Liquid-crystal display

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special glass, PMMA is used in most cases because it is rugged, while special glass is used when the thickness of the LCD is of primary concern, because it doesn't expand as much when heated or exposed to moisture, which allows LCDs to be just 5mm thick. Quantum dots may be placed on top of the diffuser as a quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF, in which case they need a layer to be protected from heat and humidity) or on the color filter of the LCD, replacing the resists that are normally used. As of 2012, this design is the most popular one in desktop computer monitors. It allows for the thinnest displays. Some LCD monitors using this technology have a feature called dynamic contrast, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan Using PWM (pulse-width modulation, a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant, but the brightness adjustment is achieved by varying a time interval of flashing these constant light intensity light sources), the backlight is dimmed to the brightest color that appears on the screen while simultaneously boosting the LCD contrast to the maximum achievable levels, allowing the 1000:1 contrast ratio of the LCD panel to be scaled to different light intensities, resulting in the "30000:1" contrast ratios seen in the advertising on some of these monitors. Since computer screen images usually have full white somewhere in the image, the backlight will usually be at full intensity, making this "feature" mostly a marketing gimmick for computer monitors, however for TV screens it drastically increases the perceived contrast ratio and dynamic range, improves the viewing angle dependency and drastically reducing the power consumption of conventional LCD televisions.

1391:(invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman), generally achieved using so called DBEF films manufactured and supplied by 3M. Improved versions of the prism sheet have a wavy rather than a prismatic structure, and introduce waves laterally into the structure of the sheet while also varying the height of the waves, directing even more light towards the screen and reducing aliasing or moiré between the structure of the prism sheet and the subpixels of the LCD. A wavy structure is easier to mass-produce than a prismatic one using conventional diamond machine tools, which are used to make the rollers used to imprint the wavy structure into plastic sheets, thus producing prism sheets. A diffuser sheet is placed on both sides of the prism sheet to distribute the light of the backlight uniformly, while a mirror is placed behind the light guide plate to direct all light forwards. The prism sheet with its diffuser sheets are placed on top of the light guide plate. The DBEF polarizers consist of a large stack of uniaxial oriented birefringent films that reflect the former absorbed polarization mode of the light. Such reflective polarizers using uniaxial oriented polymerized liquid crystals (birefringent polymers or birefringent glue) are invented in 1989 by Philips researchers Dirk Broer, Adrianus de Vaan and Joerg Brambring. The combination of such reflective polarizers, and LED dynamic backlight control make today's LCD televisions far more efficient than the CRT-based sets, leading to a worldwide energy saving of 600 TWh (2017), equal to 10% of the electricity consumption of all households worldwide or equal to 2 times the energy production of all solar cells in the world. 296:(TFT) array, spacers and liquid crystal, creating several color LCDs that are then cut from one another and laminated with polarizer sheets. Red, green, blue and black colored photoresists (resists) are used to create color filters. All resists contain a finely ground powdered pigment, with particles being just 40 nanometers across. The black resist is the first to be applied; this will create a black grid (known in the industry as a black matrix) that will separate red, green and blue subpixels from one another, increasing contrast ratios and preventing light from leaking from one subpixel onto other surrounding subpixels. After the black resist has been dried in an oven and exposed to UV light through a photomask, the unexposed areas are washed away, creating a black grid. Then the same process is repeated with the remaining resists. This fills the holes in the black grid with their corresponding colored resists. Black matrices made in the 1980s and 1990s when most color LCD production was for laptop computers, are made of Chromium due to its high opacity, but due to environmental concerns, manufacturers shifted to black colored photoresist with carbon pigment as the black matrix material. Another color-generation method used in early color PDAs and some calculators was done by varying the voltage in a 1133:

components and intended to use LCDs in new product generations of hi-fi, video equipment and telephones. In 1984, Philips researchers Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan invented a video speed-drive scheme that solved the slow response time of STN-LCDs, enabling high-resolution, high-quality, and smooth-moving video images on STN-LCDs. In 1985, Philips inventors Theodorus Welzen and Adrianus de Vaan solved the problem of driving high-resolution STN-LCDs using low-voltage (CMOS-based) drive electronics, allowing the application of high-quality (high resolution and video speed) LCD panels in battery-operated portable products like notebook computers and mobile phones. In 1985, Philips acquired 100% of the Videlec AG company based in Switzerland. Afterwards, Philips moved the Videlec production lines to the Netherlands. Years later, Philips successfully produced and marketed complete modules (consisting of the LCD screen, microphone, speakers etc.) in high-volume production for the booming mobile phone industry.

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notebook applications minimize color distortion while maintaining a wider viewing angle for a professional display. Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/gray reproduction. In 2004, Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd licensed AFFS to Japan's Hitachi Displays. Hitachi is using AFFS to manufacture high-end panels. In 2006, HYDIS licensed AFFS to Sanyo Epson Imaging Devices Corporation. Shortly thereafter, Hydis introduced a high-transmittance evolution of the AFFS display, called HFFS (FFS+). Hydis introduced AFFS+ with improved outdoor readability in 2007. AFFS panels are mostly utilized in the cockpits of latest commercial aircraft displays. However, it is no longer produced as of February 2015.

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low voltages. Since a pixel may be either in an on-state or in an off state at the moment new information needs to be written to that particular pixel, the addressing method of these bistable displays is rather complex, a reason why these displays did not make it to the market. That changed when in the 2010 "zero-power" (bistable) LCDs became available. Potentially, passive-matrix addressing can be used with devices if their write/erase characteristics are suitable, which was the case for ebooks which need to show still pictures only. After a page is written to the display, the display may be cut from the power while retaining readable images. This has the advantage that such ebooks may be operated for long periods of time powered by only a small battery.

1726:(AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of AMOLED displays when producing white on screen. When it comes to contrast ratio, AMOLED display still performs best due to its underlying technology, where the black levels are displayed as pitch black and not as dark gray. On August 24, 2011, Nokia announced the Nokia 701 and also made the claim of the world's brightest display at 1000 nits. The screen also had Nokia's Clearblack layer, improving the contrast ratio and bringing it closer to that of the AMOLED screens. 1756:

liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better image quality at extreme temperatures than traditional twisted-nematic displays. Compared to IPS, the black levels are still deeper, allowing for a higher contrast ratio, but the viewing angle is narrower, with color and especially contrast shift being more apparent, and the cost of VA is lower than IPS (but higher than TN).

1569:, the 3 monochromatic images appear as one color image. An FSC LCD needs an LCD panel with a refresh rate of 180 Hz, and the response time is reduced to just 5 milliseconds when compared with normal STN LCD panels which have a response time of 16 milliseconds. FSC LCDs contain a Chip-On-Glass driver IC can also be used with a capacitive touchscreen. This technique can also be applied in displays meant to show images, as it can offer higher light transmission and thus potential for reduced power consumption in the backlight due to omission of color filters in LCDs. 746:

more 50- and 58-inch LCDs to be made per mother glass, specially 58-inch LCDs, in which case 6 can be produced on a Gen 8.6 mother glass vs only 3 on a Gen 8.5 mother glass, significantly reducing waste. The thickness of the mother glass also increases with each generation, so larger mother glass sizes are better suited for larger displays. An LCD module (LCM) is a ready-to-use LCD with a backlight. Thus, a factory that makes LCD modules does not necessarily make LCDs, it may only assemble them into the modules. LCD glass substrates are made by companies such as

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example, to make a segment appear red, the segment is only turned ON when the backlight is red, and to make a segment appear magenta, the segment is turned ON when the backlight is blue, and it continues to be ON while the backlight becomes red, and it turns OFF when the backlight becomes green. To make a segment appear black, the segment is always turned ON. An FSC LCD divides a color image into 3 images (one Red, one Green and one Blue) and it displays them in order. Due to

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fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor (TFT) display. The IPS technology is used in everything from televisions, computer monitors, and even wearable devices, especially almost all LCD smartphone panels are IPS/FFS mode. IPS displays belong to the LCD panel family screen types. The other two types are VA and TN. Before

1355:. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide color gamuts. This implementation is most popular on professional graphics editing LCDs. As of 2012, LCDs in this category usually cost more than $ 1000. As of 2016 the cost of this category has drastically reduced and such LCD televisions obtained same price levels as the former 28" (71 cm) CRT based categories. 335:

bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). As most of 2010-era LCDs are used in television sets, monitors and smartphones, they have high-resolution matrix arrays of pixels to display arbitrary images using backlighting with a dark background. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used. For this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas

1973: 1400: 1670: 1730: 1624: 894:(DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation. George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCDs. Heilmeier's work is an 47: 1421:) These same principles apply also for smartphone screens that are much smaller than TV screens. LCD panels typically use thinly-coated metallic conductive pathways on a glass substrate to form the cell circuitry to operate the panel. It is usually not possible to use soldering techniques to directly connect the panel to a separate copper-etched circuit board. Instead, interfacing is accomplished using 1461:(released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome). Passive-matrix LCDs are still used in the 2010s for applications less demanding than laptop computers and TVs, such as inexpensive calculators. In particular, these are used on portable devices where less information content needs to be displayed, lowest power consumption (no 1348:

the display. The precision with which this can be done will depend on the number of dimming zones of the display. The more dimming zones, the more precise the dimming, with less obvious blooming artifacts which are visible as dark grey patches surrounded by the unlit areas of the LCD. As of 2012, this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

308: 1556:, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is selected, all of the column lines are connected to a row of pixels and voltages corresponding to the picture information are driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is selected. All of the row lines are selected in sequence during a 1857:), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations ("black" and "white") and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufactured both grayscale and color ZBD devices. Kent Displays has also developed a "no-power" display that uses polymer stabilized 1519: 1916:

refresh rate. But a lower refresh rate can mean visual artefacts like ghosting or smearing, especially with fast moving images. Individual pixel response time is also important, as all displays have some inherent latency in displaying an image which can be large enough to create visual artifacts if the displayed image changes rapidly.

2262:, etc.) are common. A common form is a pair of aromatic benzene rings, with a nonpolar moiety (pentyl, heptyl, octyl, or alkyl oxy group) on one end and polar (nitrile, halogen) on the other. Sometimes the benzene rings are separated with an acetylene group, ethylene, CH=N, CH=NO, N=N, N=NO, or ester group. In practice, 1412:

display is 3 x 1920 going vertically and 1080 going horizontally for a total of 6840 wires horizontally and vertically. That's three for red, green and blue and 1920 columns of pixels for each color for a total of 5760 wires going vertically and 1080 rows of wires going horizontally. For a panel that

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instead of the traditional CCFL backlight, while that backlight is dynamically controlled with the video information (dynamic backlight control). The combination with the dynamic backlight control, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan, simultaneously

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WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will usually have the ability to dim or completely turn off the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of

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developed IPS LCDs with a contrast ratio of 1,000,000:1, rivaling OLEDs. This technology was later put into mass production as dual layer, dual panel or LMCL (Light Modulating Cell Layer) LCDs. The technology uses 2 liquid crystal layers instead of one, and may be used along with a mini-LED backlight

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interaction were invented by a team at RCA in 1968. A particular type of such a color LCD was developed by Japan's Sharp Corporation in the 1970s, receiving patents for their inventions, such as a patent by Shinji Kato and Takaaki Miyazaki in May 1975, and then improved by Fumiaki Funada and Masataka

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The optical effect of a TN device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low information content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear

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Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use less than half of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use, and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a CRT monitor

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Twisted nematic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell, polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage applied, the liquid crystals

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Samsung introduced UFB (Ultra Fine & Bright) displays back in 2002, utilized the super-birefringent effect. It has the luminance, color gamut, and most of the contrast of a TFT-LCD, but only consumes as much power as an STN display, according to Samsung. It was being used in a variety of Samsung

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Bistable LCDs do not require continuous refreshing. Rewriting is only required for picture information changes. In 1984 HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan invented an STN type display that could be operated in a bistable mode, enabling extremely high resolution images up to 4000 lines or more using only

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in 1972, while activated pixels are subjected to voltages above threshold (the voltages according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme). Driving such STN displays according to the Alt & Pleshko drive scheme require very high line addressing voltages. Welzen and de Vaan invented an alternative

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and many more countries. In 1980, Brown Boveri started a 50/50 joint venture with the Dutch Philips company, called Videlec. Philips had the required know-how to design and build integrated circuits for the control of large LCD panels. In addition, Philips had better access to markets for electronic

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similar to the prototypes developed by a Westinghouse team in 1972 were patented in 1976 by a team at Sharp consisting of Fumiaki Funada, Masataka Matsuura, and Tomio Wada, then improved in 1977 by a Sharp team consisting of Kohei Kishi, Hirosaku Nonomura, Keiichiro Shimizu, and Tomio Wada. However,

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LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the

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is the range of colors that can be displayed, and color depth, which is the fineness with which the color range is divided. Color gamut is a relatively straight forward feature, but it is rarely discussed in marketing materials except at the professional level. Having a color range that exceeds the

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The resolution of an LCD is expressed by the number of columns and rows of pixels (e.g., 1024×768). Each pixel is usually composed 3 sub-pixels, a red, a green, and a blue one. This had been one of the few features of LCD performance that remained uniform among different designs. However, there are

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demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques. Several bistable technologies, like the 360° BTN and the bistable cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC

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The media and internet users called them "RGBW" TVs because of the white sub pixel. Although LG Display has developed this technology for use in notebook display, outdoor and smartphones, it became more popular in the TV market because of the announced "4K UHD" resolution but still being incapable

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Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2001 by Hitachi as 17" monitor in Market, the additional transistors resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers. Panasonic Himeji G8.5 was

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is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in the same plane, although

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A standard television receiver screen, a modern LCD panel, has over six million pixels, and they are all individually powered by a wire network embedded in the screen. The fine wires, or pathways, form a grid with vertical wires across the whole screen on one side of the screen and horizontal wires

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placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs behind larger displays. A diffuser (made of PMMA acrylic plastic, also known as a wave or light guide/guiding plate) then spreads the light out evenly across the whole display. For many years, this technology had been used almost

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borrowing techniques from semiconductor manufacturing and using large sheets of glass whose size has increased over time. Several displays are manufactured at the same time, and then cut from the sheet of glass, also known as the mother glass or LCD glass substrate. The increase in size allows more

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must be used when displaying non-native resolutions, which adds yet more time lag. Scaling and post processing are usually done in a single chip on modern monitors, but each function that chip performs adds some delay. Some displays have a video gaming mode which disables all or most processing to

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Most of the new M+ technology was employed on 4K TV sets which led to a controversy after tests showed that the addition of a white sub pixel replacing the traditional RGB structure had also been accompanied by a reduction in resolution by around 25%. This meant that a "4K" M+ TV would not display

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are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs with too many pixels and driven according to the "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme. Welzen and de Vaan also invented a non RMS drive scheme enabling to drive STN displays with video rates and enabling to show smooth moving video images on an STN display.

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The LCD backlight systems are made highly efficient by applying optical films such as prismatic structure (prism sheet) to gain the light into the desired viewer directions and reflective polarizing films that recycle the polarized light that was formerly absorbed by the first polarizer of the LCD

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found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what

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mixtures of several chemicals are used, to achieve wider temperature operating range (−10..+60 °C for low-end and −20..+100 °C for high-performance displays). For example, the E7 mixture is composed of three biphenyls and one terphenyl: 39 wt.% of 4'-pentyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range

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Some manufacturers, notably in South Korea where some of the largest LCD panel manufacturers, such as LG, are located, now have a zero-defective-pixel guarantee, which is an extra screening process which can then determine "A"- and "B"-grade panels. Many manufacturers would replace a product even

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operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look brighter and sharper than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images. Sharp produces bistable reflective LCDs with a 1-bit SRAM cell per pixel that only requires small

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EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser (light guide plate, LGP) is then used to spread the light evenly across the whole display, similarly to edge-lit CCFL LCD backlights. The diffuser is made out of either PMMA plastic or

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Until Gen 8, manufacturers would not agree on a single mother glass size and as a result, different manufacturers would use slightly different glass sizes for the same generation. Some manufacturers have adopted Gen 8.6 mother glass sheets which are only slightly larger than Gen 8.5, allowing for

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have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they are not in mass-production. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short switching times (≈1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.

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Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers. When voltage is applied, the

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Segment LCDs can also have color by using Field Sequential Color (FSC LCD). This kind of displays have a high speed passive segment LCD panel with an RGB backlight. The backlight quickly changes color, making it appear white to the naked eye. The LCD panel is synchronized with the backlight. For

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A comparison between a blank passive-matrix display (top) and a blank active-matrix display (bottom). A passive-matrix display can be identified when the blank background is more grey in appearance than the crisper active-matrix display, fog appears on all edges of the screen, and while pictures

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LCDs with quantum dot enhancement film or quantum dot color filters were introduced from 2015 to 2018. Quantum dots receive blue light from a backlight and convert it to light that allows LCD panels to offer better color reproduction. Quantum dot color filters are manufactured using photoresists

1798:(ICs), LCD panels with a few defective transistors are usually still usable. Manufacturers' policies for the acceptable number of defective pixels vary greatly. At one point, Samsung held a zero-tolerance policy for LCD monitors sold in Korea. As of 2005, Samsung adheres to the less restrictive 382:

or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method of matrix addressing

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the temporal resolution of an LCD is how well it can display changing images, or the accuracy and the number of times per second the display draws the data it is being given. LCD pixels do not flash on/off between frames, so LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker no matter how low the

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Known as fringe field switching (FFS) until 2003, advanced fringe field switching is similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut with high luminosity. AFFS was developed by Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics, LCD Task Force). AFFS-applied

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STN (invented by Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983; scientific details were published) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology (the latter of which addresses a color-shifting problem with the former), and color-STN (CSTN) in which color is added by using an internal color

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drive scheme (a non "Alt & Pleshko" drive scheme) requiring much lower voltages, such that the STN display could be driven using low voltage CMOS technologies. White-on-blue LCDs are STN and can use a blue polarizer, or birefringence which gives them their distinctive appearance.

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dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid-crystal display based on what he called the

5108: 2837: 1813:, specifically ISO-9241-302, 303, 305, 307:2008 pixel defects. However, not every LCD manufacturer conforms to the ISO standard and the ISO standard is quite often interpreted in different ways. LCD panels are more likely to have defects than most ICs due to their larger size. 265:

structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the

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with one defective pixel. Even where such guarantees do not exist, the location of defective pixels is important. A display with only a few defective pixels may be unacceptable if the defective pixels are near each other. LCD panels also commonly have a defect known as

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filter. STN LCDs have been optimized for passive-matrix addressing. They exhibit a sharper threshold of the contrast-vs-voltage characteristic than the original TN LCDs. This is important, because pixels are subjected to partial voltages even while not selected.

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and Hitachi become early manufacturers of active-matrix addressed LCDs based on the IPS technology. This is a milestone for implementing large-screen LCDs having acceptable visual performance for flat-panel computer monitors and television screens. In 1996,

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or pixels per inch, which is consistent with the printing industry. Display density varies per application, with televisions generally having a low density for long-distance viewing and portable devices having a high density for close-range detail. The

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containing quantum dots instead of colored pigments, and the quantum dots can have a special structure to improve their application onto the color filter. Quantum dot color filters offer superior light transmission over quantum dot enhancement films.

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M. d'Zmura, T. P. Janice Shen, Wei Wu, Homer Chen, and Marius Vassiliou (1998), "Contrast Gain Control for Color Image Quality," IS&T/SPIE Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III, San Jose, California, January 1998, SPIE Vol. 3299,

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Monochrome LEDs: such as red, green, yellow or blue LEDs are used in the small passive monochrome LCDs typically used in clocks, watches and small appliances. Blue LEDs can be used in LCDs with quantum dot enhancement film or quantum dot color

5718: 4184: 1278:, especially for Chinese character display. The 2010s also saw the wide adoption of TGP (Tracking Gate-line in Pixel), which moves the driving circuitry from the borders of the display to in between the pixels, allowing for narrow bezels. 2218:(also called color depth). Many cheaper LCDs are only able to display 262144 (2) colors. 8-bit S-IPS panels can display 16 million (2) colors and have significantly better black level, but are expensive and have slower response time. 1710:

of achieving true UHD resolution defined by the CTA as 3840x2160 active pixels with 8-bit color. This negatively impacted the rendering of text, making it a bit fuzzier, which was especially noticeable when a TV is used as a PC monitor.

1506:, because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible. Slow 5729: 5299: 4173: 1416:

The LCD panel is powered by LCD drivers that are carefully matched up with the edge of the LCD panel at the factory level. The drivers may be installed using several methods, the most common of which are COG (Chip-On-Glass) and TAB

1126:-addressed LCDs. H. Amstutz et al. were listed as inventors in the corresponding patent applications filed in Switzerland on July 7, 1983, and October 28, 1983. Patents were granted in Switzerland CH 665491, Europe EP 0131216, 1953:

is usually stated as the maximum light output of the LCD, which can vary greatly based on the transparency of the LCD and the brightness of the backlight. Brighter backlight allows stronger contrast and higher dynamic range

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and patented in various countries. The Fraunhofer Institute ISE in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigns these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, a supplier of LC substances. In 1992, shortly thereafter, engineers at

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work out various practical details of the IPS technology to interconnect the thin-film transistor array as a matrix and to avoid undesirable stray fields in between pixels. The first wall-mountable LCD TV was introduced by

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received a US patent dated February 1971, for an electronic wristwatch incorporating a TN-LCD. In 1972, the first wristwatch with TN-LCD was launched on the market: The Gruen Teletime which was a four digit display watch.

1192:(TN- and STN- LCDs). One approach was to use interdigital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field essentially parallel to the glass substrates. To take full advantage of the properties of this 1522: 987:

partner at that time, which produced TN displays for wristwatches and other applications during the 1970s for the international markets including the Japanese electronics industry, which soon produced the first digital

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in some older or cheaper monitors, causing color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary with user position, even within the intended viewing angle. Special films can be used to increase the viewing angles of

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content being shown on the screen has no benefits, so displays are only made to perform within or below the range of a certain specification. There are additional aspects to LCD color and color management, such as

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In 2007 the image quality of LCD televisions surpassed the image quality of cathode-ray-tube-based (CRT) TVs. In the fourth quarter of 2007, LCD televisions surpassed CRT TVs in worldwide sales for the first time.

347:. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an 1944:

is the ratio of the brightness of a full-on pixel to a full-off pixel. The LCD itself is only a light valve and does not generate light; the light comes from a backlight that is either fluorescent or a set of

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exclusively. Unlike white LEDs, most CCFLs have an even-white spectral output resulting in better color gamut for the display. However, CCFLs are less energy efficient than LEDs and require a somewhat costly

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across the whole screen on the other side of the screen. To this grid each pixel has a positive connection on one side and a negative connection on the other side. So the total amount of wires needed for a

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No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution of the display, which is commonly called stacked

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Since LCDs produce no light of their own, they require external light to produce a visible image. In a transmissive type of LCD, the light source is provided at the back of the glass stack and is called a

1015:), produced LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. Tetsuro Hama and Izuhiko Nishimura of 1309:. Active-matrix LCDs are almost always backlit. Passive LCDs may be backlit but many are reflective as they use a use a reflective surface or film at the back of the glass stack to utilize ambient light. 5715: 4181: 278:

will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.

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The chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented. An example is a mixture of 2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-5-alkylpyrimidine with cyanobiphenyl, patented by Merck and

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followed with DSM LCDs for pocket-sized calculators in 1973 and then mass-produced TN LCDs for watches in 1975. Other Japanese companies soon took a leading position in the wristwatch market, like

4951: 136:

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden: preset words, digits, and

1340:

to convert whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ≈1000 V needed to light a CCFL. The thickness of the inverter transformers also limits how thin the display can be made.

203:

when a static image is displayed on a screen for a long time, e.g., the table frame for an airline flight schedule on an indoor sign. LCDs do not have this weakness, but are still susceptible to

2254:

Several different families of liquid crystals are used in liquid crystal displays. The molecules used have to be anisotropic, and to exhibit mutual attraction. Polarizable rod-shaped molecules (

5867: 5726: 5296: 4170: 5368: 6255: 5439:

LCD Television Power Draw Trends from 2003 to 2015; B. Urban and K. Roth; Fraunhofer USA Center for Sustainable Energy Systems; Final Report to the Consumer Technology Association; May 2017;

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on the panel. It is most visible in dark or black areas of displayed scenes. As of 2010, most premium branded computer LCD panel manufacturers specify their products as having zero defects.

3750: 4680: 2239:

In a constant-on situation, thermalization may occur in case of bad thermal management, in which part of the screen has overheated and looks discolored compared to the rest of the screen.

383:

consists of sequentially addressing one side of the matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row.

5389:

Broadband reflective polarizers based on form birefringence for ultra-thin liquid crystal displays; S.U. Pan; L. Tan and H.S. Kwok; Vol. 25, No. 15; July 24, 2017; Optics Express 17499;

1403:

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board traces, shown next to a centimeter-scale ruler. The conductive and insulating layers in the black stripe are very small.

5030: 2233:

Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or after a period of use. A stuck pixel will glow with color even on an all-black screen, while a dead one will always remain black.

1496:

STN LCDs have to be continuously refreshed by alternating pulsed voltages of one polarity during one frame and pulses of opposite polarity during the next frame. Individual pixels are

351:

or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field).

5420:

Energy Efficiency Success Story: TV Energy Consumption Shrinks as Screen Size and Performance Grow, Finds New CTA Study; Consumer Technology Association; press release July 12, 2017;

2242:

Loss of brightness and much slower response times in low temperature environments. In sub-zero environments, LCD screens may cease to function without the use of supplemental heating.

804:(1858–1927) discovered the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colors) and published his findings. In 1904, 5927: 2236:

Subject to burn-in effect, although the cause differs from CRT and the effect may not be permanent, a static image can cause burn-in in a matter of hours in badly designed displays.

1164:. In 1988, Sharp demonstrated a 14-inch, active-matrix, full-color, full-motion TFT-LCD. This led to Japan launching an LCD industry, which developed large-size LCDs, including TFT 5318: 2338:

is broken down during the cleaning processes; two earlier studies found that only 2 to 3% of the gas escapes destruction after its use. Furthermore, the report failed to compare NF

6647: 5424: 4767: 2056:

Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of the input refresh rate).

1861:(ChLCD). In 2009 Kent demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colors, and keep that color even when power is removed. 1520: 5443: 5405: 4706: 5123: 1909:

of an LCD may be important depending on the display and its usage, the limitations of certain display technologies mean the display only displays accurately at certain angles.

4606: 4462: 4414: 4370: 2472: 5979: 4881: 4650: 2654:

Rong-Jer Lee; Jr-Cheng Fan; Tzong-Shing Cheng; Jung-Lung Wu (March 10, 1999). "Pigment-dispersed color resist with high resolution for advanced color filter application".

2176:

for some people. Unfortunately, many of these people don't know that their eye-strain is being caused by the invisible strobe effect of PWM. This problem is worse on many

87:

Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis. Light whose polarization was rotated by the liquid crystal will pass through, but light that wasn't rotated will be blocked.

5106:, D.A. Stanton; M.V.C. Stroomer & A.J.S.M. de Vaan, "Method of and device for generating an image having a desired brightness", published June 7, 2011 3170: 140:(as in a digital clock) are all examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a matrix of small 2267:

24..35 °C), 36 wt.% of 4'-heptyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 30..43 °C), 16 wt.% of 4'-octoxy-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 54..80 °C), and 9 wt.% of 4

1805:

Dead pixel policies are often hotly debated between manufacturers and customers. To regulate the acceptability of defects and to protect the end user, ISO released the

5980:"The difference between 4K and UHD, and the arrival of UHD Premium certification : Buying a 4K TV: What you need to know about HDCP 2.2, HDMI 2.0, HEVC & UHD" 1643:

untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

4182:

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=US&NR=4783653A&KC=A&FT=D&ND=5&date=19881108&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#

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between activated and non-activated pixels has to be handled properly by keeping the RMS voltage of non-activated pixels below the threshold voltage as discovered by

6828: 6528: 7044: 6289: 4222: 1573:

cellular-telephone models produced until late 2006, when Samsung stopped producing UFB displays. UFB displays were also used in certain models of LG mobile phones.

1362:

Mini-LED: Backlighting with Mini-LEDs can support over a thousand of Full-area Local Area Dimming (FLAD) zones. This allows deeper blacks and higher contrast ratio.

3147: 2385: 6913: 4737: 1701:

announced the implementation of a new technology called M+ which is the addition of white subpixel along with the regular RGB dots in their IPS panel technology.

6743: 6009: 5794: 766:

The origin and the complex history of liquid-crystal displays from the perspective of an insider during the early days were described by Joseph A. Castellano in

6808: 3226: 6872: 6065:

K. H. Lee; H. Y. Kim; K. H. Park; S. J. Jang; I. C. Park & J. Y. Lee (June 2006). "A Novel Outdoor Readability of Portable TFT-LCD with AFFS Technology".

5727:

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0155033B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19900131&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#

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https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0606939B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=5&date=19980506&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#

4171:

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0221613B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=4&date=19910710&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#

2136:

Uneven backlighting in some monitors (more common in IPS-types and older TNs), causing brightness distortion, especially toward the edges ("backlight bleed").

81:

liquid crystal. It normally rotates the light's polarization by 90°. But if the surrounding electrodes are charged, the light's polarization won't be rotated.

6109: 5566: 2811: 6846: 5746: 5335:"Prism sheet having prisms with wave pattern, black light unit including the prism sheet, and liquid crystal display device including the black light unit" 75:. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes that will appear when the LCD is switched ON. Vertical ridges etched on the surface are smooth. 7419: 883:, who was working at the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Richard Williams, achieved the switching of colors by field-induced realignment of 288:

Most color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue subpixels. The LCD color filters are made with a

6986: 6311: 1666:

using an enhanced version of IPS, also LGD in Korea, then currently the world biggest LCD panel manufacture BOE in China is also IPS/FFS mode TV panel.

7112: 7074: 5859: 3625: 3536:

Heilmeier, G. H.; Zanoni, L. A.; Barton, L. A. (1968). "Dynamic Scattering: A New Electrooptic Effect in Certain Classes of Nematic Liquid Crystals".

2221:

Input lag, because the LCD's A/D converter waits for each frame to be completely been output before drawing it to the LCD panel. Many LCD monitors do

7712: 7035: 6451: 6263: 5360: 4327: 2091:, but they cannot emit light without a backlight like OLED and microLED, which are other technologies that can also be made flexible and transparent. 1152:

released the first LCD television, the Epson TV Watch, a wristwatch equipped with a small active-matrix LCD television. Sharp Corporation introduced

6505: 6169: 1172:

projection technology in the 1980s, and licensed it for use in projectors in 1988. Epson's VPJ-700, released in January 1989, was the world's first

770:. Another report on the origins and history of LCD from a different perspective until 1991 has been published by Hiroshi Kawamoto, available at the 7124: 6139: 5676: 3003: 6375: 3861: 3758: 2983: 261:(TN) device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a 4684: 4349: 2139:

Black levels may not be as dark as required because individual liquid crystals cannot completely block all of the backlight from passing through.

2025:

Some of these issues relate to full-screen displays, others to small displays as on watches, etc. Many of the comparisons are with CRT displays.

7016: 5957: 6788: 3034: 2118:

Can be made with very narrow frame borders, allowing multiple LCD screens to be arrayed side by side to make up what looks like one big screen.

249:(parallel and perpendicular polarizers), the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. Without the 6768: 6683: 5778: 5022: 1259: 921:

who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs.

823:

described the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in three types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). In 1927,

5173: 7155: 6402: 5481: 4714: 6233: 5919: 7366: 5315: 1582: 1047: 979:(then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors. Hoffmann-La Roche licensed the invention to Swiss manufacturer 6643: 6425: 5421: 5000: 4759: 4516: 1900:

For a computer monitor or some other display that is being viewed from a very close distance, resolution is often expressed in terms of

5702: 5402: 2094:

Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality.

1894:

which attempt to efficiently increase the perceived resolution of a display without increasing the actual resolution, to mixed results.

1237:

subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2006. In the late 1990s, the LCD industry began shifting away from Japan, towards

7086: 6613: 6583: 5837: 5440: 4169:

Low Drive Voltage Display Device; T.L. Welzen; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; European patent EP0221613B1; July 10, 1991, filed November 4, 1985;

2115:

Many LCD monitors are powered by a 12 V power supply, and if built into a computer can be powered by its 12 V power supply.

253:

between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. Before an

5897: 5261: 5131: 7099: 5525: 4602: 4130:

European Patent No. EP 0131216: Amstutz H., Heimgartner D., Kaufmann M., Scheffer T.J., "Flüssigkristallanzeige," October 28, 1987.

2029: 6561: 6192: 5081: 4803: 4141: 2506: 1515:

Citizen, among others, licensed these patents and successfully introduced several STN based LCD pocket televisions on the market.

6337: 5650: 4458: 4410: 4366: 2871: 2480: 1990: 5295:

Illumination system and display device including such a system; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; P.B. Schaareman; European patent EP0606939B1;

5238: 3312: 90:

Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is replaced or complemented with a light source.)

4651:"IHS Acquires Displaybank, a Global Leader in Research and Consulting in the Flat-Panel Display Industry — IHS Technology" 4031: 1854: 257:

is applied, the orientation of the liquid-crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a

17: 5401:

Polarisation-sensitive beam splitter; D.J. Broer; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; J. Brambring; European patent EP0428213B1; July 27, 1994;

5338: 5056: 4926:

Information Technology Outlook 2000 ICTs, E-commerce and the Information Economy: ICTs, E-commerce and the Information Economy

4109: 4083: 4057: 3600: 2961: 7339: 7008: 5660: 5652:

Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook: Electromagnetic, Optical, Radiation, Chemical, and Biomedical Measurement

5633: 4961: 4934: 3997: 3891: 3784: 3259: 3094: 2780: 2760: 2733: 2706: 2599: 5587:

T.J. Scheffer and J. Nehring,"A new highly multiplexable LCD," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 48, no. 10, pp. 1021–1023, Nov. 1984.

2450: 7638: 7413: 4980: 3941: 3193: 1844: 1586: 1310: 1063: 7354: 7041: 6825: 6521: 4315: 3249: 2225:

before displaying the image in an attempt to compensate for poor color fidelity, which adds an additional lag. Further, a

7487: 5145: 2532: 6902: 5623: 4230: 3139: 1099:

these TFT-LCDs were not yet ready for use in products, as problems with the materials for the TFTs were not yet solved.

7686: 6979: 6035: 5215: 4729: 3116: 2172:

sustained dot which continually scans across the display, leaving some part of the display always lit), causing severe

6735: 6713: 6013: 5798: 4867: 3061: 7401: 7360: 6856: 4151: 3949: 3734: 3455: 2847: 2696: 2671: 2012: 1043: 6805: 5187: 3218: 2723: 7742: 7723: 7406: 7148: 6880: 3501:

Heilmeier, George; Castellano, Joseph; Zanoni, Louis (1969). "Guest-Host Interactions in Nematic Liquid Crystals".

2904: 1955: 1706: 5562: 5201: 4837: 2802: 1413:

is 28.8 inches (73 centimeters) wide, that means a wire density of 200 wires per inch along the horizontal edge.

5754: 3651: 393: 7425: 7395: 7222: 2617:"LCD-based color filter films fabricated by a pigment-based colorant photo resist inks and printing technology" 2365: 2311:

suggested that its effects were theoretically much greater than better-known sources of greenhouse gasses like

1994: 1156:

TN-LCD in 1983. In 1984, Epson released the ET-10, the first full-color, pocket LCD television. The same year,

5390: 2346:, another powerful greenhouse gas, of which anywhere from 30 to 70% escapes to the atmosphere in typical use. 936:

in 1968. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with an 18x2 matrix

84:

Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal filter.

7696: 7691: 7681: 7569: 6315: 3889:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel". 1737:

shape is used to widen the viewing cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift).

5283: 3965:

Dale, Rodney; Millichamp, David (September 28, 1972). "Liquid Crystals Get Their Sparkle From Mass Market".

7747: 7298: 7109: 7071: 5725:, HA van Sprang and AJSM de Vaan; European patent: EP0155033B1; January 31, 1990; filed February 24, 1984; 5600:

Digest of Technical Papers, International Symposium, Society for Information Display, June 1972, pp. 62–63.

5314:

Brochure 3M Display Materials & Systems Division Solutions for Large Displays: The right look matters;

3617: 1873:, BiNem technology, are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials. 1637: 1035: 953: 6455: 2160:(PWM) to dim the display, which makes the screen flicker more acutely (this does not mean visibly) than a 1077:

for marketing by Lloyds Electronics Inc, though these required an internal light source for illumination.

7752: 7141: 6161: 1449:

LCDs were standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays) and the original Nintendo

1422: 964: 7121: 6502: 6131: 5286:"; H. Chen; R. Zhu; M.C. Li; S.L. Lee and S.T. Wu; Vol. 25, No. 3; February 6, 2017; Optics Express 1973 4347:

Find out what is an LCD Projector, how does it benefit you, and the difference between LCD and 3LCD here

3820: 3007: 2750: 1958:

are graded in peak luminance), but there is always a trade-off between brightness and power consumption.

304:, thus changing the hue. They were typically restricted to 3 colors per pixel: orange, green, and blue. 7481: 7211: 7205: 7066: 6367: 5103: 1858: 1507: 1258:

were projected to account 50% of the 200 million TVs to be shipped globally in 2006, according to

270:

is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized

5316:

http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/977332O/display-materials-systems-strategies-for-large-displays.pdf

4346: 2978: 1718:

In 2011, LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the brightness up to 700

1220:

Hitachi also improved the viewing angle dependence further by optimizing the shape of the electrodes (

1007:, filed an identical patent in the United States on April 22, 1971. In 1971, the company of Fergason, 828: 7617: 7328: 7020: 5949: 5422:

https://cta.tech/News/Press-Releases/2017/July/Energy-Efficiency-Success-Story-TV-Energy-Consump.aspx

3676:

Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".

2067: 1502: 1446: 1055: 910: 6785: 5812: 5403:

https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0428213B1&KC=B1&FT=D#

4567:

De Vaan, Adrianus J. S. M. (2007). "Competing display technologies for the best image performance".

3038: 1274:

announced 2560 × 1600 pixels on a 6.1-inch (155 mm) LCD panel, suitable for use in a

905:

Demonstration digital clock made in 1973 using then recently developed Cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals

7519: 7322: 5441:

http://www.cta.tech/cta/media/policyImages/policyPDFs/Fraunhofer-LCD-TV-Power-Draw-Trends-FINAL.pdf

4629:"Displaybank's Global TV Market Forecasts for 2008 – Global TV market to surpass 200 million units" 4538: 2556:"Light Leakage of Multidomain Vertical Alignment LCDs Using a Colorimetric Model in the Dark State" 2101: 1802:

standard. Other companies have been known to tolerate as many as 11 dead pixels in their policies.

1441:

Prototype of a passive-matrix STN-LCD with 540×270 pixels, Brown Boveri Research, Switzerland, 1984

1199:

further work was needed. After thorough analysis, details of advantageous embodiments are filed in

1039: 1004: 805: 6765: 6679: 5775: 4628: 3334:

Gray, George W.; Kelly, Stephen M. (1999). "Liquid crystals for twisted nematic display devices".

2424: 7525: 7001: 6102:"Cut and Run: Taiwan-controlled LCD Panel Maker in Danger of Shutdown without Further Investment" 2196: 2071: 1983: 1552:(TFTs) is added to the electrodes in contact with the LC layer. Each pixel has its own dedicated 937: 914: 895: 890: 339:

feature crossed polarizers. In many applications IPS LCDs have replaced TN LCDs, particularly in

126: 110: 5474: 5159: 4789: 1188:

In 1990, under different titles, inventors conceived electro optical effects as alternatives to

7622: 7372: 6398: 6225: 3401: 2390: 2157: 1418: 1108: 1070: 980: 300:

LCD, where the variable twist between tighter-spaced plates causes a varying double refraction

4297: 4255: 3445: 1935:, which describe what color white is and how the other colors are displayed relative to white. 7509: 7503: 7466: 7172: 6429: 4502: 4273: 4210: 3935: 3720: 2222: 1566: 1479: 1426: 1337: 1117: 1001: 917:, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George William Gray and his team at the 755: 297: 232: 137: 6554:"Flexible OLCD | Technology | Flexible Electronics | FlexEnable - FlexEnable" 4997: 2804:

fx9750G PLUS, CFX-9850G PLUS, CFX-9850GB PLUS, CFX-9850GC PLUS, CFX-9950GC PLUS User's Guide

1922:: There are multiple terms to describe different aspects of color performance of a display. 7514: 7388: 7083: 6621: 6591: 5833: 3900: 3835: 3685: 3510: 3370: 2628: 2284: 2181: 1865: 1827: 1592: 1549: 1233:

developed the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and

1027: 925: 868: 795: 293: 62: 38: 31: 6644:"EDN - Implementing flexible OLED and OLCD display technologies in consumer electronics -" 2656:

Proceedings of 5th Asian Symposium on Information Display. ASID '99 (IEEE Cat. No.99EX291)

8: 7660: 7564: 7471: 7315: 7242: 6980:

Development of Liquid Crystal Displays: Interview with George Gray, Hull University, 2004

5889: 5269: 4262: 2394: 2203:, causing blurriness and jagged edges, or running the display at native resolution using 2142: 2088: 1770: 1765: 1141: 880: 801: 407: 348: 7096: 3904: 3839: 3689: 3514: 3374: 3140:"How Did They Make My Big-Screen TV? A Peek Inside China's Massive BOE Gen 10.5 Factory" 2632: 2327:

was added to the Kyoto Protocol for the second compliance period during the Doha Round.

292:

process on large glass sheets that are later glued with other glass sheets containing a

7702: 7576: 7498: 7493: 7456: 6553: 6199: 6082: 5078: 4853: 3580: 3426: 3304: 2677: 2502: 2370: 2355: 2150: 1869:

mixtures similar to the traditional monostable materials. Other bistable technologies,

1795: 1734: 1723: 1537: 1458: 1234: 1194: 1173: 1160:, introduced the Citizen Pocket TV, a 2.7-inch color LCD TV, with the first commercial 1153: 929: 918: 824: 164: 130: 106: 6345: 4681:"Toshiba announces 6.1 inch LCD panel with an insane resolution of 2560 x 1600 pixels" 2863: 1597: 7655: 7451: 7383: 7004: 6958: 6852: 6764:

Explanation of why pulse width modulated backlighting is used, and its side-effects,

6086: 5696: 5656: 5629: 5230: 4957: 4930: 4584: 4508: 4147: 4001: 3945: 3916: 3853: 3730: 3701: 3451: 3418: 3296: 3276: 3255: 3117:"BOE's Gen 10.5 Display Equipment Is a Pie in the Sky for Korean Equipment Companies" 2843: 2756: 2729: 2702: 2681: 2667: 2653: 2616: 2595: 2204: 2192: 2109: 2060: 1497: 1214: 1078: 972: 901: 774:

History Center. A description of Swiss contributions to LCD developments, written by

378:) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment. In contrast, full 375: 312: 282: 204: 5521: 4909: 4818: 4488:: K. Kondo, H. Terao, H. Abe, M. Ohta, K. Suzuki, T. Sasaki, G. Kawachi, J. Ohwada, 4027: 3430: 3308: 2053:

The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight technology.

215: 7707: 7446: 7248: 7194: 6950: 6338:"The Quality control of Liquid-crystal display - Blaze Display Technology Co., Ltd" 6074: 5334: 5052: 4895: 4849: 4576: 4335: 4331: 4105: 4079: 4053: 3908: 3843: 3726: 3693: 3597: 3584: 3572: 3545: 3518: 3483: 3410: 3378: 3343: 3288: 3219:"First-Hand Histories: Liquid Crystal Display Evolution — Swiss Contributions" 3185: 2955: 2938: 2659: 2636: 2567: 2278: 2161: 1932: 1541: 1511: 1332: 1165: 1012: 957: 933: 322:

removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are

289: 239: 192: 156: 69: 5174:"Adaptive dimming and adaptive boosting backlight technologies for LCD-TV systems" 4896:"Quantum dot color filter and manufacturing method thereof, and display apparatus" 3780: 3086: 2776: 2100:

As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data from a

1468: 7612: 7602: 7549: 7310: 7128: 7116: 7103: 7090: 7078: 7048: 6832: 6812: 6792: 6772: 6706:"Illuminating LCD | FUJIFILM | Changing the world, one thing at a time" 6509: 6477: 6452:"Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis (page 3)" 5782: 5733: 5722: 5447: 5428: 5409: 5322: 5303: 5085: 5004: 4984: 4353: 4319: 4292: 4205: 4188: 4177: 3722:

Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry

3604: 3447:

Physics and Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals

2987: 2965: 2592:

Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry

2343: 2334:

produced would be released to the atmosphere. In reality, the vast majority of NF

2177: 2146: 2145:

on moving objects caused by slow response times (>8 ms) and eye-tracking on a

1367: 1351:

RGB-LED array: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by an array of

1313:

combine the features of a backlit transmissive display and a reflective display.

1275: 1137: 1051: 968: 909:

In the late 1960s, pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken by the UK's

832: 820: 813: 768:

Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry

258: 246: 78: 4977: 4312: 2442: 1437: 816:

first experimented with liquid crystals confined between plates in thin layers.

7216: 7164: 3886: 3576: 3414: 3396: 3189: 2380: 2320: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2108:

connection without requiring conversion to analog. Some LCD panels have native

1941: 1617: 1123: 1031: 993: 871:(TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. 860: 844: 791: 344: 267: 254: 250: 200: 172: 152: 114: 51: 7060: 6043: 4484: 4436: 4392: 3522: 2640: 2528: 2215: 1128: 7736: 6962: 5231:"Mini-LED vs MicroLED - What Is The Difference? [Simple Explanation]" 4588: 4512: 3920: 3857: 3705: 3697: 3422: 3300: 2695:

Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (September 24, 2018).

2663: 2375: 2129: 2097:

Unaffected by magnetic fields, including the Earth's, unlike most color CRTs.

1545: 1500:

by the corresponding row and column circuits. This type of display is called

1489: 1485: 1454: 1319: 1177: 1157: 1148:'s R&D group began development on color LCD pocket televisions. In 1982, 1145: 1059: 1024: 984: 976: 775: 371: 363: 323: 301: 271: 168: 6954: 3912: 1786:, causing permanently lit or unlit pixels which are commonly referred to as 343:. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain 6705: 6501:

Tom's Hardware: Power Consumption Benchmark Results for CRT versus TFT LCD

5391:

https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-15-17499&seq=0

5284:

Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high dynamic range liquid crystal displays

5102: 4442:

Liquid crystal switching elements having a parallel electric field and beta

3549: 3124: 2572: 2555: 2404: 2291:) as an etching fluid during the production of the thin-film components. NF 2226: 2200: 2185: 2165: 1906: 1557: 1329: 997: 989: 751: 379: 354: 184: 1066:(AM LCD) in 1974, and then Brody coined the term "active matrix" in 1975. 7581: 7544: 7265: 4882:"Advances in Displays: Quantum dot film lets LCDS express 50% more color" 2399: 2208: 2040:

Very compact, thin and light, especially in comparison with CRT displays.

1928: 1923: 1806: 1799: 1787: 1238: 1149: 1112: 370:

Displays for a small number of individual digits or fixed symbols (as in

7017:"Contemporary LCD Monitor Parameters: Objective and Subjective Analysis" 3487: 2912: 1465:) and low cost are desired or readability in direct sunlight is needed. 7559: 7554: 7536: 7476: 3848: 3292: 3035:"8.6G Fabs, Do We Really Need Them? - Display Supply Chain Consultants" 2173: 2164:

at 85 Hz refresh rate would (this is because the entire screen is

2153:

is used. However, this strobing can cause eye strain, as is noted next:

1997: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1950: 1791: 1783: 1719: 1698: 1613: 1553: 1074: 340: 315: 188: 180: 6991:

Crystals that Flow: Classic papers from the history of liquid crystals

6078: 6064: 4836:

Lee, Ernest; Wang, Chunming (Kevin); Yurek, Jeff; Ma, Ruiqing (2018).

4580: 3382: 2942: 410:

sizes in semiconductor manufacturing. The glass sizes are as follows:

7676: 7650: 7607: 7597: 7303: 7200: 7133: 5613:

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-21, pp. 146–155, February 1974.

4324:

HISTory of ELectro-technology CONference (HISTELCON), 2012 Third IEEE

3937:

Introduction to Thin Film Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs

3347: 2300: 2259: 1901: 1887: 1832: 1686: 1657: 1652: 1462: 1306: 1299: 1282: 402: 336: 319: 243: 235: 160: 122: 118: 72: 58: 7072:

History and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals by Nobelprize.org

4398:

Liquid crystal electric field sensing measurement and display device

3647: 2980:

SAMSUNG Electronics Announces 7th-Generation TFT LCD Glass Substrate

2937:. International Symposium on Photonic Glass (ISPG 2002). p. 1. 2752:

Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Displays: Fundamentals and Applications

1972: 1722:, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double an 1371:

increases the dynamic range of the display system (also marketed as

1030:

liquid-crystal display panel was prototyped in the United States by

27:

Display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals

7378: 7349: 7189: 6824:

An enlightened user requests Dell to improve their LCD backlights,

4440:: G. Baur, W. Fehrenbach, B. Staudacher, F. Windscheid, R. Kiefer, 2839:

Information Photonics: Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications

2360: 2319:

was not in widespread use at the time, it was not made part of the

2263: 2255: 2169: 2047:

Little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.

1891: 1810: 1450: 884: 747: 228: 196: 191:. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky and less energy-efficient 2330:

Critics of the report point out that it assumes that all of the NF

1399: 406:

displays or larger displays to be made, just like with increasing

167:, and indoor and outdoor signage. Small LCD screens are common in 7643: 7293: 7258: 3281:

Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften

1850: 1606: 1352: 1271: 1230: 1209: 1200: 1161: 1095: 6998:

Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals

6584:"Transparent LCD Screen | Curved 4k monitors Display Panel" 6256:"Samsung to Offer 'Zero-Pixel-Defect' Warranty for LCD Monitors" 5475:"LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Color Monitor Introduction, p. 14" 5023:"LCD TVs Change Light Guide Plate Material to Enable Thinner TV" 3247: 1729: 1669: 1623: 7277: 5625:

Handbook of Optoelectronics: Enabling Technologies (Volume Two)

2084:

Can be made in large sizes of over 80-inch (2 m) diagonal.

1255: 1242: 1008: 941: 856: 121:. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a 6193:"UM10764 Vertical Alignment (VA) displays and NXP LCD drivers" 2722:

Pulker, H.; Schmidt, H.; Aegerter, M. A. (November 26, 1999).

2554:

Tien, Chuen-Lin; Lin, Rong-Ji; Yeh, Shang-Min (June 3, 2018).

2503:"Liquid crystal composition and liquid crystal display device" 1809:

standard, which was made obsolete in 2008 with the release of

1457:

became standard on all laptops. The commercially unsuccessful

1062:

displays. Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat

961: 7253: 7122:

How LTPS (Low Temperature Poly Silicon) LCDs are made, by AUO

4996:

Explanation of different LCD monitor backlight technologies,

4603:"Worldwide LCD TV shipments surpass CRTs for first time ever" 4277: 2615:

Koo, Horng-Show; Chen, Mi; Pan, Po-Chuan (November 1, 2006).

1838: 1602: 1409: 1086: 1082: 1016: 852:

are now called "Williams domains" inside the liquid crystal.

359: 327: 275: 262: 224: 176: 141: 46: 5549:

IBM PS/2 P70 Portable Computer — Vintage PLASMA Display

5079:"Design News — Features — How to Backlight an LCD" 4730:"Are dual-LCDs double the fun? New TV tech aims to find out" 1323:

18 parallel CCFLs as backlight for a 42-inch (106 cm) LCD TV

1316:

The common implementations of LCD backlight technology are:

835:

patented the first practical application of the technology,

7271: 6784:

Discussions of severe eye strain with the new MacBook Pro,

6312:"Display (LCD) replacement for defective pixels – ThinkPad" 5920:"How LG uses fuzzy math to label some of its LCD TVs as 4K" 3821:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future" 2105: 1610: 1169: 831:, the essential effect of all LCD technology. In 1936, the 771: 6478:"Measuring Color-Reproduction Quality on TVs and Monitors" 6162:"Xplore Technologies acquires Motion -- How it came about" 4760:"Panasonic's OLED-fighting LCD is meant for professionals" 2059:

Sharp image with no bleeding or smearing when operated at

827:

devised the electrically switched light valve, called the

4910:"Quantum dot architectures for color filter applications" 4819:"What Are Quantum Dots, and Why do I Want Them in My TV?" 4804:"Why quantum dots are showing up on more TVS at CES 2015" 3781:"Driving arrangement for passive time indicating devices" 3563:

Gross, Benjamin (November 2012). "How RCA lost the LCD".

3500: 2269:-pentyl-4-carbonitrile (nematic range 131..240 °C). 2156:

As of 2012, most implementations of LCD backlighting use

1946: 1741: 1477:

Displays having a passive-matrix structure are employing

1225: 864: 848: 307: 285:. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired. 219:

An LCD screen used as a notification panel for travellers

151:

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including

6010:"LG Optimus Black Nova Display vs Galaxy S Super Amoled" 5461:

2012 Understanding LCD T-CON Training Presentation, p. 7

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Datta, Asit Kumar; Munshi, Soumika (November 25, 2016).

2211:), or to run off the lower or right edges of the screen. 1689:

with even better response times and color reproduction.

1627:

Structure of a color LCD with an edge-lit CCFL backlight

839:. In 1962, the first major English language publication 385:

For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see

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Heilmeier, G. H., Castellano, J. A. and Zanoni, L. A.:

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Using LEDs, LCDs and GLCDs in Microcontroller Projects

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The history of liquid-crystal display and its industry

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Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals

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Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology

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Matrix-addressed liquid crystal projection display,

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In 1911, 7: 7036:Overview of 3LCD technology 6848:High-Performance Polymer... 3622:IEEE Global History Network 2933:Gan, Fuxi (July 16, 2003). 2349: 1714:IPS in comparison to AMOLED 1685:was later introduced after 1445:Monochrome and later color 1423:anisotropic conductive film 1094:Matsuura in December 1975. 10: 7769: 7482:Vacuum fluorescent display 7206:Electroluminescent display 7047:September 1, 2009, at the 6987:History of Liquid Crystals 6831:December 13, 2012, at the 6811:November 14, 2011, at the 6527:. CineMassive. p. 7. 5781:February 25, 2021, at the 4998:"Monitor LED Backlighting" 4311:Hirohisa Kawamoto (2013), 3934:Brotherton, S. D. 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Archived from 2477:Fujitsu technical support 2068:electromagnetic radiation 1886:newer designs that share 1425:or, for lower densities, 1056:electronic visual display 952:On December 4, 1970, the 911:Royal Radar Establishment 706: 401:LCDs are manufactured in 165:aircraft cockpit displays 7520:Fourteen-segment display 7323:Digital Light Processing 7077:August 30, 2009, at the 5160:"Sony KDL-55XBR8 LCD TV" 5084:January 2, 2014, at the 4448:, filed January 9, 1990. 4352:August 10, 2014, at the 4180:; US patent US4783653A; 3698:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740 3251:Supramolecular Chemistry 3004:"Large Generation Glass" 2909:AU Optronics Corp. (AUO) 2684:– via IEEE Xplore. 2664:10.1109/ASID.1999.762781 2089:transparent and flexible 2050:No geometric distortion. 1647:In-plane switching (IPS) 1544:and televisions, use an 1503:passive-matrix addressed 1286:and quantum dot sheets. 1265: 1248: 1183: 1107:In 1983, researchers at 1102: 1040:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1005:Liquid Crystal Institute 962:Swiss patent No. 532 261 947: 874: 37:Not to be confused with 7743:Liquid crystal displays 7526:Sixteen-segment display 7212:Rear-projection display 7002:Oxford University Press 6955:10.1038/climate.2008.72 6106:www.businesskorea.co.kr 5864:m.engineeringnews.co.za 5732:March 13, 2021, at the 5446:August 1, 2017, at the 5321:August 2, 2017, at the 4983:March 15, 2014, at the 3913:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780 3603:April 26, 2014, at the 3178:Proceedings of the IEEE 2473:"LCD Image Persistence" 2072:extremely low frequency 1751:Vertical alignment (VA) 1618:digital compact cameras 1548:structure. A matrix of 1111:(BBC) Research Center, 1109:Brown, Boveri & Cie 1046:demonstrated the first 981:Brown, Boveri & Cie 938:dynamic scattering mode 891:dynamic scattering mode 829:Fréedericksz transition 211:General characteristics 7373:Field-emission display 7288:Liquid-crystal display 7115:March 8, 2021, at the 7106:from BaoBao Technology 7102:July 18, 2024, at the 6166:www.ruggedpcreview.com 5926:. September 21, 2016. 5736:; US patent US4664483A 5721:March 8, 2021, at the 5609:P. M. Alt, P. Pleshko 5408:March 8, 2021, at the 5302:July 24, 2020, at the 5128:Electronicproducts.com 5104:US patent RE42428E 4923:OECD (March 7, 2000). 4400:, filed June 28, 1973. 4318:June 15, 2021, at the 4187:March 8, 2021, at the 4176:March 8, 2021, at the 3550:10.1109/proc.1968.6513 3402:Proceedings of the IRE 2986:April 4, 2021, at the 2725:Coatings on Glass 1998 2391:Boogie board (product) 2158:pulse-width modulation 1738: 1693:M+ or RGBW controversy 1674: 1628: 1620: 1529: 1474: 1442: 1427:elastomeric connectors 1419:Tape-automated bonding 1404: 1324: 1058:devices use TFT-based 967:March 9, 2021, at the 906: 778:, can be found at the 398: 367: 331: 220: 138:seven-segment displays 99:liquid-crystal display 94: 18:Liquid Crystal Display 7510:Eight-segment display 7504:Seven-segment display 7127:June 6, 2021, at the 7093:from Newhaven Display 7089:May 26, 2022, at the 7084:What's an IPS Display 6943:Nature Climate Change 6508:June 6, 2020, at the 6138:. February 13, 2015. 5565:. February 12, 2011. 5522:"Compaq Portable III" 5272:on November 23, 2017. 5029:. November 13, 2017. 4717:on December 23, 2019. 4575:(9). Wiley: 657–666. 4485:U.S. patent 5,598,285 4437:U.S. patent 5,576,867 4393:U.S. patent 3,834,794 2028:Further information: 1913:Temporal performance: 1890:among pixels and add 1825:, or, less commonly, 1794:respectively. Unlike 1732: 1672: 1626: 1600: 1567:persistence of vision 1550:thin-film transistors 1527: 1480:super-twisted nematic 1471: 1440: 1402: 1322: 1129:U.S. patent 4,634,229 1118:super-twisted nematic 1002:Kent State University 904: 843:was published by Dr. 756:Nippon Electric Glass 734:Also known as GEN 11. 396: 357: 310: 298:Super-twisted nematic 218: 68:Glass substrate with 49: 7632:Display capabilities 7515:Nine-segment display 7217:Plasma display panel 6771:May 6, 2021, at the 6342:www.blazedisplay.com 6318:on December 31, 2006 6016:on September 3, 2011 5956:. January 27, 2017. 5776:Product presentation 5506:Future Electronics. 5459:LG Training Center. 5204:. November 20, 2017. 5190:. November 18, 2005. 5176:. November 14, 2007. 5162:. November 19, 2008. 5003:May 9, 2021, at the 4766:. December 4, 2016. 4728:Morrison, Geoffrey. 4539:"Optical Patterning" 4263:Taylor & Francis 4233:on February 24, 2021 3984:: 87. December 1973. 3761:on December 20, 2008 2658:. pp. 359–363. 2573:10.1155/2018/6386428 2285:nitrogen trifluoride 2273:Environmental impact 2178:LED-backlit monitors 1991:improve this article 1898:Spatial performance: 1866:University of Oxford 1771:Blue phase mode LCDs 1632:Twisted nematic (TN) 1593:List of LCD matrices 1142:handheld televisions 869:thin-film transistor 810:"Flüssige Kristalle" 796:Thin-film transistor 294:thin-film transistor 231:aligned between two 32:LCD (disambiguation) 7748:American inventions 7661:See-through display 7565:Holographic display 7243:Quantum dot display 6985:Timothy J. Sluckin 6646:. August 19, 2019. 6458:on November 1, 2014 6348:on February 5, 2024 6136:www.taipeitimes.com 5984:HardwareZone.com.sg 5757:on January 18, 2020 5365:LaserFocusWorld.com 4929:. OECD Publishing. 4842:Information Display 4687:on October 26, 2011 3905:1973ITED...20..995B 3840:2013ECSIn..22a..55K 3690:2012JDisT...8....3K 3515:1969MolCr...8..293H 3488:10.1511/2006.61.438 3375:1963JChPh..39..384W 3199:on February 9, 2012 2915:on August 24, 2017. 2633:2006TSF...515..896K 2447:Merriam-Webster.com 2443:"Definition of LCD" 2431:. January 29, 2020. 2395:Remarkable (tablet) 2209:letterboxed display 2143:Display motion blur 1823:dirty screen effect 1796:integrated circuits 1766:Blue phase mode LCD 1144:in Japan. In 1980, 990:quartz wristwatches 881:George H. Heilmeier 808:published his work 802:Friedrich Reinitzer 349:alternating current 326:. As a result, the 65:light as it enters. 7753:Display technology 7703:Color Light Output 7697:High Dynamic Range 7499:Dot-matrix display 7494:Lightguide display 7165:Display technology 6558:www.flexenable.com 6401:. Nikkei Tech-On. 6374:. March 31, 2007. 6266:on August 20, 2007 6168:. April 17, 2015. 6036:"AFFS & AFFS+" 5747:"Products - Sharp" 5367:. September 2007. 4806:. January 5, 2015. 4655:technology.ihs.com 4298:May 1984, page 150 4254:Michael R. Peres, 4223:"TV Watch - Epson" 3849:10.1149/2.F06131if 3476:American Scientist 3293:10.1007/BF01516710 3127:on March 25, 2021. 3010:on August 23, 2011 2371:LCD classification 2356:Flat-panel display 2199:either requires a 2151:strobing backlight 2149:display, unless a 1739: 1724:active-matrix OLED 1687:in-plane switching 1675: 1658:In-plane switching 1629: 1621: 1605:1.8 in color 1530: 1475: 1459:Macintosh Portable 1443: 1405: 1325: 1311:Transflective LCDs 1235:In Plane Switching 1195:In Plane Switching 1140:were developed as 919:University of Hull 907: 855:Building on early 825:Vsevolod Frederiks 399: 376:pocket calculators 368: 332: 221: 107:flat-panel display 95: 7730: 7729: 7656:Always-on display 7447:Electromechanical 7435: 7434: 7009:978-0-19-954940-5 6851:Editions OPHRYS. 6624:on March 19, 2020 6594:on March 19, 2020 6205:on March 14, 2014 6079:10.1889/1.2433159 5662:978-1-351-83333-2 5635:978-1-4822-4181-5 5134:on July 28, 2017. 4963:978-1-118-36103-0 4936:978-92-64-18103-8 4792:. March 13, 2018. 4581:10.1889/1.2785199 4548:. August 22, 1996 4211:Jul 1985, page 55 4002:Auburn University 3751:"Modifying Light" 3729:. pp. 41–2. 3383:10.1063/1.1734257 3261:978-0-470-51234-0 2943:10.1117/12.517223 2762:978-0-08-045576-1 2735:978-0-444-50247-6 2708:978-1-119-16134-9 2601:978-981-238-956-5 2483:on April 23, 2012 2205:1:1 pixel mapping 2195:. Displaying any 2193:native resolution 2087:LCDs can be made 2061:native resolution 2023: 2022: 2015: 1920:Color performance 1542:computer monitors 1525: 1333:fluorescent lamps 1270:In October 2011, 1215:Sharp Corporation 1166:computer monitors 1079:Sharp Corporation 1054:and high-quality 973:Wolfgang Helfrich 960:in Switzerland, ( 743: 742: 313:Texas Instruments 283:Sharp Corporation 205:image persistence 185:mobile telephones 161:instrument panels 157:computer monitors 59:Polarizing filter 16:(Redirected from 7760: 7708:Flexible display 7670:Related articles 7550:Autostereoscopic 7249:Electronic paper 7195:Cathode-ray tube 7178: 7177: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7135: 7134: 7063: 7032: 7030: 7028: 6967: 6966: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6883:on June 29, 2011 6879:. 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Peter 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3717: 3713: 3674: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3605:Wayback Machine 3596: 3592: 3561: 3557: 3534: 3530: 3499: 3495: 3472: 3465: 3458: 3442: 3438: 3397:Weimer, Paul K. 3394: 3390: 3359: 3355: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3132: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2994: 2988:Wayback Machine 2976: 2972: 2966:Wayback Machine 2954: 2950: 2931: 2920: 2903: 2902: 2887: 2877: 2875: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2796: 2786: 2784: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2693: 2689: 2674: 2652: 2648: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2588: 2581: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2352: 2344:perfluorocarbon 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2318: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2252: 2223:post-processing 2147:sample-and-hold 2125: 2037: 2032: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1988: 1976: 1965: 1879: 1847: 1841: 1780: 1778:Quality control 1768: 1762: 1760:Blue phase mode 1753: 1744: 1716: 1695: 1680: 1655: 1649: 1640: 1634: 1595: 1589: 1581:Main articles: 1579: 1518: 1435: 1397: 1302: 1296: 1276:tablet computer 1268: 1251: 1186: 1138:LCD televisions 1127: 1120:(STN) structure 1115:, invented the 1105: 1052:high-resolution 969:Wayback Machine 950: 930:Bernard Lechner 877: 821:Georges Friedel 814:Charles Mauguin 798: 790:Main articles: 788: 764: 739: 738: 733: 729: 724: 720: 715: 711: 430: 425: 420: 372:digital watches 345:ionic compounds 259:twisted nematic 213: 173:digital cameras 153:LCD televisions 115:liquid crystals 93: 79:Twisted nematic 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7766: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7459: 7454: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7389:Liquid crystal 7386: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7239: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7175: 7173:Video displays 7169: 7168: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7094: 7081: 7069: 7056: 7055:External links 7053: 7052: 7051: 7039: 7033: 7012: 6994: 6983: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6930: 6894: 6874: 6864: 6857: 6837: 6817: 6797: 6777: 6757: 6727: 6697: 6671: 6661: 6635: 6605: 6575: 6545: 6513: 6494: 6469: 6443: 6416: 6389: 6372:Hdtvtest.co.uk 6359: 6329: 6303: 6277: 6247: 6216: 6183: 6153: 6123: 6092: 6057: 6027: 6001: 5971: 5941: 5911: 5881: 5851: 5825: 5804: 5786: 5768: 5738: 5708: 5668: 5661: 5641: 5634: 5615: 5602: 5589: 5580: 5554: 5539: 5513: 5498: 5466: 5451: 5432: 5413: 5394: 5382: 5352: 5326: 5307: 5288: 5275: 5252: 5221: 5207: 5193: 5179: 5165: 5151: 5137: 5114: 5090: 5070: 5044: 5009: 4989: 4969: 4962: 4942: 4935: 4915: 4901: 4887: 4873: 4859: 4828: 4809: 4795: 4781: 4751: 4720: 4698: 4672: 4642: 4620: 4594: 4559: 4530: 4494: 4476: 4450: 4443: 4428: 4402: 4384: 4358: 4339: 4301: 4281: 4266: 4244: 4214: 4192: 4159: 4152: 4132: 4123: 4097: 4071: 4045: 4019: 4006: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3950: 3944:. p. 74. 3926: 3878: 3811: 3805:Brody, T. P., 3798: 3772: 3742: 3735: 3711: 3665: 3639: 3609: 3590: 3555: 3528: 3509:(1): 293–304. 3493: 3482:(5): 438–445. 3463: 3456: 3436: 3388: 3369:(2): 382–388. 3353: 3326: 3287:(1): 421–441. 3267: 3260: 3240: 3210: 3184:(4): 460–500. 3161: 3130: 3108: 3078: 3052: 3021: 2992: 2970: 2948: 2918: 2905:"Size Matters" 2885: 2864:"Sunic system" 2855: 2848: 2828: 2794: 2768: 2761: 2741: 2734: 2714: 2707: 2687: 2672: 2646: 2627:(3): 896–901. 2607: 2600: 2579: 2546: 2520: 2494: 2464: 2434: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2381:LCD television 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2321:Kyoto Protocol 2316: 2313:carbon dioxide 2307:. A report in 2305:global warming 2297:greenhouse gas 2292: 2288: 2274: 2271: 2251: 2250:Chemicals used 2248: 2247: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2212: 2189: 2180:, because the 2154: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2021: 2020: 1979: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1942:Contrast ratio 1936: 1917: 1910: 1895: 1878: 1877:Specifications 1875: 1840: 1837: 1779: 1776: 1764:Main article: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1740: 1715: 1712: 1694: 1691: 1679: 1676: 1651:Main article: 1648: 1645: 1633: 1630: 1609:, used in the 1578: 1575: 1508:response times 1447:passive-matrix 1434: 1433:Passive-matrix 1431: 1396: 1393: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1267: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1185: 1182: 1124:passive matrix 1104: 1101: 1032:T. Peter Brody 994:James Fergason 949: 946: 924:The idea of a 896:IEEE Milestone 876: 873: 867:developed the 861:Paul K. Weimer 845:George W. Gray 792:Liquid crystal 787: 784: 763: 760: 741: 740: 737: 736: 727: 718: 708: 707: 704: 703: 701: 698: 695: 692: 688: 687: 685: 682: 679: 676: 672: 671: 669: 666: 663: 660: 656: 655: 653: 650: 647: 644: 640: 639: 637: 634: 631: 628: 624: 623: 621: 619: 616: 613: 609: 608: 606: 604: 601: 598: 594: 593: 591: 588: 585: 582: 578: 577: 575: 572: 569: 566: 562: 561: 559: 557: 554: 551: 547: 546: 544: 541: 538: 535: 531: 530: 528: 525: 522: 519: 515: 514: 512: 509: 506: 503: 499: 498: 496: 493: 490: 487: 483: 482: 480: 477: 474: 471: 467: 466: 464: 462: 459: 456: 452: 451: 449: 446: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 427: 422: 417: 268:incident light 255:electric field 251:liquid crystal 242:(ITO) and two 212: 209: 169:LCD projectors 117:combined with 92: 91: 88: 85: 82: 76: 66: 55: 52:liquid crystal 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7765: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7725: 7720: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7449: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7359: 7357:(ELQD/QD-LED) 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7330: 7327: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7224: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7152: 7147: 7145: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6860: 6858:9782710810957 6854: 6850: 6849: 6841: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6781: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6761: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6530: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6498: 6479: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6020:September 14, 6015: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5712: 5704: 5698: 5682: 5678: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5655:. CRC Press. 5654: 5653: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5584: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5543: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5266:CNET.com/news 5263: 5256: 5245:September 14, 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5105: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5074: 5063:September 24, 5058: 5054: 5048: 5037:September 24, 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4630: 4624: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4464: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4164: 4155: 4153:9780080878201 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4010: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3976: 3968: 3961: 3953: 3951:9783319000022 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3882: 3871:September 27, 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3736:9789812389565 3732: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3670: 3658:September 22, 3653: 3649: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571:(11): 38–44. 3570: 3566: 3565:IEEE Spectrum 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3457:9781119247401 3453: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3363:J. Phys. Chem 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3283:(in German). 3282: 3278: 3271: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3165: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3138:Shih, Willy. 3134: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2851: 2849:9781482236422 2845: 2842:. 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Wild 1487: 1482: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:active-matrix 1452: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1368:LED backlight 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1179: 1178:LCD projector 1176:, full-color 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158:Citizen Watch 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Hattori Seiko 1143: 1139: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:active matrix 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1025:active-matrix 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 985:joint venture 982: 978: 977:Martin Schadt 974: 970: 966: 963: 959: 955: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 903: 899: 897: 893: 892: 886: 882: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 797: 793: 783: 781: 777: 776:Peter J. Wild 773: 769: 759: 757: 753: 749: 731: 722: 713: 709: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 625: 622: 620: 617: 614: 611: 610: 607: 605: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 563: 560: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 468: 465: 463: 460: 457: 454: 453: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 437: 433: 428: 423: 418: 415: 414: 411: 409: 404: 395: 391: 389: 386: 381: 377: 373: 365: 364:digital watch 362:Alarm Chrono 361: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 330:are inverted. 329: 325: 324:perpendicular 321: 317: 314: 309: 305: 303: 302:birefringence 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 279: 277: 273: 272:perpendicular 269: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 245: 241: 237: 234: 230: 226: 217: 208: 206: 202: 201:image burn-in 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 149: 145: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 74: 71: 67: 64: 60: 57: 56: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7618:Transparency 7591:Static media 7545:Stereoscopic 7287: 7025:. 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