial criminology 51: 3506: 3494: 3437: 3402: 3382: 3367: 3355: 3335: 3322: 3301: 3286: 3259: 3216: 3184: 3165: 3126: 3111: 3096: 3081: 3066: 3052: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2951:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 2938: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2849: 2840: 2825: 2813: 2748: 2683: 2618: 2591: 2526: 2491: 2464: 2423: 2345: 2288: 2235: 2166: 2124: 2092: 1648:Religion and capital punishment 1385:Possible reasons for punishment 1180:) is subject to criticism from 1109:Punishment is sometimes called 1878: 1852:Gade, Christian B. N. (2020). 1827: 1800: 1781: 1760: 1741: 1725: 1486: 1456: 1164:. The authors argue that this 1127:evolutionarily stable strategy 1088:punishment"). Extra chores or 982: 13: 1: 3590:Conflict Resolution Quarterly 3532: 2074:10.1080/00071005.1972.9973352 1858:Conflict Resolution Quarterly 1398: 1129:, selected because it favors 1023:Punishment of an offender in 887:, or, often in modern texts, 3613:Journal of Social Philosophy 1718: 1562: 1197:are punished judicially, by 7: 3692:. Hants, England: Ashgate. 3135:"Punishment as retribution" 2907:, A Vonhirsch, 1976, p. 220 1610: 32:Punishment (disambiguation) 10: 3783: 3690:Punishment and retribution 3663:10.4135/9781412965811.n263 3280:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.06.007 2781:10.1038/s41598-023-28372-y 2601:Corrections: A Text/Reader 2444:10.1037/0012-1649.16.2.100 2366:10.1016/j.irle.2019.01.002 2149:Corrections: A Text/Reader 1796:. New Sydenham Society: 2. 1732:Edwards, Jonathan (1824), 1588:Golash also writes about 1514:Education and denunciation 1490: 1460: 1438: 1419: 1388: 1353: 1343: 1060: 853:mortification of the flesh 804:—in contexts ranging from 789:The old village stocks in 108:Expressive function of law 29: 3501:Mind, Brain and Education 3332:, October 25, 2009, p. 6. 2855:Dawkins, Richard (1979). 1441:Incapacitation (penology) 1422:Rehabilitation (penology) 3584:Gade, Christian (2020). 3046:Ronald L. Akers (2013). 2432:Developmental Psychology 1680:Extrajudicial punishment 1526:(early 16th century) in 994:is a feature of prisons. 98:Differential association 3637:"Retribution for Crime" 3625:10.1111/0047-2786.00080 3569:. New York: Routledge. 3547:Encyclopædia Britannica 2260:10.1023/A:1005552203727 2016:Peters, Richard Stanley 1768:English..., Volume 2". 1569:two wrongs make a right 1063:Punishment (psychology) 839:), and to maintain the 158:Symbolic interactionism 3204:Cite journal requires 2692:"Winners don't punish" 2401:Diana Kendall (2009). 2248:Law and Human Behavior 2131:Duff, Anthony (2001). 2112:Cite journal requires 1979:"Theory of Punishment" 1599: 1586: 1559:protection of rights. 1531: 1336: 1028: 1016: 1003: 995: 794: 791:Chapeltown, Lancashire 138:Social disorganization 3688:Zaibert, Leo (2006). 3649:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 3565:Brooks, Thom (2012). 1809:"Laws. In J. Lubbock" 1756:. Knaplock, 1712: 25. 1696:Nulla poena sine lege 1594: 1581: 1521: 1367:degree of seriousness 1331: 1324:History and rationale 1118:moralistic aggression 1075:it belongs under the 1022: 1009: 1001: 990: 788: 647:Biosocial criminology 354:Uniform Crime Reports 73:Biosocial criminology 3657:. pp. 429–431. 3311:. La-articles.org.uk 3293:Popping, S. (1710). 2945:David, Wood (2002). 2500:Psychological Review 1189:Scope of application 1158:computer simulations 1152:. There is proof of 1131:cooperative behavior 1077:operant conditioning 949:, the infliction of 825:compulsory education 522:Solitary confinement 30:For other uses, see 3174:The Southern Review 3139:Theory and Decision 3133:D, Wittman (1974). 2832:Friedrich Nietzsche 2773:2023NatSR..13.1213B 2716:10.1038/nature06723 2708:2008Natur.452..348D 2639:2002Natur.415..137F 2604:. Sage. p. 3. 2547:1995Natur.373..209C 2297:Psychopharmacologia 2152:. Sage. p. 2. 1807:J, Lubbock (1882). 1660:Corporal punishment 1503:restorative justice 1493:Restorative justice 1469:retributive justice 1463:Retributive justice 1346:Retributive justice 1207:custodial sentences 1203:corporal punishment 964:Corporal punishment 829:military discipline 712:Radical criminology 83:Collective efficacy 3541:"Punishment" 3237:10.1007/BF00142639 3225:Law and Philosophy 3151:10.1007/BF00136647 3062:. 5 November 2018. 2990:10.1007/BF01064464 2761:Scientific Reports 2309:10.1007/BF00403809 1836:Mid-America Series 1618:Capital punishment 1532: 1505:, victims take an 1337: 1333:U.S. incarceration 1294:Hell as punishment 1097:of punishment and 1029: 1017: 1013:The Scarlet Letter 1004: 1002:A modern jail cell 996: 795: 3762:Social philosophy 3603:10.1002/crq.21293 3576:978-0-415-85051-3 3120:Letters of Junius 2919:, Larry J. Siegel 2702:(7185): 348–351. 2633:(6868): 137–140. 2611:978-1-4129-3773-3 2541:(6511): 209–216. 2416:978-0-495-59862-6 2185:978-0-16-070942-5 2159:978-1-4129-3773-3 1871:10.1002/crq.21293 1821:10.1037/13470-010 1675:Discipline (BDSM) 1499:Community service 1317:The Divine Comedy 849:self-flagellation 843:—and respect for 783: 782: 529: 528: 466:Prisoners' rights 370:Positivist school 16:(Redirected from 3774: 3767:Criminal justice 3738: 3724: 3703: 3684: 3628: 3607: 3605: 3580: 3560:Etymology Online 3551: 3543: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3479:. 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