356:. These two languages dominate life in Botswana, and other native languages see little use. English literature became common in urban areas relatively quickly, while Setswana remained common in rural areas. Educational materials, religious texts, and works of fiction make up the most common forms of literature using the Setswana language. Poetry and drama are more commonly written in Setswana, and dramas are typically performed instead of read. English is associated with higher education and social status, so most technical works are written in English. Political separation of the Setswana-speaking populations into Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa has further limited the ability of Setswana literature to develop.
636:
2700:
878:
691:(1981) was the first major English language novel published in independent Botswana. The story follows a man from a poor rural family who goes to the University of Botswana, where he meets and begins a romantic relationship with an upper class urban woman. Sesinyi ended the story with all characters resolving their disagreements after accepting traditional Tswana morality. Many books by other authors follow a similar pattern, such as the Setswana language book
41:
392:. There is little incentive for writers and publishers to produce literature in native languages besides Setswana; each minority language is only spoken by a small number of people, and they are often in poverty. Because of the nation's multilingual nature and the importance of English in both the private and public sectors, language and literature have historically been taught under the same department at the
1202:. These novels feature clashes of different moral views and emphasise that African society is more complex than the images of poverty and disease seen in the West, though they also give Western readers a portrayal of the nation that is not representative of typical African literature. Some tourist campaigns in Botswana reference the books to attract tourists who are familiar with the series.
419:. The history of different tribes, particularly their origins, leaders, settlements, and wars, was preserved through oral literature until the early 19th century. The recitation of history is traditionally associated with veneration of ancestors. The most pervasive oral tradition in Botswana is the Lowe
794:
The government became the nation's largest publisher after independence, producing records and reports for official business as well as copies of the
Botswana Daily News. It was followed by the University of Botswana, primarily through the working papers and research notes published by its National
526:
The earliest written record of a praise poem dates to 1801, but they were not commonly documented until the early 20th century, meaning that poems for ancient figures shrank over time as verses were lost to history. The poems are often long and complex, incorporating metaphors, literary references,
1146:
in the 1960s. Adventure novels set in independent
Botswana often take advantage of its stable democracy, distinguishing it from other African countries that are portrayed as unsafe or poorly managed by the native peoples. A parallel sometimes remains when the native Batswana are portrayed as
860:
Several cultural factors can dissuade writers and publishers in
Botswana. Reading is not a frequent habit in the country, in part because of high illiteracy, resulting in lower sales. Books are relatively cheap compared to other African countries, meaning lower earnings. In 2002, a typical
656:
became a regular subject as memories of democratic pre-colonial tribes were revitalised as the
Batswana created a single democratic nation. As with much of African literature, that of Botswana developed a moralising tone to emphasise cultural awareness and present these ideas directly.
605:
South Africa. Initially writing without focus on a specific idea, her narratives became more defined and consistent when she moved to
Botswana. She developed a sense of continuity centred on Serowe in both her fiction and nonfiction works, creating a reimagining of the area where
359:
Poverty, lack of access to books, and failure to complete school have challenged efforts to improve literacy in
Botswana. The lack of publications in minority languages affects literacy rates among their respective speakers, and many native languages had yet to develop a standard
742:
was the second fiction writer to achieve international acclaim after Bessie Head. As with Head, Dow wrote of a
Botswana with potential for a strong sense of social justice. Her work is influenced by her years as a women's rights activist as well as her legal career. Dow uses
443:
explains how humanity learned about sexual intercourse when God carved three vaginas into stone to demonstrate how they were to be used. Another story explains why some of the San kept livestock while others hunted, describing two brothers who chose their respective roles.
647:
The decades following independence brought new issues to literature in
Botswana as the country formed a national identity. Philosophical debate emerged around the nature of morality in Botswana, fought between adherents of pre-colonial traditions and supporters of
579:(1930). Plaatje considered themes related to the growing colonial infrastructure in southern Africa through the setting of the 19th century Difaqane. He also centred Tswana women in the story, having them represent the potential of a just society in the region.
255:
and a small minority are published in other native languages. Economic challenges limit a wider production of literature in
Botswana, as books are often unavailable to citizens and authors generally make little money, especially with non-English writings.
430:
Commonalities exist throughout modern folktales in
Botswana. The hare is a common character, portrayed as a trickster or a quick-witted character who uses cleverness to get ahead. The hyena sometimes appears as a stupid and cowardly character.
364:
by the end of the 20th century, lacking a significant body of dictionaries or other works to codify the language in writing. As of the beginning of the 21st century, scientific writing remained almost non-existent in minority native languages.
506:
coming-of-age rite. A collective poem would also be written for the entire regiment that was coming of age. These poems were used across every social class, and a social identity was developed as a man added to his poem throughout his life.
522:
settled arguments by reciting their poems and then repeating the poems of their opponent from memory. Other praise poems were written to celebrate prominent figures such as chiefs, or sometimes to subtly criticise or give other commentary.
474:
Storytelling is a common family pastime in rural Botswana where access to mass media is limited. These stories can be fiction or nonfiction, and they may be performed by the storyteller as they mimic the people or animals.
543:
A standardised orthography developed relatively late in Setswana language writing, a consequence of the various independent Setswana tribes. The first text that sought to create a uniform orthography was written by
286:
in 1945 allowed the British colonial administration to impose English-language literature on the nation, beginning a lasting debate over the roles of English literature versus those of native languages in Botswana.
322:, explored the clash between traditional values and modernism after Botswana achieved independence. Several foreign novels have been set in Botswana, traditionally portraying it as an empty wilderness in the
1002:
following independence and allowed publications critical of the government, though most outlets were controlled by the government until the rise of private publications in the 1980s. These included
1162:, presenting the country as a sparse, hostile land that must be overcome. This is in contrast with domestic stories that see the people as a result of their history instead of their environment.
1120:
1223:
270:
became a common way to recount a person's life and accomplishments. The arrival of European missionaries in the 19th century brought changes to literature in present-day Botswana.
1134:. His portrayal of the region as an exotic land became standard in the genre. It was further developed by other adventure novelists who set their stories in Botswana, including
514:. They were often performed publicly, where speakers would improvise the phrasing and structure in response to the audience. According to the 19th century British ethnologist
826:
began publication in 1979 to print articles about economics, education, humanities, and social sciences in Botswana. The Writers Association of Botswana was founded in 1981.
527:
and historical analogies that make them difficult to understand without prior knowledge. In the 21st century, praise poems are traditionally read during the coronation of a
801:
850:
282:
about the region throughout the century. Mass media developed toward the end of the 19th century as Christian newsletters were distributed. The establishment of
780:
1109:
1024:
841:
was created as an offshoot of Eswatini's Macmillan Boleswa in 1982 and became the nation's largest educational publisher over the following years. In 1984,
738:
A rise in women writers at the end of the 20th century introduced literary criticism of forced marriage and domestic violence, among other women's issues.
834:
369:
1105:
467:
did not exist in Botswana's oral tradition until it was introduced by the Western world. This has been challenged by academics such as Paul Landau and
389:
310:
at the end of the century. Both of these authors used their works to comment on women's rights and the role of women in Africa. Other authors, such as
283:
665:
492:, document the subject's life and accomplishments. In the 19th century, boys were expected to write and memorise an autobiographical praise poem, or
385:
381:
315:
1086:. Such books continued to appear through the end of the 19th century. These gave way to diaries and memoirs in the 20th century, such as those of
1098:. The only other significant works published about present-day Botswana at this time were scientific, particularly in the field of anthropology.
784:
768:
373:
1143:
845:
became the first book to be entirely typed, bound, and published in Botswana. A non-governmental organisation to promote the interests of the
1218:. Other relevant laws in the early years of independence include the Printed Publications Act and the 1967 National Library Service Act. The
1087:
720:
234:
1033:
788:
377:
1186:(2003), focused on the self-discovery of white visitors to the nation without giving distinct identities to any characters from Botswana.
290:
Many newspapers began publication as Botswana moved toward independence in the 1960s. Upon independence, Botswana became a member of the
278:
for Setswana in 1826 when he translated several Christian texts and a dictionary into the language. Explorers and colonists wrote many
2650:
501:
451:
complained of how much was forgotten by the time he began researching them in the 19th century, as many stories were lost during the
2938:
176:
747:
to portray the effects of HIV/AIDS in Botswana and to analyse how it is affected by patriarchy. She then uses the detective novel
2730:
1226:
established a village reading room program to provide access to literature for rural villages; 54 villages were covered by 1994.
1050:
Among English works, literature about Botswana by foreigners developed more quickly than a domestic corpus. Many Europeans wrote
2803:
2446:
2386:
1194:
423:, which tells that Matsieng emerged from a hole in Lowe to create the animals, and that upon his return the Tswana, San, and
328:
711:(1993). Torontle diverged from most literature about Botswana by presenting the land as welcoming instead of inhospitable.
1108:
was established in 1945. This was replaced with a focus on African literature when Pius XII College was succeeded by the
585:
became the most well-known writer from Botswana globally, and her work is often used internationally in university-level
891:
Christian newsletters were circulated in present-day Botswana through the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including
2359:
1158:(1965). Foreign stories set in Botswana have trended toward a focus on the land, such as the Kalahari Desert and the
1104:
was introduced to present-day Botswana while it was under British rule, and it was the core literary curriculum when
776:
227:
1219:
632:(1974). While her work is also taught at schools in Botswana, she does not have the same recognition domestically.
3027:
2663:
455:. European records of oral literature increased in coverage during the colonial period. Some academics, such as
2862:
1063:
795:
Institute for Research and Documentation. The third largest publisher in the early decades of Botswana was the
1112:. The balance of Western and African literature has remained a subject of interest for education in Botswana.
439:
and the jackal warns against marrying into other cultures when the coyote eats his quagga bride. The story of
2981:
2839:
2791:
2776:
2643:
3064:
427:
peoples emerged from the hole. It then establishes the Tswana people as the rightful owners of the cattle.
220:
2928:
2849:
2405:
707:
explored similar themes of urbanisation in Botswana. He considered rural life and access to education in
206:
668:
wrote critically about modern society in Botswana, contrasting it with an idealised vision of the past.
2961:
2813:
2735:
2720:
816:
for works imported from South Africa. As Botswana became wealthier, these were phased out in favour of
545:
336:
presents a more nuanced portrayal of the nation and became a central aspect of Botswana's image in the
271:
435:
people are used as malevolent figures. The San people have several common folktales. The story of the
2971:
2684:
1095:
982:
772:
672:, who grew up in London, wrote about the exploration of national self-identity. Changing morality in
558:
84:
66:
535:, and a broader tradition of poetic language in public speaking remains part of Botswana's culture.
3034:
2996:
2948:
2872:
2781:
2766:
2699:
2636:
2334:
1250:
1222:
promotes literacy and the production of literature through its Adult Basic Education Division. The
1166:
wrote multiple stories set in Botswana after he spent four years in the country as director of its
1075:
677:
515:
201:
2786:
1126:
992:
913:). The colonial government published several newspapers in the early 20th century, including the
751:
to challenge Botswana's traditional conceptions of morality and justice, the coming-of-age novel
616:
779:
in South Africa, but the organisation fled from Apartheid South Africa to Botswana in 1958. The
2798:
1189:
640:
407:
has existed for thousands of years in present-day Botswana. The earliest stories, preserved by
393:
333:
144:
2966:
2877:
2808:
2771:
2725:
2708:
2596:
2561:
2526:
2300:
1245:
1091:
1083:
586:
91:
3001:
2991:
2956:
2754:
2740:
999:
866:
813:
635:
352:, which makes works accessible for a broader audience. Much of the remainder is written in
105:
447:
When Europeans began documenting the region, they produced few records of oral tradition.
8:
3020:
2891:
2867:
2827:
2689:
2671:
1240:
964:
809:
673:
628:
71:
51:
31:
703:(1999) also explore themes of wealth inequality and moral corruption in modern society.
2976:
2844:
2512:
2477:
2371:
1211:
1135:
1101:
968:
in 1966. With political parties came party-sponsored newsletters in the 1960s, such as
877:
838:
590:
349:
295:
248:
149:
1154:
wrote one of the first foreign novels to portray Botswana in a sympathetic light with
3043:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2617:
2582:
2547:
2504:
2469:
2442:
2425:
2392:
2382:
2355:
2343:
2320:
1010:
954:) in 1963, and publication continued after independence. It began publication of the
941:
The colonial government began publication of the bilingual English/Setswana magazine
448:
160:
136:
126:
22:
829:
Several educational publishers established branches in Botswana after independence.
775:
in 1830 to publish Christian texts for the Tswana people. It was later given to the
755:
to contrast the things taught at home versus those taught in schools, and the novel
2908:
2903:
2609:
2574:
2539:
2417:
2347:
2312:
1215:
1017:
883:
830:
796:
724:
424:
291:
196:
98:
2492:"Teaching African Literature in the Department of English, University of Botswana"
2679:
2378:
1182:
1151:
1131:
817:
704:
669:
611:
471:, and many examples of narrative are apparent when a broader definition is used.
404:
323:
319:
263:
112:
61:
2613:
2578:
2543:
2421:
2316:
1176:
1159:
822:
716:
712:
661:
607:
311:
2301:"Indigenous Publishing in Botswana: the current situation and the way forward"
3058:
2986:
2854:
2621:
2586:
2551:
2508:
2473:
2429:
2351:
2324:
1199:
862:
759:
to describe failures in the justice system's treatment of women in Botswana.
563:
468:
460:
456:
420:
408:
337:
303:
2396:
573:
played a significant role in the early literature of the Tswana people with
1235:
1139:
1036:. By the 2000s, the only major Setswana language newspaper in Botswana was
622:
279:
267:
566:
for 23 years, from 1817 to 1840. He also published a Setswana dictionary.
1167:
1163:
1115:
1051:
681:
582:
570:
552:, Moffat translated several religious works into Setswana, including the
519:
511:
483:
361:
299:
275:
2516:
2491:
2481:
2457:
846:
731:(1998) that blends fictional narrative with medical information about
1121:
The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa
739:
649:
602:
598:
464:
416:
307:
2628:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
2659:
2562:"Africa: Southern: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe-Rhodesia"
1147:
incapable of maintaining democracy and needing outside assistance.
998:
Unlike many of its neighbours in Africa, Botswana developed strong
732:
653:
452:
353:
252:
40:
1983:
1964:
549:
326:
or as a means for white people to find meaning in a new setting.
2527:"Southern Africa: Rhodesia, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Swaziland"
1032:
uncovered that it was covertly run by Apartheid South Africa's
925:. Sol Plaatje founded the first commercial Setswana newspaper,
594:
553:
436:
2028:
2278:
2276:
1576:
808:
Until the 1970s, publications in Botswana were printed using
575:
530:
412:
259:
2141:
2117:
2081:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2055:
1774:
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1454:
1439:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1928:
1275:
1054:
in the mid 19th century after visiting Botswana, including
432:
2597:"Africa: Southern: Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe"
2273:
2261:
1952:
1940:
1916:
2093:
2052:
2040:
2016:
1767:
1755:
1692:
1663:
1627:
1612:
1545:
1478:
1466:
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1384:
1360:
1348:
1331:
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2129:
1844:
1832:
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1639:
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1529:
1502:
1415:
1372:
1321:
1319:
1317:
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812:
duplication for governmental and educational works and
719:
built on this genre in the next generation of writers.
2213:
2201:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1731:
1680:
1304:
1302:
676:
became a common theme across the continent as nations
610:
is affirmed. Her writing often focused on the life of
556:, a book of hymns, lessons in Biblical scripture, and
2237:
2225:
2189:
2177:
2153:
2105:
1868:
1856:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1743:
1707:
1110:
University of Basutoland, Bechuanaland, and Swaziland
2249:
1588:
1526:
1490:
1427:
1403:
1314:
593:
studies. A native of South Africa, Head migrated to
2004:
1299:
1214:as its own law, including its participation in the
1028:began publication in 1990, but an investigation by
881:The first issue of the Setswana language newspaper
2595:
2560:
2525:
2490:
2403:
2370:
2333:
1998:
1977:
1287:
861:educational or local publication cost about 14–16
548:by 1826. With a printing press that he brought to
2335:"Setswana: An under-exploited national resource?"
1068:Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
562:. Moffat worked on a Setswana translation of the
3056:
2299:Bahta, Samuel Ghile; Mutula, Stephen M. (2002).
1210:Upon independence, Botswana adopted the British
785:United Congregational Church of Southern Africa
2644:
2404:Kgosidintsi, Thandiwe; Parsons, Neil (1989).
2338:. In Bromber, Katrin; Smieja, Birgit (eds.).
1198:(1998), made Botswana more well known in the
228:
1072:Travels in the Interior of Africa, 1849–1863
1037:
1015:
1003:
986:
969:
942:
926:
833:was created as part of Longman Lesotho, and
528:
499:
493:
487:
368:Major authors who write in Setswana include
306:writer in the mid-20th century, followed by
302:became the first internationally recognised
2369:Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006).
2368:
2298:
2282:
2123:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1778:
1701:
1674:
1633:
1621:
1606:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1520:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1397:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1281:
783:was then created as a non-profit under the
652:society. The ill-defined identity of being
2651:
2637:
2441:(First ed.). African Heritage Press.
235:
221:
2488:
2147:
2135:
1378:
1142:with the British diplomatic service, and
343:
2439:Novels of Botswana in English, 1930-2006
876:
634:
2458:"Narrativity and Tswana Oral Tradition"
2436:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2111:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1725:
1713:
1686:
1657:
1645:
1325:
1269:
3057:
2602:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
2567:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
2532:The Journal of Commonwealth Literature
2455:
2331:
1594:
1539:
1508:
1496:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1308:
872:
597:, Botswana, to avoid persecution as a
2658:
2632:
2593:
2558:
2523:
2207:
2010:
1293:
1205:
1045:
843:Education for Development in Botswana
787:, and Kuruman Press was succeeded by
614:. Among her most popular novels are
538:
251:, though many works are published in
2340:Globalisation and African Languages
1170:office. His short story collection
975:
948:
932:
907:
896:
13:
2410:The African Book Publishing Record
1224:Botswana National Library Services
1195:The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency
1056:Labours and Scenes in South Africa
415:as well as stories of hunting and
399:
329:The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency
14:
3076:
777:Tiger Kloof Educational Institute
767:The first Setswana publisher was
2698:
958:the same year, which became the
478:
39:
2373:Culture and Customs of Botswana
1138:in the 1950s after his work in
1060:The Lion Hunter of South Africa
348:Most literature in Botswana is
247:Most literature in Botswana is
2489:Rasebotsa, Nobantu L. (1997).
1999:Kgosidintsi & Parsons 1989
1978:Kgosidintsi & Parsons 1989
1064:Roualeyn George Gordon-Cumming
762:
695:. Sesinyi's subsequent books,
1:
2292:
1192:'s series of mystery novels,
1070:(1858) by David Livingstone,
1034:National Intelligence Service
837:began operation in Botswana.
749:The Screaming of the Innocent
498:, for himself as part of the
936: Newspaper of Batswana
510:Praise poems are written in
7:
1229:
1174:(1986) and his two novels,
1022:(1984), among many others.
952: Mutual Understanding
900: Batswana Information
10:
3081:
2614:10.1177/002198948201600205
2579:10.1177/002198947901400204
2544:10.1177/002198946700200107
2462:Botswana Notes and Records
2422:10.1515/abpr.1989.15.3.171
2332:Batibo, Herman M. (2011).
2317:10.1177/026666602321036614
802:Botswana Notes and Records
274:introduced a standardised
3014:
2947:
2899:
2890:
2835:
2826:
2762:
2753:
2716:
2707:
2696:
2685:Bechuanaland Protectorate
2670:
2497:Women's Studies Quarterly
2437:Lederer, Mary S. (2014).
1130:adventure novels, in the
1096:Bechuanaland Protectorate
1058:(1842) by Robert Moffat,
983:Botswana Democratic Party
820:. The scientific journal
773:London Missionary Society
569:The South African writer
266:since ancient times, and
67:Bechuanaland Protectorate
2406:"Publishing in Botswana"
2352:10.1515/9783110891614.53
1256:
1251:South African literature
911: Words of Botswana
799:, including the journal
727:, produced the pamphlet
294:by adopting the British
2305:Information Development
2283:Bahta & Mutula 2002
2124:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2100:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2088:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2076:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2064:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2047:Denbow & Thebe 2006
2035:Bahta & Mutula 2002
2023:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1779:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1702:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1675:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1634:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1622:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1607:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1583:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1571:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1559:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1521:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1485:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1473:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1461:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1446:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1398:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1367:Bahta & Mutula 2002
1355:Bahta & Mutula 2002
1343:Bahta & Mutula 2002
1282:Denbow & Thebe 2006
1127:Voyages extraordinaires
993:Botswana National Front
960:Bechuanaland Daily News
956:Bechuanaland Newsletter
617:When Rain Clouds Gather
2594:Style, O.-lan (1982).
2559:Style, O.-lan (1979).
2524:Segal, Philip (1966).
2456:Morton, Barry (2011).
1190:Alexander McCall Smith
1078:, and the unpublished
1038:
1016:
1004:
987:
970:
943:
927:
888:
851:Kuru Development Trust
693:No Sweet without Sweat
644:
641:University of Botswana
559:The Pilgrim's Progress
529:
500:
494:
488:
463:, have contended that
394:University of Botswana
344:Languages and literacy
334:Alexander McCall Smith
1246:Education in Botswana
1220:Ministry of Education
1092:resident commissioner
1084:William Cotton Oswell
880:
771:, established by the
680:, which gave rise to
638:
262:have existed through
2939:World Heritage Sites
1937:, pp. 148, 152.
1000:freedom of the press
915:Bechuanaland Gazette
893:Molekodi wa Batswana
814:letterpress printing
781:Botswana Book Centre
757:The Heavens May Fall
177:World Heritage Sites
3065:Botswana literature
2731:Reservoirs and dams
2690:History of Gaborone
2270:, pp. 118–123.
2150:, pp. 180–186.
2037:, pp. 231–232.
1961:, pp. 157–158.
1949:, pp. 154–155.
1925:, pp. 142–143.
1241:Culture of Botswana
1150:The British author
1080:Hunter and Explorer
979: Consultation
965:Botswana Daily News
928:Korante oa Bechoana
873:News and mass media
674:postcolonial Africa
629:A Question of Power
72:History of Gaborone
32:Culture of Botswana
2863:Telecommunications
2346:. pp. 53–64.
1764:, pp. 14, 24.
1585:, pp. 56, 59.
1212:Copyright Act 1956
1206:Law and government
1156:When We Became Men
1136:Nicholas Monsarrat
1102:British literature
1046:Foreign literature
889:
839:Macmillan Botswana
645:
591:African literature
587:women's literature
539:Written literature
350:written in English
296:Copyright Act 1956
249:written in English
3052:
3051:
3010:
3009:
2982:Human trafficking
2886:
2885:
2822:
2821:
2804:Political parties
2792:Human trafficking
2777:Foreign relations
2749:
2748:
2448:978-1-940729-15-2
2388:978-0-313-33178-7
2344:De Gruyter Mouton
2210:, pp. 15–16.
2174:, pp. 93–94.
2126:, pp. 65–66.
2090:, pp. 70–71.
2078:, pp. 69–70.
1853:, pp. 44–47.
1841:, pp. 34–40.
1793:, pp. 12–13.
1728:, pp. 13–15.
1660:, pp. 28–29.
1648:, pp. 26–28.
1573:, pp. 55–56.
1523:, pp. 62–63.
1511:, pp. 52–53.
1448:, pp. 61–62.
1424:, pp. 58–59.
1284:, pp. 57–58.
1272:, pp. 15–16.
1011:Botswana Guardian
923:Vryburg Chronicle
919:Bechuanaland News
904:Mahoko a Botswana
855:Voices of the San
835:Heinemann Boleswa
689:Love on the Rocks
518:, members of the
449:David Livingstone
370:Mokgomotso Mogapi
245:
244:
3072:
3037:
3030:
3023:
2897:
2896:
2858:
2833:
2832:
2760:
2759:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2599:
2590:
2564:
2555:
2529:
2520:
2503:(3/4): 178–187.
2494:
2485:
2452:
2433:
2400:
2376:
2365:
2337:
2328:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1610:
1609:, p. 56–57.
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1216:Berne Convention
1106:Pius XII College
1041:
1021:
1018:Mmegi wa Dikgang
1007:
990:
980:
977:
973:
962:in 1965 and the
953:
950:
946:
937:
934:
930:
912:
909:
901:
898:
884:Tsala ea Becauna
831:Longman Botswana
797:Botswana Society
725:family physician
678:were decolonised
660:Authors such as
534:
505:
497:
491:
390:Sederick Thobega
292:Berne Convention
284:Pius XII College
237:
230:
223:
43:
34:
18:
17:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3006:
2943:
2929:Public holidays
2882:
2856:
2818:
2745:
2703:
2694:
2680:Bantu expansion
2666:
2657:
2449:
2389:
2379:Greenwood Press
2362:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1984:
1976:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1546:
1538:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1307:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1232:
1208:
1152:Naomi Mitchison
1132:Kalahari Desert
1048:
978:
951:
935:
910:
899:
875:
818:offset printing
765:
753:Juggling Truths
705:Mositi Torontle
670:Barolong Seboni
666:Galesiti Baruti
643:library in 2020
612:women in Africa
541:
481:
405:Oral literature
402:
400:Oral literature
386:L. D. Raditladi
382:Tiroentle Pheto
346:
324:Kalahari Desert
320:Mositi Torontle
316:Galesiti Baruti
264:oral literature
241:
212:
211:
207:National anthem
192:
191:
182:
181:
172:
171:
155:
154:
140:
139:
79:
78:
77:
76:
62:Bantu expansion
55:
54:
30:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2962:Child marriage
2959:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2814:Vice-President
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2656:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2591:
2556:
2521:
2486:
2453:
2447:
2434:
2416:(3): 171–172.
2401:
2387:
2366:
2360:
2329:
2311:(4): 231–236.
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:, p. 232.
2272:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2222:, p. 163.
2212:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2148:Rasebotsa 1997
2140:
2138:, p. 178.
2136:Rasebotsa 1997
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 172.
1982:
1980:, p. 171.
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1913:, p. 136.
1903:
1901:, p. 138.
1891:
1889:, p. 135.
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1740:, p. 162.
1730:
1718:
1706:
1691:
1689:, p. 137.
1679:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1544:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1383:
1381:, p. 179.
1379:Rasebotsa 1997
1371:
1369:, p. 233.
1359:
1357:, p. 234.
1347:
1345:, p. 231.
1330:
1313:
1298:
1286:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1207:
1204:
1160:Okavango Delta
1047:
1044:
874:
871:
764:
761:
745:Far and Beyon'
717:Caitlin Davies
713:Moteane Melamu
662:Andrew Sesinyi
608:social justice
540:
537:
480:
477:
409:cave paintings
401:
398:
345:
342:
312:Andrew Sesinyi
243:
242:
240:
239:
232:
225:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
193:
189:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
153:
152:
147:
141:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
123:
122:
116:
115:
109:
108:
102:
101:
95:
94:
88:
87:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
64:
58:
57:
56:
50:
49:
48:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2972:Ethnic groups
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2361:9783110891614
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2246:, p. 75.
2245:
2240:
2234:, p. 74.
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2198:, p. 92.
2197:
2192:
2186:, p. 98.
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2162:, p. 91.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2120:
2114:, p. 21.
2113:
2108:
2102:, p. 71.
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2066:, p. 70.
2065:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2049:, p. 69.
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2025:, p. 72.
2024:
2019:
2013:, p. 13.
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1883:
1877:, p. 49.
1876:
1871:
1865:, p. 25.
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1829:, p. 34.
1828:
1823:
1817:, p. 36.
1816:
1811:
1805:, p. 32.
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1781:, p. 68.
1780:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1752:, p. 26.
1751:
1746:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1716:, p. 18.
1715:
1710:
1704:, p. 66.
1703:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1677:, p. 56.
1676:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1636:, p. 57.
1635:
1630:
1624:, p. 65.
1623:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1603:
1597:, p. 54.
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1561:, p. 59.
1560:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:, p. 54.
1541:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1499:, p. 52.
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 64.
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 63.
1474:
1469:
1463:, p. 61.
1462:
1457:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1436:, p. 57.
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1412:, p. 55.
1411:
1406:
1400:, p. 58.
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1328:, p. 17.
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1311:, p. 56.
1310:
1305:
1303:
1296:, p. 12.
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1200:Western world
1197:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1124:, one of his
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:James Chapman
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1006:
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2997:Prostitution
2949:Demographics
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2873:Trade unions
2782:Human rights
2767:Constitution
2608:(2): 12–31.
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1140:Johannesburg
1125:
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1090:, a British
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626:(1971), and
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484:Praise poems
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280:travel books
268:praise poems
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202:Coat of arms
119:
15:
1595:Batibo 2011
1540:Morton 2011
1509:Morton 2011
1497:Morton 2011
1434:Morton 2011
1422:Morton 2011
1410:Morton 2011
1309:Batibo 2011
1180:(1991) and
1168:Peace Corps
1164:Norman Rush
1116:Jules Verne
1088:Charles Rey
938:) in 1901.
763:Publication
721:Caleb Nondo
709:The Victims
699:(1989) and
682:pan-African
583:Bessie Head
571:Sol Plaatje
520:Kwena tribe
512:blank verse
411:, included
362:orthography
300:Bessie Head
276:orthography
2914:Literature
2857:(currency)
2293:References
2208:Segal 1966
2011:Style 1979
1294:Style 1982
1074:(1868) by
1062:(1856) by
981:) for the
971:Therisanyo
921:, and the
847:San people
810:cyclostyle
789:Pula Press
687:Sesinyi's
601:person in
378:Ray Molomo
145:Television
120:Literature
2967:Education
2878:Transport
2840:Companies
2809:President
2772:Elections
2726:Districts
2709:Geography
2622:0021-9894
2587:0021-9894
2552:0021-9894
2509:0732-1562
2474:0525-5090
2468:: 52–63.
2430:1865-8717
2325:0266-6669
740:Unity Dow
650:modernist
603:Apartheid
465:narrative
425:Kgalagadi
417:shamanism
308:Unity Dow
170:Monuments
92:Languages
3059:Category
3044:Category
3002:Religion
2992:Polygamy
2957:Abortion
2799:Military
2755:Politics
2741:Wildlife
2664:articles
2660:Botswana
2517:40003382
2482:23237956
2397:62118271
1230:See also
1094:for the
1025:Newslink
991:for the
988:Puo-Phaa
944:Kutlwano
857:(2004).
733:HIV/AIDS
654:Motswana
620:(1968),
599:Coloured
453:Difaqane
354:Setswana
304:Motswana
253:Setswana
106:Religion
23:a series
21:Part of
3021:Outline
2904:Cuisine
2892:Culture
2868:Tourism
2828:Economy
2672:History
1183:Mortals
1039:Mokgosi
976:transl.
949:transl.
933:transl.
908:transl.
897:transl.
701:Carjack
554:gospels
550:Kuruman
502:bogwera
190:Symbols
99:Cuisine
52:History
2987:People
2977:Health
2850:Mining
2845:Energy
2736:Rivers
2721:Cities
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1177:Mating
1172:Whites
1005:Dumela
902:) and
887:(1910)
849:, the
697:Rassie
595:Serowe
489:maboko
437:quagga
413:fables
388:, and
318:, and
260:Fables
150:Cinema
85:People
25:on the
3028:Index
2934:Sport
2924:Music
2919:Media
2855:Pula
2513:JSTOR
2478:JSTOR
1257:Notes
1030:Mmegi
865:(2–3
576:Mhudi
531:kgosi
495:leina
486:, or
161:Sport
137:Media
127:Music
2909:Flag
2787:LGBT
2618:ISSN
2583:ISSN
2548:ISSN
2505:ISSN
2470:ISSN
2443:ISBN
2426:ISSN
2393:OCLC
2383:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2321:ISSN
1118:set
985:and
863:pula
823:Pula
723:, a
715:and
664:and
639:The
623:Maru
589:and
459:and
457:Jean
433:Boer
197:Flag
2610:doi
2575:doi
2540:doi
2418:doi
2348:doi
2313:doi
1082:by
869:).
867:USD
332:by
113:Art
3061::
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1966:^
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236:e
229:t
222:v
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