954:. There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008) used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when the overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed. Hughes and Nadal in 2009 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation, similar to the experimental tests, while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions.
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channel will find a shorter route to the ocean and begin building a new delta. Wave action and ocean currents redistribute some of the sediment to build beaches along the coast. When levees are constructed all the way to the ocean, sediments from flooding events are cut off, the river never migrates, and elevated river velocity delivers sediment to deep water where wave action and ocean currents cannot redistribute. Instead of a natural wedge shaped delta forming, a "
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931:. Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a
561:, planning and auxiliary measures are vital. Sections are often set back from the river to form a wider channel, and flood valley basins are divided by multiple levees to prevent a single breach from flooding a large area. A levee made from stones laid in horizontal rows with a bed of thin turf between each of them is known as a
459:. Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of impoldering, or as a boundary for an inundation area. The latter can be a controlled inundation by the military or a measure to prevent inundation of a larger area surrounded by levees. Levees have also been built as field boundaries and as military
721:. The first Louisiana levees were about 90 cm (3 ft) high and covered a distance of about 80 km (50 mi) along the riverside. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended the levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from
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During natural flooding, water spilling over banks rises slowly. When a levee fails, a wall of water held back by the levee suddenly pours out over the landscape, much like a dam break. Impacted areas far from a breach may experience flooding similar to a natural event, while damage near a breach can
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In a natural watershed, floodwaters spread over a landscape and slowly return to the river. Downstream, the delivery of water from the area of flooding is spread out in time. If levees keep the floodwaters inside a narrow channel, the water is delivered downstream over a shorter time period. The same
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If aggradation continues to occur in the main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up. In some cases, this can result in the channel bed eventually rising above the surrounding floodplains, penned in only by the levees around it; an example
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Another example of a historical levee that protected the growing city-state of Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelōlco, was constructed during the early 1400s, under the supervision of the tlahtoani of the altepetl
Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotl. Its function was to separate the brackish
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is usually added as another anti-erosion measure. On the river side, erosion from strong waves or currents presents an even greater threat to the integrity of the levee. The effects of erosion are countered by planting suitable vegetation or installing stones, boulders, weighted matting, or concrete
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also built large levee systems. Because a levee is only as strong as its weakest point, the height and standards of construction have to be consistent along its length. Some authorities have argued that this requires a strong governing authority to guide the work and may have been a catalyst for the
1512:
Needham, Joseph. (1971). Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Brian Lander. "State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central
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Where a large river spills out into the ocean, the velocity of the water suddenly slows and its ability to transport sand and silt decreases. Sediments begin to settle out, eventually forming a delta and extending to the coastline seaward. During subsequent flood events, water spilling out of the
888:. The extra fine sediments thus settle out quickly on the parts of the floodplain nearest to the channel. Over a significant number of floods, this will eventually result in the building up of ridges in these positions and reducing the likelihood of further floods and episodes of levee building.
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in
Louisiana. By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3 m (24 ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15 m (50 ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee
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and to slow natural course changes in a waterway to provide reliable shipping lanes for maritime commerce over time; they also confine the flow of the river, resulting in higher and faster water flow. Levees can be mainly found along the sea, where dunes are not strong enough, along rivers for
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Under natural conditions, floodwaters return quickly to the river channel as water-levels drop. During a levee breach, water pours out into the floodplain and moves down-slope where it is blocked from return to the river. Flooding is prolonged over such areas, waiting for floodwater to slowly
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Natural levees commonly form around lowland rivers and creeks without human intervention. They are elongated ridges of mud and/or silt that form on the river floodplains immediately adjacent to the cut banks. Like artificial levees, they act to reduce the likelihood of floodplain inundation.
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who settled the area can be credited with the original construction of many of the levees in the area, created for the purpose of farming the fertile tidal marshlands. These levees are referred to as dykes. They are constructed with hinged sluice gates that open on the falling tide to drain
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in the form of fine sands, silts, and muds. Because the carrying capacity of a river depends in part on its depth, the sediment in the water which is over the flooded banks of the channel is no longer capable of keeping the same number of fine sediments in suspension as the main
964:(ERT). This non-destructive geophysical method can detect in advance critical saturation areas in embankments. ERT can thus be used in monitoring of seepage phenomena in earth structures and act as an early warning system, e.g., in critical parts of levees or embankments.
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rivers with intense accumulations of sediment tend to this behavior. Examples of rivers where artificial levees led to an elevation of the riverbed, even up to a point where the riverbed is higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees, are found for the
545:) from the fresh potable water supplied to the settlements. However, after the Europeans destroyed Tenochtitlan, the levee was also destroyed and flooding became a major problem, which resulted in the majority of The Lake being drained in the 17th century.
935:. In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of
841:, an area devastated by many historic floods. Thus the peoples and governments have erected increasingly large and complex flood protection levee systems to stop the sea even during storm floods. The biggest of these are the huge levees in the
1908:
Munoz, S.E., Giosan, L., Therrell, M.D., Remo, J.W.F., Shen, Z., Sullivan, R.M., Wiman, C., O’Donnell, M., and
Donnelly, J.P., 2018, Climatic control of Mississippi River flood hazard amplified by river engineering: Nature, v. 556, p. 95–98,
700:
The
Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600 km (3,500 mi) of levees extending some 1,000 km (620 mi) along the Mississippi, stretching from
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in the south. Similar to Dutch, the
English origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or to the bank. Thus
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Levees interrupt floodplain ecosystems that developed under conditions of seasonal flooding. In many cases, the impact is two-fold, as reduced recurrence of flooding also facilitates land-use change from forested floodplain to farms.
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channels, which also are more likely to occur where a river carries large fractions of suspended sediment. For similar reasons, they are also common in tidal creeks, where tides bring in large amounts of coastal silts and muds. High
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Levees are usually built by piling earth on a cleared, level surface. Broad at the base, they taper to a level top, where temporary embankments or sandbags can be placed. Because flood discharge intensity increases in levees on both
1927:
Simms, A.R., Anderson, J.B., DeWitt, R., Lambeck, K., and
Purcell, A., 2013, Quantifying rates of coastal subsidence since the last interglacial and the role of sediment loading: Global and Planetary Change, v. 111, p. 296–308,
1918:
Olson, K., Matthews, J., Morton, L.W., and Sloan, J., 2015, Impact of levee breaches, flooding, and land scouring on soil productivity: Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, v. 70, p. 5A-11A, doi:10.2489/jswc.70.1.5A.
1024:, much like a floating block of wood is pushed deeper into the water if another board is added on top. The momentum of downward movement does not immediately stop when new sediment layers stop being added, resulting in
1946:
Edmonds, D.A., Toby, S.C., Siverd, C.G., Twilley, R., Bentley, S.J., Hagen, S., and Xu, K., 2023, Land loss due to human-altered sediment budget in the
Mississippi River Delta: Nature Sustainability, v. 6, p. 644–651,
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a few years after the city's founding in 1718 and was later adopted by
English speakers. The name derives from the trait of the levee's ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains.
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Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. This will cause flooding on the floodplains, but because it does not damage the levee, it has fewer consequences for future flooding.
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Both natural and man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a
231:, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China all built levees. Today, levees can be found around the world, and failures of levees due to erosion or other causes can be major disasters, such as the catastrophic
1770:
Briaud, J., Chen, H., Govindasamy, A., Storesund, R. (2008). Levee erosion by overtopping in New Orleans during the Katrina Hurricane. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 134 (5):
863:
These typically man-made hydraulic structures are situated to protect against erosion. They are typically placed in alluvial rivers perpendicular, or at an angle, to the bank of the channel or the
756:
Artificial levees can lead to an elevation of the natural riverbed over time; whether this happens or not and how fast, depends on different factors, one of them being the amount and type of the
1628:"Trilateral Working Group on Coastal Protection and Sea Level Rise (CPSL), Wadden Sea Ecosystem No. 25 by Jacobus Hofstede, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS), Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 2009"
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development of systems of governance in early civilizations. However, others point to evidence of large-scale water-control earthen works such as canals and/or levees dating from before
1790:
Karimpour, Mazdak; Heinzl, Kyle; Stendback, Emaline; Galle, Kevin; Zamiran, Siavash; Osouli, Abdolreza (2015). "Scour Characteristics of Saturated Levees Due to Floodwall Overtopping".
957:
Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping.
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is found to be one of the most important factors. Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and
867:, and are used widely along coastlines. There are two common types of spur dyke, permeable and impermeable, depending on the materials used to construct them.
415:, a dyke may be a drainage ditch or a narrow artificial channel off a river or broad for access or mooring, some longer dykes being named, e.g., Candle Dyke.
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prevention and protection of levee crest and downstream slope. Reinforcement with geocells provides tensile force to the soil to better resist instability.
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freshwater from the agricultural marshlands and close on the rising tide to prevent seawater from entering behind the dyke. These sluice gates are called "
1937:
Schmidt, C.W., 2015, Delta Subsidence: An Imminent Threat to Coastal Populations: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 123, doi:10.1289/ehp.123-A204.
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Natural flooding adds a layer of sediment to the floodplain. The added weight of such layers over many centuries makes the crust sink deeper into the
170:
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Hughes, S.A., Nadal, N.C. (2009). Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee. Coastal Engineering.56: 244–259
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1045:" extends far out into the ocean. The results for surrounding land include beach depletion, subsidence, salt-water intrusion, and land loss.
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Artificial levees require substantial engineering. Their surface must be protected from erosion, so they are planted with vegetation such as
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is in the south of England, a property-boundary marker or drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a running dike as in
2000:
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article on how flood control engineers were using an old method to protect flood levees along rivers from seepage undermining the levee
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845:, which have gone beyond just defending against floods, as they have aggressively taken back land that is below mean sea level.
738:, for a distance of some 610 km (380 mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the
830:. There are also dikes to protect other locations which have flooded in the past, such as the Pitt Polder, land adjacent to the
1605:
1296:
1028:(sinking of land surface). In coastal areas, this results in land dipping below sea level, the ocean migrating inland, and
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Levees can be naturally occurring ridge structures that form next to the bank of a river or be an artificially constructed
1394:: "The town is secured from the inundations of the river by a raised bank, generally called the Levée." Philip Pittman,
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volume of water over a shorter time interval means higher river stage (height). As more levees are built upstream, the
1843:"A customized resistivity system for monitoring saturation and seepage in earthen levees: installation and validation"
1807:
1743:
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818:, there are levees (known locally as dikes, and also referred to as "the sea wall") to protect low-lying land in the
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technology (geocells) as a best management practice. Particular attention is given to the matter of surface erosion,
500:) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended. Levees were also constructed over 3,000 years ago in
1993:
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Deposition of levees is a natural consequence of the flooding of meandering rivers which carry high proportions of
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296:, with the construction of dikes well attested as early as the 11th century. The 126-kilometer-long (78 mi)
1841:
Arosio, Diego; Munda, Stefano; Tresoldi, Greta; Papini, Monica; Longoni, Laura; Zanzi, Luigi (13 October 2017).
1396:
The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi; with a geographical description of that river.
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Large scale structures designed to modify natural processes inevitably have some drawbacks or negative impacts.
581:. Separate ditches or drainage tiles are constructed to ensure that the foundation does not become waterlogged.
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Levees are common in any river with a high suspended sediment fraction and thus are intimately associated with
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1973:
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1452:"Weavers' Way footpath closure – Decoy Road (Hickling) to Potter Heigham 7 January 2011 – 6 April 2012"
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1986:
1595:"levee rehabilitation in USACE Technical Report REMR-GT-26, Innovative Methods for Levee Rehabilitation"
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in order to bind the earth together. On the land side of high levees, a low terrace of earth known as a
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1422:"Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, deel 1: A t/m E – Amsterdam University Press"
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near the sea, where oceangoing ships appear to sail high above the plain on the elevated river.
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Knox, R.L., Wohl, E.E., and Morrison, R.R., 2022, Levees don’t protect, they disconnect: A
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1824:"Levee Erosion and Scour Potential Due to Floodwall Overtopping (PDF Download Available)"
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be catastrophic, including carving out deep holes and channels in the nearby landscape.
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for high-water events in the river increases, often requiring increases in levee height.
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300:, completed by 1250, was formed by connecting existing older dikes. The Roman chronicler
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Coastal flood prevention levees are also common along the inland coastline behind the
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or wall that regulates water levels. However, levees can be bad for the environment.
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The Mississippi basin: The struggle in America between England and France 1697–1763.
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1076: – Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
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1738:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 265–266.
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The main purpose of artificial levees is to prevent flooding of the adjoining
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1088: – Wall or bank to carry a road or rail over low ground or water's edge
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1969:"Design and Construction of Levees" US Army Engineer Manual EM-1110-2-1913
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recommends and supports
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and flood control project. The system's infrastructure is located on the
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Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
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pierced dikes to flood their land and to protect their retreat (70
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1297:"Flood risk reduction with multiple benefits: more space for the river"
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is a trench – though it once had raised banks as well. In the English
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if the river flow direction is permanently diverted through the gap.
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for more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles), stretching from modern
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The Mississippi Levee System and the Old River Control Structure
1094: – Methods for reducing detrimental effects of flood waters
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A levee keeps high water on the Mississippi River from flooding
504:, where a system of levees was built along the left bank of the
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1378:: "Dumont Plan, New Orleans" . Shown in Justin Winsor, (1895)
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will cause flooding, and result in the building up of levees.
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Scour around Spur Dyke: Recent Advances and Future Researches
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waters of Lake Texcoco (ideal for the agricultural technique
509:
369:
190:
1058: – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water
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Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches,
463:. More on this type of levee can be found in the article on
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1082: – Building or other structure made largely from soil
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1840:
1752:
1216:
Henry Petroski (2006). "Levees and Other Raised Ground".
1129: – Downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
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1006:
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of the area adjoining the river or coast. It is usually
781:
Levees are very common on the marshlands bordering the
1100: – Manmade control of flooding in the Netherlands
960:
Another approach applied to prevent levee failures is
455:
protection against high floods, along lakes or along
1015:
537:, during which governance was far less centralized.
481:
Some of the earliest levees were constructed by the
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136:
116:
110:
133:
107:
1513:Yangzi Region." T’oung Pao 100.4–5 (2014): 325–62.
1350:
1182:
613:Prominent levee systems have been built along the
430:, a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with
3111:
1382:Boston; New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company
649:, the delta formed by the Rhine, Maas/Meuse and
1592:
1349:
1181:
2342:
1215:
1064: – Retaining wall around pollution source
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2328:
1994:
1537:
380:, Car Dyke, to the South Forty Foot Drain in
368:, and in the United States, a dike is what a
1567:
1480:. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012
1123: – Dike that backs up a front-line dike
265:
256:
1665:"Dikes of the Netherlands — Geography"
998:Levee breaches produce high-energy flooding
776:
717:in the 18th century to protect the city of
313:
291:
2958:
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2335:
2321:
2001:
1987:
1662:
1572:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 272.
261:(from the feminine past participle of the
233:2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
1876:
1866:
584:
1035:
915:
848:
713:. They were begun by French settlers in
685:, which is the longest tributary of the
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588:
441:
326:. It closely parallels the English verb
81:
27:
1523:
1521:
1519:
3112:
2008:
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1543:
1007:Prolonged flooding after levee failure
478:) built hastily in a flood emergency.
343:already existed and was pronounced as
2939:
2316:
1982:
474:or emergency constructions (often of
1928:doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.10.002.
1546:"The Control of Nature: Atchafalaya"
1516:
1371:participating institution membership
1323:"A Look at Preventing Levee Erosion"
1203:participating institution membership
975:
593:Broken levee on the Sacramento River
1715:from the original on 9 October 2022
1695:"Hao Zhang, Hajime Nakagawa, 2008,
1644:from the original on 9 October 2022
1328:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1135: – Excavated channel in ground
984:
967:
870:
32:Components of an artificial levee:
13:
2965:
2041:Integrated coastal zone management
1593:Edward B. Perry (September 1998).
1474:"Indus River Valley Civilizations"
1454:. Countrysideaccess.norfolk.gov.uk
14:
3146:
1960:"Well Diggers Trick", June 1951,
1953:
1608:from the original on 8 April 2013
1544:McPhee, John (23 February 1987).
1016:Subsidence and seawater intrusion
962:electrical resistivity tomography
224:are a more confined alternative.
2059:
1974:The International Levee Handbook
1556:from the original on 13 May 2011
1248:education.nationalgeographic.org
1098:Flood control in the Netherlands
822:delta, particularly the city of
270:, 'to raise'). It originated in
209:to the course of a river in its
185:is a structure used to keep the
129:
103:
16:Ridge or wall to hold back water
1947:doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01081-0.
1940:
1931:
1921:
1912:
1902:
1893:
1834:
1816:
1783:
1774:
1764:
1727:
1687:
1656:
1620:
1586:
1506:
1466:
1444:
1414:
1117: – Form of coastal defence
213:or along low-lying coastlines.
1401:
1343:
1315:
1289:
1262:
1236:
1209:
1175:
1147:
834:, and other tributary rivers.
318:originally indicated both the
1:
1250:. National Geographic Society
1169:
494:
384:(TF1427). The Weir Dike is a
376:, which leads water from the
304:mentions that the rebellious
286:most likely derives from the
235:that occurred as a result of
227:Ancient civilizations in the
36:Design high water level (HWL)
1111: – Steep, narrow valley
671:Dujiangyan irrigation system
557:deposits raise the level of
356:is a combined structure and
242:
7:
2297:Modern recession of beaches
1048:
1012:infiltrate and evaporate.
347:in northern England and as
10:
3151:
2921:
1532:The Louisiana Environment.
1070: – Structural feature
1032:into freshwater aquifers.
919:
852:
18:
3051:
2973:
2917:
2836:
2798:
2717:
2622:
2574:
2452:
2421:
2363:
2354:
2264:
2221:
2068:
2057:
2016:
1800:10.1061/9780784479087.117
1635:Waddensea-secretariat.org
1498:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1358:Oxford English Dictionary
1190:Oxford English Dictionary
483:Indus Valley civilization
2282:Geotechnical engineering
1909:doi:10.1038/nature26145.
1140:
777:Coastal flood prevention
730:extends southwards from
470:Levees can be permanent
199:protect against flooding
2251:Sand dune stabilization
1363:Oxford University Press
1195:Oxford University Press
1086:Embankment (earthworks)
446:A reinforced embankment
437:
374:Rippingale Running Dike
339:
255:, from the French word
86:The side of a levee in
1794:. pp. 1298–1307.
1734:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
859:Breakwater (structure)
773:in the United States.
610:
594:
585:River flood prevention
447:
314:
292:
266:
257:
94:
79:
21:Levee (disambiguation)
1868:10.1515/geo-2017-0035
1570:The Control of Nature
1568:McPhee, John (1989).
1301:www.preventionweb.net
1036:Coastal sediment loss
916:Failures and breaches
849:Spur dykes or groynes
667:Warring States period
665:. During the Chinese
600:
592:
516:on the shores of the
445:
298:Westfriese Omringdijk
85:
31:
2924:Geographical feature
2760:Volcanic crater lake
2203:Van der Meer formula
1030:salt-water intruding
747:cellular confinement
725:to the mouth of the
171:spelling differences
19:For other uses, see
2292:Longshore transport
2108:Cliff stabilization
2031:Coastal engineering
1859:2017OGeo....9...35A
1761:, pp. 269–271.
1669:Geography.about.com
1361:(Online ed.).
1275:National Geographic
1193:(Online ed.).
992:recurrence interval
810:around the city of
740:Great Wall of China
63:Low water revetment
48:Riverside banquette
2302:Stream restoration
2153:Honeycomb sea wall
2036:Coastal management
2010:Coastal management
1706:Dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
1675:on 1 February 2009
1331:. 11 February 2021
1218:American Scientist
881:suspended sediment
679:water conservation
611:
595:
524:civilizations and
448:
396:and alongside the
95:
80:
57:Landside banquette
3130:Fluvial landforms
3107:
3106:
3069:Civil engineering
2933:
2932:
2844:Artificial island
2750:Submarine volcano
2659:Continental shelf
2626:coastal landforms
2422:Continental plain
2357:List of landforms
2310:
2309:
2246:Living shorelines
2241:Dynamic revetment
2231:Beach nourishment
2158:Hudson's equation
1527:Kemp, Katherine.
1478:History-world.org
1369:(Subscription or
1230:10.1511/2006.57.7
1201:(Subscription or
976:Ecological impact
769:in China and the
727:Mississippi delta
711:Mississippi delta
673:was built by the
615:Mississippi River
535:Predynastic Egypt
237:Hurricane Katrina
72:Protected lowland
39:Low water channel
3142:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2879:Land reclamation
2775:Volcanic plateau
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2287:Land reclamation
2256:Soft engineering
2223:Soft engineering
2148:Hard engineering
2070:Hard engineering
2063:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1880:
1870:
1847:Open Geosciences
1838:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1671:. Archived from
1663:Matt Rosenberg.
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1432:on 26 March 2017
1428:. Archived from
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1374:
1366:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1186:
1179:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1043:birds-foot delta
985:Increased height
968:Negative impacts
871:Natural examples
816:British Columbia
619:Sacramento River
609:, in March 2005.
499:
496:
428:Northern England
390:Bourne North Fen
378:catchwater drain
342:
317:
295:
278:The modern word
269:
260:
249:American English
159:American English
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3047:
2969:
2964:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2913:
2849:Artificial reef
2832:
2794:
2770:Volcanic island
2755:Volcanic crater
2713:
2709:Volcanic island
2689:Mid-ocean ridge
2625:
2618:
2570:
2448:
2417:
2359:
2350:
2341:
2311:
2306:
2277:Coastal erosion
2272:Beach evolution
2260:
2217:
2093:Artificial reef
2064:
2055:
2046:Managed retreat
2012:
2007:
1962:Popular Science
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1566:Republished in
1559:
1557:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1368:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1080:Earth structure
1051:
1038:
1018:
1009:
1000:
987:
978:
970:
937:meander cutoffs
924:
918:
873:
861:
851:
779:
723:Cairo, Illinois
587:
498: 2600 BCE
497:
465:dry-stone walls
440:
422:, particularly
245:
205:and often runs
167:British English
132:
128:
106:
102:
78:
45:Riverside slope
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:Infrastructure
2963:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2694:Oceanic trench
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2265:Related topics
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Beach drainage
2233:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1954:External links
1952:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1853:(1): 457–467.
1833:
1815:
1808:
1782:
1773:
1763:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1686:
1655:
1619:
1585:
1578:
1550:The New Yorker
1536:
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1505:
1465:
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1235:
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1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
986:
983:
977:
974:
969:
966:
933:crevasse splay
920:Main article:
917:
914:
872:
869:
850:
847:
808:Lower Mainland
778:
775:
703:Cape Girardeau
586:
583:
553:, and because
439:
436:
244:
241:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:Riverside land
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:Landside slope
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
37:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3135:Riparian zone
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:Flood control
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
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2809:
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2797:
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2786:
2783:
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2780:Volcanic plug
2778:
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2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:Tunnel valley
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
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2590:
2587:
2585:
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2198:Training wall
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3059:Architecture
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2765:Volcanic dam
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2462:Alluvial fan
2142:
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1933:
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1273:
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1121:Sleeper dike
1104:Lava channel
1056:Bridge scour
1039:
1019:
1010:
1001:
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979:
971:
959:
956:
948:soil erosion
945:
941:
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922:Levee breach
910:spring tides
902:
894:Yellow River
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878:
874:
862:
836:
820:Fraser River
783:Bay of Fundy
780:
767:Yellow River
760:of a river.
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744:
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539:
522:Mesopotamian
480:
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417:
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382:Lincolnshire
373:
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344:
332:
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312:). The word
283:
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247:Speakers of
246:
229:Indus Valley
226:
215:
182:
178:
174:
162:
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3038:Storm drain
3008:Interchange
2624:Oceanic and
2364:Mountainous
1759:Leeder 2011
1436:12 February
1224:(1): 7–11.
843:Netherlands
828:Lulu Island
791:Nova Scotia
771:Mississippi
751:overtopping
719:New Orleans
655:Netherlands
635:Meuse River
551:river banks
491:North India
452:countryside
366:East Anglia
354:Offa's Dyke
337:, the word
335:Anglo-Saxon
272:New Orleans
263:French verb
51:Levee crown
3114:Categories
3099:Urban park
3079:Playground
3003:Footbridge
2922:See also:
2837:Artificial
2745:Lava field
2664:Coral reef
2492:Floodplain
2118:Flood wall
2103:Breakwater
2051:Submersion
2018:Management
1792:IFCEE 2015
1679:6 December
1534:Tulane.edu
1388:0833747223
1373:required.)
1307:22 January
1205:required.)
1170:References
1153:Sometimes
1127:Subsidence
1026:subsidence
952:floodwalls
905:meandering
853:See also:
839:Wadden Sea
832:Pitt River
806:". In the
732:Pine Bluff
625:, and the
579:revetments
543:Chināmitls
514:Nile Delta
506:River Nile
472:earthworks
398:River Glen
222:Floodwalls
211:floodplain
175:embankment
92:California
88:Sacramento
75:River zone
3056:See also:
2899:Reservoir
2790:Wall rock
2740:Lava dome
2699:Peninsula
2609:Ice field
2566:Waterfall
2429:Ice sheet
2408:Tableland
2348:landforms
2178:Revetment
2123:Floodgate
2098:Breachway
2083:Accropode
2026:Accretion
1887:2391-5447
1409:Histories
1376:1718–1720
865:revetment
812:Vancouver
804:aboiteaux
715:Louisiana
709:, to the
683:Min River
607:Louisiana
574:banquette
559:riverbeds
432:dry stone
404:. In the
386:soak dike
243:Etymology
183:stop bank
179:floodbank
3023:Pipeline
3018:Overpass
2998:Drainage
2988:Causeway
2859:Building
2823:Sandhill
2813:Dry lake
2718:Volcanic
2704:Seamount
2386:Mountain
2193:Tetrapod
1771:618–632.
1710:Archived
1639:Archived
1606:Archived
1602:Dtic.mil
1554:Archived
1494:cite web
1407:Tacitus
1254:27 March
1049:See also
824:Richmond
799:Acadians
762:Alluvial
758:bed load
736:Arkansas
707:Missouri
657:and the
563:spetchel
487:Pakistan
476:sandbags
461:defences
424:Scotland
362:Midlands
358:Car Dyke
322:and the
207:parallel
195:changing
3094:Theatre
3089:Stadium
2800:Aeolian
2785:Volcano
2725:Caldera
2679:Isthmus
2669:Estuary
2649:Channel
2604:Glacier
2576:Glacial
2514:Meander
2482:Channel
2454:Fluvial
2398:Plateau
2188:Seawall
2078:A-Jacks
1855:Bibcode
1648:3 April
1612:3 April
1352:"levee"
1335:28 June
1281:28 June
1270:"Levee"
1244:"Levee"
1184:"levee"
1115:Seawall
1068:Coupure
1062:Bunding
892:is the
886:thalweg
691:Sichuan
653:in the
651:Scheldt
647:Vistula
621:in the
512:to the
457:polders
420:Britain
410:Suffolk
406:Norfolk
392:, near
302:Tacitus
203:earthen
197:and to
3084:Public
3043:Tunnel
3033:Skyway
2978:Bridge
2909:Tunnel
2894:Quarry
2889:Polder
2854:Bridge
2828:Tundra
2808:Desert
2730:Geyser
2684:Lagoon
2674:Island
2589:Cirque
2561:Valley
2551:Strait
2529:Rapids
2502:island
2472:Canyon
2444:Tundra
2439:Steppe
2413:Valley
2183:Riprap
2133:Groyne
2128:Gabion
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1806:
1742:
1719:17 May
1576:
1560:12 May
1458:17 May
1426:Aup.nl
1398:London
1386:
1133:Trench
1109:Nullah
1022:mantle
797:. The
795:Canada
669:, the
663:Europe
659:Danube
603:Gretna
520:. The
413:Broads
394:Twenty
328:to dig
320:trench
306:Batavi
191:rivers
187:course
169:; see
3120:Dikes
3064:Arena
3013:Levee
2983:Canal
2884:Levee
2874:Ditch
2864:Canal
2735:Guyot
2654:Coast
2634:Atoll
2599:Fjord
2594:Esker
2584:Arête
2556:Swamp
2544:mouth
2539:delta
2534:River
2519:Oasis
2509:Levee
2487:Cliff
2467:Beach
2434:Plain
2403:Ridge
2391:range
2371:Butte
2344:Earth
2213:Xbloc
2208:Wharf
2163:KOLOS
2143:Levee
2138:Jetty
2113:Dolos
2088:Akmon
1713:(PDF)
1702:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1367:
1199:
1158:levée
1141:Notes
898:China
855:Jetty
695:China
689:, in
677:as a
643:Loire
639:Rhône
631:Rhine
510:Aswan
493:from
370:ditch
349:ditch
290:word
288:Dutch
267:lever
258:levée
253:levee
193:from
181:, or
99:levee
69:Levee
3028:Road
2904:Road
2818:Dune
2644:Cape
2524:Pond
2497:Lake
2477:Cave
2381:Hill
2376:Flat
2173:Pier
2168:Mole
1883:ISSN
1804:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1721:2013
1681:2014
1650:2019
1614:2019
1574:ISBN
1562:2011
1500:link
1486:2008
1460:2013
1438:2015
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1392:1770
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857:and
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