2837:
1932:
water, heated by identical means, one of which was, say, melted from ice, whereas the other was heated from merely cold liquid state. By comparing the resulting temperatures, he could conclude that, for instance, the temperature of the sample melted from ice was 140 °F lower than the other sample, thus melting the ice absorbed 140 "degrees of heat" that could not be measured by the thermometer, yet needed to be supplied, thus it was "latent" (hidden). Black also deduced that as much latent heat as was supplied into boiling the distillate (thus giving the quantity of fuel needed) also had to be absorbed to condense it again (thus giving the cooling water required).
1723:
42:
1612:
3272:
1761:
refer to energy transferred between a body and its surroundings, defined by the occurrence or non-occurrence of temperature change; they depend on the properties of the body. Sensible heat is sensed or felt in a process as a change in the body's temperature. Latent heat is energy transferred in a
3048:
I am inclined to believe that both of these hypotheses will be found to hold good,—that in some instances, particularly in the case of sensible heat, or such as is indicated by the thermometer, heat will be found to consist in the living force of the particles of the bodies in which it is
1931:
in search of ideal quantities of fuel and water for their distilling process—to studying system changes, such as of volume and pressure, when the thermodynamic system was held at constant temperature in a thermal bath. Black would compare the change in temperature of two identical quantities of
2024:
Intensive properties are material characteristics and are not dependent on the size or extent of the sample. Commonly quoted and tabulated in the literature are the specific latent heat of fusion and the specific latent heat of vaporization for many substances.
2701:
2826:
1833:, meaning that the system absorbs energy. For example, when water evaporates, an input of energy is required for the water molecules to overcome the forces of attraction between them and make the transition from water to vapor.
1781:, whereas sensible heat is energy transferred that is evident in change of the temperature of the atmosphere or ocean, or ice, without those phase changes, though it is associated with changes of pressure and volume.
3049:
induced; whilst in others, particularly in the case of latent heat, the phenomena are produced by the separation of particle from particle, so as to cause them to attract one another through a greater space.
1331:
4998:
2737:
from and into ice, the specific latent heat is almost constant in the temperature range from −40 °C to 0 °C and can be approximated by the following empirical quadratic function:
2602:
1765:
Both sensible and latent heats are observed in many processes of transfer of energy in nature. Latent heat is associated with the change of phase of atmospheric or ocean water,
2019:
1166:
1111:
1056:
863:
816:
731:
684:
596:
549:
2062:
767:
635:
2596:
The specific latent heat of condensation of water in the temperature range from −25 °C to 40 °C is approximated by the following empirical cubic function:
1001:
2743:
500:
2724:
839:
792:
707:
660:
572:
525:
4948:
1784:
The original usage of the term, as introduced by Black, was applied to systems that were intentionally held at constant temperature. Such usage referred to
4978:
1641:
1791:
When a body is heated at constant temperature by thermal radiation in a microwave field for example, it may expand by an amount described by its
1342:
4993:
2125:
The following table shows the specific latent heats and change of phase temperatures (at standard pressure) of some common fluids and gases.
1836:
If the vapor then condenses to a liquid on a surface, then the vapor's latent energy absorbed during evaporation is released as the liquid's
1230:
1847:
of condensation of water vapor is the reason that steam is a far more effective heating medium than boiling water, and is more hazardous.
464:
1826:). These names describe the direction of energy flow when changing from one phase to the next: from solid to liquid, and liquid to gas.
4486:
3735:
3209:
1320:
1788:
and several other related latent heats. These latent heats are defined independently of the conceptual framework of thermodynamics.
4988:
4920:
3162:
1353:
3009:
4793:
923:
4953:
4915:
1634:
1221:
890:
457:
335:
5114:
273:
4776:
1405:
1379:
900:
354:
1887:. It is an important component of Earth's surface energy budget. Latent heat flux has been commonly measured with the
4818:
4531:
4067:
3796:
3176:
2942:
2917:
306:
3887:
1458:
929:
328:
17:
4968:
4782:
4162:
3476:
3022:
2845:
1627:
3726:
3546:
3471:
3202:
2730:
1939:
characterised latent energy as the energy of interaction in a given configuration of particles, i.e. a form of
1558:
90:
2836:
1453:
4930:
4874:
4869:
4446:
3974:
3658:
3486:
2734:
1533:
1306:
283:
4491:
4042:
3963:
3922:
3668:
3541:
3286:
3026:
2959:
Thermodynamics. An
Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications
2696:{\displaystyle L_{\text{water}}(T)\approx \left(2500.8-2.36T+0.0016T^{2}-0.00006T^{3}\right)~{\text{J/g}},}
1670:
918:
121:
111:
5124:
4834:
4636:
4147:
4082:
4000:
3912:
3776:
2990:
1819:
1685:
126:
116:
4983:
4864:
4571:
4336:
4180:
1988:
1689:
1410:
1374:
152:
86:
1448:
5036:
4895:
4859:
4661:
4291:
4246:
4174:
4026:
3969:
3195:
1762:
process without change of the body's temperature, for example, in a phase change (solid/liquid/gas).
1203:
951:
397:
210:
200:
5109:
5083:
4905:
4601:
4201:
3980:
3871:
3856:
3693:
3592:
3222:
2883:
1943:, and the sensible heat as an energy that was indicated by the thermometer, relating the latter to
5119:
5078:
5003:
4925:
4854:
4798:
4730:
4626:
4541:
4451:
4416:
3892:
3587:
2102:
is the specific latent heat for a particular substance (in kJ kg or in BTU lb), either
1615:
1443:
1240:
1121:
1066:
1011:
943:
882:
418:
407:
73:
845:
798:
713:
666:
578:
531:
5068:
5030:
4910:
4621:
4052:
3612:
3602:
3352:
3347:
2873:
1548:
1265:
349:
103:
78:
3135:
2840:
Temperature-dependency of the heats of vaporization for water, methanol, benzene, and acetone.
2034:
1468:
749:
614:
5088:
4766:
4725:
4441:
4112:
3932:
3704:
2868:
2074:
is the amount of energy released or absorbed during the change of phase of the substance (in
1811:
1681:
1483:
1060:
373:
219:
68:
971:
4890:
4880:
4824:
4761:
4656:
4236:
4185:
3751:
3531:
3291:
2888:
2821:{\displaystyle L_{\text{ice}}(T)\approx \left(2834.1-0.29T-0.004T^{2}\right)~{\text{J/g}}.}
1936:
1807:
1703:
where a heat transfer caused a volume change in a body while its temperature was constant.
1666:
1563:
1488:
1478:
278:
140:
8:
4756:
4746:
4720:
4506:
4168:
4077:
4047:
3947:
3917:
3811:
3771:
3506:
3398:
3388:
3301:
3256:
2565:
1864:
1508:
1270:
292:
258:
253:
166:
1503:
482:
5019:
4963:
4900:
4677:
4556:
4551:
4341:
4152:
4137:
3719:
3653:
3582:
3416:
2878:
2709:
2440:
2028:
From this definition, the latent heat for a given mass of a substance is calculated by
1979:
1597:
1260:
1255:
1208:
824:
777:
692:
645:
557:
510:
440:
424:
311:
263:
248:
238:
47:
41:
4591:
4546:
4301:
4296:
4226:
4122:
3958:
3761:
3683:
3678:
3648:
3607:
3496:
3448:
3433:
3326:
3296:
3172:
3083:
2938:
2913:
1592:
1553:
1543:
1115:
913:
741:
243:
233:
175:
5058:
4813:
4808:
4391:
4097:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3902:
3638:
3261:
3075:
1940:
1677:
1513:
1498:
1438:
1433:
1250:
1245:
895:
363:
228:
1722:
5053:
5025:
4667:
4581:
4576:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4431:
4371:
4286:
4271:
4092:
4087:
4062:
4057:
3927:
3851:
3628:
3481:
3218:
3063:
2862:
1892:
1676:
Latent heat can be understood as hidden energy which is supplied or extracted to
1463:
1311:
965:
606:
429:
190:
157:
1905:
4803:
4700:
4476:
4456:
4421:
4356:
4276:
4117:
4107:
4016:
3866:
3836:
3791:
3786:
3426:
3421:
3378:
3311:
3306:
2237:
1944:
1680:
of a substance without changing its temperature or pressure. This includes the
1518:
1288:
388:
268:
205:
195:
63:
33:
3064:"Enthalpies of Sublimation of Organic and Organometallic Compounds. 1910–2001"
1911:
5103:
4885:
4736:
4631:
4596:
4366:
4361:
4316:
4311:
4157:
4132:
4127:
4102:
4072:
3942:
3841:
3821:
3801:
3712:
3663:
3643:
3566:
3526:
3461:
3393:
3316:
3087:
1928:
1872:
1837:
1707:
1587:
905:
474:
435:
147:
5063:
4741:
4641:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4536:
4471:
4351:
4321:
4261:
4256:
4231:
4142:
4021:
3937:
3861:
3846:
3831:
3688:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3516:
3466:
3383:
2591:
2093:
1924:
1876:
1810:
during a constant-temperature process. Two common forms of latent heat are
1770:
1766:
1696:
1538:
1523:
1473:
956:
3187:
2985:
5073:
4715:
4672:
4646:
4586:
4566:
4561:
4436:
4396:
4381:
4326:
4251:
4221:
4216:
4032:
3897:
3491:
3403:
2857:
2540:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1830:
1700:
1493:
301:
4829:
4751:
4682:
4651:
4526:
4496:
4426:
4376:
4346:
4331:
4306:
4211:
4011:
3907:
3826:
3766:
3536:
3511:
3438:
3408:
3342:
3321:
2515:
1582:
1528:
3079:
4788:
4466:
4461:
4411:
4386:
4241:
4037:
2075:
180:
3271:
3117:
2891:-- the power required to freeze or melt 2000 lb of water in 24 hours
4771:
4705:
4206:
4006:
3806:
3781:
3756:
3673:
3501:
2363:
2287:
1844:
1774:
1296:
1213:
1005:
413:
185:
1967:) required to completely effect a phase change of a unit of mass (
4281:
3953:
3633:
3521:
3456:
3373:
3368:
2490:
2465:
2338:
2212:
2187:
1823:
1815:
1778:
402:
4958:
4710:
4516:
4266:
3242:
3052:, Lecture on Matter, Living Force, and Heat. May 5 and 12, 1847
2388:
2262:
1734:– the dashed line example shows that melting and heating
3734:
4973:
4406:
3251:
3237:
2414:
4481:
4401:
2974:, third edition, Longmans, Green, and Co., London, page 73.
2831:
2313:
1860:
1711:
378:
1806:
Latent heat is energy released or absorbed by a body or a
3247:
2079:
1799:, or increase its pressure by an amount described by its
2592:
Specific latent heat for condensation of water in clouds
1695:
The term was introduced around 1762 by
Scottish chemist
2089:
1891:
technique, or more recently since the mid-1900s by the
1963:) expresses the amount of energy in the form of heat (
3166:
3103:
Yaws' Handbook of
Properties of the Chemical Elements
2746:
2712:
2605:
2037:
1991:
1124:
1069:
1014:
974:
848:
827:
801:
780:
752:
716:
695:
669:
648:
617:
581:
560:
534:
513:
485:
1726:
Graph of temperature of phases of water heated from
3031:. Episode 6. Event occurs at 50 (34 minutes). BBC.
2820:
2718:
2695:
2056:
2013:
1669:, during a constant-temperature process—usually a
1160:
1105:
1050:
995:
857:
833:
810:
786:
761:
725:
701:
678:
654:
629:
590:
566:
543:
519:
494:
2848:, the latent heat of vaporization falls to zero.
2120:
1714:, with a resultant temperature change in a body.
1665:) is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a
5101:
3142:. National Institute of Standards and Technology
3068:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
3046:, The Physical Society of London, p. 274,
1923:was introduced into calorimetry around 1750 by
2907:
2844:As the temperature (or pressure) rises to the
3720:
3203:
3062:Chickos, James S.; Acree, William E. (2002).
1635:
3171:(3rd ed.). Pergamon Press. p. 16.
3061:
3044:The Scientific Paper of James Prescott Joule
2175:
2151:
2134:
3217:
3041:
4487:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
3736:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3727:
3713:
3210:
3196:
2726:is taken to be the numerical value in °C.
1863:of energy from the Earth's surface to the
1642:
1628:
40:
4921:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
3158:
3156:
2961:, B.G. Tuebner, Leipzig, pages 9, 20–22.
2835:
2832:Variation with temperature (or pressure)
1721:
1699:. Black used the term in the context of
1950:
1875:of water at the surface and subsequent
14:
5102:
4794:Programmable communicating thermostat
3708:
3191:
3153:
3115:
2932:
27:Thermodynamic phase transition energy
4916:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
3100:
1801:latent heat with respect to pressure
2935:The Essential Dictionary of Science
24:
4777:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2983:
2865:flux (eddy correlation, eddy flux)
1793:latent heat with respect to volume
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
355:Intensive and extensive properties
25:
5136:
4819:Standard temperature and pressure
4532:Packaged terminal air conditioner
4068:Passive daytime radiative cooling
3797:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
3025:(1979). "Credit Where It's Due".
2088:is the mass of the substance (in
2014:{\displaystyle L={\frac {Q}{m}}.}
3888:Absorption-compression heat pump
3270:
3167:R. R. Rogers; M. K. Yau (1989).
1673:, like melting or condensation.
1611:
1610:
930:Table of thermodynamic equations
4783:Normal temperature and pressure
4163:Vapor-compression refrigeration
3169:A Short Course in Cloud Physics
3128:
3109:
3094:
1406:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
3055:
3035:
3015:
3006:An Elementary Latin Dictionary
2998:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2926:
2901:
2763:
2757:
2622:
2616:
2121:Table of specific latent heats
1927:—commissioned by producers of
1850:
1140:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1030:
1018:
990:
978:
13:
1:
4931:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4875:Building information modeling
4870:Building services engineering
4447:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3975:Demand controlled ventilation
3923:Building insulation materials
3659:Macroscopic quantum phenomena
2895:
1307:Mechanical equivalent of heat
4492:High-pressure cut-off switch
4043:Ice storage air conditioning
3964:Dedicated outdoor air system
3669:Order and disorder (physics)
3028:The Day the Universe Changed
2937:. Barnes & Noble Books.
1829:In both cases the change is
1706:In contrast to latent heat,
1671:first-order phase transition
919:Onsager reciprocal relations
7:
4835:Thermostatic radiator valve
4637:Thermostatic radiator valve
4148:Underfloor air distribution
4083:Radiant heating and cooling
4001:Energy recovery ventilation
3913:Automobile air conditioning
3777:Domestic energy consumption
3004:Lewis, Charlton T. (1890).
2991:Online Etymology Dictionary
2912:. Oxford University Press.
2851:
1820:latent heat of vaporization
1686:latent heat of vaporization
1411:Entropy as energy dispersal
1222:"Perpetual motion" machines
1161:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1106:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1051:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
10:
5141:
5115:Atmospheric thermodynamics
4984:Institute of Refrigeration
4865:Architectural technologist
4337:Electrostatic precipitator
1898:
1859:, latent heat flux is the
1690:latent heat of sublimation
858:{\displaystyle \partial T}
811:{\displaystyle \partial V}
726:{\displaystyle \partial p}
679:{\displaystyle \partial V}
591:{\displaystyle \partial T}
544:{\displaystyle \partial S}
5046:
5037:Volatile organic compound
5012:
4939:
4896:Environmental engineering
4860:Architectural engineering
4843:
4691:
4662:Ultra-low particulate air
4247:Automatic balancing valve
4194:
4175:Variable refrigerant flow
4027:Heat recovery ventilation
3970:Deep water source cooling
3880:
3742:
3621:
3575:
3447:
3361:
3335:
3279:
3268:
3230:
3122:The Physics Hypertextbook
2933:Clark, John O.E. (2004).
2174:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2143:
2133:
2130:
1710:is energy transferred as
1332:An Inquiry Concerning the
5084:Template:Home automation
4906:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4602:Solar-assisted heat pump
4202:Air conditioner inverter
3981:Displacement ventilation
3872:Vapour pressure of water
3857:Thermal destratification
3694:Thermo-dielectric effect
3593:Enthalpy of vaporization
3287:Bose–Einstein condensate
2910:A to Z of Thermodynamics
2884:Enthalpy of vaporization
2057:{\displaystyle Q={m}{L}}
1867:that is associated with
1797:latent heat of expansion
1786:latent heat of expansion
1728:−100 °C
1717:
1688:(liquid to gas) and the
1345:Heterogeneous Substances
762:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
630:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
5079:World Refrigeration Day
4926:Refrigerant reclamation
4855:Architectural acoustics
4799:Programmable thermostat
4731:Clean air delivery rate
4627:Thermal expansion valve
4542:Pressurisation ductwork
4452:Ground source heat pump
3893:Absorption refrigerator
3588:Enthalpy of sublimation
2908:Perrot, Pierre (1998).
1978:, of a substance as an
1843:The large value of the
1740:−50 °C
1684:(solid to liquid), the
5069:Glossary of HVAC terms
5031:Sick building syndrome
4911:Mechanical engineering
4622:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4053:Mixed-mode ventilation
3603:Latent internal energy
3353:Color-glass condensate
3101:Yaws, Carl L. (2011).
2970:Maxwell, J.C. (1872).
2874:Specific heat capacity
2841:
2822:
2720:
2706:where the temperature
2697:
2058:
2015:
1750:
1663:heat of transformation
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
996:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
496:
475:Specific heat capacity
79:Quantum thermodynamics
5089:Template:Solar energy
4767:Intelligent buildings
4726:Carbon dioxide sensor
4113:Room air distribution
3933:Central solar heating
3413:Magnetically ordered
3163:Polynomial curve fits
3116:Elert, Glenn (2021).
2869:Sublimation (physics)
2839:
2823:
2721:
2698:
2059:
2016:
1812:latent heat of fusion
1725:
1682:latent heat of fusion
1343:On the Equilibrium of
1163:
1108:
1061:Helmholtz free energy
1053:
998:
860:
836:
813:
789:
764:
728:
704:
681:
657:
632:
593:
569:
546:
522:
497:
4891:Duct leakage testing
4881:Deep energy retrofit
4825:Thermographic camera
4762:Infrared thermometer
4237:Air source heat pump
4186:Water heat recycling
3752:Air changes per hour
3292:Fermionic condensate
3042:J. P. Joule (1884),
2957:Bryan, G.H. (1907).
2889:Ton of refrigeration
2744:
2710:
2603:
2035:
1989:
1951:Specific latent heat
1937:James Prescott Joule
1808:thermodynamic system
1667:thermodynamic system
1356:Motive Power of Fire
1122:
1067:
1012:
972:
924:Bridgman's equations
901:Fundamental relation
846:
825:
799:
778:
750:
714:
693:
667:
646:
615:
579:
558:
532:
511:
483:
4757:HVAC control system
4747:Home energy monitor
4721:Building automation
4507:Inverter compressor
4169:Variable air volume
4078:Passive ventilation
4048:Kitchen ventilation
3948:Constant air volume
3918:Autonomous building
3507:Chemical ionization
3399:Programmable matter
3389:Quantum spin liquid
3257:Supercritical fluid
1334:Source ... Friction
1266:Loschmidt's paradox
458:Material properties
336:Conjugate variables
5125:Physical phenomena
5020:Indoor air quality
4964:ASTM International
4901:Hydronic balancing
4678:Wood-burning stove
4557:Radiator reflector
4342:Evaporative cooler
4153:Underfloor heating
4138:Thermal insulation
3654:Leidenfrost effect
3583:Enthalpy of fusion
3348:Quark–gluon plasma
2879:Enthalpy of fusion
2842:
2818:
2716:
2693:
2054:
2011:
1980:intensive property
1840:onto the surface.
1751:
1598:Order and disorder
1354:Reflections on the
1261:Heat death paradox
1158:
1103:
1048:
993:
855:
831:
808:
784:
759:
723:
699:
676:
652:
627:
588:
564:
541:
517:
495:{\displaystyle c=}
492:
465:Property databases
441:Reduced properties
425:Chemical potential
389:Functions of state
312:Thermal efficiency
48:Carnot heat engine
5097:
5096:
5013:Health and safety
4592:Scroll compressor
4547:Process duct work
4302:Convection heater
4297:Condensing boiler
4227:Air-mixing plenum
4123:Solar combisystem
3959:Cross ventilation
3762:Building envelope
3702:
3701:
3684:Superheated vapor
3679:Superconductivity
3649:Equation of state
3497:Flash evaporation
3449:Phase transitions
3434:String-net liquid
3327:Photonic molecule
3297:Degenerate matter
3080:10.1063/1.1475333
2984:Harper, Douglas.
2813:
2809:
2754:
2719:{\displaystyle T}
2688:
2684:
2613:
2589:
2588:
2116:for vaporization.
2006:
1909:comes from Latin
1903:The English word
1732:200 °C
1652:
1651:
1593:Self-organization
1418:
1417:
1116:Gibbs free energy
914:Maxwell relations
872:
871:
868:
867:
834:{\displaystyle V}
787:{\displaystyle 1}
742:Thermal expansion
736:
735:
702:{\displaystyle V}
655:{\displaystyle 1}
601:
600:
567:{\displaystyle N}
520:{\displaystyle T}
448:
447:
364:Process functions
350:Property diagrams
329:System properties
319:
318:
284:Endoreversibility
176:Equation of state
16:(Redirected from
5132:
5059:Building science
4814:Smart thermostat
4809:Room temperature
4392:Fireplace insert
4098:Radon mitigation
3996:Electric heating
3991:District heating
3986:District cooling
3903:Air conditioning
3729:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3639:Compressed fluid
3274:
3219:States of matter
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3019:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2905:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2660:
2659:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2177:
2153:
2136:
2128:
2127:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1977:
1976:
1941:potential energy
1749:
1745:
1744:40 °C
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1692:(solid to gas).
1678:change the state
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1321:Key publications
1302:
1301:("living force")
1251:Brownian ratchet
1246:Entropy and life
1241:Entropy and time
1192:
1191:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
896:Clausius theorem
891:Carnot's theorem
864:
862:
861:
856:
840:
838:
837:
832:
817:
815:
814:
809:
793:
791:
790:
785:
772:
771:
768:
766:
765:
760:
732:
730:
729:
724:
708:
706:
705:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
661:
659:
658:
653:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
628:
597:
595:
594:
589:
573:
571:
570:
565:
550:
548:
547:
542:
526:
524:
523:
518:
505:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
471:
470:
344:
343:
163:
162:
44:
30:
29:
21:
18:Latent heat flux
5140:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5110:Thermochemistry
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5054:ASHRAE Handbook
5042:
5026:Passive smoking
5008:
4941:
4935:
4847:
4845:
4839:
4693:
4687:
4668:Whole-house fan
4582:Run-around coil
4577:Reversing valve
4522:Mechanical room
4512:Kerosene heater
4502:Infrared heater
4432:Gasoline heater
4372:Fan filter unit
4287:Condensate pump
4272:Centrifugal fan
4190:
4093:Radiant heating
4088:Radiant cooling
4063:Passive cooling
4058:Microgeneration
3928:Central heating
3876:
3852:Thermal comfort
3744:
3738:
3733:
3703:
3698:
3629:Baryonic matter
3617:
3571:
3542:Saturated fluid
3482:Crystallization
3443:
3417:Antiferromagnet
3357:
3331:
3275:
3266:
3226:
3216:
3186:
3179:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3114:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3060:
3056:
3040:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2863:Eddy covariance
2854:
2834:
2810:
2796:
2792:
2773:
2769:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2685:
2671:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2632:
2628:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2115:
2109:for fusion, or
2108:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1901:
1893:eddy covariance
1853:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1657:(also known as
1648:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1398:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1256:Maxwell's demon
1218:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
973:
970:
969:
968:
966:Internal energy
961:
946:
936:
935:
910:
885:
875:
874:
873:
847:
844:
843:
826:
823:
822:
800:
797:
796:
779:
776:
775:
751:
748:
747:
715:
712:
711:
694:
691:
690:
668:
665:
664:
647:
644:
643:
616:
613:
612:
607:Compressibility
580:
577:
576:
559:
556:
555:
533:
530:
529:
512:
509:
508:
484:
481:
480:
460:
450:
449:
430:Particle number
383:
342:
331:
321:
320:
279:Irreversibility
191:State of matter
158:Isolated system
143:
133:
132:
131:
106:
96:
95:
91:Non-equilibrium
83:
58:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5120:Thermodynamics
5117:
5112:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4849:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Psychrometrics
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Air flow meter
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:Heating system
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:Heat exchanger
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Gas compressor
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Expansion tank
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4277:Ceramic heater
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Solar air heat
4115:
4110:
4108:Renewable heat
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4019:
4017:Forced-air gas
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3867:Thermodynamics
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3837:Psychrometrics
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Gas compressor
3789:
3787:Fluid dynamics
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3608:Trouton's rule
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Critical point
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Liquid crystal
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Strange matter
3309:
3307:Rydberg matter
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3165:to Table 2.1.
3152:
3127:
3108:
3093:
3074:(2): 537–698.
3054:
3034:
3014:
2997:
2976:
2972:Theory of Heat
2963:
2950:
2943:
2925:
2918:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2846:critical point
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2750:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2609:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2238:Carbon dioxide
2234:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2149:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2097:
2083:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1952:
1949:
1945:thermal energy
1900:
1897:
1852:
1849:
1719:
1716:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:Thermodynamics
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1289:Caloric theory
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1003:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
921:
916:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
854:
851:
841:
830:
819:
818:
807:
804:
794:
783:
769:
758:
755:
745:
738:
737:
734:
733:
722:
719:
709:
698:
687:
686:
675:
672:
662:
651:
637:
626:
623:
620:
610:
603:
602:
599:
598:
587:
584:
574:
563:
552:
551:
540:
537:
527:
516:
502:
491:
488:
478:
469:
468:
467:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
422:
411:
392:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Free expansion
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
206:Control volume
203:
198:
196:Phase (matter)
193:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:The classical
45:
37:
36:
34:Thermodynamics
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5137:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4942:organizations
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Duct cleaning
4884:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Control valve
4735:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Turning vanes
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Thermal wheel
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Solar chimney
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Fan coil unit
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Cooling tower
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Vapor barrier
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Solar heating
4131:
4129:
4128:Solar cooling
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Refrigeration
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Passive house
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Chilled water
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Sensible heat
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Noise control
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Heat transfer
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Mpemba effect
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Cooling curve
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3567:Vitrification
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Recombination
3530:
3528:
3527:Melting point
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:Critical line
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Boiling point
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Exotic matter
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3180:
3178:0-7506-3215-1
3174:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3136:"Formic acid"
3131:
3123:
3119:
3118:"Latent Heat"
3112:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2946:
2944:0-7607-4616-8
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2919:0-19-856552-6
2915:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2838:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2713:
2690:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Ethyl alcohol
2186:
2185:
2156:vaporization
2129:
2126:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1959:latent heat (
1958:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1929:Scotch whisky
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:transpiration
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:sensible heat
1834:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:sensible heat
1724:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:sensible heat
1704:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:latent energy
1656:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Self-assembly
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:van der Waals
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:von Helmholtz
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
981:
975:
967:
964:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:Ideal gas law
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
879:
878:
852:
842:
828:
821:
820:
805:
795:
781:
774:
773:
770:
756:
753:
746:
743:
740:
739:
720:
710:
696:
689:
688:
673:
663:
649:
642:
641:
638:
624:
621:
618:
611:
608:
605:
604:
585:
575:
561:
554:
553:
538:
528:
514:
507:
506:
503:
489:
486:
479:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
442:
439:
437:
436:Vapor quality
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
365:
362:
361:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
341:
337:
330:
325:
324:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
291:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Reversibility
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
218:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Closed system
146:
145:
142:
137:
136:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
100:
99:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
5064:Fireproofing
4848:and services
4844:Professions,
4742:Gas detector
4642:Trickle vent
4617:Smoke damper
4612:Smoke canopy
4607:Space heater
4537:Plenum space
4472:Heating film
4352:Exhaust hood
4322:Dehumidifier
4262:Blast damper
4257:Barrier pipe
4232:Air purifier
4143:Thermosiphon
4022:Free cooling
3938:Chilled beam
3862:Thermal mass
3847:Stack effect
3832:Particulates
3816:
3812:Infiltration
3743:Fundamental
3689:Superheating
3597:
3562:Vaporization
3557:Triple point
3552:Supercooling
3517:Lambda point
3467:Condensation
3384:Time crystal
3362:Other states
3302:Quantum Hall
3168:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:NIST WebBook
3139:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3102:
3096:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3008:. Entry for
3005:
3000:
2989:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2934:
2928:
2909:
2903:
2843:
2728:
2705:
2595:
2439:Refrigerant
2413:Refrigerant
2180:Sublimation
2124:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2066:
2027:
2023:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1934:
1925:Joseph Black
1920:
1917:lying hidden
1916:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1877:condensation
1854:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1771:condensation
1767:vaporization
1764:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1742:to water at
1705:
1697:Joseph Black
1694:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1449:Carathéodory
1380:Heat engines
1352:
1341:
1330:
1312:Motive power
1297:
957:Free entropy
928:
428:
427: /
417:
416: /
408:introduction
401:
400: /
339:
302:Heat engines
89: /
5074:Warm Spaces
4716:Blower door
4694:and control
4692:Measurement
4673:Windcatcher
4647:Trombe wall
4587:Sail switch
4567:Refrigerant
4562:Recuperator
4437:Grease duct
4397:Freeze stat
4382:Fire damper
4252:Back boiler
4222:Air ionizer
4217:Air handler
4181:Ventilation
4033:Hybrid heat
3898:Air barrier
3817:Latent heat
3598:Latent heat
3547:Sublimation
3492:Evaporation
3427:Ferromagnet
3422:Ferrimagnet
3404:Dark matter
3336:High energy
3023:James Burke
2858:Bowen ratio
2731:sublimation
2541:Formic Acid
1971:), usually
1921:latent heat
1919:. The term
1889:Bowen ratio
1885:troposphere
1881:water vapor
1869:evaporation
1857:meteorology
1851:Meteorology
1831:endothermic
1759:latent heat
1701:calorimetry
1655:Latent heat
1271:Synergetics
952:Free energy
398:Temperature
259:Quasistatic
254:Isenthalpic
211:Instruments
201:Equilibrium
153:Open system
87:Equilibrium
69:Statistical
5104:Categories
4830:Thermostat
4752:Humidistat
4683:Zone valve
4652:TurboSwing
4527:Oil heater
4497:Humidifier
4427:Gas heater
4377:Fan heater
4347:Evaporator
4332:Economizer
4307:Compressor
4212:Air filter
4195:Components
4012:Forced-air
3908:Antifreeze
3881:Technology
3827:Outgassing
3767:Convection
3613:Volatility
3576:Quantities
3537:Regelation
3512:Ionization
3487:Deposition
3439:Superglass
3409:Antimatter
3343:QCD matter
3322:Supersolid
3317:Superfluid
3280:Low energy
3146:2024-07-31
2896:References
2735:deposition
2516:Turpentine
2131:Substance
1915:, meaning
1865:atmosphere
1753:The terms
1738:of ice at
1736:1 kg
1583:Nucleation
1427:Scientists
1231:Philosophy
944:Potentials
307:Heat pumps
264:Polytropic
249:Isentropic
239:Isothermal
4940:Industry
4789:OpenTherm
4467:Heat pump
4462:Heat pipe
4412:Fume hood
4387:Fireplace
4292:Condenser
4242:Attic fan
4038:Hydronics
3105:. Knovel.
3088:0047-2689
2787:−
2778:−
2767:≈
2662:−
2637:−
2626:≈
2576:2264.705
1564:Waterston
1514:von Mayer
1469:de Donder
1459:Clapeyron
1439:Boltzmann
1434:Bernoulli
1395:Education
1366:Timelines
1150:−
1095:−
883:Equations
850:∂
803:∂
754:α
718:∂
671:∂
625:−
619:β
583:∂
536:∂
244:Adiabatic
234:Isochoric
220:Processes
181:Ideal gas
64:Classical
5047:See also
4772:LonWorks
4706:Aquastat
4572:Register
4552:Radiator
4207:Air door
4007:Firestop
3807:Humidity
3782:Enthalpy
3772:Dilution
3757:Bake-out
3745:concepts
3674:Spinodal
3622:Concepts
3502:Freezing
2986:"latent"
2852:See also
2482:3538.15
2364:Nitrogen
2330:2023.15
2288:Hydrogen
2276:−268.93
2182:(kJ/kg)
2168:Boiling
2161:Boiling
2158:(kJ/kg)
2144:Melting
2141:(kJ/kg)
1957:specific
1895:method.
1845:enthalpy
1775:freezing
1616:Category
1554:Thompson
1464:Clausius
1444:Bridgman
1298:Vis viva
1280:Theories
1214:Gas laws
1006:Enthalpy
414:Pressure
229:Isobaric
186:Real gas
74:Chemical
57:Branches
4846:trades,
4417:Furnace
4282:Chiller
3954:Coolant
3634:Binodal
3522:Melting
3457:Boiling
3374:Crystal
3369:Colloid
2665:0.00006
2582:373.15
2554:100.75
2545:275.46
2535:
2532:427.15
2523:
2520:
2510:
2507:383.75
2491:Toluene
2485:
2466:Silicon
2460:
2457:248.15
2445:
2434:
2431:246.55
2419:
2408:
2383:
2358:
2355:111.55
2352:−161.6
2346:−182.6
2339:Methane
2333:
2308:
2282:
2270:
2267:
2254:194.69
2251:−78.46
2232:
2229:239.81
2226:−33.34
2220:−77.74
2217:332.17
2213:Ammonia
2207:
2204:351.45
2139:fusion
2067:where:
1935:Later,
1899:History
1883:in the
1824:boiling
1816:melting
1779:melting
1539:Smeaton
1534:Rankine
1524:Onsager
1509:Maxwell
1504:Massieu
1209:Entropy
1204:General
1195:History
1185:Culture
1182:History
406: (
403:Entropy
340:italics
141:Systems
4999:SMACNA
4959:ASHRAE
4779:(MERV)
4733:(CADR)
4711:BACnet
4664:(ULPA)
4517:Louver
4442:Grille
4317:Damper
4267:Boiler
4165:(VCRS)
3966:(DOAS)
3262:Plasma
3243:Liquid
3175:
3086:
3010:latens
2941:
2916:
2808:
2775:2834.1
2683:
2649:0.0016
2634:2500.8
2557:373.9
2504:110.6
2476:12800
2451:326.5
2428:−26.6
2425:215.9
2405:90.15
2389:Oxygen
2380:77.15
2321:327.5
2305:20.15
2263:Helium
2170:point
2163:point
2146:point
2096:), and
2092:or in
2078:or in
1912:latēns
1906:latent
1818:) and
1748:600 kJ
1746:needs
1529:Planck
1519:Nernst
1494:Kelvin
1454:Carnot
744:
609:
477:
419:Volume
334:Note:
293:Cycles
122:Second
112:Zeroth
5039:(VOC)
5033:(SBS)
5022:(IAQ)
4979:CIBSE
4974:BSRIA
4877:(BIM)
4821:(STP)
4785:(NTP)
4407:Freon
4177:(VRF)
4171:(VAV)
4029:(HRV)
4003:(ERV)
3977:(DCV)
3950:(CAV)
3252:Vapor
3238:Solid
3231:State
2790:0.004
2612:water
2585:2840
2566:Water
2560:1300
2551:1010
2548:8.35
2495:72.1
2479:3265
2473:1414
2470:1790
2448:−116
2441:R152a
2422:−101
2415:R134a
2402:−183
2396:−219
2393:13.9
2377:−196
2371:−210
2368:25.7
2327:1750
2318:23.0
2302:−253
2296:−259
2279:4.22
2257:570
2223:1369
2201:78.3
2195:−114
2165:(°C)
2148:(°C)
1718:Usage
1577:Other
1544:Stahl
1499:Lewis
1489:Joule
1479:Gibbs
1474:Duhem
167:State
127:Third
117:First
4994:LEED
4954:AMCA
4949:AHRI
4482:HEPA
4402:Flue
4327:Duct
3223:list
3173:ISBN
3084:ISSN
2939:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2781:0.29
2733:and
2729:For
2640:2.36
2579:100
2570:334
2529:154
2526:293
2501:351
2498:−93
2454:−25
2399:213
2374:200
2349:511
2324:871
2314:Lead
2299:455
2290:(2)
2248:574
2245:−78
2242:184
2198:855
2192:108
2172:(K)
1861:flux
1757:and
1712:heat
1549:Tait
379:Heat
374:Work
104:Laws
5004:UMC
4989:IIR
4969:BRE
4362:Fan
3248:Gas
3076:doi
2812:J/g
2753:ice
2687:J/g
2343:59
2293:58
2273:21
2178:of
2176:SLH
2154:of
2152:SLH
2137:of
2135:SLH
2080:BTU
1879:of
1871:or
1855:In
1795:or
1777:or
1730:to
1661:or
1392:Art
338:in
5106::
3250:/
3155:^
3138:.
3120:.
3082:.
3072:31
3070:.
3066:.
2988:.
2573:0
2094:lb
2090:kg
2082:),
2076:kJ
1982::
1975:kg
1955:A
1947:.
1803:.
1773:,
1769:,
3728:e
3721:t
3714:v
3225:)
3221:(
3211:e
3204:t
3197:v
3181:.
3149:.
3124:.
3090:.
3078::
3012:.
2994:.
2947:.
2922:.
2816:.
2804:)
2798:2
2794:T
2784:T
2771:(
2764:)
2761:T
2758:(
2749:L
2714:T
2691:,
2679:)
2673:3
2669:T
2657:2
2653:T
2646:+
2643:T
2630:(
2623:)
2620:T
2617:(
2608:L
2114:v
2111:L
2107:f
2104:L
2100:L
2086:m
2072:Q
2051:L
2046:m
2042:=
2039:Q
2009:.
2004:m
2001:Q
1996:=
1993:L
1973:1
1969:m
1965:Q
1961:L
1822:(
1814:(
1643:e
1636:t
1629:v
1156:S
1153:T
1147:H
1144:=
1141:)
1138:p
1135:,
1132:T
1129:(
1126:G
1101:S
1098:T
1092:U
1089:=
1086:)
1083:V
1080:,
1077:T
1074:(
1071:A
1046:V
1043:p
1040:+
1037:U
1034:=
1031:)
1028:p
1025:,
1022:S
1019:(
1016:H
991:)
988:V
985:,
982:S
979:(
976:U
853:T
829:V
806:V
782:1
757:=
721:p
697:V
674:V
650:1
622:=
586:T
562:N
539:S
515:T
490:=
487:c
410:)
20:)
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