East End of London

2638: 3613: 3412: 4876: 159: 1740: 649: 1391: 1647: 446: 3668: 1187: 196: 1592: 3915: 2738: 492: 1179: 204: 3240: 3766: 4412: 4292: 1978: 2658: 457: 996: 1116: 4049: 3986: 3839:. In the wet, dark conditions, a woman slipped on the entrance stairs and 173 people died in the resulting crush. The truth was suppressed, and a report appeared that there had been a direct hit by a German bomb. The results of the official investigation were not released until 1946. There is now a plaque at the entrance to the tube station, which commemorates the event as the "worst civilian disaster of World War II", and a larger memorial nearby. The first 970: 48: 962: 3749:". East London was targeted because the area was a centre for imports and storage of raw materials for the war effort, and the German military command felt that support for the war could be damaged among the mainly working class inhabitants. On the first night of the Blitz, 430 civilians were killed and 1,600 seriously wounded. The populace responded by evacuating children and the vulnerable to the country and digging in, constructing 3306: 1691: 944: 4666: 1164: 1107:, which replaced the neglected and crowded streets of Friars Mount, better known as The Old Nichol Street Rookery. Between 1918 and 1939 the LCC continued replacing East End housing with five- or six-storey flats, despite residents preferring houses with gardens and opposition from shopkeepers who were forced to relocate to new, more expensive premises. The Second World War brought an end to further slum clearance. 2552: 2443: 2882: 4490: 3863: 576:

the city and maritime trades as a market for goods and services led to a thriving mixed economy in the countryside of the Manor of Stepney. This led to large settlements, inhabited mostly by tradesmen (rather than farmers) to develop along the major roads forming hamlets such as Mile End and Bow. These settlements would expand and merge with the development radiating out from London itself.

4160:. Born in Stepney in approximately 1610, she had moved from prostitution to running brothels, including one on the Highway that catered for ordinary seaman and a further establishment nearby that catered for the more expensive tastes amongst the officers and gentry. She died wealthy, in 1669, in a house on the Highway, despite charges being brought against her and time spent in 10528: 4121:, with a force of 1,000 men in 17 divisions, including 'H' division, based in Stepney. Each division was controlled by a superintendent, under whom were four inspectors and sixteen sergeants. The regulations demanded that recruits should be under thirty-five years of age, well built, at least 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) in height, literate and of good character. 2799:, in a game Hitler had hoped to use for propaganda purposes. The encounter is noteworthy because the Foreign Office had pressured the England team to give the Nazi Salute before the game in an effort to ease international tension. Goulden's goal, which team-mate Stanley Matthews described as "the greatest goal I ever saw" has been described as the East End's " 1846:. The committee distributed food, clothing, and medical aid and found work for men, from various locations including the White Raven tavern in Mile End. They also helped the men to go abroad, some to Canada. In October 1786, the Committee funded an expedition of 280 black men, 40 black women and 70 white women (mainly wives and girlfriends) to settle in the 7972: 940:

on importation of French silks relaxed, up to half these looms had become idle, and prices were driven down. With many importing warehouses already established in the district, the abundance of cheap labour was turned to boot, furniture and clothing manufacture. Globe Town continued its expansion into the 1860s, long after the silk industry's decline.

877:. Some were dangerous, such as the manufacture of gunpowder or the proving of guns. These activities came to be performed outside the City walls in the near suburbs of the East End. Later, when lead-making and bone-processing for soap and china came to be established, they too located in the East End rather than in the crowded streets of the City. 3508: 2649:, thought to be the oldest tree in the East End, was saved from developers after a long community campaign. The Council had approved a planning request which involved moving the tree, which campaigners was argued would damage or kill it. The campaigners persuaded the High Court to overturn the Council decision. 2344:. The eastern topography is mostly low lying, a factor which combines with the strength and regularity of the prevailing wind, blowing from west-south-west for three quarters of the year, to carry the sound further to the east, and more often. In the 19th century the sound would have been heard as far away as 9765: 2903: 4619:

was an "East Ender", the box of Keating's bug powder must be reached for, and the spoons locked up. In the long run this cruel stigma came to do good. It was a final incentive to the poorest to get out of the "East End" at all costs, and it became a concentrated reminder to the public conscience that

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in 1884 and the formation of his Russian Jewish Operatic Company that first performed in Beaumont Hall, Stepney, and then found homes both in the Prescott Street Club, Stepney, and in Princelet Street in Spitalfields. The Pavilion became an exclusively Yiddish theatre in 1906, finally closing in 1936

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was deployed to gauge attitudes and provide policy suggestions, as before the war they had investigated local attitudes to anti-Semitism. The organisation noted that close family and friendship links within the East End were providing the population with a surprising resilience under fire. Propaganda

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Immigrant communities developed primarily along the river. From the Tudor era until the 20th century, ships' crews were employed on a casual basis. New and replacement crew would be found wherever they were available, local sailors being particularly prized for their knowledge of currents and hazards

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Geography was a major factor influencing the character of the developing East End; prevailing winds flow, like the river, west to east. The flow of the river led to the maritime trades concentrating in the east and the prevailing wind encouraged the most polluting industries to concentrate eastwards.

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to the east. The western side was more populous and prosperous, it had the cathedral, the royal palace (which later moved to Westminster) and its large market, Westcheap, was focussed on land-based trade. The east was poorer and more sparsely settled; its smaller market, Eastcheap, was sited near the

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Themes from these social investigations have been drawn out in fiction. Crime, poverty, vice, sexual transgression, drugs, class-conflict and multi-cultural encounters and fantasies involving Jewish, Chinese and Indian immigrants are major themes. Though the area has been productive of local writing

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Society at large viewed the East End with a mixture of suspicion and fascination, with the use of the term East End in a pejorative sense beginning in the late 19th century, as the expansion of London's population led to extreme overcrowding throughout the area and a concentration of poor people and

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The high levels of poverty in the East End have, throughout history, corresponded with a high incidence of crime. From earliest times, crime depended, as did labour, on the importing of goods to London, and their interception in transit. Theft occurred in the river, on the quayside and in transit to

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The resulting depopulation accelerated after the Second World War and has only recently begun to reverse, though the Bangladeshi community, now the largest in Tower Hamlets and established East Enders, are beginning to migrate to the eastern suburbs. This reflects improved economic circumstances and

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Globe Town was established from 1800 to provide for the expanding population of weavers around Bethnal Green, attracted by improving prospects in silk weaving. Bethnal Green's population trebled between 1801 and 1831, with 20,000 looms being operated in people's own homes. By 1824, with restrictions

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The rural population of the area grew considerably in the Medieval period, despite reductions caused by the Norman Conquest and the Black Death. The pattern of agricultural settlement in south-east England was typically of dispersed farmhouses, rather than nucleated villages. However the presence of

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proposed a "Palace of Delight" with concert halls, reading rooms, picture galleries, an art school and various classes, social rooms and frequent fêtes and dances. This coincided with a project by the philanthropist businessman, Edmund Hay Currie to use the money from the winding up of the Beaumont

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In 1574 the City authorities banned the building of playhouses in the City of London, so new theatres were built in the suburbs, beyond its jurisdiction. The East End, notably Shoreditch, become a major centre of the Elizabethan Theatre, with existing venues joined by additions. The first permanent

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in their houses, or going to communal shelters built in local public spaces. On 10 September 1940, 73 civilians, including women and children preparing for evacuation, were killed when a bomb hit the South Hallsville School. Although the official death toll is 73, many local people believed it must

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since 1944. The authors commented that many of the East Enders they interviewed were unhappy with the way their neighbourhoods had previously been portrayed in books and on screen – as squalid and criminal, in the Dickensian vein, and as a result they were keen to emphasise the positive aspects of

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alone, affecting 21,700 houses, destroying 2,233 and making a further 893 uninhabitable. In Bethnal Green, 555 people were killed, and 400 were seriously injured. For the whole of Tower Hamlets, a total of 2,221 civilians were killed, and 7,472 were injured, with 46,482 houses destroyed and 47,574

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agitation against immigrants in the East End, with Jews eventually becoming the main focus. In Parliament in 1902, Evans-Gordon claimed that "not a day passes but English families are ruthlessly turned out to make room for foreign invaders. The rates are burdened with the education of thousands of

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adjacent to the wall on the north side. Moorfields was an open area with a marshy chararacter due to London's Wall acting as a dam, impeding the flow of the Walbrook and restricting development in that direction. Moorfields remained open until 1817, and the longstanding presence of that open space

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The image of the East Ender changed dramatically between the 19th century and the 20th. From the 1870s they were characterised in culture as often shiftless, untrustworthy and responsible for their own poverty. However, many East Enders worked in lowly but respectable occupations such as carters,

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roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe,

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downwind outside the boundaries of the City, and therefore beyond complaints and official controls. The foul-smelling industries partially preferred the East End because the prevailing winds in London traveled from west to east (i.e. it was downwind from the rest of the city), so that most odours

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The area was notorious for its deep poverty, overcrowding and associated social problems. This led to the East End's history of intense political activism and association with some of the country's most influential social reformers. Another major theme of East End history has been migration, both

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The East End began to emerge in the Middle Ages with initially slow urban growth outside the eastern walls, which later accelerated, especially in the 19th century, to absorb pre-existing settlements. The first known written record of the East End as a distinct entity, as opposed to its component

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and had them guarded to minimise the vulnerability of their cargoes. Armed convoys would then take the goods to the company's secure compound in the City. The practice led to the creation of ever-larger docks throughout the area, and large roads to drive through the crowded 19th century slums to

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The poor fellows are miserably clad, scarcely with a boot on their foot, in a most miserable state.... These are men who come to work in our docks who come on without having a bit of food in their stomachs, perhaps since the previous day; they have worked for an hour and have earned 5d. ; their

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No police force operated in London before the 1750s. Crime and disorder were dealt with by a system of magistrates and volunteer parish constables, with strictly limited jurisdiction. Salaried constables were introduced by 1792, although they were few in number and their power and jurisdiction

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The pearlies are described as the 'aristocracy' of the costermongers and were originally elected by them to safeguard their rights from competitors and 'roughs'. They are now devoted entirely to charitable activities. Pearlies are part of the East End's heritage, but contrary to the widespread

1283:(1874), Bishopsgate railway station became a goods yard, in 1881, to bring imports from Eastern ports. With the introduction of containerisation, the station declined, suffered a fire in 1964 that destroyed the station buildings, and it was finally demolished in 2004 for the extension of the 991:. The red areas are "middle class, well-to-do", light blue areas are "poor, 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family", dark blue areas are "very poor, casual, chronic want", and black areas are the "lowest class...occasional labourers, street sellers, loafers, criminals and semi-criminals". 4030:, suffered a structural collapse due to a gas explosion. Four people were killed in the disaster and seventeen were injured, as an entire corner of the building slid away. The collapse caused major changes in UK building regulations and led to the decline of further building of high rise 1884:

In the 1870s and 1880s, the massive increase in the number of Jewish émigrés arriving led to over 150 synagogues being built. Today four active synagogues remain in Tower Hamlets: the Congregation of Jacob Synagogue (1903 – Kehillas Ya'akov), the East London Central Synagogue (1922), the

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Unlike the former constables, the police were recruited widely and financed by a levy on ratepayers; so they were initially disliked. The force took until the mid-19th century to be established in the East End. Unusually, Joseph Sadler Thomas, a Metropolitan Police superintendent of "F"

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Historically, the high death rates experienced in cities has meant they needed inward migration to maintain their level of population. Inward migration has maintained and increased the area's large population, which has in turn become a source of people moving to settle in other areas.

2922:. The authorities were suspicious of immigrants meeting and in some ways they were right to be as these grew into workers' associations and political organisations. Towards the middle of the 18th century the silk industry fell into a decline – partly due to the introduction of printed 2972:

to encourage other municipalities to build their own and the model spread quickly throughout the East End. Timbs noted that "... so strong was the love of cleanliness thus encouraged that women often toiled to wash their own and their children's clothing, who had been compelled to

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establishing the image of the humorous East End Cockney and highlighting the conditions of ordinary workers. This image, buoyed by close family and social links and the community's fortitude in the war, came to be represented in literature and film. However, with the rise of the

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By tradition any child born at sea was considered a parishioner of Stepney (the parish covered most of the East End at one time), and could claim Poor Relief there. They might, by extension, also be called an East-ender. The maritime association is remembered in the old rhyme:

1267:, and "dropped" carriages as it arrived at stations, which were reattached to the cable for the return journey, the train "reassembling" itself at the terminus. The line was converted to standard gauge in 1859, and steam locomotives adopted. The building of London termini at 1144:. The 692 ft (211 m) vessel was too long to fit across the river, and so the ship had to be launched sideways. Due to the technical difficulties of the launch, after this, shipbuilding on the Thames went into a long decline. Ships continued to be built at the 1213:. These docks imported tobacco, wine, wool and other goods into guarded warehouses within high walls (some of which still remain). They were able to berth over 300 sailing vessels simultaneously, but by 1971 they closed, no longer able to accommodate modern shipping. 3806:

as a shelter. Many deep tube stations remained in use as shelters until the end of the war. Aerial mines were deployed on 19 September 1940. These exploded at roof top height, causing severe damage to buildings over a wider radius than the impact bombs. By now, the

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in the 20th century, and by the scale of migration to London. This has included both gentrifying domestic migration (RP speakers) and the scale of international migration. Conversely, out-migration from East London has spread the Cockney dialect beyond the capital.

4015:. The ship's entry into the water created a huge displacement wave which caused a crowded pier to collapse into the water. Large crowds had been watching the launch, a moment of celebration for the community, and 38 people, mostly women and children were drowned. 2693:

Local forces continued to be primarily based on the Tower Division until its abolishment in 1900, though Tower Hamlets units remained part of the army until 1967. During the twentieth century, army units were generally based on more local areas, for instance the

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Industries associated with the sea developed throughout the East End, including rope making and shipbuilding. The former location of roperies can still be identified from their long straight, narrow profile in the modern streets, for instance Ropery Street near

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published his map of the parish of St Dunstan Stepney, which occupied much of the East End area. He was commissioned to do so by the Vestry (local government) of the parish, who needed such a map for administrative purposes. The map shows Stepney divided into

9759: 4980: 764:(The east)...especially along the shores of the Thames, consists of old houses, the streets there are narrow, dark, and ill paved; inhabited by sailors and other workmen... and by a great part of the Jews. The contrast between this and the west is astonishing 3725:

changed its strategy from attacking shipping and airfields to attacking cities. The City and West End were designated "Target Area B"; the East End and docks were "Target Area A". The first raid occurred at 4:30 p.m. on 7 September and consisted of 150

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and with it the City. The gate was breached and the attackers started to pour through, but a portcullis was dropped when only some had passed through, killing some and isolating those who had already passed through – these were then killed by the defenders.

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At the same time, religious reformers began to introduce "seamens' missions" throughout the dock areas that sought both to provide for seafarers' physical needs and to keep them away from the temptations of drink and women. Eventually, the passage of the

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as "a continual street, or filthy straight passage, with alleys of small tenements or cottages builded, inhabited by sailors and victuallers". Crews were paid off at the end of a long voyage, and would spend their earnings on drink in the local taverns.

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was the site of a wartime disaster. Families had crowded into the underground station due to an air-raid siren at 8:17, one of 10 that day. There was a panic at 8:27 coinciding with the sound of an anti-aircraft battery (possibly the recently installed

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held with the British government. He became a popular and familiar sight in the surrounding districts during that time. He preferred to stay with the poor people of East London, rather than take up the government's offer of an expensive West End hotel.

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among the most successful examples. Paradoxically, while some parts of the East End are undergoing rapid change and are amongst the areas with the highest mean salary in the UK, it also continues to contain some of the worst poverty in Great Britain.

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to provide fish for the City. These and other factors meant that industries relating to construction, repair, and victualling of naval and merchant ships flourished in the area but the City of London retained its right to land the goods, until 1799.

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opened in 1850 and was rebuilt in 1870 in a grand style, featuring a concert hall. The line and yards closed in 1944, after severe bomb damage, and never reopened, as goods became less significant, and cheaper facilities were concentrated in Essex.

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on 14 May 1887. The complex was completed with a library, swimming pool, gymnasium and winter garden, by 1892, providing an eclectic mix of populist entertainment and education. A peak of 8000 tickets were sold for classes in 1892, and by 1900, a

3302:. They advocated focusing on the causes of poverty and the radical notion of poverty being involuntary, rather than the result of innate indolence. At the time their work was rejected but was gradually adopted as policy by successive governments. 613:

separating the emerging East End from the western and small northern suburb must have helped shape the different economic character of the areas and perceptions of their distinct identity (see map below). Shoreditch's boundary with the parish of

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countryside. These boundaries remained consistent after urbanisation and so might be said to delineate east and north London. The boundary line, with very slight modifications, has also become the boundary between the modern London Boroughs of

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is a shoulder), to the east. During the Anglo-Saxon period the two sides were under separate administration and had distinct economies, character, customs and regulations. Even beyond the walls, the Walbrook separated landholdings, with the

4133:. A specific Dockyard division of the Metropolitan force was formed to assume responsibility for shore patrols within the docks in 1841, a detective department was formed in 1842, and in 1865, "J" division was established in Bethnal Green. 3468:

phenomena, whereby very great quantities of Roman era skulls have been found on the riverbed. Most of the theories explaining the presence of these heads point to a massacre of prisoners in the immediate aftermath of a Roman era conflict.

415:), who was promoting building in the underdeveloped eastern side of the walled area, and who may also have had a role in defending Bishopsgate itself. Apart from parts of Shoreditch, the rest of the area was part of the Bishop of London's 10014:

died and left property in Beaumont Square, Stepney to provide for the 'education and entertainment' of people from the neighbourhood. The charity – and its property – was becoming moribund by the 1870s, and in 1878 it was wound up by the

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in 1666 these were becoming industries, and some were particularly noisome, such as the processing of urine for the tanning industry, or required large amounts of space, such as drying clothes after process and dying in fields known as

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for shelter, fearing the effect on morale elsewhere in London and hampering normal operations. On 12 September, having suffered five days of heavy bombing, the people of the East End took the matter into their own hands and invaded

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garrison, and were also available for use in the field. The first surviving reference to the service owed to the Tower dates to 1554, but it describes pre-existing obligations, so the association is likely to be considerably older.

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Throughout its history, the East End has evolved in response to economic and social change, including migration, with its population being joined by large numbers of people from the UK and overseas. This is exemplified by the

7478: 7523: 3435:. The centres were initially established as places people could meet for social, educational and recreational interaction, without any barriers of class, colour or creed. This later extended to include social welfare. 936:(1830), and the open fields around Mile End New Town were used for the construction of estates of workers' cottages in 1820. This was designed in 1817 in Birmingham by Anthony Hughes and finally constructed in 1820. 3634:

The largest single loss of life occurred due to an industrial accident a plant producing supplies for the war effort. On 19 January 1917, 73 people died, including 14 workers, and more than 400 were injured, in a

8985: 7494: 7441: 7428: 7415: 3655:. The explosion happened in the early evening, if it had occurred in the day, or at night then the death toll would have been much greater. Andreas Angel, chief chemist at the plant, was posthumously awarded the 6857:

As one of the few mosques in Britain permitted to broadcast calls to prayer (azan), the mosque soon found itself at the centre of a public debate about "noise pollution" when local non-Muslim residents began to

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met the Tower moat and attacked the pro-Lancastrian besiegers from the flank while a counter-attack was launched from within the gate. The attackers were defeated and pursued, with the Essex men retreating over

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As the area became built up and more crowded, the wealthy sold their plots for subdivision and moved further afield. Into the 18th and 19th centuries, there were still attempts to build fine houses, for example

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A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 1: Physique, Archaeology, Domesday, Ecclesiastical Organization, The Jews, Religious Houses, Education of Working Classes to 1870, Private Education from Sixteenth

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From 1801 to 1821, the population of Bethnal Green more than doubled and by 1831 had trebled (see table in population section). These newcomers were principally weavers. For further details, see Andrew August

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area where the movement of East Londoners to south Essex and to a lesser extent parts on north Kent led it to be most widely spoken. Within London Cockney speech is, to a significant degree, being replaced by

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of the East End have mostly met the same fate as the theatres. Prominent examples included the London Music Hall (1856–1935), 95–99 Shoreditch High Street, and the Royal Cambridge Music Hall (1864–1936), 136

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was first published, in German, at a printers at 146 Liverpool Street, in Bishopsgate Without, in 1848. Towards the end of the 19th century, a new wave of radicalism came to the East End, arriving both with

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By the early 19th century, over 11,000 people were crammed into insanitary slums in an area, which took its name from the former Hospital of St Catherine that had stood on the site since the 12th century.

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march through the East End. Up to 100,000 East Londoners turned out to oppose them, resulting in three-way clashes between the fascists, their anti-fascist opponents and the police. There were clashes at

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As time went on, large estates began to be split up, ending the constraining effect of short-term copyhold. Estates of fine houses for captains, merchants and owners of manufacturers began to be built.

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instigated an investigation into the life of London poor (based at Toynbee Hall), much of which was centred on the poverty and conditions in the East End. Further investigations were instigated by the

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due to its size). As patron of Stepney, Dunstan is the closest East London has to a patron saint. He is also the patron saint of bell ringers and various types of metalworker. His feast day is 19 May.

8235: 7110: 6027: 5096: 367:) into the walled area. The walls were such a constraint to growth, that the position of the gates has been fundamental to the shaping of the capital, especially in the then suburbs outside the wall. 7044: 4196: 3291:, the Commission found it difficult to agree, beyond that change was necessary and produced separate minority and majority reports. The minority report was the work of Booth with the founders of the 1527:

The continued strength of the City's financial services sector has seen many large office buildings erected around the City fringe, with indirect benefits accruing to local business. The area around

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since time immemorial. Later, as London grew further, the fully urbanised Tower Division became a byword for wider East London, before East London grew further still, east of the River Lea and into

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epidemic swept the East End killing 3,000 people. Many families were left destitute, with thousands of children orphaned and forced to beg or find work in the factories. In 1867, Barnardo set up a

737:. This made the Constable an influential figure in the civil and military affairs of the early East End. Later, as London grew further, the fully urbanised Tower Division became a byword for wider 2125:, leading to dispersal of the population to new suburbs and new housing being built in the 1950s. Many East Enders went further than the eastern suburbs, leaving London altogether, notably to the 2567:

which, like the manor, originally included much or all of the East End area, with daughter parishes forming much later as a result of population growth. For this reason, St Dunstan's is known as

9634: 9613: 9559: 3354:, was published to bring her campaign to a wider audience. Pankhurst spent twelve years in Bow fighting for women's rights. During this time, she risked constant arrest and spent many months in 1432:. Much of this development has been of little benefit to local communities and has caused a damaging rise in property prices, meaning that much of the area remains among the poorest in Britain. 7178: 6874: 1444:, the legacy of slum clearance and wartime destruction. Many of the 1960s tower blocks have been demolished or renovated, replaced by low-rise housing, often in private ownership, or owned by 3224:

These conditions earned dockers much public sympathy, and they also obtained financial support from fellow dockworkers in Australian port cities. After a bitter struggle and the mediation of

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By comparison, in 1801 the population of England and Wales was 9 million; by 1851 it had more than doubled to 18 million, and by the end of the century had reached 40 million.

2387:, and modified by the many immigrants to the area. Cockney English is spoken widely in the East End, other areas of East London and in many traditionally working-class areas across London. 1728:. Migrants from all over the British Isles have made the East End their home, and migration from overseas has also always been a significant source of new East Enders. As early as 1483, the 3060:

In 1888, the matchgirls of Bryant and May in Bow went on strike for better working conditions. Another notable strike by women, was in 1968, when female staff at the Ford plant in Dagenham

1920:. During the 1970s, this immigration increased significantly. Today, Bangladeshis form the largest minority population in Tower Hamlets, constituting 32% of the borough's population at the 396:

river to allow it to specialise in seaborne trade. These intramural distinctions would persist, if less markedly, and influence the development that subsequently occurred beyond the walls.

4179:, Whitechapel and Ratcliffe areas there were 1803 prostitutes; and between Mile End, Shadwell and Blackwall 963 women in the trade. They were often victims of circumstance, there being no 1635:

to provide short-haul services to domestic and European destinations. There has been extensive building of luxury apartments, mainly around the former dock areas and alongside the Thames.

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had sustained heavy damage with a third of its warehouses destroyed, and the West India and St Katherine Docks had been badly hit and put out of action. Bizarre events occurred when the

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Fauconberg unsuccessfully tried to battle across London Bridge and also attacked the eastern gates with five thousand men and artillery. Breweries and alehouses in the eastern suburb of

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East London Papers. Volume 8 Paper 2. Some believe the obligation goes back to the Conqueror, but M. J. Power thought it later in the medieval when the hamlets had a higher population.

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perception, they are not an exclusively East End institution, there are Pearly Kings and Queens across inner London. A parade of real-life Pearly Kings and Queens was featured at the

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at the London Stadium – the largest harmonically tuned bell in the world and used in the opening ceremony of the 2012 games was jointly developed by Whitechapel, in partnership with a

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in 1971. The migrants settled in areas already established by the Bengali expatriate community, working in the local docks and Jewish tailoring shops set up to use cotton produced in

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struck in Grove Road, Mile End, on 13 June 1944, killing six, injuring 30, and making 200 people homeless. The area remained derelict for many years until it was cleared to extend

5368: 1202:. They were not successful commercially, as they were unable to accommodate the largest ships, and in 1864, management of the docks was amalgamated with that of the London Docks. 7251: 1128:. Shipbuilding for the navy is recorded at Ratcliff in 1354, with shipfitting and repair carried out in Blackwall by 1485. On 31 January 1858, the largest ship of that time, the 9799: 7516: 4587:, with many of the displaced people moving into the East End. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease and criminality. 3344:. Lansbury was narrowly defeated in the election, however, and support for the project in the East End was withdrawn. Pankhurst refocused her efforts, and with the outbreak of 3340:

to stand for election on a platform of women's enfranchisement. Pankhurst supported him in this, and Bow Road became the campaign office, culminating in a huge rally in nearby

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gives us our first record of the East End as a distinct entity, rather than a collection of parishes, when he describes London as consisting of four parts: the City of London,

4435:

and being demolished in 1960. Other important Jewish theatres were Feinmans, The Jewish National Theatre and the Grand Palais. Performances were in Yiddish, and predominantly

1402:. The closure of docks, cutbacks in railways and loss of industry contributed to a long-term decline, removing many of the traditional sources of low- and semi-skilled jobs. 1398:

The East End has historically suffered from poor housing stock and infrastructure. From the 1950s, the area was a microcosm of the structural and social changes affecting the

9390: 9018:

MP, London's Joint Regional Commissioner, and a former councillor and Mayor of Poplar. Elected on a pro-war ticket within the first 30 weeks of war (see Palmer, 1989, p. 139)

7582: 1058: 9123: 4812:

into their most popular new programme since the current ratings system began, has led to a high level of interest in true-life stories from the East End. Melanie McGrath's

3894:, and many were installed in the bombed areas and remained common into the 1970s. Today, 1950s and 1960s architecture dominates the housing estates of the area such as the 3464:

Blomfield Street on the western edge of the Bishopsgate Without area covers part of the course of the Walbrook River. This section of the Walbrook is the main focus of the

1897:, which slowed immigration to the area. In the mid and late 20th century many of the area's Jews migrated to more prosperous areas in the eastern suburbs and north London. 2930:" of 1769 were actually centred to the east and were put down with considerable force, culminating in two men being hanged in front of the Salmon and Ball public house at 8980: 8146: 7436: 7423: 7410: 4478:

The music hall tradition of live entertainment lingers on in East End public houses, with music and singing. This is complemented by less respectable amusements such as

8669: 2618:

and other parts of Europe. The Jewish community of the area dwindled, and in 1976 the building was acquired by the local Bengali community and is now used as a mosque.

1638:

The Docklands regeneration has been a success, but being based on service industries, the work does not closely match the skills and needs of the dockland communities.

3163: 2702:

units, but this representation was reduced in the Second World War due to the smaller size of the army and the reduced emphasis on units with small recruitment areas.

7334: 3321: 10975: 6207: 2489:

opened in 1570, and until its closure in 2016 was the oldest manufacturing company in the UK. The foundry built many of the most famous bells in the world including

9737: 6249: 6048: 2669:, was a part of Middlesex, but managed the reserve forces and other county functions itself; it was independent of the Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex, having its own 2478:, though this may instead reference the bell founding industry in that area. The Shoreditch bells that feature in the rhyme are used to represent Shoreditch in the 8409: 8384:. He did not speak at the conference, and did not refer to it in his own memoires. An account of the conference under his name appeared in the Bolshevik newspaper 6228: 5466:

The map shows the extent of the TD, which corresponds to Stepney, except for Shoreditch, most or all of which, was at one time or another also held by the Bishops

3745:

Between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941, a sustained bombing campaign was mounted. It began with the bombing of London for 57 successive nights, an era known as "

3601:

in 1066. The first raid killed seven in a wide arc across London, outraging public opinion. East London was at particular risk during the early attacks due to the

671:

in 1676, at a time when unpleasant smells were considered a vector of disease. He called for London's centre of gravity to move further west from the City towards

6111: 6090: 5676:

Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, Ch 6. The Act that forbabe limited landing to 'Legal Quays' in the City was introduced in 1558 and then amended in 1799.

10980: 9005:

An earlier planned evacuation had been met with intense distrust in the East End, families preferring to remain united and in their own homes (see Palmer, 1989).

5862: 5321: 5059:, Published by the Royal Historical Society – Publication describes how Borough of Stepney merged into the new LBTH in 1965. LBTH inherited Stepney's SW boundary 3363: 8039: 6496: 6482:, active in the East End, include: BGVPHA (Bethnal Green and Victoria Park Housing Association), Tower Hamlets Community Housing, Poplar HARCA and EastendHomes. 6132: 6520: 5561: 3400:

called out workers all over the country, including the London dockers. The government had had over a year to prepare and deployed troops to break the dockers'

2610:

Protestant refugees who came to East London to escape persecution in France. After much of that community moved on from the Spitalfields area it was used as a

9105: 9081: 6439: 6069: 7103: 6022: 5103: 9201: 8841: 7039: 953: 139:

inward and outward. The area had a strong pull on the rural poor from other parts of England, and attracted waves of migration from further afield, notably

9827: 9578: 9412: 9182: 9145: 8863: 8817: 8779: 8709: 8263: 8067: 8006: 7956: 7872: 7835: 7798: 7752: 7715: 7604: 7022: 6810: 6760: 5709: 4820:, about the annual East Enders' 'holiday' hop-picking in Kent. A raft of similar books was published in the 2000s, among them Gilda O'Neill's best-selling 916:, and a plaque on the site of Cook's house on the Mile End Road). Mile End Old Town also acquired some fine buildings, and the New Town began to be built. 477: 7905: 6825: 5785:

Joel Gascoyne's maps of Stepney in 1703 show the Hamlets of the parish occupying the same boundaries as when they subsequently became independent parishes

4384:. The first of this era was the ill-fated Brunswick Theatre (1828), which collapsed three days after opening, killing 15 people. This was followed by the 3713:

Initially, the German commanders were reluctant to bomb London, fearing retaliation against Berlin. On 24 August 1940, a single aircraft, tasked to bomb

2329:

identity. The term Cockney has loose geographic and linguistic definitions with blurring between the two. In practice people from all over the East End,

3408:

to end the strike. The TUC were forced into a humiliating climbdown and the general strike ended on 11 May, with the miners holding out until November.

1811:(French Protestant) refugees, many of them weavers, alongside large numbers of their English and Irish counterparts contributed to rapid development in 10242: 10231: 10220: 10209: 9629: 9608: 9554: 4191:

in 1864 allowed policemen to arrest prostitutes and detain them in hospital. The act was repealed in 1886, after agitation by early feminists, such as

3248: 3201:. This led to a demand for "6d per hour" (the "Docker's Tanner"), and an end to casual labour in the docks. Colonel G. R. Birt, the general manager at 2749:

There are not strong rivalries between the three clubs, instead there is a degree of overlap in support. By contrast, the rivalry between West Ham and

1996:

MP for Stepney on a platform of limiting immigration, winning the seat from the Liberal party. In 1901, Captain William Stanley Shaw and he formed the

10073: 10052: 7889: 3627:

aircraft, on 13 June 1917 was also the first attack to take place in daylight. The attack killed 104 people, 18 of them at Upper North Street School,

3214:

hunger will not allow them to continue: they take the 5d. in order that they may get food, perhaps the first food they have had for twenty-four hours.

10619: 8396:, in their respective periods, also stayed at the hostel writing on the poor conditions. Today, the hostel provides luxury housing for City workers. 7175: 6869: 7081: 3283:, where investors received a financial return on their philanthropy. Between the 1890s and 1903, when the work was published, the social campaigner 2637: 9655: 6609: 5658:

Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, Ch 8 mentions bell founding, braziers, arrowsmiths and others, for instance involved in supplying ships.

1194:

Heading eastward from the Tower of London lie six and a half mile of former docklands; the most central of the docks – just east of the Tower, is

359:

river. These gates, first built with the wall in the late second or early third centuries, secured the entrance of pre-existing roads (the modern

10821: 10428: 8440: 7162: 4171:

described the riverside prostitutes as a "horde of human tigresses who swarm the pestilent dens by the riverside at Ratcliffe and Shadwell". The

923:

was able to describe East London as a city in its own right, on account of its large size and social disengagement from the rest of the capital.

830:, which prevailed throughout the Manor of Stepney into the 19th century. There was little point in developing land that was held on short leases. 10098: 6413: 3014:

in 1870. When a boy died after being turned away (the home was full), the policy was instituted of "No Destitute Child Ever Refused Admission".

1752:

in foreign ports. Crews were paid at the end of their voyages. Inevitably, permanent communities became established, including small numbers of

1255:") to be built, in 1840, was a passenger service based on cable haulage by stationary steam engines that ran the 3.5 mi (5.6 km) from 637:

Building accelerated in the late 16th century, and the area that would later become known as the East End began to take shape. Writing in 1603,

9514: 8541: 4505:

Trust, together with subscriptions to build a "People's Palace" in the East End. Five acres of land were secured on the Mile End Road, and the

3377:. The poverty of the borough made this patently unfair and lead to the 1921 conflict between government and the local councillors known as the 2766: 2583: 1870: 399:

Beyond the wall, the landholdings which would ultimately shape modern administrative divisions were in place before Domesday. The land outside

9059: 8355: 8089: 7224: 5588: 4680:

The East End has been the subject of parliamentary commissions and other examinations of social conditions since the 19th century, as seen in

2956:

which significantly improved prison conditions. In 1844, an Association for Promoting Cleanliness among the Poor was established, and built a

2092:

As London extended east, East Enders often moved to opportunities in the new suburbs. The late 19th century saw a major movement of people to

537:. It became the fifth largest Abbey in the country, visited by monarchs and providing a retreat (and a final resting place) for the nobility. 9426: 7813: 4899: 2479: 1409:, closing in 1980. Various wharves along the river continue to be used but on a much smaller scale. London's main port facilities are now at 10450: 7202: 5168:, treats the area as coextensive with Tower Hamlets, while acknowledging that this excludes parts of the London Borough of Hackney, such as 3029:, experience the conditions and try to alleviate some of the poverty and misery in the East End. Notable residents of Toynbee Hall included 1307:. The Act restricted the operation of dangerous and noxious industries from in the metropolitan area, the eastern boundary of which was the 1209:

were built in 1805, and the waste soil and rubble from the construction was carried by barge to west London, to build up the marshy area of

6186: 4964: 3612: 2614:

chapel for a more widely based Christian congregation. It later became a synagogue, used by Jewish people who came to avoid pogroms in the

9029: 8913: 8467: 8289: 7666: 7459: 1331:

marshes helped extend the continuous development of London across the Lea into Essex. The railways gave access to a passenger terminal at

1240:

were created in 1868, predominantly for the import of grain and timber. These docks housed the first purpose built granary for the Baltic

10912: 8757: 6544: 5687: 3620: 3232:

was settled with victory for the strikers, and established a national movement for the unionisation of casual workers, as opposed to the

1061:

passed in 1876 to provide powers to seize slums from landlords and to provide access to public funds to build new housing. Philanthropic

8333: 5361: 5286: 5036: 3790:

and the Mudchute on the Isle of Dogs, and along the line of the Thames, as this was used by the aircraft to guide them to their target.

2060:

by three white teenagers in a racially motivated attack. British Bangladeshi groups mobilised for self-defence, 7,000 people marched to

9906: 9320: 7248: 7140: 6715: 6295: 5997: 5949: 5827: 5615: 5514: 4355:

On the night of 28 December 1598 Burbage's sons dismantled The Theatre, and moved it piece by piece across the Thames to construct the

3280: 2398:

The Cockney dialect taken beyond London is sometimes referred to as Estuary English, heavily influenced by Cockney and named after the

1924:; the largest such community in Britain. The contribution of Bangladeshi people to the culture of Britain was recognised in 1998, when 1823: 691:, these were territorial sub-divisions, rather than small villages, and later became independent daughter parishes in their own right. 9338: 7358: 6978: 6893: 6320: 5909: 1959:. Currently, the mosque has a capacity of 7,000, with prayer areas for men and women and classroom space for supplementary education. 1612:, which operated from 1981 to 1998; the body was charged with using deregulation and other levers to stimulate economic regeneration. 7730: 5478: 4008: 2727: 1428:

There has been extensive regeneration, and the East End has become a desirable place for business, partly due to the availability of

1145: 10926: 9946: 9535: 9221: 7000: 1574:

fashionable, a busy nightlife has developed, but many former residents now driven out by higher property prices and gentrification.

10398: 10372: 10303: 9267: 7689: 6387: 5536: 4747: 1609: 1220:

were established in 1803, providing berths for larger ships and a model for future London dock building. Imported produce from the

8562: 6165: 1877:

in the 13th century, and the East London became the major centre of Jews in England. In 1860, the Jews of the East End formed the

9372: 8897: 8795: 8609: 8517: 8217: 4894: 4778:. This latter group particularly became the subject of music hall songs at the turn of the 20th century, with performers such as 4696: 4408:(1840). Though very popular for a time, these theatres closed from the 1860s onwards, with the buildings subsequently demolished 2983:

began his Christian Revival Society in 1865, preaching the gospel in a tent erected in the Friends Burial Ground, Thomas Street,

2121:

devastated much of the East End, with its docks, railways and industry forming a continual target for bombing, especially during

1078: 987: 588:

Metal working industries are recorded between Aldgate and Bishopsgate in the 1300s and ship building for the navy is recorded at

250:

Beyond these reference points, the East End has no official or generally accepted boundaries; views vary as to how much of wider

8167: 10506: 8308: 8141: 3631:. During the war a total of 120 children and 104 adults were killed in the East End by aerial bombing, with many more injured. 3167: 2991:

was formed at a meeting held at 272 Whitechapel Road. A statue commemorates both his mission and his work in helping the poor.

2474:

on Cheapside, within the former walls and therefore outside of the East End). Older versions of the rhyme include the bells at

7635: 5455: 5393: 3411: 3404:. Armed food convoys, accompanied by armoured cars, drove down the East India Dock Road. By 10 May, a meeting was brokered at 2777: 2734:. Dagenham and Redbridge was formed by the merger of four clubs, from across East London, with a lineage dating back to 1881. 2631: 2587: 10741: 10699: 10311: 8881: 8664: 8184: 7075: 6658: 6352: 5631:

Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, Ch 1 discusses the fall in value of the land since the time of Edward the Confessor

4889: 4654: 3878: 3061: 2891: 2847: 2189: 10480: 6515: 3320:

movement's inability to engage with the needs of working-class women, so in 1912 she formed her own breakaway movement, the

1943:, which contained tens of millions of Muslims, but London had no mosque. From 1910 to 1940 various rooms had been hired for 1826:

was formed by British citizens concerned for the welfare of London's "black poor", many of whom had been evacuated from the

1503:

will create an east–west service across London, with a major interchange at Whitechapel. New river crossings are planned at

1224:

was unloaded directly into quayside warehouses. Ships were limited to 6000 tons. The old Brunswick Dock, a shipyard at

1069:

were formed to provide homes for the poor and to clear the slums generally. Expansion by the railway companies, such as the

17: 7728:

The map shows the extent of the TD, which corresponds to Stepney, except for Shoreditch which was also held by the Bishops

7328: 5127: 3366:, and along the way she alleviated some of the poverty and misery, and improved social conditions for all in the East End. 1986: 1097: 730: 9493: 6270: 6202: 4183:

and a high mortality rate amongst the inhabitants that left wives and daughters destitute, with no other means of income.

2918:, where master weavers were based. They brought with them a tradition of "reading clubs", where books were read, often in 868:

In medieval times trades were carried out in workshops in and around the owners' premises in the City. By the time of the

10814: 9862:

Haycroft, Jack Adams and the troupe moved to Hoxton from premises in Shoreditch, that had operated from the early 1830s,

8979:

The weather closed in on the night of 2 November 1940, otherwise London would have been bombed for 76 successive nights.

8723: 8114: 6244: 6043: 4172: 3546:

and the Kentish men headed to their ships at Blackwall. Both retreating groups suffered heavy casualties in the pursuit.

7934: 6223: 4284:, with the Boar's Head Inn (1557) in Whitechapel, the George in Stepney and John Brayne's short lived but purpose-built 3120:(Workers' Friend). By 1912, he had organised a mass London garment workers' strike for better conditions and an end to " 3010:

to provide a basic education but was shown the many children sleeping rough. His first home for boys was established at

10680: 7906:

https://www.itv.com/news/london/2021-05-21/victory-in-court-bid-to-stop-historic-tree-being-moved-to-make-way-for-flats

6843: 6687: 6106: 6085: 5424: 4591:

invention about 1880 of the term "East End" was rapidly taken up by the new halfpenny press, and in the pulpit and the

4144:, a long street lying on the high ground above the riverside settlements. In 1600, it was described by the antiquarian 3786:

himself toured the bombed areas of Stepney and Poplar. Anti-aircraft installations were built in public parks, such as

3621:

Raids by airships of the German Army and Navy continued through till 1917; with raids by fixed wing aircraft in 1917–18

3393: 326:

The wider East London area might be said to comprise, or approximate to, the two eastern wards of the City, the former

284: 9465: 6588: 6566: 5857: 5311: 5085:

This book includes references from the 18th century onwards that describe Bishopsgate Without as an East End district.

10722: 10661: 10642: 10611: 10589: 10567: 10351: 10270: 10119: 10036: 9983: 9930: 9873: 9851: 9786: 9731: 9720: 9698: 9679: 9449: 9251: 8961: 8937: 8687: 8653: 8634: 8317: 7982: 7317: 6491: 6467: 6127: 5977: 5933: 5891: 5770: 5257: 5207: 5161: 5135: 5078: 5056: 5012: 4752: 4686: 4258: 4257:

development. Two people were killed and thirty-nine injured in one of Mainland Britain's biggest bomb attacks by the

3803: 1461: 1198:, built in 1828 to accommodate luxury goods. This was built by clearing the slums that lay in the area of the former 1022: 10334: 9290: 5553: 3597:

on 31 May 1915, it was the first time the capital had been assaulted by a foreign enemy since William the Conqueror

2753:

is one of the fiercest in English football. Millwall, originated in the Isle of Dogs, but moved from East London to

1339:, which quickly became a major manufacturing town, with 30,000 houses built between 1871 and 1901. Soon afterwards, 884:

was built on and the gap with Finsbury was fully closed, and in the late 19th century development across the Lea in

10080: 9100: 9075: 6434: 6064: 4766:(1891) the idea of 'slumming it' in the 'forbidden' East End has held a fascination for a coterie of the literati. 4734: 4527: 1886: 1268: 718: 485: 9195: 5960:: volume 27: Spitalfields and Mile End New Town Great Eastern Buildings (1957), pp. 108–115. Retrieved 17 May 2008 2383:

and other features. The accent is said to be a remnant of early English London speech, strongly influenced by the

1682:

developed a new campus and many more cultural and educational facilities are being developed in the Olympic Park.

435:. The oldest recorded reference to this obligation is from 1554, but it is thought to pre-date that by centuries. 10795:

Phil Piratin, onetime Communist MP for Mile End and Stepney, on anti-fascism there and the Battle of Cable Street

7051: 6948:

Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement 1786–1791

6788: 4531: 3440: 3046: 2723: 2333:

and sometimes beyond, identify as Cockneys; some of these use the Cockney dialect to some degree and others not.

2251: 1671: 1581: 793: 699: 672: 280: 244: 112: 3385:, and the councillors received wide support. Ultimately, this led to the abolition of the Poor Laws through the 2769:, as both clubs traditionally drew much of their support from the dockyards that once lay on either side of the 495:

The first Bethlem (or Bedlam) Hospital, outside Bishopsgate, beside the Deepditch, a part of the Walbrook river.

10807: 8363: 4743: 4691: 3284: 2843: 2226: 1608:

The devastating closure of the docks and the loss of the associated industries led to the establishment of the

1367: 1199: 974: 503: 7776: 4875: 4795:

in the 1960s the dark side of East End character returned with a new emphasis on criminality and gangsterism.

4129:) Division, appears to have mounted the first local investigation (in Bethnal Green), in November 1830 of the 3699:

will smash Stepney. I know the East End! Those dirty Jews and Cockneys will run like rabbits into their holes.

3571: 2145:

in this, the latest group of migrants are following a pattern established for over more than three centuries.

1279:, again resulting in the destruction of housing and increased overcrowding in the slums. After the opening of 6358: 5755:

Young's guide describes Hamlets as devolved areas of Parishes – but does not describe this area specifically

4645:, path-finders and trail-clearers, living sign-posts to all the World.... knew not the way to the East End". 4523: 4385: 3891: 3866: 3182:

faction and debated strategy for the communist revolution in Russia. Trotsky noted, in his memoires, meeting

954:

Exact Survey of the city's of London Westminster ye Borough of Southwark and the Country near ten miles round

781:

Writing of the period around 1800, Rev. Richardson commented on the estrangements between the east and west:

769: 757: 10239: 10228: 10217: 10206: 5051:

Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Frederic A Youngs Jr, Volume 1: Southern England, p310,

2384: 1717: 10068: 10047: 7886: 7643: 3950: 2510: 2404: 2010: 1893:(1766). Jewish immigration to the East End peaked in the 1890s, leading to agitation which resulted in the 1252: 1070: 965:

1882 Reynolds Map of the East End. Development has now eliminated the open fields shown on the earlier map.

618: 442:

and City Wards which, by occasional fission and mergers, developed into the administrative units of today.

51: 3938:

was Spitalfields, and cholera epidemics broke out in Limehouse in 1832 and struck again in 1848 and 1854.

257:

In extending from the line of the former walls, the area is taken to include the small ancient extramural

10985: 10965: 8349: 7407:

A vision of Britain between 1801 and 2001. Including maps, statistical trends and historical descriptions

4746:

set in the 1930s. A further detailed study of Bethnal Green was carried out in the 1950s by sociologists

4471:

was a theatre based at Britannia Fields. Many popular music hall stars came from the East End, including

4363: 3133: 3011: 2646: 2634:. Many of the borough's staff uniforms are Mulberry coloured, and the Town Hall is named Mulberry Place. 2506: 2467: 2325:

Despite a negative image among outsiders, the people of the area take pride in the East End and in their

2103:

There was significant work to alleviate overcrowded housing from the start of the 20th century under the

1997: 1615:

As a consequence of this, and of investment in the area's transport infrastructure, there have been many

1421:. These larger modern facilities can accommodate larger vessels and are suitable for the needs of modern 1272: 631: 465: 279:

Beyond the small eastern extramural wards, the narrowest definition restricts the East End to the modern

261: 9650: 8080:

The origins of the pearlies are briefly described in The London Encyclopaedia, Weinreb and Hibbert, 1983

4583:(1827) and the central London railway termini (1840–1875) that caused the clearance of former slums and 1291:, with marshalling yards and a maintenance depot serving both the City and the West India docks. Nearby 10420: 8993: 8290:

https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/62745/dalrev_vol43_iss4_pp457_468.pdf?sequence=1

7367: 6605: 6459: 4936: 4762: 4448: 4389: 4074: 3836: 3827: 3787: 3602: 3341: 3292: 3276: 3229: 3137: 3069: 3054: 2914:

weavers arrived in the East End, settling to service an industry that grew up around the new estate at

2097: 1925: 1921: 1835: 1739: 1632: 1324: 1311:. Consequently, many of these activities were relocated to the banks of the river. The building of the 1229: 522: 412: 304: 8434: 7027:

initially published in The Bulletin of the Military Historical Society, Vol. 48, No 191, February 1998

4339:

Can this Cock-Pit hold within this Woodden O, the very Caskes that did affright the Ayre at Agincourt?

1900:

From the late 1950s the local Muslim population began to increase due to further immigration from the

1878: 1030:, shoemakers, dustmen, sawyers, carpenters, cabinet makers and silkweavers. He noted that in the area: 464:

Five monastic institutions, centres of learning and charity, were established just outside the walls:

10794: 10092: 8588: 7851:"The history of Brick Lane Mosque tells the story of the East End's immigrant past | CityMetric" 6409: 5342:

Ross, Cathy, & Clark, John, eds. (2008), London: The Illustrated History. London: Allen Lane. p47

4114: 3386: 2835: 2695: 2072:" in commemoration. Racially-motivated violence has continued to occasionally occur, and in 1993 the 2038: 2017: 1974:

of 1780 began with burnings of the houses of Catholics and their chapels in Poplar and Spitalfields.

1679: 1320: 1300: 818:

The East End has always contained some of London's poorest areas. The main reasons for this include:

627: 296: 123:

was more than geographical. The East End was the urbanised part of an administrative area called the

39: 10789: 10784: 9509: 8538: 4482:, which, since the 1950s has become a fixture of certain East End pubs, particularly in the area of 4439:. These declined, as audience and actors left for New York and the more prosperous parts of London. 3396:

had begun as a dispute between miners and their employers outside London in 1925. On 1 May 1926 the

2722:. Leyton Orient and West Ham have roots in the maritime trades, with Orient having had links to the 544:

The lands east of the City have sometimes been used as hunting grounds for bishops and royalty. The

10970: 9054: 7218: 5762: 5584: 4816:(2003), about her grandmother's life in the East End, was also a best-seller, as was the follow-up 4203: 4188: 4027: 3870: 3799: 3721:

retaliated by mounting a forty aircraft raid on Berlin, with a second attack three days later. The

3555: 3337: 2626:

The importance of the textile industry to the East End is reflected in the inclusion of a sprig of

2560: 2502: 2486: 2148:

These population figures reflect the area that now forms the London Borough of Tower Hamlets only:

1807:

Weaving was a major industry in areas close to the City but remote from the Thames; the arrival of

1488: 1280: 1256: 1035:

melting tallow, or preparing cat's meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and 'lakes of putrefying

648: 9354:

Plague deaths measured at more than 3000 deaths per 478 sq yards in Spitalfields in 1665 (source:

8747:

City Sewer Records, referenced in Smith 1842, 152–3; Wheeler, 1928 p 87; March & West 1981 no2

2791:), scored England's winning goal against Germany in Berlin, in front of 110,000 Germans including 2582:

Dunstan's links to the area led to his fire-tong symbol being included in the coat of arms of the

2064:

in protest, and the community became more politically involved. In 1998, the former churchyard of

1417:(opened in 1886 and 2013 respectively), further downstream, beyond the Greater London boundary in 10785:

Nellie Dick reminsicing about the anarchist movement in the East End prior to the First World War

10652:

Glendinning, Nigel; Griffiths, Joan; Hardiman, Jim; Lloyd, Christopher; Poland, Victoria (2001).

10542: 10173: 8196: 8188: 7197: 6410:"Alliott Verdon Roe – E17 (1) : London Remembers, Aiming to capture all memorials in London" 4804: 4724: 4526:, major donors to the original scheme, invested more to rebuild the technical college and create 3675: 3567: 3566:, hoping to make for Essex to join up with Royalists there. The Royalists were confronted by the 3272: 3206: 3087: 2863: 2475: 1993: 1702: 1659: 1528: 1465: 1167: 1133: 158: 60: 8462: 7275: 7001:"JCR-UK: 11th Tower Hamlets Volunteers: First Jewish Unit in the British Army by Harold Pollins" 6835: 6829: 6181: 4958: 1358:

The years 1885–1909 saw a series of transportation milestones achieved in Walthamstow. In 1885,

9033: 8908: 8830:

The campaign covered briefly in The English Civil War, A peoples History. Diane Purkiss. p534-6

8478:(Charles Schribner's Sons, New York, 1930) Marxist Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 February 2008 8200: 7658: 7456: 6630: 5473: 4452: 4335:

first performed at the Curtain. The play Henry V makes direct reference to the Curtain Theatre

4266: 4250: 4246: 4223: 4168: 4095: 3935: 3501: 3465: 3378: 3350: 3050: 2839: 2719: 2674: 2391: 2073: 2046: 1390: 1089:, new powers and responsibilities and led to the building of new philanthropic housing such as 726: 445: 6929:, on the south side of Marylebone Road, with other centres of black poor being the rookery of 6739:"The turbo-charged Olympic Park regeneration is creating an exciting new east London district" 6539: 3643:. Much of the area was flattened, and the shock wave was felt throughout the City and much of 3348:, she began a nursery, clinic and cost price canteen for the poor at the bakery. A paper, the 3251:

was active in the East End, alleviating poverty by founding a sewing school for ex-weavers in

3002:, Whitechapel to train for medical missionary work in China. Soon after his arrival in 1866 a 2532:

was a tenth century churchman, statesman and saint with strong links to the East End area. As

8328: 6371:

There is also general agreement that J. K. Starley's Rover was the first true safety bicycle.

5995:, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 132–135 5279: 5033: 4431: 3500:

took the opportunity afforded by Edward's absence and raised armies in Kent and Essex, which

3497: 3415:

Canning Town greets Gandhi. Gandhi lived among ordinary East Enders for three months in 1931.

3397: 2104: 1724:

speech suggests that a high proportion of early Londoners came from Essex and areas speaking

1646: 1585: 1577: 1567: 1508: 1480: 1186: 1101: 1086: 1074: 857: 515: 9901: 9336:, Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 212–23 8380:

Lenin stayed in Bloomsbury. Stalin, then known as Joseph Djugashvili, was the delegate from

7932:

website focussing on the Trained Bands in the War of the Three Kingdoms (English Civil War)

7136: 6705: 6289: 5991: 5944: 5821: 5609: 5530: 5508: 4633:

This idea of the East End as lying beyond the pale of respectability was also emphasised by

3934:

and pestilence has fallen on East Enders disproportionately. The area most afflicted by the

2049:, forced the fascists to abandon their march, and conduct a parade in the West End instead. 1100:

programmes had begun. These included the creation of the world's first council housing, the

789:

and vice-versa. There was little communication or sympathy between the two ends of London.

439: 178:

East End docks in 1980 created further challenges and led to attempts at regeneration, with

10011: 9965:

ed. Benny Green (London, Pavilion Books Ltd. in association with Michael Joseph Ltd., 1986)

9332: 9088: 7353: 6975: 6890: 6527: 6503: 6314: 5902: 5613:, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 19–52 5394:

https://archive.org/details/londonitsorigine00pageuoft/page/138/mode/2up/search/stallership

4931: 4926: 4519: 3887: 3667: 3636: 3598: 3478: 3256: 3225: 2995: 2968:

for bathing or washing, and by June 1847 was receiving 4,284 people a year. This led to an

2435:

gatehouse, recorded a pre-existing bell-founding industry, outside the wall in the Aldgate/

1989: 1890: 1839: 1725: 1663: 1655: 1288: 1157: 897: 869: 614: 534: 526: 407:, a fighting organisation responsible for the defence of Aldgate and the nearby walls. The 183: 87:. It does not have universally accepted boundaries on its north and east sides, though the 5468: 3734:

bombers and large numbers of fighters. This was followed by a second wave of 170 bombers.

3453: 3064:

to gain the same wages as male staff. This ultimately led the government to introduce the

2564: 2537: 1584:

has expanded its existing site at Mile End, and opened specialist medical campuses at the

734: 416: 195: 8: 10394: 10364: 9941: 9530: 9473: 9216: 7372: 6930: 4846:, a book which tells the true stories of women working at Tate & Lyle's factories in 4706: 4660: 4537:

Professional theatre returned briefly to the East End in 1972, with the formation of the

4515: 4348: 4324: 4107: 4091: 4065: 4061: 4057: 3903: 3582: 3543: 3486: 3420: 3018: 2854:

remarking that he couldn't tell the story of the East End without reference to the club.

2742: 2336:

A traditional definition is that to be a Cockney, one had to be born within the sound of

2107:. Between the wars, people moved to new estates built for this purpose, in particular at 1901: 1874: 1843: 1757: 1747:

was one of the first in Britain to be allowed to use loudspeakers to broadcast the adhan.

1628: 1547: 1445: 1379: 1316: 1292: 1245: 1090: 1062: 957:. London is expanding, but there are still large areas of fields to the east of the City. 538: 9263: 8410:"How a tiny Southgate Road chapel played a big role in Russia's 1917 October Revolution" 7266:

East London Advertiser – reproduced in London, The Autobiography, edited by Jon E Lewis.

7067:

Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields 1660–2000

6383: 2053: 1479:, but only a short section was built. Road links were improved by the completion of the 1287:. In the 19th century, the area north of Bow Road became a major railway centre for the 10894: 10771: 10711: 10599: 10577: 10016: 8556: 8000: 7709: 6160: 5724: 5246: 4909: 4580: 4372: 4285: 4012: 3794: 3758:

have been higher. Some estimates say 400 or even 600 may have died during this raid on

3534: 3516: 3171: 3129: 3065: 2459: 1952: 1933: 1744: 1591: 1551: 1195: 1137: 786: 608:, with the modest eastern suburb separated from the much smaller northern extension by 605: 388: 299:. Other commentators prefer a definition broader still, encompassing districts such as 283:. A more common preference is to add to Tower Hamlets the former parish and borough of 91:

is sometimes seen as the eastern boundary. Parts of it may be regarded as lying within

9367: 8604: 8512: 8212: 7923:

MJ Powers, Origin and Early use of the term Tower Hamlets, East London Papers volume 8

5582:

The building named 'King Johns Palace may not have been connected to the crown at all

5142:

the part of London east of the City as far as the River Lea, including the Docklands".

3802:

with pillows and blankets. The government relented and opened the partially completed

1156:

until the yard closed in 1913, shortly after the launch of the Dreadnought Battleship

10737: 10718: 10695: 10676: 10657: 10638: 10607: 10585: 10563: 10347: 10307: 10266: 10187: 10032: 9979: 9926: 9847: 9843: 9821: 9782: 9716: 9694: 9675: 9445: 9406: 9247: 9176: 9139: 8957: 8951: 8933: 8893: 8877: 8857: 8811: 8773: 8703: 8649: 8630: 8313: 8257: 8240: 8192: 8162: 8061: 7978: 7950: 7866: 7829: 7792: 7746: 7598: 7313: 7156: 7071: 7016: 6839: 6804: 6776:

Ellis, Alexander J. (1890). English dialects: Their Sounds and Homes. pp. 35, 57, 58.

6754: 6654: 6463: 6348: 6344: 5973: 5929: 5887: 5766: 5703: 5253: 5203: 5157: 5131: 5074: 5052: 5008: 4739: 4538: 4401: 4231: 4227: 4141: 4136:

One of the East End industries that serviced ships moored off the Pool of London was

4078: 4001: 3990: 3914: 3883: 3783: 3042: 3038: 2969: 2927: 2731: 2600: 2353: 2061: 1827: 1801: 1375: 1359: 1348: 1344: 1260: 1225: 1149: 1016: 834: 593: 491: 163: 10502: 4392:(1831) in Leman Street, the Effingham (1834) in Whitechapel, the Standard (1835) in 4167:

By the 19th century, an attitude of toleration had changed, and the social reformer

3877:

It is estimated that by the end of the war, 80 tons of bombs had fallen on the

2390:

The position of the Cockney dialect in London has been weakened by the promotion of

2084:

was part of a series that targeted ethnic minorities, gays and "multiculturalists".

1977: 1955:

the following year. In 1985 the mosque was moved to a new purpose-built building on

1796:. It was only after the devastation of the Second World War that this predominantly 1580:, a cluster of technology companies has developed in and around Shoreditch, and the 1182:

Stratford and Liverpool Street (pictured) stations, are among the busiest in the UK.

1178: 10869: 10864: 10844: 10626: 9583: 7629: 6926: 5957: 4787: 4771: 4718:. Narrative accounts of experiences amongst the East End poor were also written by 4638: 4565:, and the Half Moon Young People's Theatre, which remains active in Tower Hamlets. 4381: 4377: 4328: 4277: 4192: 3931: 3848: 3774: 3754: 3750: 3717:, accidentally bombed Stepney, Bethnal Green and the City. The following night the 3482: 3313: 3175: 2819: 2792: 2788: 2533: 2463: 2425: 2376: 2065: 1966:

riots, in which foreign-owned property was attacked, resulted in the deaths of 135

1962:

Immigrants and minorities have occasionally been faced with hostility. In 1517 the

1956: 1858:. From the late 19th century, a large African mariner community was established in 1516: 1496: 1492: 1476: 1363: 1284: 1244:, a local landmark that remained until it was demolished to improve access for the 1233: 1217: 1129: 1082: 846: 545: 428: 379: 9595: 3519:, outside the wall, were ransacked and set on fire by the attackers at this time. 1850:

in west Africa. The settlers suffered tremendous hardships and many died, but the

1570:

movement living and working in the area. This has made the area around Hoxton and

1190:

The London 2012 Opening Ceremony portrayed the trauma of the Industrial Revolution

272:(as established until 21st century boundary reviews). The various channels of the 10631: 10476: 10344: 10260: 10246: 10235: 10224: 10213: 10123: 10102: 10077: 10056: 9950: 9910: 9804: 9769: 9741: 9712: 9672:

Sarah Wise – The Italian Boy: A Tale of Murder and Body Snatching in 1830s London

9659: 9638: 9617: 9563: 9539: 9518: 9497: 9469: 9430: 9391:"HMS Albion disaster on Thames revisited—113 years on | Eastern Daily Press" 9376: 9342: 9225: 9205: 9109: 9085: 9063: 8989: 8917: 8796:"Richard III Society | The Wars of the Roses | Descriptions of Battles" 8727: 8673: 8613: 8592: 8566: 8545: 8521: 8471: 8444: 8337: 8296: 8221: 8171: 8150: 8118: 8098: 8044: 7912: 7893: 7639: 7503: 7482: 7463: 7445: 7432: 7419: 7362: 7338: 7255: 7228: 7206: 7182: 7065: 7048: 6982: 6897: 6878: 6691: 6592: 6570: 6548: 6524: 6500: 6443: 6324: 6299: 6274: 6253: 6232: 6211: 6190: 6169: 6136: 6115: 6094: 6073: 6052: 6031: 6001: 5953: 5913: 5866: 5831: 5688:"Introduction: Geological and geographical setting | British History Online" 5619: 5540: 5518: 5316: 5290: 5040: 4968: 4842: 4715: 4701: 4620:

nothing to be found in the "East End" should be tolerated in a Christian country.

4549:

and built a new theatre on the site, which opened in 1985, and gave premières to

4423: 4317: 4219: 4043: 3960: 3895: 3840: 3606: 3605:

order, later rescinded, that the raiders limit themselves to targets east of the

3490: 3355: 3333: 3329: 3239: 3125: 3116: 2999: 2961: 2952:, was an influential social reformer, particularly noted for helping deliver the 2923: 2875: 2811: 2784: 2737: 2711: 2698:. The First World War saw a proliferation of local battalions, including several 2682: 2670: 2541: 2518: 2368: 2138: 2006: 1948: 1894: 1866: 1781: 1765: 1512: 1484: 1475:

There was a long-standing plan to provide London with an inner motorway box, the

1441: 1429: 1422: 1410: 1104: 1054: 999: 982: 933: 714: 597: 553: 469: 432: 411:

seems to have been the responsibility of the Bishop of London (the Bishop of the

316: 236: 128: 120: 9863: 6193:

Disused stations, site record, Subterranea Britannica. Retrieved 23 October 2007

3982:

in under four minutes. Of the approximately 700 passengers, over 600 were lost.

3765: 203: 10839: 10692:

Mile End Old Town, 1740–1780: a social history of an early modern London Suburb

10537: 10451:"Oral History & Creative Non-Fiction: Telling the Lives of the Sugar Girls" 9925:

Jacob Adler translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, (Knopf NY 1999)

9587: 9488: 9316: 8488: 6265: 4808:(2002, reissued 2007), which became a major best-seller and was adapted by the 4799: 4607:

might pass muster as one of the respectable poor. But the same man coming from

4584: 4558: 4510: 4411: 4397: 4344: 4332: 4291: 4261:. This led to the introduction of police checkpoints controlling access to the 4211: 4207: 4161: 4130: 4099: 3972: 3899: 3852: 3820: 3808: 3731: 3671: 3628: 3563: 3436: 3432: 3382: 3370: 3202: 3187: 3149: 3072:, made the East End a key element in the foundation and achievements of modern 3034: 2988: 2957: 2953: 2796: 2699: 2666: 2615: 2545: 2471: 2451: 2399: 2337: 2077: 2069: 1967: 1940: 1929: 1831: 1675: 1500: 1414: 1332: 1237: 861: 722: 499: 450: 420: 356: 327: 258: 228: 216: 175: 167: 148: 124: 119:, and "That Part beyond the Tower". The relevance of Strype's reference to the 92: 80: 8111: 5685:

on the wall eventually becoming an inadvertent? dam to hold back the Walbrook

2356:, but modern noise pollution means that the bells can only be heard as far as 969: 10959: 10941: 10928: 10532: 10338:

pp 351–2, Frank Cullen, Florence Hackman, Donald P. McNeilly (Routledge 2006)

9995: 9877: 8393: 8359: 7506:– LB Tower Hamlets statistics (National Statistics) accessed 22 February 2008 4881: 4837: 4729: 4711: 4608: 4546: 4501: 4468: 4376:, in 1741. In the 19th century the East End's theatres rivalled those of the 4367: 4356: 4309: 4215: 4180: 4126: 4118: 4031: 3996:

at Thames Ironworks in 1898 caused a displacement wave that killed 38 people.

3968: 3844: 3727: 3428: 3424: 3359: 3299: 3268: 3260: 3159: 3141: 3107: 3007: 2980: 2941: 2931: 2919: 2815: 2750: 2715: 2686: 2380: 2345: 2021: 1909: 1816: 1616: 1559: 1457: 1066: 920: 909: 683: 668: 652:

Ogilby & Morgan's 1673 map of London. The East End is developing outside

549: 507: 449:

The Tower of London was the administrative and geographic cornerstone of the

424: 360: 6681: 5432: 4738:, recounting his own experiences in the 1930s, as well as the Jewish writer 3507: 2657: 1472:(1999) were subsequently constructed to improve rail transport in the area. 1002:

bandstand was built on the rubble from the clearance of the Old Nichol slum.

533:, and it was here that he made peace with the barons under the terms of the 10884: 10879: 10874: 10859: 10766: 10757: 9460: 8449: 7282: 6637: 6582: 6560: 4775: 4681: 4530:

in December 1934. A new 'People's Palace' was constructed, in 1937, by the

4456: 4281: 4262: 4254: 4157: 4153: 4137: 3943: 3856: 3759: 3739: 3705: 3687: 3679: 3656: 3594: 3405: 3252: 3145: 3030: 3025:

and Oxford House, to encourage university students to live and work in the

3022: 2935: 2915: 2871: 2770: 2762: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2447: 2372: 2118: 2042: 2025: 1971: 1963: 1859: 1855: 1812: 1624: 1620: 1596: 1555: 1469: 1206: 1153: 1027: 1011: 901: 893: 874: 733:) for time immemorial, having its roots in the Bishop of London's historic 660:

and along the river – it is separated from the other extramural suburbs by

569: 530: 473: 404: 375: 240: 224: 220: 179: 144: 96: 84: 10114: 8187:

was founded in 1884 in Commercial Street as a centre for social reform by

4197:

Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts

2501:

and Bow Bells. Other Whitechapel cast bells of local significance include

912:, where a school and assembly rooms had been established (commemorated by 808:

side of the city, as they are from the inhabitants of Holland or Belgium.

111:, which describes London as consisting of four parts: the City of London, 10899: 10854: 10790:

Mick Mindel talking about communism in the East End in the 1930s and '40s

10336:

Vaudeville, Old and New: An Encyclopedia of Variety Performers in America

10168: 9294: 9015: 8389: 6961:

The other Eastenders: Kamal Chunchie and West Ham's early black community

4904: 4779: 4719: 4642: 4634: 4554: 4541:

in a rented former synagogue in Aldgate. In 1979, they moved to a former

4493: 4472: 4460: 4427: 4313: 4296: 4176: 4048: 4023: 4019: 3816: 3648: 3538: 3522: 3401: 3345: 3325: 3317: 3305: 3295: 3233: 3194: 3183: 3095: 3081: 3077: 2984: 2851: 2823: 2807: 2800: 2780: 2627: 2436: 2429: 2330: 2112: 1917: 1797: 1406: 1371: 1312: 1241: 1221: 1115: 995: 978: 948: 797: 738: 695: 653: 561: 481: 408: 392: 352: 344: 312: 265: 251: 212: 104: 76: 55: 10799: 10531: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 9334:

The Lansbury Estate: Introduction and the Festival of Britain exhibition

9102:

Mass-Observation Archive: Topic Collections:Anti-Semitism survey 1939–51

8528:(1889) in London Docklands History for GCSE. Retrieved 18 September 2007 8236:"How a women's strike at a factory in Dagenham led to the Equal Pay Act" 7887:

https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Tower_Hamlets

2874:

culture, their name derives from their clothes which are decorated with

2555:

Dunstan was a 10th-century English saint closely linked to the East End.

641:

described the squalid riverside development, extending nearly as far as

10889: 9763:

Christopher Phillpotts (CrossRail Documentary Report, prepare by MoLAS)

7974:

Football Talk: The Language & Folklore of the World's Greatest Game

7777:"St Dunstan and All Saints Stepney – St Dunstan and All Saints Stepney" 7242: 6934: 6902:

A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green

5905:

A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green

5302: 5169: 4914: 4860: 4847: 4792: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4483: 4479: 4443: 4416: 4393: 4300: 4295:

Curtain Theatre, c. 1600 (some sources identify this as a depiction of

4242: 3956: 3735: 3640: 3578: 3198: 2831: 2827: 2758: 2357: 2081: 2030: 2001: 1944: 1928:

of Bethnal Green became the first Bangladeshi-born Briton to enter the

1913: 1847: 1694: 1571: 1563: 1532: 1399: 1036: 881: 856:

The concentration of the ruling court and national political centre in

801: 661: 622: 609: 565: 519: 383: 292: 232: 35: 6772: 6770: 5884:

Poor Women's Lives: Gender, Work, and Poverty in Late-Victorian London

4308:

theatres with resident companies were constructed in Shoreditch, with

3193:

By the 1880s, the casual system caused dock workers to unionise under

2902: 849:

and related industries, made worse by the trade practices of outwork,

456: 207:

The extramural eastern wards of Bishopsgate Without and the Portsoken.

10779: 10029:

From Palace to College – An illustrated account of Queen Mary College

9521:

The Official Encyclopaedia of Scotland Yard, accessed 23 October 2007

9230: 8288:

A Rhetorical Approach to the Communist manifesto, Haig A. Bosmajian,

6710: 4604: 4542: 4522:

was introduced. In 1931, the building was destroyed by fire, but the

4436: 4145: 3832: 3815:

burned with an eerie blue flame, caused by a hit on a gin factory at

3812: 3746: 3722: 3696: 3647:. This was the largest explosion in London history, and was heard in 3559: 3179: 3121: 3073: 2881: 2611: 2341: 2122: 2108: 2057: 1777: 1769: 1729: 1667: 1308: 1276: 1264: 850: 742: 703: 638: 273: 269: 231:

is regarded as the symbolic start of the East End. On the river, the

116: 88: 47: 10182: 6458:

Peter Lee and Alan Murie, (The Policy Press in association with the

6340:

The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle

4430:. These developed into professional companies, after the arrival of 4117:

was formed, with a remit to patrol within 7 mi (11 km) of

3985: 2559:

In 952, Dunstan is recorded as founding (or more likely rebuilding)

1939:

At the beginning of the 20th century, London was the capital of the

1862:

as a result of new shipping links to the Caribbean and West Africa.

961: 431:, in compensation for his duties in maintaining and garrisoning the 95:(though that term too has no precise definition). The term "East of 10031:

G. P. Moss and M. V. Saville pp. 39–48 (University of London 1985)

9112:

University of Sussex, special collections accessed 15 November 2007

7392:

Statistical Abstract for London Vol IV (London County Council 1901)

6767: 5903:"Bethnal Green: Building and Social Conditions from 1837 to 1875", 5803:

Archenholtz, J. Wm, A Picture of England, Dublin, Byrne, 1791 (119)

5351:

Citadel of the Saxons, the Rise of Early London. Rory Naismith, p31

5185:

Fishman 1988, p. xi, identifies his area of study as Tower Hamlets.

4783: 4714:, and recounts the story of a boy growing up in a slum surrounding 4669: 4612: 4579:

immigrants. The problems were exacerbated with the construction of

4550: 4238: 3964: 3873:: Universal House, steel frame clad with corrugated asbestos cement 3769:

Children of an eastern suburb of London, made homeless by the Blitz

3374: 3373:

had to be funded from money raised by the borough itself under the

3099: 2949: 2945: 2911: 2803:

moment". Goulden celebrated with a shout of "Let 'em salute that".

2765:

in 1910. The rivalry between West Ham and Millwall is known as the

2754: 2607: 2130: 2093: 2034: 1808: 1773: 1340: 1336: 1304: 1141: 1125: 905: 885: 827: 823: 752:

The contrast between the east and west ends was stark, in 1797 the

642: 589: 371: 364: 300: 152: 140: 10582:

East End 1888: a year in a London borough among the labouring poor

6916:

John A. Jackson, pp. 137–9, 150 (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964)

6338: 4102:

and the lower reaches of the river. Its base was (and remains) in

3971:. On the evening of 3 September 1878, she collided with the steam 3219:

Col. G. R. Birt, in evidence to the Parliamentary Committee (1889)

2710:

There are three professional football clubs in the East End area;

2024:

and inspired by German and Italian fascism, assembled to begin an

1830:

and were former slaves who had escaped their American masters and

1690: 1366:

built the first British motorcar in a workshop in his garden. The

785:

The inhabitants of the extreme east of London knew nothing of the

10654:

Changing Places: a short history of the Mile End Old Town RA area

10651: 9746: 9315:

Pre-fabricated housing was constructed under the auspices of the

8539:

https://www.jstor.org/page-scan-delivery/get-page-scan/27508058/0

8381: 7816:. 2 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020 7765:

Dunstan refounded "Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, p136

7696:. 15 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019 6826:"Nationalism, Community, and the Islamization of Space in London" 5454:

London, its origin and early development, Chapter: The Sokes, W.

5306: 4665: 4616: 4103: 4094:

was formed by magistrate Patrick Colquhoun and a Master Mariner,

3779: 3714: 3683: 3652: 3624: 3526: 3111: 3103: 3003: 2906:

William Booth founded the Salvation Army, in Whitechapel, in 1878

2572: 2529: 2490: 2432: 2379:, a loss of dental fricatives, diphthong alterations, the use of 2364: 2326: 2016:

On 4 October 1936, around 3–5,000 uniformed blackshirts from the

1793: 1789: 1721: 1504: 1405:

The docks declined from the mid-20th century, with the last, the

1352: 1328: 1210: 1163: 943: 838: 753: 657: 511: 460:

London in 1300: development is mainly limited to the walled area.

400: 348: 10205:(London: Griffin, Bohn, and Company, Stationers' Hall Court) in 9246:

Rosemary Taylor and Christopher Lloyd (Sutton Publishing, 2007)

9121:

article emphasising people being allowed in to Liverpool Street

8892:"London 1914–17" by Ian Castle describes these raids in detail. 6151:(Volume 2) W. J. Gordon (1910, Frederick Warne & Co, London) 5534:, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 2 (1907), pp. 129–133 5512:, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5 (1966), pp. 184–190 3773:

The effect of the intensive bombing worried the authorities and

3616:

Deaths among women, children and the elderly shocked the public.

3289:

Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905–09

2987:. Others joined his Christian Mission, and on 7 August 1878 the 2551: 2037:, Gardiners Corner (the junction of Whitechapel High Street and 9710:

Inside the Firm: The Untold Story of the Krays' Reign of Terror

9576:

Dabhoiwala, Faramerz (2008) . "Page , Damaris (c. 1610–1669)".

9163:. 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 8932:

Graham Hill and Howard Bloch (Stroud: Tempus Publishing 2003).

8646:

Poplarism, 1919–25: George Lansbury and the Councillors' Revolt

6347:, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. p. 38. 5993:

Bethnal Green: Building and Social Conditions from 1915 to 1945

5640:

Oliver Rackham, The History of the Countryside, 1986, Chapter 1

5309:, Hackney, and referred to the area as being in the "East End" 5173: 5094:

Guide to tours of the Jewish East End published by LBTH, 2003,

4464: 4405: 3979: 3939: 3092: 3045:. The Hall continues to exert considerable influence, with the 2992: 2442: 2349: 2134: 1947:

prayers on Fridays and in 1940, three houses were purchased on

1905: 1761: 1753: 1010:

basis could not keep up with the expanding population's needs.

320: 308: 288: 8130:

Curiosities of London: Exhibiting the Most Rare and Remarkable

7466:(Tower Hamlets District Population) accessed 21 September 2017 6293:, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 43–50 5293:

12 September 1857 (Newham archives) accessed 18 September 2007

4851:

East End life and community. 2012 also saw the publication of

4489: 3862: 3132:

in Whitechapel. Afanasy Matushenko, one of the leaders of the

1299:

The River Lea was a constraint to eastward expansion, but the

1263:

on a pair of tracks. It required 14 mi (22.5 km) of

721:) was the urbanised part of an administrative area called the 419:. The Manor's lands were the basis of a later unit called the 9077:

Mass-Observation Archive: Topic Collections:Air Raids 1938–45

7176:

New East London Mosque development opens doors before Ramadan

3644: 3264: 3154: 3026: 2965: 2848:

2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony for the London Olympics of 2012

2126: 1785: 1603: 1418: 805: 746: 132: 6318:, A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6 (1973), pp. 1–8 5422:

On the Diocese of London originally serving the East Saxons

4237:

In the 1960s the East End was the area most associated with

4073:

the City warehouses. This was why, in the 17th century, the

4018:

Another tragedy occurred on the morning of 16 May 1968 when

10761: 9797:

On excavations in Shoreditch and the Shakespearean theatre

8595:

The Charles Booth on-line archive accessed 10 November 2006

8537:

Australia and the Great London Dock Strike:1889 PF Donovan

8340:(East London History Society) accessed on 10 November 2006. 7935:"Tower Hamlets Trayned Bandes | Before the Civil Wars" 7687:

BBC article on the failure of a plan to reopen the foundry

6336: 3533:

A force of troops from the Tower garrison came through the

3511:

Yorkist defenders sally from Aldgate (possibly Bishopsgate)

2458:

Two of the six sets of bells featured in the Nursery rhyme

2100:

to service the new docks and industries established there.

1697:

has been a centre for new immigration through the centuries

1077:, caused large areas of slum housing to be demolished. The 10126:

Half Moon Young People's Theatre accessed 23 October 2007.

8585: 8487:

John Burns is commemorated in the name given to a current

8101:

London Metropolitan Archives accessed on 10 November 2006.

8048:. 28 July 2012. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 7104:"Ethnicity in Tower Hamlets: Analysis of 2011 Census data" 6741:. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020 6551:(Chris's British Road Directory) accessed 23 October 2007. 5034:

https://spitalfieldslife.com/2011/03/09/the-pump-of-death/

4496:, still an active community resource and performance space 4152:

One madame described as "the great bawd of the seamen" by

3855:. Despite attracting controversy, the exhibit won her the 3525:

was set on fire and the attackers came close to capturing

3332:", in large gold letters. The local Member of Parliament, 2470:), as well as that symbol of the East End – Bow Bells (at 2087: 2056:" culminated in the murder of 25-year-old clothing worker 1562:

has become a centre for modern British art, including the

1053:

A movement began to clear the slums. Burdett-Coutts built

518:

had first established his English court. Further east the

319:(the district, rather than the larger modern borough) and 9808:. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020 8244:. 29 May 2020. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020 7341: 6285: 6283: 5532:

Houses of Cistercian monks: Abbey of Stratford Langthorne

4809: 4098:, to tackle theft and looting from ships anchored in the 3718: 3659:

for trying to extinguish the fire that caused the blast.

3572:

a series of inconclusive clashes at and around Bow Bridge

3369:

The alleviation of widespread unemployment and hunger in

2415:

He who sails on the wide sea, is a parishioner of Stepney

2407:, a form of speech with a significant Cockney influence. 596:

by 1485 and a major fishing port developed downstream at

71:, often referred to within the London area simply as the 31: 10540:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Jewish Encyclopedia". 9800:"Shakespeare's Curtain theatre unearthed in east London" 8842:"Alkham Road: The first Zeppelin bomb – Eastlondonlines" 7814:"Oranges and Lemons: When is the heritage of diversity?" 7485:, UK Office of National Statistics accessed 9 March 2016 5746:

William PettyPolitical Arithmetick, ch. iv. pp. 251–254.

4486:, despite being a target of local authority restraints. 4218:(1831); the notorious serial killings of prostitutes by 4195:

and Elizabeth Wolstenholme, led to the formation of the

3456:, the area has seen several episodes of armed conflict. 3265:

London Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

2661:

Tower Hamlets men bolstered the Tower of London garrison

717:

was more than geographical. The East End (including the

677:"the fumes steams and stinks of the whole easterly pyle" 370:

The walled City was built on two hills separated by the

9532:

History of the Metropolitan Police: Time Line 1829–1849

8920:, East London History Society accessed 14 November 2007 8676:(East London History Society) accessed 15 November 2007 5926:

Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850

5392:

London, its origin and early development, W. Page 1923

5312:"Tony Blair: 'To be religiously illiterate is foolish'" 5176:, which many would regard as belonging to the East End. 5032:

Background in the well regarded Spitalfields Life Blog

4226:(1911) (in which anarchists, inspired by the legendary 3778:

was issued, reinforcing the image of the "brave chirpy

3581:

which was held by Royalists at that time, the ten week

3493:. He then headed to western England to campaign there. 3271:, and operated housing schemes similar to those of the 3178:. That congress consolidated the leadership of Lenin's 2938:

weaver), the other John Valline (of Huguenot descent).

2641:

The Bethnal Green Mulberry, the East End's oldest tree.

2563:

in Stepney. This was initially the only church for the

1879:

East Metropolitan Rifle Volunteers (11th Tower Hamlets)

1854:

proved to be a major milestone in the establishment of

1736:

in its population than any ward in the City of London.

1378:

successfully tested the first all-British aeroplane on

1319:(1855), able to berth vessels of up to 8000 tons; 1059:

Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875

926: 896:

moved his family and goods to Bethnal Green during the

10059:

The Whitechapel Society (2006). Retrieved 5 July 2007.

9953:

East London History Society accessed on 29 April 2007.

9691:

The Houndsditch Murders and the Siege of Sidney Street

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7731:"Stepney: Early Stepney | British History Online" 7690:"Whitechapel Big Ben bell foundry hotel plan approved" 6683:

The London Docklands Development Corporation 1981–1998

6280: 5946:

The estate of Sir Charles Wheler and the Wilkes family

5023:

Charles Dickens, The Uncommercial Traveller, Chapter 3

4534:, in St Helen's Terrace. This finally closed in 1954. 4090:

could be backed by militias. In 1798, England's first

3902:, much of which was built as a show-piece of the 1951 3882:

damaged. So badly battered was the East End that when

3439:

stayed at the centre for three months in 1931, during

1546:

Art galleries have flourished, including the expanded

1499:

provided further improvements in 2010. From 2021, the

1026:(1851), that the trades in the area included tailors, 604:

Growth was much slower in the east, than in the large

30:

This article is about the district of London. For the

10694:(2nd ed.). London: East London History Society. 10503:"Book Review: Spitalfields Life By The Gentle Author" 8558:

Social Policy: From the Victorians to the Present Day

8464:

Chapter 16: My Second Foreign Exite: German Socialism

7517:"2011 Census Results: Headline Analysis – Population" 6834:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 6789:"Margins and marginality in fifteenth-century London" 5886:

pp 35–6 (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1999)

5812:

Recollections of the last half century, Mitchel, 1856

5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 4561:. The theatre spawned two further arts projects: the 3106:

radicals avoiding arrest. A German émigré anarchist,

2977:

to purchase food to satisfy the cravings of hunger".

741:, before East London grew further still, east of the 10656:. London: Mile End Old Town Residents' Association. 9158:

article emphasising the assertiveness causing entry

8312:

William J. Fishman (Five Leaves Publications, 2004)

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1991 Census top 50 urban areas and constituent parts

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Berto, Frank J.; Ron Shepherd; et al. (2008) .

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Royal Docks Trust (2006) accessed 18 September 2007.

5843:

All Sorts and Conditions of Men, Walter Besant 1882.

4871: 592:

in 1354, with shipfitting and repair carried out in

478:

Abbey of the Minoresses of St. Clare without Aldgate

343:

The East End developed along the Thames, and beyond

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Yiddish Theatre and music hall in London: 1880–1905

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coat of arms of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets

2076:won a council seat (which they have since lost). A 1623:, a huge commercial and housing development on the 804:and all those localities which stretch towards the 10710: 10630: 10159:XXIV (1888), p. 292; quoted in Fishman 1988, p. 1. 9913:The Jewish Museum (2004) accessed on 31 March 2007 9871:Alfred L. Crauford, (London: Cranley and Day 1933) 9550: 9548: 9014:The man responsible for the shelter programme was 8616:(The history of the LSE) accessed 15 November 2007 8233:Independent article on the women's strike of 1968 5759:Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England 5727:. London : Bell – via Internet Archive. 5266: 5245: 4034:that had characterised 1960s public architecture. 1881:, a short-lived reserve unit of the British Army. 1440:The area had one of the highest concentrations of 645:, which had developed mostly within his lifetime. 10328: 9234:, London, 12 January 1994 accessed 5 October 2007 7277:Day the East End said 'No pasaran' to Blackshirts 7209:East London History Society accessed 5 July 2007. 4700:(third, expanded edition 1902–3, in 17 volumes). 4641:driver claimed not to know it. London observed: " 3577:After the battle the Royalists made their way to 2830:) were major contributors as England (managed by 2068:, near where the attack took place, was renamed " 1515:road tunnel, intended to supplement the existing 1362:designed the first modern bicycle, while in 1892 1275:(1840) provided access to new suburbs across the 842:from their businesses would not go into the city. 438:These landholdings would become the basis of the 10976:Geography of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets 10957: 9826:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9662:(Thames Police Museum) accessed 15 February 2007 9641:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 9620:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 9566:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 9411:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9264:"Biography of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother" 9181:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9144:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8862:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8816:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8778:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8708:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8262:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8066:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8005:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7955:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7871:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7848:second web article on the history of the mosque 7834:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7797:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7779:. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019 7751:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7714:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7620:Ed. Tom McArthur (Oxford University Press, 2005) 7618:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language 7603:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7580:24 acoustics for the Times Atlas of London 2012 7021:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6989:(1969), pp. 149–51. Date accessed: 17 April 2007 6809:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6759:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6256:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6235:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6214:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6139:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6118:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6097:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6076:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 6055:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 5708:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5649:Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, passim 5585:"Stratford-le-Bow | British History Online" 5554:"Edward I: Easter 1299 | British History Online" 4415:1867 Poster from the National Standard Theatre, 4086:continued to derive from local magistrates, who 3826:On 3 March 1943 at 8:27 p.m., the unopened 2910:At the end of the 17th century large numbers of 2667:Tower Division (also known as the Tower Hamlets) 2363:The Cockney dialect has lexical borrowings from 1641: 1460:(extended to the East End in 1884 and 1902) and 1014:visited Bethnal Green in 1850 and wrote for the 295:), which is now the southern part of the modern 199:Aldgate Pump: the symbolic start of the East End 9841:William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life 9545: 9379:Thames Police Museum accessed 19 September 2007 9091:, special collections accessed 15 November 2007 8760:. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020 7063: 6831:Making Muslim Space in North America and Europe 6785:Margins and marginality in 15th century London 6446:Port Cities:London. Retrieved 29 September 2007 5193: 5191: 5121: 3623:. The first raid by fixed wing bombers, German 3158:in 1903, in Whitechapel; and in 1907 Lenin and 3098:fleeing from Eastern European persecution, and 2546:Tower division, also known as the Tower Hamlets 1666:, created on former industrial land around the 1370:built the first mass-produced buses there, the 474:The New Hospital of St Mary without Bishopsgate 427:. It is thought that the manor was held by the 99:" is sometimes used as a synonym for the area. 10981:History of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets 10365:"Call the Midwife series ends on ratings high" 9542:(Metropolitan Police) accessed 23 October 2007 9500:(Metropolitan Police) accessed 23 October 2007 9393:. Archived from the original on 4 October 2020 9161:"Untold story of People's War in London Blitz" 8648:Noreen Branson (Lawrence & Wishart, 1980) 8436:Luxury beckons for East End's house of history 7885:Website outlining the meaning of Coat of Arms 6963:(Stratford: Eastside Community Heritage, 2002) 6904:(1998), pp. 91–5. Date accessed: 17 April 2007 6891:Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836 6013:Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, Ch 8 5667:Medieval London Suburbs, Kevin McDonnell, Ch 6 5413:Citadel of the Saxons, by Rory Naismith, p 163 5200:The Cultural Construction of London's East End 3585:followed, ending in a victory for Parliament. 3504:, in an attempt to free Henry from the Tower. 3057:(1965) all being founded or influenced by it. 2375:slang, and a distinctive accent that includes 1020:, as a part of a series forming the basis for 276:are sometimes viewed as the eastern boundary. 79:, east of the Roman and medieval walls of the 10815: 10324:This Bright Field: A Travel Book in One Place 9056:Remembering the East End:The Second World War 8975: 8973: 8722:Muriel Lester describes Gandhis arrangements 7647:, (19 October 1984) accessed 20 November 2007 7035: 7033: 5970:Walks Through History: Exploring the East End 4900:History of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom 4858:The popular, long-running British soap opera 3593:The first bomb of the first air raid fell on 3124:". Amongst the Russians was fellow anarchist 2897: 2480:Coat of arms of the London Borough of Hackney 1953:East London Mosque and Islamic Culture Centre 667:The polluted nature of the area was noted by 10675:. Padstow, Cornwall: Yale University Press. 9582:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 9126:. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 8844:. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020 8798:. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 8690:. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 7987:. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 7937:. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 7853:. Archived from the original on 31 July 2020 7733:. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019 7585:. Archived from the original on 19 July 2020 7286:, 30 September 2006. Retrieved 17 April 2007 7128: 7003:. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020 6791:. Archived from the original on 10 July 2020 6456:Poverty, Housing Tenure and Social Exclusion 6310: 6308: 6034:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 17 April 2007 5690:. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020 5188: 4000:In 1898, a great loss of life occurred when 3819:, and the Thames itself burnt fiercely when 3558:, a force of Kentish Royalists crossed from 3209:, on the physical condition of the workers: 2586:, and the arms of its successor, the modern 10775:Victoria County History of Middlesex Vol 11 10536: 10083:Alumni Booklet (2005) accessed 5 July 2007. 9976:Baby Oil and Ice: Striptease in East London 9750:, UK Parliament) accessed 26 September 2007 9733:Statement in Lord's Northern Ireland debate 9200:(BBC Homeground) accessed 15 February 2007 8508: 8506: 8275: 8273: 8112:https://spartacus-educational.com/REfry.htm 7385: 7383: 7381: 7161:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7137:"Census 2001 Profiles — Tower Hamlets" 7134: 6706:"Ghost train station that cost £210 m" 6651:Gilbert & George: The Complete Pictures 5510:The ancient parish of Barking: Introduction 4920: 3381:. Council meetings were for a time held in 3316:became increasingly disillusioned with the 2045:. These engagements, together known as the 2005:foreign children." The campaign led to the 1522: 1385: 1303:of 1844 led to growth over that river into 713:The relevance of Strype's reference to the 330:and those parts of London east of the Lea. 10822: 10808: 10673:Beyond the Tower: A History of East London 10479:. The Sugar Girls blog. 19 February 2012. 10453:. History Workshop Online. 11 March 2012. 10296: 10294: 10105:Archives in M25. Retrieved 23 October 2007 9575: 9321:Housing (Temporary Accommodation) Act 1944 8970: 8143:1868 Foundation Deed Of The Salvation Army 8110:Spartacus Education article on Fry's work 7969:Football Talk – Petter Seddon – 2004 Book 7231:(Socialist Review) accessed 1 October 2007 7030: 6881:Port Cities: London. Retrieved 29 May 2007 5723:Denton, W. (William) (15 September 1883). 5239: 5071:Beyond the Tower: a history of East London 4954: 4952: 3886:was hit during the height of the bombing, 3281:Four Per Cent Industrial Dwellings Company 2606:The mosque was first built as a church by 1824:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 1604:Regeneration at Canary Wharf and docklands 1110: 833:The siting of noxious industries, such as 621:served the Finsbury area) ran through the 579: 333: 10829: 10637:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers UP. 9484: 9482: 8577: 8575: 8330:The Battleship Potemkin and Stepney Green 8040:"London 2012: Opening ceremony – reviews" 7811:web article on the history of the mosque 7295:Bethnal Green and Stepney Trades Council 7247:(UK Government Acts) available online at 6736:For instance the 'East Bank' development 6672:(s5.2) – London Borough of Hackney (2007) 6305: 5761:. Vol. I: Southern England. London: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5097:"Exploring the vanishing Jewish East End" 4999: 4997: 4963:(London 2012) accessed 20 September 2007 3959:crowded with day trippers returning from 3639:in the Brunner-Mond munitions factory in 2621: 2524: 1543:, has benefited from the City's success. 1451: 1146:Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company 725:, which had owed military service to the 127:, which had owed military service to the 54:, Spitalfields, photographed in 1902 for 10670: 10421:"East End chronicler Gilda O'Neill dies" 9963:The Last Empires: A Music Hall Companion 9735:The Lord Privy Seal (Viscount Cranborne) 8949: 8569:(LSE seminars) accessed 10 November 2006 8503: 8371:December 2001 (The History Cooperative). 8270: 7378: 6884: 5972:, Taylor, Rosemary (Breedon Books 2001) 5877: 5875: 5859:What lies beneath ... East End of London 5005:Unequal City: London in the Global Arena 4981:"Average household income by local area" 4664: 4488: 4410: 4290: 4047: 3984: 3913: 3861: 3782:". On the Sunday after the Blitz began, 3764: 3666: 3611: 3506: 3410: 3304: 3238: 3068:. These actions, combined with the many 2901: 2880: 2838:, beating West Germany in extra-time at 2736: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2550: 2441: 2315: 1976: 1738: 1689: 1645: 1610:London Docklands Development Corporation 1590: 1389: 1185: 1177: 1162: 1114: 1085:c. 70), gave local authorities, notably 1006:During the 19th century, building on an 994: 968: 960: 942: 647: 541:held his parliament at Stepney in 1299. 510:, important as a religious centre since 490: 455: 444: 202: 194: 157: 46: 10625: 10598: 10576: 10291: 10258: 10136:Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names 10086: 9644: 9579:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9032:. Webapps.newham.gov.uk. Archived from 9027: 8738:London's Hadrianic War? Dominic Perring 8582:Life and Labour of the People in London 7402: 7400: 7398: 7375:, 30 June 2000; accessed: 17 April 2007 7312:pp. 30–31 (Taylor & Francis, 1990) 7193: 7191: 7041:Exploring the vanishing Jewish East End 6971: 6969: 6703: 6606:"Brick Lane Named 'Curry Capital 2012'" 6517:An extended history of the Central line 5853: 5851: 5849: 5815: 5197: 5068: 4949: 4895:Historical immigration to Great Britain 4760:talent, from the time of Oscar Wilde's 4697:Life and Labour of the People in London 4366:was established in 1727, and was where 4202:Notable crimes in the area include the 3549: 2088:Outward migration: the Cockney diaspora 1932:and the first Muslim peer to swear her 1327:(1921), up to 30,000 tons, on the 1079:Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 988:Life and Labour of the People in London 947:The East End in 1741–5, as depicted on 860:, on the opposite, western side of the 190: 14: 10958: 10708: 10689: 10633:Black London: life before emancipation 9869:Sam and Sallie: A novel of the theatre 9753: 9610:19th century responses to prostitution 9479: 9066:Age-exchange accessed 14 November 2007 8572: 8174:(Barnardo's 2007) accessed 29 May 2007 8028:Golden Len Goulden, Brian Belton, 2017 8019:The Way it Was, Stanley Matthews, 2000 7970: 6925:Further relief was distributed at the 6595:(alwaystouchout) accessed 20 July 2007 6573:(alwaystouchout) accessed 20 July 2007 5756: 5749: 5722: 5243: 5216: 4994: 4455:(1858), remains in Grace's Alley, off 4206:(1811); the killings committed by the 3909: 3823:'s Silvertown sugar refinery was hit. 3502:besieged and attempted to storm London 3322:East London Federation of Suffragettes 3168:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 3021:was founded, with settlements such as 2571:(not to be confused with St Mark's in 796:were as distinct from householders of 10803: 10731: 10560:Jewish London: An Illustrated History 10557: 10375:from the original on 23 February 2012 10316: 9867:Alan D. Craxford and Reg Moore, from 9569: 8930:The Silvertown Explosion: London 1917 7412:Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green 7409:Vision of Britain – Population data: 7116:from the original on 20 December 2018 6907: 6653:, Rudi Fuchs (Tate Publishing, 2007) 6386:. Britainbycar.co.uk. 14 April 2015. 6259: 5987: 5985: 5872: 5823:Stepney, Old and New London: Volume 2 5794:East London Papers. Volume 8 Paper 2. 5324:from the original on 22 February 2017 5151: 4890:Arrival of black immigrants in London 4655:East End of London in popular culture 4568: 3879:Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green 3742:bore the brunt of this first attack. 3485:capturing his rival, the Lancastrian 3459: 2892:2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony 2013:to regulate and control immigration. 1838:. Others were discharged sailors and 1464:(1946) were beyond capacity, and the 10483:from the original on 5 December 2014 10457:from the original on 25 October 2012 10401:from the original on 10 October 2017 9270:from the original on 3 February 2007 9218:Best and worst of art bites the dust 9028:Swinney, Andrew (17 February 2003). 8876:Zeppelins: German Airships 1900–40, 7550:"Community Noise Information Report" 7395: 7308:Troyna, Barry and Carrington, Bruce 7188: 7084:from the original on 26 January 2016 6966: 6823: 6718:from the original on 15 October 2008 6478:Housing associations, also known as 5846: 5374:from the original on 10 October 2011 5354: 5128:The New Oxford Dictionary of English 5073:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4451:. An example of a "giant pub hall", 4323:These venues played a major part in 4106:High Street. It is now known as the 3472: 3447: 3324:. She based it at a baker's shop at 2593: 1566:gallery, with many artists from the 1323:(1880), up to 12,000 tons; and 1170:against the launching chains of the 927:Accelerated 19th-century development 731:Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets 10736:. London: Historical Publications. 9865:The Making of the Britannia Theatre 9288: 8688:"The Origins of the Kingsley Halls" 8685:As printed on the membership cards 7774:The website homepage of the church 7562:from the original on 4 October 2020 7355:Life sentence for London nailbomber 6670:Draft Statement of Licensing Policy 5725:"Records of St. Giles' Cripplegate" 5156:. London: Historical Publications. 4299:, the other Elizabethan theatre in 4241:activity, most notably that of the 4173:Society for the Suppression of Vice 3662: 3152:attended meetings of the newspaper 2870:, are a traditional part of London 2320: 1844:British colonies in the West Indies 1711: 1495:in the 1990s. The extension of the 409:land inside and outside Bishopsgate 24: 10551: 10397:. HarperCollins. 16 January 2009. 10279:from the original on 1 August 2020 9462:History of the Marine Support Unit 8309:East End Jewish Radicals 1875–1914 7904:Report on the High Court decision 7656: 7390:Population data for Civil Parishes 7143:from the original on 17 April 2009 6950:(Liverpool University Press, 1994) 6828:. In Metcalf, Barbara Daly (ed.). 5982: 5362:"London Archaeologist Spring 2003" 4648: 4463:(1863) survives in Hoxton Street, 4189:Contagious Diseases Prevention Act 4068:officer killed in the line of duty 3847:. Before demolition, local artist 3588: 3570:and other Parliamentarian forces; 3364:full adult female suffrage in 1928 3362:. She finally achieved her aim of 1981:Anti-immigration poster, from 1902 1650:Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, 2014 529:in 1267 for the visitation of the 25: 10997: 10751: 10509:from the original on 7 March 2012 10431:from the original on 4 March 2014 10301:Family and Kinship in East London 10203:London Labour and the London Poor 9781:The Times History of London p146 9442:Collapse: Why Buildings Fall Down 8758:"Siege of London, 12–15 May 1471" 8416:from the original on 17 July 2020 8132:John Timbs, pp. 33 (London, 1855) 7669:from the original on 20 July 2020 7529:from the original on 30 July 2020 7220:Dispersing the Myths about Asylum 6998:Jewish Community Records Website 6786: 6612:from the original on 21 June 2011 6416:from the original on 11 July 2020 6390:from the original on 13 July 2020 5591:from the original on 11 July 2020 5564:from the original on 15 July 2020 5481:from the original on 21 June 2019 5429:London Diocesan Board for Schools 4753:Family and Kinship in East London 4687:London Labour and the London Poor 4259:Provisional Irish Republican Army 4249:caused significant damage around 3828:Bethnal Green Underground station 3452:As well as actions involving the 2926:cloth – and riots ensued. These " 2806:In 1966, three West Ham players ( 2569:The Mother Church of the East End 1832:fought on the side of the British 1784:, where they opened and operated 1487:in 1993 and the extension of the 1394:Redevelopment on the Isle of Dogs 1023:London Labour and the London Poor 10546:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 10526: 10495: 10469: 10443: 10413: 10387: 10357: 10252: 10195: 10162: 10150: 10141: 10129: 10108: 10081:Queen Mary, University of London 10062: 10041: 10022: 10004: 9988: 9968: 9956: 9935: 9916: 9895: 9892:Michael Booth (CUP 1991) pp. 4–6 9883: 9856: 9846:(Oxford University Press, 1987) 9834: 9791: 9775: 9725: 9703: 9684: 9665: 9623: 9602: 9524: 9503: 9454: 9435: 9419: 9382: 9361: 9348: 9326: 9309: 9282: 9256: 9237: 9210: 9189: 9152: 9115: 9094: 9069: 9048: 9021: 9008: 8999: 8943: 8923: 8902: 8886: 8870: 8833: 8824: 8787: 8750: 8741: 8732: 8716: 8679: 8658: 8639: 8619: 8598: 8550: 8531: 8526:The Story of the Dockers' Strike 8494: 8481: 8456: 8428: 8402: 8374: 8343: 8322: 8301: 8282: 8227: 8206: 8177: 8156: 8135: 8123: 8104: 8083: 8074: 8031: 8022: 8013: 7963: 7926: 7917: 7898: 7879: 7842: 7805: 7768: 7759: 7722: 7681: 7650: 7623: 7611: 7574: 7541: 7509: 7488: 7469: 7450: 7347: 7322: 7302: 7289: 7269: 7260: 7234: 7212: 7169: 7096: 7057: 6361:from the original on 6 June 2017 5404:London 800–1216, Brooke and Keir 5280:"Londoners Over the Border", in 4874: 4735:Down and Out in Paris and London 4500:Novelist and social commentator 4272: 3537:, the small side gate where the 3454:Tower of London and its garrison 2960:and laundry in Glasshouse Yard, 2548:may have been based on Stepney. 1887:Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue 1136:, was launched from the yard of 560:to have established a palace at 421:Tower Division, or Tower Hamlets 75:, is the historic core of wider 10505:. Londonist. 28 February 2012. 9999:All Sorts and Conditions of Men 9631:Prostitution in maritime London 9556:Prostitution in maritime London 8627:Sylvia and Christabel Pankhurst 8584:(London: Macmillan, 1902–1903) 7438:Metropolitan Borough of Stepney 7052:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 6992: 6953: 6940: 6919: 6863: 6817: 6779: 6730: 6697: 6694:LDDC accessed 18 September 2007 6675: 6663: 6644: 6624: 6598: 6576: 6554: 6533: 6509: 6485: 6472: 6449: 6428: 6402: 6376: 6330: 6238: 6217: 6204:Royal Victoria Dock (1855–1981) 6196: 6175: 6154: 6142: 6121: 6100: 6079: 6058: 6037: 6016: 6007: 5963: 5938: 5919: 5896: 5837: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5779: 5740: 5731: 5716: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5603: 5576: 5546: 5524: 5502: 5493: 5460: 5448: 5416: 5407: 5398: 5386: 5345: 5336: 5296: 5179: 5145: 4532:Metropolitan Borough of Stepney 4396:, the City of London (1837) in 3708:", collaborator and broadcaster 3263:. She helped to inaugurate the 3047:Workers Educational Association 2724:Orient Steam Navigation Company 2588:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 2584:Metropolitan Borough of Stepney 1871:resettlement of Jews in England 1842:who had been brought over from 1672:Stratford International station 1631:, built in 1986, in the former 1627:. Another major development is 1582:Queen Mary University of London 1374:from 1908 onwards and in 1909, 1236:established there in 1806. The 845:The low-paid employment in the 568:established a hunting lodge at 423:which extended as far north as 281:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 245:London Borough of Tower Hamlets 174:The closure of the last of the 170:under construction in June 2011 9444:Phil Wearne (Channel 4 books) 8364:The American Historical Review 8351:Stalin, Man of the Borderlands 7425:Metropolitan Borough of Poplar 7139:. National Statistics Online. 6704:Webster, Ben (21 April 2006). 6246:King George V Dock (1921–1981) 6045:St Katharine Docks (1828–1969) 5928:Anne Power (Routeledge, 1993) 5088: 5062: 5045: 5026: 5017: 4973: 4744:Journey Through a Small Planet 4742:in his autobiographical novel 4563:Half Moon Photography Workshop 4280:were first established in the 3267:, was a keen supporter of the 3080:organisations, as well as the 1970:in Stepney. The anti-Catholic 1936:in the name of her own faith. 1368:London General Omnibus Company 1343:was built up to serve the new 792:…and thus the householders of 211:The East End lies east of the 13: 1: 10259:Glinert, Ed (6 August 2015). 10249:all accessed 14 November 2007 9923:A Life on the Stage: A Memoir 9761:Red Lion Theatre, Whitechapel 8839:Video clip describing events 8514:The Great Dock Strike of 1889 7135:2001 Census (29 April 2001). 6267:Royal Docks – a short History 6225:Royal Albert Dock (1880–1980) 4942: 4573: 4459:and the early "saloon style" 4386:Pavilion Theatre, Whitechapel 4265:, reminiscent of the City's " 3851:made a cast of the inside of 3328:emblazoned with the slogan, " 2505:, and the parish churches of 2115:, or out of London entirely. 2052:In the mid-1970s, so-called " 1642:Regeneration around Stratford 1138:Messrs Scott Russell & Co 1093:and Great Eastern Buildings. 1046:London Labour and London Poor 770:Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz 617:(which, like its predecessor 10395:"Hopping by Melanie McGrath" 9890:Theatre in the Victorian Age 9596:UK public library membership 9030:"HISTORY TOUR – Disaster! 2" 8982:Docklands at War – The Blitz 7659:"Genuki: STEPNEY, Middlesex" 7644:Times Educational Supplement 7310:Education, Racism and Reform 6608:. Londonist. 31 March 2011. 6586:Transport Projects in London 6564:Transport Projects in London 6108:East India Docks (1806–1967) 6087:West India Docks (1803–1980) 4595: ... A shabby man from 4082:carry goods from the docks. 2677:. The Tower Hamlets men, or 2536:he was also the Lord of the 2405:Multicultural London English 2137:, the Hertfordshire town of 1836:American War of Independence 1782:Chinese emigration to London 1595:Canary Wharf (view from the 1550:and the workshop of artists 1071:London and Blackwall Railway 708:"That Part beyond the Tower" 619:St Giles-without-Cripplegate 355:that lay east of the little 247:and its older predecessors. 151:, and, in the 20th century, 7: 9880:accessed 22 September 2007. 9674:(Metropolitan Books, 2004) 9511:Early Murder Investigations 9345:accessed: 18 September 2007 9197:Bethnal Green tube disaster 8666:Breaking the General Strike 8203:; its work continues today. 8164:History of Barnardo's Homes 8091:The Spitalfields Riots 1769 6480:registered social landlords 6316:Becontree hundred: East Ham 6162:Basildon's Railway Stations 5916:accessed: 14 November 2006. 5611:Stepney: Manors and Estates 4937:V&A Museum of Childhood 4867: 4836:(reprinted 2011). In 2012, 4400:, then the Grecian and the 4320:(1577) in close proximity. 4253:, to the south of the main 4175:estimated that between the 4077:built high-walled docks at 3867:Prefabricated post-war home 3489:and imprisoning him in the 3336:, resigned his seat in the 2857: 2844:I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles 2776:In 1938, West Ham's Jewish 2647:Bethnal Green mulberry tree 2392:Received Pronunciation (RP) 1732:is recorded as having more 1558:. The neighbourhood around 1335:and new suburbs created in 729:(in his ex-officio role as 243:marks the beginning of the 10: 11002: 10604:The Streets of East London 10306:and Peter Willmott (1957) 9943:The end of Yiddish theatre 9772:accessed 17 November 2007. 9476:) accessed 24 January 2007 8994:Museum of London Docklands 7371:, published by the London 6641:accessed 18 September 2007 6460:Joseph Rowntree Foundation 6302:accessed: 23 February 2008 6129:Millwall Docks (1868–1980) 6024:Building the Great Eastern 5834:accessed: 17 November 2007 5622:accessed: 20 November 2007 5521:accessed: 20 November 2007 4763:The Picture of Dorian Gray 4658: 4652: 4316:(1576) and Henry Lanman's 4041: 3309:Sylvia Pankhurst 1882–1960 3293:London School of Economics 3277:East End Dwellings Company 3230:London Dock Strike of 1889 3138:Russian Revolution of 1905 3136:, fled the failure of the 3055:Child Poverty Action Group 2898:Politics and social reform 2730:and also had links to the 2331:the wider East London area 1926:Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin 1828:thirteen American colonies 1700: 1435: 1345:Gas Light and Coke Company 523:Stratford Langthorne Abbey 338: 29: 10908: 10835: 10773:Stepney and Bethnal Green 10767:Jewish East End of London 10265:. Penguin Books Limited. 10095:Half Moon Theatre archive 9658:27 September 2007 at the 9652:Ratcliffe Highway Murders 9562:19 September 2004 at the 9388:Overview of the disaster 8996:accessed 27 February 2008 8520:19 September 2015 at the 8453:accessed 25 February 2007 8220:30 September 2007 at the 7911:14 September 2021 at the 7892:14 September 2021 at the 7462:22 September 2017 at the 7431:27 September 2007 at the 7227:27 September 2007 at the 7222:Helen Shooter, March 2003 6981:27 September 2007 at the 6896:28 September 2007 at the 6690:27 September 2007 at the 6634:Paul Barker 13 April 2004 6547:28 September 2007 at the 6523:14 September 2008 at the 6499:30 September 2007 at the 6323:28 September 2007 at the 6004:accessed: 10 October 2007 5912:28 September 2007 at the 5757:Youngs, Frederic (1979). 5558:www.british-history.ac.uk 4832:(2011) and Grace Foakes' 4230:, took on Home Secretary 4115:Metropolitan Police Force 3554:In June 1648, during the 3387:Local Government Act 1929 3273:Model Dwellings Companies 2934:. One was John Doyle (an 2696:Poplar and Stepney Rifles 2577:Cathedral of the East End 2385:traditional Essex dialect 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2018:British Union of Fascists 1912:, which became a part of 1873:, previously banished by 1780:sprang up in response to 1718:traditional Essex dialect 1685: 1680:University of East London 1678:development. Nearby, the 1531:has been redeveloped and 1301:Metropolitan Building Act 1228:became the basis for the 813:Rev. J. Richardson (1856) 297:London Borough of Hackney 40:East End (disambiguation) 10354:accessed 22 October 2007 10240:additional Volume (1862) 9425:Footage from the launch 9293:. On War. Archived from 9204:13 December 2007 at the 9062:20 February 2012 at the 8672:16 February 2016 at the 8544:3 September 2021 at the 8470:29 February 2008 at the 8443:12 February 2017 at the 8438:Mark Gould and Jo Revill 8336:13 February 2007 at the 8295:3 September 2021 at the 8183:Toynbee Hall, named for 8037:Review of 2012 ceremony 7496:Neighbourhood Statistics 7254:18 November 2007 at the 7064:Anne J. Kershen (2005). 6871:London's First Chinatown 6530:accessed 23 October 2007 6506:accessed 23 October 2007 6436:Tilbury Dock (1886–1981) 6231:15 February 2008 at the 6114:19 February 2008 at the 6066:London Docks (1805–1971) 6030:11 February 2008 at the 5763:Royal Historical Society 5543:accessed: 30 April 2008. 5539:20 November 2010 at the 5469:"Stepney: Early Stepney" 5039:3 September 2021 at the 4921:Museums of local history 4864:is set in the East End. 4834:Four Meals for Fourpence 4824:(2004), Piers Dudgeon's 4364:Goodman's Fields Theatre 4210:(apparently inspired by 4204:Ratcliff Highway murders 4064:, named after the first 4037: 3871:Chiltern Open Air Museum 3835:) being fired at nearby 3800:Liverpool Street Station 3556:Second English Civil War 3255:and building the ornate 2705: 2487:Whitechapel Bell Foundry 2454:, close to the East End. 2419: 1998:British Brothers' League 1726:related eastern dialects 1523:City fringe regeneration 1386:Decline and regeneration 1281:Liverpool Street station 1251:The first railway (the " 1200:Hospital of St Katharine 985:slum. Published 1889 in 675:, upwind what he called 235:inlet, just west of the 213:Roman and medieval walls 10913:London Plan sub-regions 10732:Tames, Richard (2004). 10717:. London: John Murray. 10671:Marriott, John (2012). 10543:The Jewish Encyclopedia 10343:26 January 2016 at the 10183:The People of the Abyss 10174:The People of the Abyss 10122:8 February 2008 at the 10055:11 October 2007 at the 9909:23 October 2005 at the 9768:1 December 2007 at the 9637:28 October 2007 at the 9616:28 October 2007 at the 9369:Princess Alice Disaster 9124:"Remembering the Blitz" 9108:16 January 2009 at the 9084:16 January 2009 at the 8956:. London: Tenterbooks. 8950:Sheridan, Yoel (2001). 8793:Kentish Rising section 8726:1 February 2020 at the 8591:3 February 2011 at the 8117:27 October 2021 at the 7547:Prevailing wind at LHR 7481:13 October 2012 at the 7344:accessed: 17 April 2007 7299:(report published 1978) 6632:The taste of Banglatown 6442:9 February 2008 at the 6412:. Londonremembers.com. 6093:3 February 2008 at the 5865:3 November 2013 at the 5289:24 October 2007 at the 5252:. London: John Murray. 5152:Tames, Richard (2004). 4830:Bombsites and Lollipops 4750:and Peter Willmott, in 4725:The People of the Abyss 3676:Surrey Commercial Docks 3207:Parliamentary committee 3088:The Communist Manifesto 2864:Pearly Kings and Queens 2503:St Dunstan's in Stepney 2041:) and most famously at 1800:community relocated to 1703:Ethnic groups in London 1619:projects, most notably 1529:Old Spitalfields Market 1466:Docklands Light Railway 1168:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1134:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1119:Royal Albert Dock, 1973 1111:Industry and innovation 719:Tower and its Liberties 580:Emergence and character 334:Development and economy 61:The People of the Abyss 27:Area of London, England 10758:The East End of London 10690:Morris, Derek (2007). 10322:William Taylor (2001) 10157:The Nineteenth Century 10101:5 October 2007 at the 9588:10.1093/ref:odnb/67525 9341:3 October 2007 at the 8953:From Here to Obscurity 8629:(Penguin Books, 1987) 8201:Wadham College, Oxford 8097:22 August 2004 at the 7971:Seddon, Peter (2004). 7185:East London Advertiser 7047:21 August 2016 at the 6291:West Ham: Introduction 6273:11 August 2017 at the 6189:9 October 2007 at the 5474:British History Online 5198:Newland, Paul (2008). 5069:Marriot, John (2011). 4967:19 August 2007 at the 4828:(2009), Jackie Hyam's 4732:in parts of his novel 4677: 4631: 4626:The Nineteenth Century 4518:degree awarded by the 4497: 4426:, particularly around 4419: 4380:in their grandeur and 4353: 4304: 4247:1996 Docklands bombing 4224:Siege of Sidney Street 4069: 3997: 3927: 3874: 3770: 3711: 3691: 3617: 3512: 3416: 3379:Poplar Rates Rebellion 3310: 3244: 3236:that already existed. 3222: 3062:took industrial action 3051:Citizens Advice Bureau 2907: 2886: 2746: 2720:Dagenham and Redbridge 2675:Constable of the Tower 2662: 2642: 2622:Weaving and mulberries 2556: 2525:St Dunstan and Stepney 2455: 2417: 2074:British National Party 2047:Battle of Cable Street 1982: 1748: 1698: 1651: 1600: 1537:London's curry capital 1511:) and at the proposed 1456:By the mid-1980s, the 1452:Transport improvements 1395: 1351:grand sewage works at 1191: 1183: 1175: 1120: 1051: 1003: 992: 966: 958: 816: 779: 727:Constable of the Tower 664: 496: 461: 453: 208: 200: 171: 64: 38:. For other uses, see 18:London's East End 10830:Sub-regions of London 10709:Palmer, Alan (1989). 10618:(with photographs by 10606:. London: Duckworth. 10584:. London: Duckworth. 10558:Black, Gerry (2003). 10427:. 29 September 2010. 10245:22 March 2005 at the 10234:22 March 2005 at the 10223:26 April 2005 at the 10212:22 March 2005 at the 10017:Charity Commissioners 9538:26 April 2009 at the 8916:10 March 2016 at the 8500:2½p in modern coinage 8398:(see Guardian, below) 7502:14 March 2007 at the 7444:24 March 2007 at the 7418:25 March 2007 at the 6562:Thames Gateway Bridge 6298:30 April 2010 at the 6252:11 April 2008 at the 6210:11 March 2008 at the 6135:11 April 2008 at the 6072:11 April 2008 at the 6051:11 April 2008 at the 5244:Palmer, Alan (1989). 5202:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 4668: 4659:Further information: 4589: 4492: 4422:There were also many 4414: 4337: 4294: 4051: 4042:Further information: 3988: 3917: 3865: 3768: 3753:in their gardens and 3693: 3670: 3615: 3568:Tower Hamlets Militia 3510: 3414: 3398:Trades Union Congress 3308: 3249:Angela Burdett-Coutts 3242: 3211: 3205:, gave evidence to a 3140:to seek sanctuary in 3128:who helped found the 3066:Equal Pay Act of 1970 2964:. This cost a single 2905: 2885:Pearly King and Queen 2884: 2740: 2660: 2653:Military contribution 2640: 2554: 2462:are in the East End ( 2445: 2428:, then living in the 2413: 2316:Culture and community 2105:London County Council 2066:St Mary's Whitechapel 2011:Home Secretary powers 1987:1900 General Election 1980: 1819:in the 17th century. 1742: 1716:The influence of the 1701:Further information: 1693: 1649: 1594: 1586:Royal London Hospital 1578:East London Tech City 1568:Young British Artists 1509:Thames Gateway Bridge 1481:Limehouse Link tunnel 1393: 1189: 1181: 1166: 1118: 1087:London County Council 1075:Great Eastern Railway 1032: 998: 972: 964: 946: 783: 762: 756:writer and historian 651: 516:William the Conqueror 494: 459: 448: 206: 198: 161: 50: 10942:51.51417°N 0.05500°W 10371:. 20 February 2012. 10076:3 March 2016 at the 10012:John Barber Beaumont 9949:8 April 2007 at the 9517:2 March 2019 at the 9496:3 March 2013 at the 9468:16 July 2007 at the 9375:9 March 2008 at the 9089:University of Sussex 8988:6 March 2016 at the 8612:25 July 2009 at the 8386:Bakinskii proletarii 7638:7 March 2005 at the 7361:3 April 2006 at the 7337:7 March 2008 at the 7297:Blood on the Streets 7181:2 April 2015 at the 7054:accessed 9 June 2016 6877:16 July 2012 at the 6528:Transport for London 6504:Transport for London 6168:9 March 2020 at the 5109:on 25 September 2019 4960:Olympic Park: Legacy 4932:Ragged School Museum 4927:Island History Trust 4674:The Coster's Mansion 4528:Queen Mary's College 4520:University of London 4007:was launched at the 3930:As a maritime port, 3922:bears down upon the 3892:prefabricated houses 3695:Hardest of all, the 3550:Battle of Bow Bridge 3477:In 1471 the Yorkist 3427:, founded the first 3421:Christian Socialists 3243:Lady Burdett-Coutts 2996:Thomas John Barnardo 2732:Castle Shipping Line 2119:The Second World War 1904:, particularly from 1891:Sandys Row Synagogue 1869:agreed to allow the 1656:2012 Summer Olympics 1446:housing associations 1289:North London Railway 1158:HMS Thunderer (1911) 1063:housing associations 1039:' added to the filth 898:Great Fire of London 870:Great Fire of London 774:A Picture of England 535:Dictum of Kenilworth 525:became the court of 484:near the Tower, and 391:to the west and the 191:Uncertain boundaries 10938: / 10780:East London History 10600:Fishman, William J. 10578:Fishman, William J. 10262:East End Chronicles 10070:Origins and History 10049:The People's Palace 9978:(DoNotPress, 2002) 9740:8 July 2017 at the 9693:, Donald Rumbelow, 9474:Metropolitan Police 9429:24 May 2020 at the 9356:London from the Air 9291:"The Will to Fight" 9289:Wilding, Jennifer. 9244:The East End at War 9224:6 June 2014 at the 9036:on 2 September 2011 8910:The East End at War 8565:11 May 2008 at the 8412:. 20 October 2017. 8170:29 May 2010 at the 8149:25 May 2012 at the 7373:Metropolitan Police 7241:Aliens Act 1905 (5 7205:1 July 2007 at the 7199:London from the Air 6946:Braidwood, Stephen 6824:Eade, John (1996). 6591:5 July 2007 at the 6569:5 July 2007 at the 6493:District line facts 6000:25 May 2011 at the 5952:26 May 2011 at the 5830:26 May 2011 at the 5825:(1878), pp. 137–142 5618:26 May 2011 at the 5517:25 May 2011 at the 5425:"Diocese of London" 5284:Charles Dickens 390 4707:A Child of the Jago 4661:East End Literature 4643:Thomas Cook and Son 4516:Bachelor of Science 4453:Wilton's Music Hall 4349:William Shakespeare 4327:early career, with 4108:Marine Support Unit 4092:Marine Police Force 4062:Metropolitan Police 4058:Marine Support Unit 3936:Great Plague (1665) 3910:Peacetime disasters 3904:Festival of Britain 3690:on 7 September 1940 3583:Siege of Colchester 3351:Women's Dreadnought 3346:the First World War 3269:Ragged School Union 3247:The philanthropist 3190:at the conference. 3110:, began writing in 3019:Settlement movement 3012:18 Stepney Causeway 2842:. West Hams anthem 2743:World Cup Sculpture 2681:, supplemented the 2561:St Dunstan's Church 1902:Indian subcontinent 1852:Province of Freedom 1848:Province of Freedom 1758:Indian subcontinent 1629:London City Airport 1548:Whitechapel Gallery 1380:Walthamstow Marshes 1317:Royal Victoria Dock 1293:Bow railway station 1246:London City Airport 1174:at Millwall in 1857 1091:Blackwall Buildings 798:Bishopsgate Without 393:Soke of Bishopsgate 389:Soke of Cripplegate 351:, the gates in the 266:Bishopsgate Without 227:on the edge of the 34:'s soap opera, see 10986:London sub-regions 10966:East End of London 10947:51.51417; -0.05500 10562:. Derby: Breedon. 10477:"Call The Midwife" 9744:12 February 1996 ( 9490:Records of Service 9297:on 23 October 2006 9266:. BritainExpress. 8195:with support from 7280:by Audrey Gillan, 6787:Berry, Charlotte. 5907:(1998), pp. 120–26 4910:West End of London 4678: 4676:, 1899 sheet music 4581:St Katharine Docks 4569:Outside perception 4498: 4420: 4370:made his début as 4305: 4251:South Quay Station 4075:East India Company 4070: 3998: 3978:and sank into the 3928: 3875: 3795:London Underground 3771: 3692: 3618: 3535:Tower Hill Postern 3513: 3498:Bastard Fauconberg 3460:Roman era massacre 3417: 3311: 3245: 3172:Brotherhood Church 2908: 2887: 2866:, or more usually 2747: 2663: 2643: 2557: 2460:Oranges and Lemons 2456: 1990:Major Evans-Gordon 1983: 1934:oath of allegiance 1749: 1745:East London Mosque 1699: 1652: 1633:King George V Dock 1601: 1552:Gilbert and George 1491:to connect to the 1396: 1325:King George V Dock 1315:consisting of the 1253:Commercial Railway 1230:East India Company 1196:St Katharine Docks 1192: 1184: 1176: 1121: 1096:By 1890, official 1004: 993: 967: 959: 888:began in earnest. 853:and casual labour. 787:western localities 665: 504:St Leonards Priory 497: 462: 454: 315:, parts or all of 209: 201: 172: 103:parts, comes from 69:East End of London 65: 10921: 10920: 10743:978-0-948667-94-7 10701:978-0-9506258-6-7 10627:Gerzina, Gretchen 10312:978-0-14-020595-4 10188:Project Gutenberg 9844:Samuel Schoenbaum 9715:(Pan Books 2002) 9594:(Subscription or 8882:978-1-84176-692-8 8358:1 August 2012 at 8241:Independent.co.uk 8193:Henrietta Barnett 7663:www.genuki.org.uk 7457:Vision of Britain 7077:978-0-7146-5525-3 6659:978-1-85437-681-7 6354:978-1-892495-59-4 6345:San Francisco, CA 6327:18 September 2007 6149:Our Home Railways 5737:Survey of London. 5320:. 2 August 2010. 5007:(2003) Routledge 4853:Spitalfields Life 4740:Emanuel Litvinoff 4710:(1896) is set in 4539:Half Moon Theatre 4449:Commercial Street 4442:The once popular 4402:Britannia Theatre 4278:Inn-yard theatres 4234:, and the army). 4232:Winston Churchill 4228:Peter the Painter 4142:Ratcliffe Highway 3884:Buckingham Palace 3784:Winston Churchill 3755:Morrison shelters 3751:Anderson shelters 3599:ravaged Southwark 3473:Wars of the Roses 3448:Wars and conflict 3043:William Beveridge 3039:Guglielmo Marconi 2970:Act of Parliament 2928:Spitalfield Riots 2836:won the World Cup 2763:South East London 2683:Tower of London's 2601:Brick Lane Mosque 2594:Brick Lane Mosque 2565:Parish of Stepney 2310: 2309: 2039:Commercial Street 2009:, which gave the 1662:were held in the 1588:and Whitechapel. 1360:John Kemp Starley 1321:Royal Albert Dock 1083:53 & 54 Vict. 1017:Morning Chronicle 669:Sir William Petty 219:and north of the 162:The River Lea at 83:and north of the 16:(Redirected from 10993: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10936: 10935: 10934: 10931: 10870:Lower Lea Valley 10865:London Riverside 10824: 10817: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10747: 10728: 10716: 10705: 10686: 10667: 10648: 10636: 10617: 10595: 10573: 10547: 10530: 10529: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10488: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10462: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10436: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10361: 10355: 10332: 10326: 10320: 10314: 10298: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10256: 10250: 10199: 10193: 10190: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10148: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10112: 10106: 10090: 10084: 10066: 10060: 10045: 10039: 10026: 10020: 10008: 10002: 9992: 9986: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9939: 9933: 9920: 9914: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9876:23 July 2012 at 9860: 9854: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9825: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9795: 9789: 9779: 9773: 9757: 9751: 9729: 9723: 9707: 9701: 9688: 9682: 9669: 9663: 9648: 9642: 9627: 9621: 9606: 9600: 9599: 9591: 9573: 9567: 9552: 9543: 9528: 9522: 9507: 9501: 9486: 9477: 9458: 9452: 9439: 9433: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9410: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9386: 9380: 9365: 9359: 9352: 9346: 9330: 9324: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9260: 9254: 9241: 9235: 9228:Roberts, Alison 9214: 9208: 9193: 9187: 9186: 9180: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9143: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9119: 9113: 9098: 9092: 9073: 9067: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9025: 9019: 9012: 9006: 9003: 8997: 8977: 8968: 8967: 8947: 8941: 8927: 8921: 8906: 8900: 8898:978 184603 245 5 8890: 8884: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8861: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8769: 8767: 8765: 8754: 8748: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8730: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8707: 8699: 8697: 8695: 8683: 8677: 8662: 8656: 8643: 8637: 8625:Barbara Castle, 8623: 8617: 8602: 8596: 8579: 8570: 8554: 8548: 8535: 8529: 8524:Smith and Nash, 8510: 8501: 8498: 8492: 8485: 8479: 8460: 8454: 8447:24 October 2004 8432: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8406: 8400: 8378: 8372: 8353:Alfred J. Rieber 8347: 8341: 8326: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8286: 8280: 8277: 8268: 8267: 8261: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8231: 8225: 8210: 8204: 8181: 8175: 8160: 8154: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8108: 8102: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8065: 8057: 8055: 8053: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8020: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8004: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7915: 7902: 7896: 7883: 7877: 7876: 7870: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7833: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7796: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7772: 7766: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7750: 7742: 7740: 7738: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7654: 7648: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7561: 7554: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7473: 7467: 7454: 7448: 7404: 7393: 7387: 7376: 7351: 7345: 7326: 7320: 7306: 7300: 7293: 7287: 7273: 7267: 7264: 7258: 7238: 7232: 7216: 7210: 7195: 7186: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7160: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7061: 7055: 7037: 7028: 7026: 7020: 7012: 7010: 7008: 6996: 6990: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6951: 6944: 6938: 6927:Yorkshire Stingo 6923: 6917: 6914:Irish in Britain 6911: 6905: 6888: 6882: 6867: 6861: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6783: 6777: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6758: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6734: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6723: 6701: 6695: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6648: 6642: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6602: 6596: 6580: 6574: 6558: 6552: 6541:East Cross Route 6537: 6531: 6513: 6507: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6453: 6447: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6366: 6343:(3rd ed.). 6334: 6328: 6312: 6303: 6287: 6278: 6263: 6257: 6242: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6200: 6194: 6179: 6173: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6077: 6062: 6056: 6041: 6035: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5980: 5967: 5961: 5958:Survey of London 5942: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5900: 5894: 5879: 5870: 5855: 5844: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5804: 5801: 5795: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5707: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5659: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5550: 5544: 5528: 5522: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5431:. 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1477:East Cross Route 1364:Frederick Bremer 1285:East London Line 1269:Fenchurch Street 1234:East India Docks 1218:West India Docks 1130:SS Great Eastern 1057:in 1869 and the 1049: 914:Assembly Passage 882:Lower Moorfields 814: 777: 735:Manor of Stepney 548:had a palace at 546:Bishop of London 514:times was where 440:Ancient Parishes 429:Bishop of London 417:Manor of Stepney 403:was held by the 378:to the west and 254:lies within it. 176:Port of London's 109:Survey of London 21: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10990: 10971:Areas of London 10956: 10955: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10937: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10917: 10904: 10831: 10828: 10754: 10744: 10725: 10702: 10683: 10664: 10645: 10620:Nicholas Breach 10614: 10592: 10570: 10554: 10552:Further reading 10538:Singer, Isidore 10527: 10523: 10522: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10475: 10474: 10470: 10460: 10458: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10432: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10402: 10393: 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5423: 5421: 5417: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5317:TheGuardian.com 5310: 5301: 5297: 5291:Wayback Machine 5282:Household Words 5278: 5267: 5260: 5242: 5217: 5210: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5164: 5150: 5146: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5081: 5067: 5063: 5050: 5046: 5041:Wayback Machine 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5002: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4969:Wayback Machine 4957: 4950: 4945: 4923: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4843:The Sugar Girls 4798:The success of 4702:Arthur Morrison 4663: 4657: 4651: 4649:Popular culture 4630: 4624: 4576: 4571: 4352: 4343: 4318:Curtain Theatre 4275: 4220:Jack the Ripper 4046: 4044:Crime in London 4040: 3912: 3896:Lansbury Estate 3888:Queen Elizabeth 3841:V-1 flying bomb 3821:Tate & Lyle 3710: 3703: 3665: 3607:Tower of London 3591: 3589:First World War 3552: 3491:Tower of London 3475: 3466:Walbrook Skulls 3462: 3450: 3356:Holloway Prison 3334:George Lansbury 3330:Votes for Women 3257:Columbia Market 3221: 3218: 3134:Potemkin mutiny 3126:Peter Kropotkin 3117:Arbayter Fraynd 3000:London Hospital 2975:sell their hair 2962:East Smithfield 2900: 2876:mother-of-pearl 2860: 2834:from Dagenham) 2712:West Ham United 2708: 2671:Lord Lieutenant 2655: 2624: 2596: 2575:, known as the 2527: 2422: 2323: 2318: 2141:and elsewhere. 2139:Hemel Hempstead 2090: 2007:Aliens Act 1905 1951:, becoming the 1949:Commercial Road 1895:Aliens Act 1905 1714: 1705: 1688: 1644: 1606: 1525: 1513:Silvertown Link 1485:Limehouse Basin 1454: 1442:council housing 1438: 1430:brownfield land 1423:container ships 1388: 1113: 1105:Boundary Estate 1055:Columbia Market 1050: 1043: 1000:Boundary Estate 934:Tredegar Square 929: 815: 812: 778: 768: 582: 488:on the Thames. 470:Holywell Priory 433:Tower of London 341: 336: 237:Tower of London 193: 168:Olympic Stadium 129:Tower of London 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10999: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10915: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10840:Central London 10836: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10769: 10764: 10753: 10752:External links 10750: 10749: 10748: 10742: 10729: 10723: 10706: 10700: 10687: 10682:978-0300187755 10681: 10668: 10662: 10649: 10643: 10623: 10612: 10596: 10590: 10574: 10568: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10548: 10521: 10520: 10494: 10468: 10442: 10412: 10386: 10356: 10327: 10315: 10290: 10271: 10251: 10201:Henry Mayhew, 10194: 10192: 10191: 10161: 10149: 10140: 10138:A Mills (2001) 10128: 10107: 10085: 10061: 10040: 10021: 10003: 9987: 9967: 9955: 9934: 9915: 9894: 9882: 9855: 9833: 9790: 9774: 9752: 9747:Lord's Hansard 9724: 9702: 9683: 9664: 9643: 9622: 9601: 9568: 9544: 9523: 9502: 9478: 9453: 9434: 9418: 9381: 9360: 9347: 9325: 9317:Burt Committee 9308: 9281: 9255: 9236: 9209: 9188: 9151: 9114: 9093: 9079:(Box TC23/9/T) 9068: 9047: 9020: 9007: 8998: 8969: 8962: 8942: 8922: 8901: 8885: 8869: 8832: 8823: 8786: 8749: 8740: 8731: 8715: 8678: 8657: 8638: 8618: 8597: 8571: 8549: 8530: 8502: 8493: 8489:Woolwich Ferry 8480: 8474:Trotsky, Leon 8455: 8427: 8401: 8373: 8342: 8321: 8300: 8281: 8269: 8226: 8205: 8185:Arnold Toynbee 8176: 8155: 8134: 8122: 8103: 8082: 8073: 8030: 8021: 8012: 7983: 7962: 7925: 7916: 7897: 7878: 7841: 7804: 7767: 7758: 7721: 7680: 7649: 7622: 7610: 7573: 7540: 7508: 7487: 7468: 7449: 7394: 7377: 7346: 7321: 7301: 7288: 7268: 7259: 7233: 7211: 7187: 7168: 7127: 7095: 7076: 7056: 7029: 6991: 6965: 6952: 6939: 6918: 6906: 6883: 6862: 6845:978-0520204041 6844: 6816: 6778: 6766: 6729: 6696: 6674: 6662: 6643: 6623: 6597: 6575: 6553: 6532: 6508: 6484: 6471: 6448: 6427: 6401: 6375: 6353: 6329: 6304: 6279: 6258: 6237: 6216: 6195: 6174: 6153: 6141: 6120: 6099: 6078: 6057: 6036: 6015: 6006: 5981: 5962: 5937: 5918: 5895: 5871: 5845: 5836: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5771: 5748: 5739: 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3203:Millwall Docks 3188:Rosa Luxemburg 3164:Fifth Congress 3150:Vladimir Lenin 3035:Clement Attlee 2989:Salvation Army 2954:1823 Gaols Act 2899: 2896: 2859: 2856: 2797:Josef Goebbels 2707: 2704: 2654: 2651: 2623: 2620: 2616:Russian Empire 2595: 2592: 2526: 2523: 2472:St Mary-le-Bow 2452:London Stadium 2421: 2418: 2400:Thames Estuary 2340:, situated on 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2089: 2086: 2070:Altab Ali Park 1941:British Empire 1930:House of Lords 1713: 1710: 1687: 1684: 1676:Stratford City 1643: 1640: 1605: 1602: 1524: 1521: 1501:Elizabeth line 1453: 1450: 1437: 1434: 1415:London Gateway 1387: 1384: 1333:Gallions Reach 1238:Millwall Docks 1132:, designed by 1112: 1109: 1098:slum clearance 1044:Henry Mayhew, 1041: 928: 925: 866: 865: 862:City of London 854: 843: 831: 810: 766: 723:Tower Division 606:western suburb 581: 578: 486:St Katherine's 451:Tower Division 340: 337: 335: 332: 328:Tower Division 217:City of London 192: 189: 149:Ashkenazi Jews 125:Tower Division 93:Central London 81:City of London 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10998: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10954: 10951: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10834: 10825: 10820: 10818: 10813: 10811: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10734:East End Past 10730: 10726: 10724:0-7195-5666-X 10720: 10715: 10714: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10688: 10684: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10665: 10663:0-9541171-0-7 10659: 10655: 10650: 10646: 10644:0-8135-2259-5 10640: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10615: 10613:0-7156-1416-9 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10591:0-7156-2174-2 10587: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10569:1-85983-363-2 10565: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10545: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10533:public domain 10525: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10400: 10396: 10390: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10360: 10353: 10352:0-415-93853-8 10349: 10346: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10304:Michael Young 10302: 10297: 10295: 10278: 10274: 10272:9780141982366 10268: 10264: 10263: 10255: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10189: 10185: 10184: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10165: 10158: 10153: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10111: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10037:0-902238-06-X 10034: 10030: 10025: 10018: 10013: 10007: 10000: 9997: 9996:Walter Besant 9991: 9985: 9984:1-899344-85-3 9981: 9977: 9974:Lara Clifton 9971: 9964: 9959: 9952: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9931:0-679-41351-0 9928: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9898: 9891: 9886: 9879: 9878:archive.today 9875: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9853: 9852:0-19-505161-0 9849: 9845: 9842: 9837: 9829: 9823: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9788: 9787:0-583-33751-1 9784: 9778: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9721:0-330-49014-1 9718: 9714: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9699:0-491-03178-5 9696: 9692: 9687: 9681: 9680:0-8050-7537-2 9677: 9673: 9668: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9647: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9626: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9611: 9605: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9580: 9572: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9527: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9512: 9506: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9475: 9471: 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8607: 8601: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8583: 8578: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8534: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8509: 8507: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8431: 8415: 8411: 8405: 8399: 8395: 8394:George Orwell 8391: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8370: 8366: 8365: 8361: 8360:archive.today 8357: 8354: 8352: 8346: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8318:0-907123-45-7 8315: 8311: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8285: 8279:Fishman 1988. 8276: 8274: 8265: 8259: 8243: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8159: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8077: 8069: 8063: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8034: 8025: 8016: 8008: 8002: 7986: 7984:9781861056832 7980: 7976: 7975: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7936: 7929: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7882: 7874: 7868: 7852: 7845: 7837: 7831: 7815: 7808: 7800: 7794: 7778: 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Routledge. 7069: 7068: 7060: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7024: 7018: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6956: 6949: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6806: 6790: 6782: 6773: 6771: 6762: 6756: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6627: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6468:1-86134-063-X 6465: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6431: 6415: 6411: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6372: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6333: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6241: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6226: 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4757: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4748:Michael Young 4745: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4730:George Orwell 4727: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4716:Arnold Circus 4713: 4712:Bethnal Green 4709: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4692:Charles Booth 4689: 4688: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609:Bethnal Green 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4547:Stepney Green 4545:chapel, near 4544: 4540: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4502:Walter Besant 4495: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469:Albert Saloon 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368:David Garrick 4365: 4360: 4358: 4357:Globe Theatre 4350: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4325:Shakespeare's 4321: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4310:James Burbage 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273:Entertainment 4270: 4268: 4267:ring of steel 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4216:Bethnal Green 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4181:welfare state 4178: 4174: 4170: 4169:William Acton 4165: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4127:Covent Garden 4122: 4120: 4119:Charing Cross 4116: 4113:In 1829, the 4111: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4096:John Harriott 4093: 4089: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4066:marine police 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4032:council flats 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3995: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3976:Bywell Castle 3974: 3970: 3969:London Bridge 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3920:Bywell Castle 3916: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:Mile End Park 3842: 3838: 3837:Victoria Park 3834: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3788:Victoria Park 3785: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3700: 3698: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637:TNT explosion 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3518: 3517:St Katherines 3509: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3429:Kingsley Hall 3426: 3425:Muriel Lester 3422: 3419:In 1915, the 3413: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3360:hunger strike 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3342:Victoria Park 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3301: 3300:Beatrice Webb 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3285:Charles Booth 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Bethnal Green 3258: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3162:attended the 3161: 3160:Joseph Stalin 3157: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142:Stepney Green 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:Freedom Press 3127: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3108:Rudolf Rocker 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017:In 1884, the 3015: 3013: 3009: 3008:Ragged School 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981:William Booth 2978: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Elizabeth Fry 2939: 2937: 2933: 2932:Bethnal Green 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:public houses 2917: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2816:Martin Peters 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2767:Dockers Derby 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745:at Upton Park 2744: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2716:Leyton Orient 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2687:Yeoman Warder 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2553: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2519:Dutch foundry 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2381:rhyming slang 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Stamford Hill 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2313: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2190:Bethnal Green 2188: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129:new towns of 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2022:Oswald Mosley 2019: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:British India 1915: 1911: 1910:East Pakistan 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1822:In 1786, the 1820: 1818: 1817:Bethnal Green 1814: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:urban renewal 1613: 1611: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Hoxton Square 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458:District line 1449: 1447: 1443: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1180: 1173: 1172:Great Eastern 1169: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:Peabody Trust 1064: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1031: 1029: 1028:costermongers 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1001: 997: 990: 989: 984: 980: 976: 975:Charles Booth 971: 963: 956: 955: 950: 945: 941: 937: 935: 924: 922: 921:Walter Besant 917: 915: 911: 910:Stepney Green 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 887: 883: 878: 876: 875:tentergrounds 871: 863: 859: 855: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 829: 825: 821: 820: 819: 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 782: 775: 771: 765: 761: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 685: 684:Joel Gascoyne 680: 678: 674: 670: 663: 659: 655: 650: 646: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 611: 607: 602: 599: 595: 591: 586: 577: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:Bethnal Green 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 531:Papal legates 528: 524: 521: 517: 513: 509: 508:Barking Abbey 505: 501: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 458: 452: 447: 443: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 425:Stamford Hill 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 394: 390: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 331: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 260: 255: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 205: 197: 188: 185: 181: 177: 169: 165: 160: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 136: 134: 130: 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Retrieved 10497: 10485:. Retrieved 10471: 10459:. Retrieved 10445: 10433:. Retrieved 10425:The Guardian 10424: 10415: 10403:. Retrieved 10389: 10377:. Retrieved 10368: 10359: 10335: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10300: 10281:. Retrieved 10261: 10254: 10202: 10197: 10181: 10172: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10115: 10110: 10094: 10088: 10069: 10064: 10048: 10043: 10028: 10024: 10006: 9998: 9990: 9975: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9942: 9937: 9922: 9918: 9902: 9897: 9889: 9885: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9840: 9836: 9810:. Retrieved 9803: 9793: 9777: 9760: 9755: 9745: 9732: 9727: 9709: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9671: 9667: 9651: 9646: 9630: 9625: 9609: 9604: 9577: 9571: 9555: 9531: 9526: 9510: 9505: 9489: 9461: 9456: 9441: 9437: 9421: 9395:. Retrieved 9384: 9368: 9363: 9355: 9350: 9333: 9328: 9311: 9299:. Retrieved 9295:the original 9284: 9272:. Retrieved 9258: 9243: 9239: 9229: 9217: 9212: 9196: 9191: 9165:. Retrieved 9154: 9128:. Retrieved 9117: 9101: 9096: 9076: 9071: 9055: 9050: 9038:. 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Retrieved 6339: 6332: 6315: 6290: 6266: 6261: 6245: 6240: 6224: 6219: 6203: 6198: 6182: 6177: 6161: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6128: 6123: 6107: 6102: 6086: 6081: 6065: 6060: 6044: 6039: 6023: 6018: 6009: 5992: 5969: 5965: 5945: 5940: 5925: 5921: 5904: 5898: 5883: 5858: 5839: 5822: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5758: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5718: 5692:. Retrieved 5681: 5672: 5663: 5654: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5610: 5605: 5593:. Retrieved 5578: 5566:. Retrieved 5557: 5548: 5531: 5526: 5509: 5504: 5495: 5483:. Retrieved 5472: 5462: 5450: 5437:. Retrieved 5433:the original 5428: 5418: 5409: 5400: 5388: 5376:. Retrieved 5356: 5347: 5338: 5326:. Retrieved 5315: 5298: 5281: 5248:The East End 5247: 5199: 5181: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5123: 5111:. Retrieved 5104:the original 5090: 5070: 5064: 5047: 5028: 5019: 5004: 4984:. Retrieved 4975: 4959: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4826:Our East End 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4751: 4733: 4723: 4705: 4695: 4685: 4682:Henry Mayhew 4679: 4673: 4632: 4625: 4590: 4577: 4562: 4536: 4507:Queen's Hall 4506: 4499: 4477: 4457:Cable Street 4441: 4421: 4388:(1828), the 4371: 4361: 4354: 4338: 4322: 4306: 4282:Tudor period 4276: 4263:Isle of Dogs 4255:Canary Wharf 4236: 4201: 4185: 4166: 4158:Damaris Page 4154:Samuel Pepys 4151: 4138:prostitution 4135: 4123: 4112: 4087: 4084: 4071: 4053: 4017: 4011:shipyard at 4003: 3999: 3992: 3975: 3951: 3948: 3944:tuberculosis 3929: 3923: 3919: 3876: 3857:Turner Prize 3825: 3804:Central line 3792: 3772: 3760:Canning Town 3744: 3740:Canning Town 3712: 3706:Lord Haw-Haw 3694: 3688:Isle of Dogs 3680:South London 3657:Edward Medal 3633: 3619: 3595:West Hackney 3592: 3576: 3553: 3532: 3521: 3514: 3496:The Yorkist 3495: 3481:had won the 3476: 3463: 3451: 3423:, Doris and 3418: 3406:Toynbee Hall 3402:picket lines 3391: 3368: 3349: 3312: 3275:such as the 3253:Spitalfields 3246: 3234:craft unions 3223: 3212: 3192: 3170:held at the 3153: 3146:Leon Trotsky 3115: 3086: 3070:dock strikes 3059: 3031:R. H. Tawney 3023:Toynbee Hall 3016: 2998:came to the 2979: 2974: 2940: 2916:Spitalfields 2909: 2888: 2872:costermonger 2867: 2861: 2805: 2787:, raised in 2775: 2748: 2709: 2692: 2678: 2664: 2644: 2625: 2605: 2597: 2581: 2576: 2568: 2558: 2528: 2515:Olympic Bell 2499:Philadelphia 2495:Liberty Bell 2484: 2457: 2448:Olympic Bell 2423: 2414: 2409: 2397: 2389: 2373:costermonger 2362: 2335: 2324: 2311: 2147: 2143: 2117: 2102: 2091: 2078:1999 bombing 2054:Paki-bashing 2051: 2043:Cable Street 2026:anti-semitic 2015: 1994:Conservative 1984: 1972:Gordon Riots 1964:Evil May Day 1961: 1938: 1899: 1883: 1864: 1860:Canning Town 1856:Sierra Leone 1851: 1840:freed slaves 1821: 1815:and western 1813:Spitalfields 1806: 1766:Guinea Coast 1750: 1733: 1715: 1706: 1664:Olympic Park 1653: 1637: 1625:Isle of Dogs 1621:Canary Wharf 1614: 1607: 1576: 1556:Spitalfields 1545: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1474: 1470:Jubilee line 1462:Central line 1455: 1439: 1427: 1404: 1397: 1357: 1349:Bazalgette's 1298: 1271:(1841), and 1250: 1242:grain market 1215: 1207:London Docks 1204: 1193: 1171: 1154:Canning Town 1122: 1095: 1065:such as the 1052: 1045: 1033: 1021: 1015: 1012:Henry Mayhew 1007: 1005: 986: 981:showing the 952: 938: 930: 918: 913: 902:Captain Cook 894:Samuel Pepys 890: 880:In 1817 the 879: 867: 817: 791: 784: 780: 773: 763: 751: 712: 707: 693: 688: 681: 676: 666: 636: 603: 587: 583: 574: 570:Bromley Hall 557: 543: 502:was home to 498: 463: 437: 405:Cnichtengild 398: 376:Ludgate Hill 369: 342: 325: 278: 256: 249: 241:Tower Bridge 225:Aldgate Pump 221:River Thames 210: 184:Olympic Park 180:Canary Wharf 173: 137: 108: 101: 97:Aldgate Pump 85:River Thames 72: 68: 66: 59: 44: 10945: / 10900:West London 10855:East London 10169:Jack London 9301:13 February 9274:13 February 9016:Charles Kay 8390:Jack London 7857:26 November 7820:26 November 7783:10 December 7737:10 December 7700:26 November 7330:On this day 7249:Moving Here 6931:Seven Dials 5485:10 December 5328:21 February 5113:19 November 4905:Londonistan 4780:Marie Lloyd 4728:(1903), by 4720:Jack London 4690:(1851) and 4635:Jack London 4628:XXIV (1888) 4555:Edward Bond 4494:Hoxton Hall 4473:Marie Lloyd 4461:Hoxton Hall 4444:music halls 4432:Jacob Adler 4428:Whitechapel 4373:Richard III 4314:The Theatre 4297:The Theatre 4177:Houndsditch 4088:in extremis 4024:tower block 4020:Ronan Point 3817:Three Mills 3649:Southampton 3523:Bishopsgate 3358:, often on 3318:suffragette 3195:Ben Tillett 3184:Maxim Gorky 3082:Suffragette 3078:trade union 3053:(1949) and 2985:Whitechapel 2852:Danny Boyle 2824:Geoff Hurst 2808:Bobby Moore 2801:Jesse Owens 2781:Len Goulden 2778:inside-left 2464:Whitechapel 2437:Whitechapel 2430:City Wall's 2113:Harold Hill 1992:became the 1922:2011 census 1889:(1899) and 1798:Han Chinese 1660:Paralympics 1541:Bangla Town 1468:(1987) and 1407:Royal Docks 1313:Royal Docks 1273:Bishopsgate 1222:West Indies 979:poverty map 949:John Rocque 904:moved from 858:Westminster 794:Westminster 739:East London 700:Westminster 696:John Strype 673:Westminster 654:Bishopsgate 482:Eastminster 413:East Saxons 345:Bishopsgate 313:Walthamstow 287:(including 252:East London 166:, with the 113:Westminster 105:John Strype 77:East London 56:Jack London 10960:Categories 10933:00°03′18″W 10930:51°30′51″N 10890:South Bank 9598:required.) 7977:. Robson. 7583:"Cockneys" 7243:Edward VII 6935:Marylebone 6714:. London. 5303:Tony Blair 5170:Shoreditch 4986:8 December 4943:References 4915:EastEnders 4861:EastEnders 4848:Silvertown 4840:published 4822:Our Street 4814:Silvertown 4802:'s memoir 4793:Kray twins 4601:Marylebone 4597:Paddington 4593:music hall 4574:Reputation 4484:Shoreditch 4480:striptease 4417:Shoreditch 4394:Shoreditch 4301:Shoreditch 4243:Kray twins 3859:for 1993. 3736:Silvertown 3641:Silvertown 3579:Colchester 3574:followed. 3544:Bow Bridge 3199:John Burns 3084:movement. 2958:bath-house 2832:Alf Ramsey 2828:Chelmsford 2759:Bermondsey 2679:Hamleteers 2544:means the 2468:Shoreditch 2358:Shoreditch 2082:Brick Lane 2031:Tower Hill 2002:xenophobic 1914:Bangladesh 1770:Chinatowns 1695:Brick Lane 1572:Shoreditch 1564:White Cube 1533:Brick Lane 1400:UK economy 1037:night soil 983:Old Nichol 826:system of 802:Shoreditch 758:Archenholz 662:Moorfields 623:Moorfields 610:Moorfields 566:Henry VIII 520:Cistercian 384:Tower Hill 382:(of which 293:Haggerston 285:Shoreditch 233:Tower Dock 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