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1699:. The dispute grew out of proportion when both bishops were convicted and given prison sentences for disobeying the government's order to rescind their expulsions. As Catholicism was the state religion, the Emperor exercised, with the papacy's acquiescence, a great deal of control over church affairs—paying clerical salaries, appointing parish priests, nominating bishops, ratifying papal bulls, and overseeing seminaries. As a result of the furor over the handling of the affair, Rio Branco and his cabinet resigned, "disunited and weary after four years in office", according to historian Roderick J. Barman. Pedro II asked Caxias to form a new cabinet. The duke later gave a remarkable account of their meeting:
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nation's existence; they had only known a stable administration and prosperity. The young politicians saw no reason to uphold and defend the imperial office as a unifying force beneficial to the nation. Times were changing fast, and Caxias was aware of the situation. He became increasingly nostalgic for the former times he had spent with his now-dead
Conservative Party colleagues and held a pessimistic view of future political prospects. When Itaboraí—one of the last survivors of those Conservative leaders who had begun their careers during the 1830s—died in 1872, the duke wrote to a friend: "Who will replace him? I don't know, I cannot see ... The vacuum he left will not be filled, as it was not with Eusébio,
905:. Nonetheless, Luís Alves was promoted to the rank of major on 2 December 1828 and made second-in-command of the Emperor's Battalion in early 1829. During his stay in Montevideo, he met María Ángela Furriol González Luna. How far their relationship progressed is unknown, but there may have been a failed engagement. He returned to Rio de Janeiro and witnessed the increasing deterioration in Emperor Pedro I's political position. A growing opposition to Pedro I's policies eventually erupted into mass protests at the Field of Santana in downtown Rio de Janeiro on 6 April 1831. The situation became more ominous when several military units, led by Luís Alves's father and uncles, joined the protests.
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service, he would summon the
Liberals and would have to tell everybody that I was responsible for the consequence, all the while encircling me with his arms. I pointed out to him my circumstances, my age, and my infirmity; but he concurred in nothing. To free myself from him, I should have had to shove him off, and this I could not do. I bowed my head and said that I would do what he wanted but that I was sure that he would have cause for regret, since I would not be minister for long, because I would die from work and troubles. However, he listened to nothing and told me that I should only do what I could do but that I must not abandon him, since he would in that case abandon us and go away.
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1996:, to petition him to reconcile with officers of the Left Brigade with whom he had become estranged. The meeting had barely ended when two officers of the Left Brigade arrived, bringing news that Labatut had been arrested. The view of historian Afonso de Carvalho is that Luís Alves, whose name appears last in the minutes, signed under protest and felt uncomfortable with the idea of sending a delegation to talk with the commander-in-chief. Taking a part in a plot to remove Labatut from the command and arrest him would have been even more unlikely. Also, unlike his uncle and other relatives in the army, he was not rewarded with any
980:
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1114:
1308:, but according to Needell, he "was first and foremost a military man. Personal fealty to the Empire came before any other. As so many did, he identified this loyalty with fealty to the Crown in abstraction and to Dom Pedro personally." He was a choice that could please all sides. Caxias, said Needell, "was not so much a political man as a man profoundly loyal to the Monarchy with which he ... had come to identify with the Conservative Party. Thus, Paraná may have appointed Caxias to reassure traditional Conservatives without endangering the more independent political position Paraná was taking."
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factions. The army, "demoralized by the far from exemplary part it had played in the April
Revolution ," said historian C. H. Haring, "became the ready tool of any popular agitator or demagogue, and often the source of riot and sedition." The government severely reduced the size of the standing army and effectively replaced it with the newly created National Guard, a militia force. In July 1831, without troops to command, Luís Alves and other officers joined the Volunteer Soldier-Officers Battalion as soldiers. As second in command of that unit, he put down a mutiny of navy artillerymen led by
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1749:, in the countryside of Rio de Janeiro province. On 7 May 1880 at 11 pm he quietly died, attended by members of his family. A saddened Pedro II (who visited Caxias several times during his long illness) remarked about his "friend of almost a half century", that he had "known him, and esteemed him since 1832. He was 76, almost 77 years old. And so we remain in this world." Caxias asked for a simple funeral, with no pomp, no honors, no invitations, and only six soldiers of good conduct to carry his coffin. His last wish was not entirely respected: Pedro II sent a
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1796:"—more than D. Pedro II—the Empire." Francisco Doratioto said that the duke "in Paraguay had doubts, pride, resentment, and made mistakes; in short, he was a real character ... Caxias, however, was able to rise above his limitations, imposed on himself great personal sacrifices and incorporated the responsibility of accomplishing the objective ... In this context, Caxias was, indeed, a hero; he carried with him, it is true, social and political prejudices of his time, but one can not demand from the past the observance of present-day values."
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1788:(protector) of the army, making him the most important figure in its tradition. According to Adriana Barreto de Souza, Francisco Doratioto and Celso Castro, Caxias supplanted Osório because he was seen as a loyal and dutiful officer who could serve as a role model in a Brazilian republic plagued since its birth in 1889 by military insubordination, rebellions and coups. "His name", said the historian Thomas Whigham, "has become synonymous with the upright officer and citizen who never breaks the law—hence the popular term
1133:, one of Caxias's uncles, joined the rebels. His father, Francisco de Lima, and possibly another uncle (the Minister of War at the time), also secretly supported the rebellion. On 28 September 1842, Caxias was appointed president and military commander of the province of Rio Grande do Sul. The 16-year-old Pedro II allowed Caxias to prove once more that he was unlike his father and uncles and gave him a short and direct order: "End this revolution, as you have ended the others." Caxias brought with him a fellow
2023:, whom Caxias replaced on two different occasions. The first was a brief transfer of command which occurred from 9 February 1867 until 1 August 1867, when Mitre traveled to Argentina. Mitre relinquished the position a second, and final, time on 14 January 1868, when several rebellions in Argentina and the death of his Vice-President forced a return to his country. The position of Commander-in-Chief was later abolished officially on 3 October 1868, although the role continued to be filled informally by Caxias.
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known each other since 1831 and had formed a deep friendship and strong bond based on trust and views in common. Paraná had been facing overwhelming opposition in parliament from members of his, and Caxias's, own party. Under the guise of correcting flaws in elections so that all parties would have legitimate access to representation in parliament, Paraná attempted to pass electoral reforms that would, in practice, allot cabinets even more influence to meddle in elections through coercion and patronage. The
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senator in his own right, had long since lost his former influence and had not held any office of importance for years. Nevertheless, Caxias and
Francisco de Lima maintained a loving and respectful relationship to the very end, as may be seen in the few surviving letters between them. His relationship with other family members, however, was marred by resentment, as he told his wife years later: "We are placed in the foreground of our society, causing even envy to your relatives and to mine as well."
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his staff as acting commander, and left for Brazil on 19 January 1869. The
Emperor was angered that the marquis had left his post without permission, and especially that Caxias had declared the war to have been already won—even though López was still at large and regrouping his few remaining military assets. Caxias's ill-conceived decision seriously endangered the hard-won achievements of the past months, even as the objective of eliminating López as a threat remained tantalizingly within reach.
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expressed gratitude for his loyalty, but instead ordered him to take the
Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana and join the rebels, preferring abdication to bloodshedding. Decades later, Luís Alves said in the Brazilian Senate: "I marched along with the Emperor's Battalion to the Field of Santana, out of devotion to competent orders . I was not a revolutionary. I esteemed the Abdication. I judged that it would be of advantage to Brazil, but I did not concur directly or indirectly with it."
793:. The entire course (which ran from the first to seventh year) was mandatory for artillerymen and engineers but infantrymen were only required to take first- and fifth-year classes. Luís Alves took the first- and fifth-year classes in 1818 and 1819, respectively. Though he could have skipped the other years, he chose to take second-year classes in 1820 and third-year classes in 1821. The subjects he studied in the Royal Military Academy ranged from arithmetic, algebra and geometry to
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1332:(prime minister) of the Council of Ministers to meddle in elections. Unexpectedly, Paraná fell ill and died on 3 September 1856. Caxias replaced him, but was reluctant to face the legislature, elected under the electoral reform, that was slated to convene the next year. He resigned, along with the other cabinet ministers, on 4 May 1857. The Law of the Circles and the controversy surrounding it split the Conservative Party: one faction was the
1784:. Caxias was held to be a minor figure in comparison to Erval. His reputation slowly grew, and in 1923, the Ministry of the Army created an annual celebration in his honor. In 1925, his birthday officially became the "Day of the Soldier", which commemorates the Brazilian army. On 25 August 1949, his remains, along with those of his wife, were exhumed and reinterred in Rio de Janeiro's Duke of Caxias Pantheon. On 13 March 1962, Caxias became
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brilliant army officer", also "Brazil's most famous military figure" and a man "who was genuinely loyal to the throne". To
Whigham, the duke was "destined to occupy a lofty spot in Brazil's national mythology. He often had to act as a statesman as much as military man" and was "hrewdly competent in both roles". Hélio Viana regarded Caxias as "the greatest soldier of Brazil", a view shared by Eugênio Vilhena de Morais,
1684:, which Caxias voted for. The law was to emancipate children born to slave women after its enactment. With half of Conservative Party members supporting the bill and the other half staunchly opposed, a serious rift opened in the ranks. Opponents represented the interests of powerful coffee farmers such as Caxias, planters who had long been the main political, social, and economic supporters of the Conservative Party.
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upstarts. Newspapers connected to political enemies of his family took advantage of this disagreement to level serious, but unfounded, accusations against him, including that he had kidnapped Ana Luísa. Despite the invective, their marriage was a happy one and three children resulted: Luísa de Loreto Viana de Lima, Ana de Loreto Viana de Lima and Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, born in 1833, 1836 and 1847, respectively.
739:, capital of both the Rio de Janeiro captaincy and of Brazil. He had neither noble rank nor noble ancestry and lacked patrons in an environment in which advancement depended upon exchanges of favors and family connections. Having fought against the Spaniards on Brazil's southern frontiers, he secured a place for himself in Rio de Janeiro's upper class when he married a member of a local and influential family.
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1515:. The Progressive cabinet decided to create a unified command over Brazilian forces operating in Paraguay, and it turned to the 63-year-old Caxias (made permanent army marshal on 13 January) as the new leader on 10 October 1866. He told his wife that the reason he had accepted the post was because the war "was an evil that has reached more or less all, from the Emperor to the most unfortunate slave."
702:, but with time surpassed even Erval's renown. In 1925 his birthday was established as the Day of the Soldier, a day of honor for the Brazilian army. On 13 March 1962 he was officially designated the army's protector—its soldierly ideal and the most important figure in its tradition. Historians have regarded Caxias positively, several ranking him as the greatest of Brazil's military officers.
1642:"and the same would have had happened to me, had I not resolved to get out of that hell." Pedro II was greatly disappointed in Caxias, but he was also very aware that the marquis was the person most responsible for the great successes during the war, accomplishments that had come at the cost of years of sacrifice and personal bravery. The Emperor called the marquis to the Imperial Palace, the
1149:. When threatened, the rebels escaped to safety in nearby Uruguay (formerly Cisplatina). As in Maranhão, São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Caxias planted spies within the enemy's ranks to gather information and to foment dissension. Historian Roderick J. Barman said that he "displayed military, organizational, and political talents essential to what is now termed '
1240:(later Count of Porto Alegre) to lead the former force. Caxias met and befriended Marques de Sousa, who had served under his command in the War of the Ragamuffins, during his trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839. The Brazilian division, led by Marques de Sousa, along with Uruguayan and Argentine rebel troops, invaded Argentina. On 3 February 1852, in the
695:(prime minister) in 1856; he briefly held that office again in 1861, but fell when his party lost its parliamentary majority. Over the decades Caxias witnessed the growth and zenith of his party, then its slow decline as internal conflict divided it. In 1875, he headed a cabinet for the last time, and after years of failing health he died in May 1880.
1526:(later the Viscount of Inhaúma) to lead the navy. From October 1866 until July 1867, all offensive operations were suspended. During this period, Caxias trained his soldiers, re-equipped the army with newer guns, improved the quality of the officer corps, and upgraded the health corps and overall hygiene of the troops, putting an end to epidemics.
1228:(later Viscount of Uruguai), forged an anti-Rosas alliance between Brazil, Uruguay and rebel Argentine provinces. When Paulino Soares asked who should be appointed as Brazil's representative among the allied forces, Caxias suggested Honório Hermeto. Honório Hermeto, who had been ostracized by his peers after his fall in 1844, was the
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1845. He was made a permanent field marshal on 25 March, and raised to the rank of count on 2 April. Caxias ran for a Senate seat, and being among the three candidates with the most votes, he was selected by the
Emperor in late 1845 as the senator representing Rio Grande do Sul. He took his Senate seat on 11 May 1846.
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In the final attempt, the
Brazilian soldiers panicked and began to flee in disorder. Caxias, witnessing the unfolding disaster, unsheathed his sword and charged on horseback toward the bridge, followed by his staff. He passed through the fleeing troops, shouting "Hail to His Majesty", "Hail to Brazil" and finally, "
2037:, he asserted that he had "deliberately spread cholera in Corrientes and other provinces hostile to the war effort by having infected corpses thrown into the rivers." Historians Hendrik Kraay, Thomas Whigham and Ricardo Salles have dismissed this allegation, as there is no proof that any such letter ever existed.
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The
Marxist historiography constructed in Latin America during the 1960s and 1970s offered a stark contrast to the traditional view. Although largely discredited today, the revisionist historical narrative was taken up by many during those decades. The most serious novel allegation against Caxias was
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At the end of 1877, Pedro II paid a visit to Caxias and ascertained that he could no longer remain in office. The entire cabinet resigned on 1 January 1878. His health problems had become so troubling that he had been asking repeatedly to resign since early 1876. Caxias was not only afflicted by
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An army commanded by Caxias crossed into Uruguay in September 1851. The allies decided to divide their forces into two armies: a multinational force that included a single Brazilian division, and a second army composed entirely of Brazilians under Caxias. Against the wishes of Honório Hermeto, Caxias
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Upon his return from Maranhão, Caxias saw that the political climate had changed. Francisco de Lima's Liberal Party had pushed through the premature declaration of the Emperor's majority on 23 July 1840. In May 1842, the Liberals rebelled in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Minas Gerais
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Luís Alves would normally have begun the fourth-year classes at the Royal Military Academy in March 1822. Instead, he dropped out in December 1821 and enlisted in the 1st Fusilier Battalion. Prince Dom Pedro, son and heir of King João VI, had just embarked upon the struggle against Portugal that
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used for funerals of members of the imperial family only, to be followed by sixteen servants of the imperial household, and one corporal and thirteen, not six, soldiers of good conduct to carry his remains. A huge procession was followed by a funeral (attended by Pedro II) and his body was laid
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cabinet was composed of men with whom Caxias had close relationships, among them Eusébio de Queirós, who had helped him bring order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro in the late 1830s. Caxias was now a wealthy planter who owned slaves and was very much a part of the landed aristocracy that formed the
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On 22 May 1808, Luís Alves was enlisted at the age of five as a cadet in the 1st Regiment of Infantry of Rio de Janeiro. Historian Adriana Barreto de Souza explained that this did "not mean that he began to serve as a child, the connection to the regiment was simply honorific", his perquisite as the
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and Mariana Cândido de Oliveira Belo. His godparents were his paternal grandfather, José Joaquim de Lima da Silva, and his maternal grandmother, Ana Quitéria Joaquina. Luís Alves's early years were spent on the São Paulo farm owned by his maternal grandfather and namesake, Luís Alves de Freitas. The
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On 19 August 1861, Caxias said in the Senate: "In my entire life I took as a rule always to obey, without hesitation, all orders from the government. After I entered the parliament, having to manifest a political opinion, I aligned with those who, by their ideas and their behavior, seemed to me to
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The marquis had to take great risks to win these victories. In the Ytororó engagement, which occurred on 5 December, the allied objective was to take a bridge over the Ytororó River. Several attempts were made to cross the bridge, but each was repelled by intense fire from the Paraguayan positions.
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in September. This Brazilian town was occupied by a Paraguayan army. By the time Caxias and his party arrived, the town was under siege by a combined force of Brazilian, Argentine and Uruguayan units. The Paraguayans surrendered without further bloodshed, freeing the Emperor and Caxias to return to
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to the young Pedro II. Ties of duty had drawn the two men together, but a long-lasting friendship and personal devotion also developed. Pedro II said many years later that he regarded Luís Alves as "loyal and my friend". According to historian Heitor Lira, Luís Alves was "one of the rare,
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Though an accomplished student, Luís Alves was often reprimanded for bullying new students. With time, he matured, eventually being regarded by his peers as a very reasonable and honest person. He had an ordinary appearance, with a round face, brown hair, brown eyes and average height. Luís Alves's
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The new politicians who had begun to dominate the government had little memory of the times before Pedro II assumed control in 1840. Unlike their predecessors, they had no experience of the regency and the early years of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers threatened the
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Caxias was growing old, and was ill and exhausted by the time he reached Asunción. As he did not feel up to the task of pursuing López into the Paraguayan hinterland, he asked to be either relieved of his post or given a short leave. Although his request was denied, he appointed a senior member of
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ideology and leadership. During the years following 1857, successive cabinets quickly collapsed, unable to muster a majority in the Chamber of Deputies, as the two Conservative wings undercut each other in a fight for dominance. The Emperor asked Caxias to head a new cabinet on 2 March 1861. Among
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unremarkable features were compensated by his bearing. Historian Thomas Whigham described him as someone who "learned the art of giving orders early in life. Immaculate in his dress, he was soft spoken, polite, and smoothly in control of himself. He seemed to radiate calm composure and authority."
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In early February the marquis arrived back unannounced at his house in Rio de Janeiro, much to the surprise of his wife. The Viscount of Inhaúma also returned home shortly afterwards, but with his health so compromised that he died a few weeks later. Upon learning of Inhaúma's death, Caxias said:
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that led to the cabinet's resignation. The Emperor called Conservatives, under Itaboraí's leadership, back into power on 16 July 1868, while the Progressive League was rechristened as the Liberal Party. Meanwhile, the allies occupied Humaitá on 25 July after López managed to engineer a successful
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leadership. They attempted, however, to use him as a figurehead and to further their own agendas. He commented to Paranhos: "I see what you meant, with respect to the bizarre behavior of these gentlemen, who do not wish to govern the country, when they are invited to do so, because they prefer to
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Around 1853 (and certainly by 1855), the old Party of Order had become more widely known as the Conservative Party. On 14 June 1855, the marquis accepted the portfolio of Minister of War and joined the "Conciliation Cabinet" headed by Honório Hermeto (now Marquis of Paraná). Caxias and Paraná had
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reached the age of majority and the ability to rule in his own right. One of the regents chosen was Luís Alves's father. The regency had little effective authority, resulting in nine years of chaos, during which the country was plagued by rebellions and coup attempts initiated by unruly political
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The historiography is often positive toward Caxias and several historians have ranked him as the greatest Brazilian military officer. To historian Nelson Werneck Sodré, he was "not only the greatest military commander of his continent , in his time, but a great politician". Moreover, Caxias was
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Caxias's father died in December 1853. For years, father and son had clashed, taking opposite sides. The marquis ultimately prevailed, adhering closely to his grandfather José Joaquim de Lima's steadfast loyalty to the Crown and respect for the law. By the time of his death, Francisco de Lima, a
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in government, but Caxias was retained in his command. The War of the Ragamuffins took far longer to put down than had previous rebellions, but through careful negotiation and military victories, Caxias finally managed to pacify the province. The end of the armed conflict was declared on 1 March
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Roderick J. Barman affirmed that Caxias was not only "extremely powerful in the Conservative party", but also "the country's most distinguished" and "most successful soldier", who had "proved his capacity and his loyalty by defeating revolts against the regime". C. H. Haring said that he was "a
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Believe that when I entered my carriage to go São Cristóvão, summoned by the Emperor, I was determined not to accept. But he, as soon as he saw me, embraced me and said to me that he would not let me go unless I told him that I would accept the post of minister and that, if I refused to do this
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On 6 January 1833, at age 29, he married Ana Luísa de Loreto Carneiro Viana, the sixteen-year-old younger sister of an army officer friend, and a member of an aristocratic family of Rio de Janeiro. The union was contrary to the wishes of the bride's mother, who saw Luís Alves and his family as
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The Emperor considered appointing Luís Alves to command the Emperor's Battalion and asked him which side he would choose. According to historian Francisco Doratioto, Luís Alves answered that "between the love of his father and his duty to the crown, he would stay with the latter." Pedro I
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president. The Caxias-Cotejipe cabinet attempted to dissipate the discord created by the previous cabinet. Their measures included financial aid to coffee farmers, an amnesty for the convicted bishops, and, to please the pro-slavery Conservatives, the selection of new ministers and a call for
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During the Bahia campaign, high-ranking officers mutinied against Labatut, who was taken prisoner and sent back to Rio de Janeiro. It is unlikely that Luís Alves was involved, but his uncle, Joaquim de Lima, was almost certainly part of the conspiracy and was chosen by the officers to replace
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and raised him from marquis to duke, the highest rank of Brazilian nobility, and a unique distinction during Pedro II's 58-year reign. The Emperor also appointed him to the Council of State in October 1870. But none of this prevented Caxias from attacks and accusations—some petty—in the
1617:!" ("Those who are true Brazilians, follow me!") His display of courage stopped the retreat immediately; the units regrouped, and a vigorous attack led personally by Caxias overwhelmed the Paraguayan positions. Several men who were next to him during the attack were killed, as was his horse.
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Named as the province's vice-president and military commander, Caxias arrived in São Paulo on 21 May 1842. After he defeated the rebels there, he was appointed military commander of Minas Gerais and marched to that province. With the aid of National Guard units from Rio de Janeiro under its
1037:(later Marquis of Paraná, a distant cousin of Caxias's wife and a leader of the Reactionary Party) sent letters to Luís Alves attempting to undermine the influence Francisco de Lima had on him and to dissuade him from supporting the unconstitutional proposal to declare the Emperor of age.
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concerns over his declining health, but increasingly felt a sense of alienation. He did not feel he could play a relevant role in politics. He belonged to an older generation who perceived the Emperor (and consequently, the monarchy) as essential for holding the nation together.
1467:, Caxias followed him into the combat zone. The marquis had warned the Progressive cabinet that Brazil was unprepared to intervene in Uruguay and even less prepared to resist a foreign invasion. His warnings were ignored, and he complained, with a bit of irony, to his friend
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Labatut. The campaign resumed, and the Portuguese withdrew from Salvador and set sail back to Portugal. On 2 July, the victorious Brazilians entered the city. The Emperor's Battalion returned to Rio de Janeiro, and Luís Alves was later promoted to captain on 22 January 1824.
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govern the Government. They are completely mistaken about me, since I am not disposed to serve them as a hobbyhorse." Lacking support in parliament, Caxias's cabinet resigned on 24 May 1862 after losing its majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the national legislature's
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The situation in Rio Grande do Sul was chaotic, and the local military commanders were incapable of mounting an effective resistance to the Paraguayan army. Pedro II, aware of the danger, decided to go to the front to shore up operations. As the Emperor's military
1025:, Maranhão's capital, on 4 February 1840. After several battles and skirmishes, he defeated the rebels. For his achievement, Luís Alves was promoted to brigadier (present-day brigadier general) on 18 July 1841 and raised by Pedro II to the titled nobility as
1658:: "When I was young, my friend, I did not know how to explain why the elderly were selfish, but now that I am old, I see that they are like that because of the disappointments and ingratitudes they suffer during their lives. At least this is what happens to me".
852:, which was held by the Portuguese. During the siege, Luís Alves fought in at least three attacks (on 28 March, 3 May and 3 June) against Portuguese positions around Salvador, all successful. In the engagement on 28 March, he led a charge on an enemy bunker.
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Caxias had made a short trip to Rio Grande do Sul in 1839 to inspect the troops fighting the Ragamuffins. Upon his return to the province in November 1842, he found that the rebels, severely weakened after years of struggle, had been forced to resort to
898:. The Emperor's Battalion, to which Luís Alves was attached, was sent to guard Montevideo, then besieged by rebel forces. Luís Alves fought in engagements against the insurgents during 1827 (7 February, 5 July, 7 July, 14 July, 5 August and 7 August).
1384:)—a new party consisting of moderate Conservatives and Liberals—to form a new cabinet. Barely a month later, Caxias's only son died at age 14 of unknown causes. There was a small consolation at the end of 1862 when, on 2 December, he was made brevet
1530:(later the Viscount of Taunay), who fought in the war, remembered that Caxias was a "generous military chief, who forgave small errors, but was implacable with those who committed grave misdeeds, or, then, who betrayed his confidence."
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The family name was "Lima da Silva". Around the time of the Duke of Caxias's birth, all members of the family began signing their name as "Lima e Silva". Their ancestry was mostly Portuguese, although it also included some French
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1585:, both considered to be nearly impassable by a large force. Rather than making a frontal attack on López's line, Caxias had a road cut through the Chaco. The road was finished by early December, allowing the allied forces to
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Paranhos, now Viscount of Rio Branco, led a cabinet from 1871 to 1875. Two serious crises arose that challenged its viability and undermined the foundations of the monarchy. The first resulted from the controversy over the
769:(Knight Nobleman of the Royal House). His father, Francisco de Lima, and uncles were also granted honors. Within two generations, the Lima family had risen from mere commoners to the ranks of Portugal's untitled nobility.
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in retaliation for the Emperor's decision—on the advice of a Council of State dominated by Reactionaries—to call for new elections, annulling the previous election tainted by widespread fraud by the Liberal Party.
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faced countless rebellions throughout the country. Again breaking with his father and other relatives sympathetic to the rebels, from 1839 to 1845 Caxias commanded loyalist forces suppressing such uprisings as the
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camp was not clear at the time he accepted the appointment to put down the rebellion in Maranhão in 1839, his victory over the Liberal rebels in 1842 further solidified his allegiance to the Party of Order.
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sincere and profoundly convicted monarchists and friends of the King and of the Dynasty . He placed his sword not only in service to a united and strong Brazil, but also to a worthy and respected Monarch".
833:, the first Brazilian emperor, on 12 October. Those Brazilian and Portuguese forces who remained loyal to Portugal refused to accept this outcome, which led to a war fought on several fronts across Brazil.
1033:, Maranhão's second richest town, which had fallen into rebel hands. Francisco de Lima wrote to his son with news of the Liberals' demand that Pedro II's majority be immediately declared. Meanwhile,
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As the commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, Luís Alves brought order to the streets of Rio de Janeiro, through his own skill and through partnership with the city's chief of police,
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elections. Caxias, who was a Freemason but also a staunch Catholic, threatened to resign if the Emperor did not grant the amnesty, which Pedro II grudgingly issued in September 1875.
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backbone of the Party of Order. With the help of his wealthy mother-in-law, he purchased his first property—a coffee farm—in 1838. He acquired more lands in 1849, further expanding his
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son of a military officer. This infantry regiment was informally known as the "Lima Regiment" because so many members of the family served in it, including his father and grandfather.
1018:(military commander), thus giving him authority over the National Guard and army (brought back to full strength by the Reactionary administration) units in the province, respectively.
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All that is known is that Luís Alves signed the minutes of a meeting among officers of the Right and Center Brigades who had decided to send a delegation to their Commander-in-Chief,
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1605:(Deed of December), the combined allied forces annihilated the Paraguayan army. López barely managed to escape with a few followers, and on 1 January 1869, the Brazilians occupied
1708:
The elderly Caxias, almost 72 and widowed since 1874, was in poor health and could serve only as a figurehead president of the government formed on 25 June 1875. Cotejipe was the
1518:
Caxias arrived in Paraguay on 18 November, and assumed the supreme command of land and naval forces in the war. His first measure was to arrange the dismissal of Vice-Admiral
761:
to the north. By 1818, Luís Alves's relatives, who were military officers and had served in the wars, had been ennobled. His grandfather, José Joaquim, became a member of the
1082:
To distinguish itself from what the Reactionaries perceived as the "unruly" Liberals, sometime around 1843 (and certainly by 1844), the Reactionary Party became known as the
6518:
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1609:. According to historian Ronaldo Vainfas, Caxias's "performance ahead of the allied forces contributed in an unquestionable way to the final triumph over the enemy."
1071:
president, Honório Hermeto, Caxias was once again successful, and by late August, the rebellion was crushed. Caxias was honored by Pedro II, who made him his
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on 7 October. A year later, on 18 October 1832, he was appointed commander of the Permanent Municipal Guard Corps, a police force in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
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1780:
From his death in 1880 until the 1920s, the Duke of Caxias was not regarded as the most important military figure in Brazilian history. This honor belonged to
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understood the threat: it would undermine their own party (or in fact any party) by strengthening the executive branch to the detriment of the legislative.
7213:
1541:. By 2 November, Humaitá was completely cut off from land reinforcement by Paraguayan forces. On 19 February 1868, Brazilian ironclads successfully made a
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Pressing his advantage, the marquis began organizing an assault on the new Paraguayan defenses which López had thrown up along the Pikysyry, south of
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ideology: liberalism, preservation of the authority of the state, and support for representative parliamentary monarchy. Although his move toward the
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young boy may have initially been schooled at home, as was common then. He may have been taught to read and write by his grandmother, Ana Quitéria.
698:
In the years after his death and mainly following the downfall of the Brazilian monarchy, Caxias's reputation was initially overshadowed by that of
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1745:
Confined to a wheelchair as his health slowly declined, the Duke of Caxias lived his remaining days at Santa Mônica farm, located near the town of
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As the Brazilian army was ready for combat, Caxias sought to encircle Humaitá and force its capitulation by siege. To aid the operation, he used
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1581:(Paraguay's capital). This stream afforded a strong defensive position which was anchored by the Paraguay River and by the swampy jungle of the
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After years in opposition in the parliament, in September 1848, the Party of Order was called upon by Pedro II to form a new cabinet. The
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On 18 January 1823, Pedro I created the Emperor's Battalion, a handpicked elite infantry unit that included Luís Alves, who was named as
5639:
Vida do grande cidadão brasileiro Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Barão, Conde, Marquês, Duque de Caxias, desde o seu nascimento em 1803 até 1878
1522:(later the Marquis of Tamandaré and also a member of the Progressive League) by the government, and appoint fellow Conservative Vice-Admiral
1244:, the allies defeated an army led by Rosas, who fled to the United Kingdom, thus ending the war. Caxias spent 17 January aboard the frigate
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1865:
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Luís Alves's grandfather, José Joaquim, was a Portuguese military officer who had emigrated in 1767 to Brazil. He settled in the city of
684:, becoming successively a baron, count, and marquis, finally becoming the only person created duke during Pedro II's 58-year reign.
1262:. His plan was aborted once the news of the victory at Caseros arrived. As a reward for his role in the victory, Caxias was promoted to
6053:
805:(equivalent to a modern-day second lieutenant) on 12 October 1818, and to lieutenant (modern-day first lieutenant) on 4 November 1820.
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1742:, Manuel Felizardo and many others who helped us sustain this little church , which collapsed or almost collapsed on 7 April 1831."
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The relationship between the Marquis of Caxias, now the allied Commander-in-Chief, and the governing Progressives worsened until it
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1963:
1471:, a former colleague in the Conciliation cabinet: "I am almost mad with the mistakes that I am seeing being made, but since I am a
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1419:, one of them Caxias (center). This military parade most probably occurred during the siege of Uruguaiana at the beginning of the
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remained in power, Caxias was secure in his position. After Honório Hermeto quarreled with Pedro II a year later, he and the
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1224:, declared war on Brazil. Caxias was appointed commander-in-chief of the Brazilian land forces. The Minister of Foreign Affairs,
840:
to the company's commander, his uncle, Colonel José Joaquim de Lima e Silva. The Emperor's Battalion was sent to the province of
1537:
to gather information of the enemy lines. The combined Brazilian–Argentine–Uruguayan army advanced through hostile territory to
1364:(later Viscount of Rio Branco), whom Caxias had met and befriended during the Platine War while serving as secretary to Paraná.
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1503:
Caxias in Paraguay, c. 1866. He is portrayed in simple campaign uniform, instead of the court dress shown in other pictures
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In the early 1840s Caxias became a member of the Reactionary Party, which evolved into the Party of Order and finally the
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up the Paraguay River under heavy fire, gaining full control of the river and isolating Humaitá from resupply by water.
991:. Luís Alves was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel on 12 September 1837. Eusébio de Queirós was a member of the
753:
embarked upon a series of wars of conquest which resulted in the expansion of Brazil's territory with the annexation of
7198:
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886:(then Brazil's southernmost province), was the last to surrender. In 1825, secessionists in the province rebelled. The
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After being promoted to colonel on 2 December 1839, Luís Alves was sent by the Reactionary cabinet to the province of
6782:
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1947:
Commemorative medal of the surrender of the division of the army of Paraguay that occupied the village of Uruguaiana.
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The war came to a disastrous end in 1828, as Brazil relinquished Cisplatina, which became the independent nation of
170:
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1352:(moderate Conservative) wing, composed mostly of younger politicians who owed their positions to electoral reform.
24:
2010:
offer the greatest guarantees for the order of my country. I have held myself unshakably faithful to those ideas."
304:
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1029:(Baron of Caxias). He was given the rare honor of choosing his title; he decided to commemorate his recapture of
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In 1811, Luís Alves moved with his parents from his grandparents' farm to Rio de Janeiro and was enrolled at the
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999:, one of the leading Reactionaries and a government minister, attempted to attract Luís Alves to his party.
613:. Like his father and uncles, Caxias pursued a military career. In 1823 he fought as a young officer in the
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Luís Alves de Lima e Silva was born on 25 August 1803 on a farm called São Paulo (today within the city of
676:; a decade later Caxias, as army marshal (the army's highest rank), led Brazilian forces to victory in the
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in the northeast on 28 January and placed, along with other troops, under the command of French Brigadier
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1900:
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In search of broader support, Paraná appointed as ministers politicians who had few, or no, links to the
688:
427:
1213:. Due to growing international demand, coffee had become the most valuable export commodity for Brazil.
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parliament, including having left his post without permission. The embittered duke wrote to his friend
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1953:
Medal awarded to the army, armada and to civil servants in operations in the Paraguayan War (1870).
1671:
1507:
The allies invaded Paraguay in April 1866, but after initial success, their advance was blocked by
1329:
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82:
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The Party of Order: the Conservatives, the State, and Slavery in the Brazilian Monarchy, 1831–1871
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1221:
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would lead to the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822. The prince was later acclaimed Dom
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502:
1691:, which developed after the government came into conflict with two bishops who had ordered that
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1997:
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1792:, which refers to individuals who follow regulations without mistrust, doubt and evasion."
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1141:(later Viscount of Araguaia), to serve as his secretary, as he had previously in Maranhão.
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8:
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2020:
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Ana Luísa de Loreto, wife of Caxias, as a child (bottom right) along with her siblings
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The moderate Conservatives were Conservatives in name only, and did not support the
801:, camping, fortification in campaign and terrain reconnaissance. He was promoted to
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1914:
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1010:. He was appointed to the highest civilian and military positions in the province:
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In early 1843, Honório Hermeto became the head of the cabinet, and so long as the
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1328:(Law of the Circles). As predicted, and feared, it gave greater powers to the
874:
María Ángela Furriol, the Hispanic American who may have been Caxias's fiancée
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1858:
1625:
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641:
621:, as the government unsuccessfully resisted that province's secession in the
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
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against Portugal, then spent three years in Brazil's southernmost province,
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Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, then-Baron of Caxias, around age 38, c. 1841
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1210:
1188:
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883:
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754:
668:. In 1851, under his command, the Brazilian army prevailed against the
618:
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1721:
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1820:
1499:
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1051:
894:) attempted to annex Cisplatina. Brazil declared war, triggering the
891:
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in Rio de Janeiro in 1808 changed the lives of the Lima family. King
574:
5539:
I die with my country: perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870
5484:
Doratioto, Francisco (December 2003). "Senhor da guerra e da paz ".
3755:
1486:, in July 1865. From there, they traveled inland until they reached
1280:
1113:
1055:
6031:
5411:
Almanak Administrativo, Mercantil e Industrial (Almanaque Laemmert)
2019:
The previous allied Commander-in-Chief was the Argentine President
1750:
1324:
Paraná succeeded in passing electoral reform, which was called the
1007:
974:
931:
A regency of three was elected to rule until the five-year-old Dom
837:
657:
543:
5345:
Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891
3677:
3675:
5413:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Eduardo & Henrique Laemmert.
1835:
902:
632:
during the protests of 1831, Caxias remained loyal. Pedro I
35:
5779:. Vol. 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
2770:
2768:
2481:
2479:
723:, then a captaincy (later province) of the Portuguese colony of
6828:
5801:
5567:
História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880)
5558:
História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)
5194:
4174:
3767:
3716:
3672:
1258:, the Argentine capital, selecting the best place to launch an
1058:(pictured) was one of the towns Caxias marched into during the
5650:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Edições Biblioteca Nacional.
5040:
5038:
3392:
3329:
5684:
Siber, Eduard (1916). "Retrospecto da Guerra contra Rosas ".
5600:(in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar.
5404:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.
5074:
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ultraconservative (or traditionalist) wing, then called the
691:. He was elected senator in 1846. The Emperor appointed him
5304:
Vultos da pátria: os brasileiros mais ilustres de seu tempo
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1944:
Medal of the army in the Oriental State of Uruguay in 1852.
1482:
The imperial party arrived in Rio Grande do Sul's capital,
1311:
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2250:
951:
In the late 1830s, Luís Alves was appointed instructor in
848:. The Brazilian imperial forces besieged Bahia's capital,
5732:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
5578:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.
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1079:(acting) field marshal (present-day divisional general).
609:", was an army officer, politician and monarchist of the
5667:
Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899
5422:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.
5170:
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When the republican secessionist rebellion known as the
1075:
on 23 July 1842. Two days later, Caxias was promoted to
995:(Reactionary Party), which had come to power that year.
5770:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional.
5701:(in Portuguese) (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia.
5569:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
5560:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
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that, in a letter supposedly written by him during the
1589:
and attack from the rear. In three successive battles (
1574:
withdrawal of all Paraguayan troops from its fortress.
1415:
Pedro II (raising his hat) follows behind his two
5686:
Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro
5524:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
5522:
Empire in Brazil: a New World Experiment with Monarchy
5488:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca Nacional.
5313:
Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro
5242:
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João Lustosa da Cunha Paranaguá, Marquis of Paranaguá
5279:
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2780:
2741:
2729:
2491:
1950:
Medal (oval) of bravery "to the bravest ones" (1867).
727:. He was the first son and second of ten children of
625:. Though his own father and uncles renounced Emperor
16:
Brazilian military officer and politician (1803–1880)
5576:
O Duque de Ferro: novos aspectos da figura de Caxias
5450:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press.
5306:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Globo.
4987:
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4097:
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2413:
2401:
2202:
2166:
2091:
1367:
Caxias tried to secure support from the traditional
19:"Duque de Caxias" redirects here. For the city, see
5609:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
5467:
Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai
5347:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
5328:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
3110:
3062:
2927:
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2334:
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2286:
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1871:
Member of the Supreme Military and Justice Council.
1344:(puritans), led by Eusébio de Queirós, Uruguai and
7219:Brazilian military personnel of the Paraguayan War
5505:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
5469:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras.
2154:
2062:
1435:to establish his country as a regional power. The
1090:. Caxias increasingly identified himself with the
5913:Ângelo Moniz da Silva Ferraz, Baron of Uruguaiana
1929:Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa
1629:Caxias, around age 66, wearing the collar of the
789:in 1837. On 4 May 1818, he was admitted into the
7155:
5886:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná
1649:A few days later the Emperor awarded Caxias the
1117:The then-Count of Caxias, around age 43, c. 1846
601:; 25 August 1803 – 7 May 1880), nicknamed "
5869:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul
5848:President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul
5636:
5365:(1936). "Caxias no Museu Histórico Nacional ".
5301:
5200:
4204:
4180:
3773:
3761:
3722:
3681:
3203:
2774:
2632:
2584:
2485:
2196:
1451:. Four months later, Paraguayan troops invaded
1196:, aboard which Caxias scouted the port area of
1006:to quell a rebellion which became known as the
42: and the second or paternal family name is
6001:Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre
5730:Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento
5723:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio.
5431:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar.
5311:Azevedo, Moreira (1881). "O Duque de Caxias".
1346:Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí
1266:on 3 March, and raised to marquis on 26 June.
651:During Pedro II's minority the governing
7169:Members of the Senate of the Empire of Brazil
6809:
6492:
6478:
6047:
1941:Medal (oval) of the Independence War (Bahia).
1040:
5777:The Paraguayan War: Causes and early conduct
5624:Pinho, Wanderley (1936). "Caxias senador ".
5536:
5044:
1646:, on 21 February 1869 for a reconciliation.
1427:In December 1864, the dictator of Paraguay,
7214:People from Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro
5751:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
5641:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.
5503:General Osorio: a espada liberal do Império
1866:Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute
1392:), the highest rank in the Brazilian army.
812:
7000:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
6816:
6802:
6778:
6485:
6471:
6054:
6040:
5807:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
5648:Guerra do Paraguai: memórias & imagens
5326:Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852
1475:I am not listened to, since everything is
1469:João Maurício Vanderlei, Baron of Cotejipe
1455:territory in preparation for an attack on
680:. As a reward he was raised to the titled
590:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
66:
7229:19th-century Brazilian military personnel
5500:
5483:
5464:
5409:Cardoso, José Antonio dos Santos (1880).
5236:
5080:
5005:
4969:
4939:
4597:
4585:
4549:
4493:
4470:
4425:
4411:
4372:
4348:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4192:
4168:
4124:
2870:
2458:
817:
7051:1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum
6823:
5953:João Lins Cansanção, Viscount of Sinimbu
5537:Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004).
5417:
5382:(in Portuguese). Porto Alegre: Genesis.
5176:
4915:
4867:
4843:
4505:
4464:
4437:
4405:
4118:
3041:
2897:
2882:
2858:
2834:
2798:
2759:
2715:
2670:
2626:
2611:
2596:
2572:
2524:
2172:
2104:
1964:List of generals of the Empire of Brazil
1819:
1765:
1758:cemetery in the city of Rio de Janeiro.
1720:
1670:
1666:
1624:
1560:
1498:
1410:
1315:
1312:Presidencies of the Council of Ministers
1279:
1187:
1112:
1050:
978:
922:
869:
860:Cisplatine War and the abdication crisis
279:9 November 1842 – 11 March 1846
248:30 June 1851 – 4 September 1851
7204:Conservative Party (Brazil) politicians
5903:Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda
5774:
5746:
5664:
5604:
5408:
5361:
5310:
5273:
5212:
5029:
4903:
4476:
4449:
4360:
3960:
3936:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3828:
3797:
3737:
3710:
3666:
3598:
3497:
3323:
3299:
3275:
3251:
3215:
3143:
2500:
1771:Monument in honor of the Duke of Caxias
1269:
888:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
317:17 February 1840 – 13 May 1841
7156:
6843:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
5944:President of the Council of Ministers
5919:President of the Council of Ministers
5843:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
5827:President of the Province of Maranhão
5645:
5592:
5573:
5519:
5426:
5396:
5342:
5323:
5164:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5092:
5056:
5017:
4954:
4927:
4879:
4855:
4831:
4819:
4780:
4768:
4732:
4720:
4708:
4696:
4672:
4660:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4573:
4561:
4520:
4399:
4384:
4156:
4136:
4091:
4067:
4031:
3948:
3924:
3809:
3785:
3698:
3657:, pp. 167, 213, 218, 235 and 241.
3654:
3574:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3386:
3263:
3239:
3080:
2957:
2945:
2921:
2846:
2786:
2747:
2735:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2443:
2085:
1431:, took advantage of Brazil's military
1406:
1376:). Pedro II asked members of the
963:
744:arrival of the Portuguese Royal Family
446:
289:Saturnino de Sousa e Oliveira Coutinho
183:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857
95:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878
6955:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco
6797:
6466:
6035:
5938:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco
5893:President of the Council of Ministers
5765:
5727:
5715:
5696:
5683:
5623:
5564:
5555:
5445:
5377:
5285:
5224:
5188:
5152:
5068:
4993:
4981:
4891:
4804:
4792:
4756:
4744:
4684:
4609:
4537:
4336:
4142:
4130:
4103:
4079:
4055:
4043:
4016:
4001:
3989:
3977:
3749:
3642:
3625:
3610:
3586:
3562:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3371:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3311:
3287:
3227:
3191:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3131:
3119:
3104:
3092:
3068:
3056:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2969:
2933:
2909:
2822:
2810:
2721:
2709:
2694:
2682:
2655:
2638:
2512:
2470:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2227:
2215:
2184:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2119:
2068:
2056:
1828:
1494:
785:(Saint Joachim School), which became
772:
693:president of the Council of Ministers
596:
6061:
6024:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval
5692:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
5632:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
5373:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
5319:. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.
1815:
1782:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval
1656:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval
1164:resigned. The Liberals replaced the
1086:(Party of Order) and its members as
700:Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval
6387:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
6018:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878
5947:25 June 1875 – 5 January 1878
5897:3 September 1856 – 3 May 1857
5669:. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac Books.
5574:Morais, Eugênio Vilhena de (2003).
5541:. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore.
5448:The Columbia Gazetteer of the World
1254:, taking stock of the port area of
140:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862
13:
7234:19th-century Brazilian politicians
5728:Souza, Adriana Barreto de (2008).
5302:Almeida, Antônio da Rocha (1961).
1935:
1844:Marquis of Caxias on 26 June 1852.
1675:The Duke of Caxias at age 71, 1875
1439:invaded the Brazilian province of
912:
579:Coat of Arms of the Duke of Caxias
14:
7250:
6970:Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza
5795:
5637:Pinto de Campos, Joaquim (1878).
5446:Cohen, Saul B. (1998). "Caxias".
5429:A invenção do Exército brasileiro
1841:Count of Caxias on 25 March 1845.
1615:Sigam-me os que forem brasileiros
1395:
1102:
919:Regency period (Empire of Brazil)
7106:Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007)
6872:
6777:
6768:
6767:
6122:
5995:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862
5922:2 March 1861 – 24 May 1862
5822:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo
5800:
4455:
4390:
4109:
3476:
2026:
2013:
2003:
1847:Duke of Caxias on 23 March 1869.
1348:. The second bloc comprised the
573:
458:
327:Manuel Felizardo de Sousa e Melo
25:Duque de Caxias (disambiguation)
7224:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro
6010:João José de Oliveira Junqueira
5974:14 June 1855 – 3 May 1857
5877:Patrício José Correia da Câmara
5856:Patrício José Correia da Câmara
5378:Bento, Cláudio Moreira (2003).
5294:
2700:
2617:
1986:
1976:
1922:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
1851:
1808:, Antônio da Rocha Almeida and
1565:Caxias leads the Brazilian army
1172:
1139:Domingos Gonçalves de Magalhães
997:Bernardo Pereira de Vasconcelos
299:Patrício José Correia da Câmara
268:Patrício José Correia da Câmara
21:Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro
7164:Government ministers of Brazil
6853:Diretório Monárquico do Brasil
5928:Zacarias de Góis e Vasconcelos
5697:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004).
4207:, pp. 220, 224, 229, 233.
1927:Grand Cross of the Portuguese
1661:
1177:
767:Fidalgo Cavaleiro da Casa Real
705:
636:in favor of his young son Dom
615:Brazilian War for Independence
236:President of Rio Grande do Sul
1:
5963:Pedro de Alcântara Bellegarde
5749:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial
5501:Doratioto, Francisco (2008).
5465:Doratioto, Francisco (2002).
2044:
1920:Grand Cross of the Brazilian
1913:Grand Cross of the Brazilian
1906:Grand Cross of the Brazilian
1899:Grand Cross of the Brazilian
1725:Caxias around age 74, c. 1877
1587:outflank the Paraguayan lines
1548:
1320:Caxias around age 58, c. 1861
1284:Caxias around age 54, c. 1857
1035:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão
938:Miguel de Frias e Vasconcelos
534:Brazilian War of Independence
6412:Francisco José do Nascimento
6319:Confederation of the Equator
5605:Needell, Jeffrey D. (2006).
5520:Haring, Clarence H. (1969).
5418:Carvalho, Afonso de (1976).
5402:História de D. Pedro II
5343:Barman, Roderick J. (1999).
5324:Barman, Roderick J. (1988).
1620:
1528:Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay
1362:José Maria da Silva Paranhos
1014:(president or governor) and
640:, whom Caxias instructed in
7:
6858:Imperial Patrianovist Guard
5775:Whigham, Thomas L. (2002).
5717:Sousa, Octávio Tarquínio de
5699:Panorama do Segundo Império
5665:Scheina, Robert L. (2003).
5380:Caxias e a unidade nacional
1969:
1957:
1901:Order of the Southern Cross
1200:for a later canceled attack
1131:João Manuel de Lima e Silva
968:
878:The Portuguese garrison in
648:and eventually befriended.
10:
7255:
7131:List of monarchs of Brazil
6863:National Restorative Union
5864:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira
5626:Revista Militar Brasileira
5367:Revista Militar Brasileira
1824:Arms of the Duke of Caxias
1806:Octávio Tarquínio de Sousa
1687:The second crisis was the
1554:
1399:
1273:
1181:
1106:
1047:Liberal rebellions of 1842
1044:
1041:Liberal rebellions of 1842
972:
916:
863:
821:
662:Liberal rebellions of 1842
549:Liberal rebellions of 1842
258:Pedro Ferreira de Oliveira
29:
18:
7199:Prime ministers of Brazil
7113:
7091:
7060:
7013:
6995:José Bonifácio de Andrada
6980:Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira
6932:
6881:
6870:
6835:
6752:
6719:
6500:
6494:Prime ministers of Brazil
6420:
6377:
6368:
6303:
6246:
6239:
6214:
6188:
6179:
6161:Prince Imperial of Brazil
6156:Brazilian imperial family
6131:
6120:
6069:
6020:
6013:
6007:
5997:
5990:
5987:Sebastião de Regos Barros
5984:
5979:Jerônimo Francisco Coelho
5976:
5967:
5959:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5924:
5917:
5909:
5899:
5890:
5882:
5874:
5867:
5861:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5832:
5825:
5819:
5814:
5747:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002).
1893:
1834:Baron of Caxias (without
1761:
1571:became a political crisis
1509:fortifications at Humaitá
1276:September 6, 1853 cabinet
729:Francisco de Lima e Silva
583:
572:
526:
516:
508:
498:
488:
483:
466:
454:
442:
434:
423:
402:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
331:
321:
310:
303:
293:
283:
272:
262:
252:
241:
234:
230:
223:
219:
207:
195:
187:
176:
164:
152:
144:
133:
121:
109:
99:
88:
81:
77:
65:
53:
7045:Revolta de Ribeirãozinho
6975:Arlindo Veiga dos Santos
5646:Salles, Ricardo (2003).
5045:Kraay & Whigham 2004
3401:, pp. 284, 413–414.
3338:, pp. 369, 391–392.
3230:, pp. 282, 348–350.
3182:, pp. 312–314, 320.
2434:, pp. 114, 120–121.
1857:Member of the Brazilian
1716:
1601:) which became known as
1443:(currently the state of
1062:in Minas Gerais province
813:Wars and military crises
710:
412:Santa Mônica Farm, (now
337:João Antônio de Miranda
83:Prime Minister of Brazil
34:, the first or maternal
6278:Imperial Brazilian Navy
6256:Imperial Brazilian Army
6227:Reverse parliamentarism
5835:João Antônio de Miranda
5598:Um Estadista do Império
1433:intervention in Uruguay
1304:. Caxias himself was a
1238:Manuel Marques de Sousa
1226:Paulino Soares de Sousa
1222:Argentine Confederation
670:Argentine Confederation
503:Imperial Brazilian Army
414:Valença, Rio de Janeiro
7021:Independence of Brazil
6909:Moderate Liberal Party
6438:Eusébio de Queirós Law
6428:Abolitionism in Brazil
6081:Independence of Brazil
5565:Lira, Heitor (1977b).
5556:Lira, Heitor (1977a).
5427:Castro, Celso (2002).
1825:
1777:
1756:São Francisco de Paula
1726:
1706:
1676:
1634:
1566:
1520:Joaquim Marques Lisboa
1511:by land and along the
1504:
1491:the imperial capital.
1429:Francisco Solano López
1424:
1321:
1285:
1201:
1118:
1063:
1060:1842 Liberal rebellion
1021:Luís Alves arrived in
984:
928:
875:
824:Independence of Brazil
818:Independence of Brazil
791:Royal Military Academy
116:Viscount of Rio Branco
23:. For other uses, see
7189:Brazilian monarchists
7033:Federalist Revolution
6266:Fatherland Volunteers
5809:at Wikimedia Commons
5766:Viana, Hélio (1968).
2259:, pp. 52–53, 61.
1823:
1769:
1724:
1701:
1674:
1667:Figurehead presidency
1651:Order of Pedro I
1644:Paço de São Cristóvão
1628:
1564:
1502:
1414:
1319:
1283:
1191:
1116:
1054:
982:
926:
873:
783:Seminário São Joaquim
509:Years of service
383:São Paulo Farm, (now
305:President of Maranhão
225:Further offices held
7184:Brazilian Freemasons
7136:Monarchism in Brazil
6652:Cansanção de Sinimbu
6222:Constitution of 1824
6114:Units of measurement
4894:, pp. 170, 173.
4205:Pinto de Campos 1878
4181:Pinto de Campos 1878
3774:Pinto de Campos 1878
3764:, pp. 127, 129.
3762:Pinto de Campos 1878
3723:Pinto de Campos 1878
3682:Pinto de Campos 1878
3218:, pp. 103, 329.
3204:Pinto de Campos 1878
2775:Pinto de Campos 1878
2633:Pinto de Campos 1878
2585:Pinto de Campos 1878
2486:Pinto de Campos 1878
2197:Pinto de Campos 1878
2151:, pp. 108, 565.
2000:by the conspirators.
1535:observation balloons
1386:marechal de exército
1350:conservador moderado
1270:Conciliation Cabinet
1252:John Pascoe Grenfell
1218:Juan Manuel de Rosas
1016:comandante das armas
787:Pedro II School
757:to the south and of
6985:Antônio Conselheiro
6700:Correia de Oliveira
6189:Political instances
6166:Prince of Grão-Pará
5721:Diogo Antônio Feijó
5201:Almeida 1961, Vol 1
5083:, pp. 392–393.
4870:, pp. 290–292.
4846:, pp. 288–290.
4783:, pp. 285–286.
4747:, pp. 217–218.
4735:, pp. 166–168.
4675:, pp. 269–270.
4588:, pp. 390–391.
4508:, pp. 253–254.
4414:, pp. 360–374.
4408:, pp. 250–266;
4375:, pp. 329–330.
4351:, pp. 335–336.
4339:, pp. 247–256.
4279:, pp. 321–322.
4243:, pp. 280–282.
4082:, pp. 235–238.
4070:, pp. 202–205.
4058:, pp. 229–235.
3963:, pp. 215–216.
3951:, pp. 669–670.
3939:, pp. 214–215.
3927:, pp. 660–661.
3915:, pp. 201–202.
3867:, pp. 194–195.
3855:, pp. 184–185.
3843:, pp. 186–187.
3812:, pp. 212–213.
3413:, pp. 260–262.
3134:, pp. 280–281.
3107:, pp. 258–259.
3020:, pp. 240–244.
2996:, pp. 213–215.
2972:, pp. 206–208.
2849:, pp. 158–159.
2563:, pp. 104–106.
2551:, pp. 100–101.
2446:, pp. 209–210.
2398:, pp. 113–114.
2355:, pp. 93, 109.
1524:Joaquim José Inácio
1407:Siege of Uruguaiana
1360:his ministers were
1232:closest to Caxias.
1137:and a famous poet,
993:Partido Regressista
964:Quelling rebellions
159:Baron of Uruguaiana
128:Viscount of Sinimbu
7209:Marshals of Brazil
7194:Brazilian nobility
7141:Brazilian nobility
6990:José do Patrocínio
6924:Progressive League
6919:Conservative Party
6694:Maurício Vanderlei
6622:Góis e Vasconcelos
6604:Góis e Vasconcelos
6592:Góis e Vasconcelos
6402:José do Patrocínio
5815:Political offices
4942:, pp. 15, 21.
3669:, pp. 15, 18.
1838:) on 18 July 1841.
1829:Titles of nobility
1826:
1778:
1727:
1677:
1635:
1567:
1505:
1495:Commander-in-Chief
1447:), triggering the
1445:Mato Grosso do Sul
1425:
1382:Progressive League
1322:
1286:
1264:lieutenant general
1220:, dictator of the
1202:
1119:
1064:
989:Eusébio de Queirós
985:
929:
876:
773:Military education
689:Conservative Party
598:[kaˈʃi.ɐs]
397:Portuguese America
60:The Duke of Caxias
7149:
7148:
7121:Kingdom of Brazil
7114:Relevant Articles
7093:Petrópolis branch
7027:Revolta da Armada
7014:Historical Events
6882:Political Parties
6791:
6790:
6737:Brochado da Rocha
6676:Rodrigues Pereira
6460:
6459:
6456:
6455:
6364:
6363:
6235:
6234:
6139:Emperor of Brazil
6030:
6029:
6021:Succeeded by
5998:Succeeded by
5977:Succeeded by
5950:Succeeded by
5925:Succeeded by
5900:Succeeded by
5875:Succeeded by
5854:Succeeded by
5833:Succeeded by
5805:Media related to
5786:978-0-8032-4786-4
5768:Vultos do Império
5758:978-85-7302-441-8
5739:978-85-200-0864-5
5708:978-85-85277-21-5
5688:(in Portuguese).
5676:978-1-57488-450-0
5657:978-85-333-0264-8
5628:(in Portuguese).
5616:978-0-8047-5369-2
5585:978-85-7011-329-0
5548:978-0-8032-2762-0
5512:978-85-359-1200-5
5476:978-85-359-0224-2
5438:978-85-7110-682-6
5389:978-85-87578-09-9
5369:(in Portuguese).
5354:978-0-8047-3510-0
5335:978-0-8047-1437-2
5315:(in Portuguese).
4984:, pp. 27–28.
4930:, pp. 15–16.
3044:, pp. 52–54.
3032:, pp. 63–65.
2912:, pp. 28–29.
2539:, pp. 74–96.
2367:, pp. 27–28.
2331:, pp. 93–95.
2319:, pp. 93–94.
2271:, pp. 82–83.
2187:, pp. 50–51.
1908:Order of the Rose
1816:Titles and honors
1695:be expelled from
1682:Law of Free Birth
1631:Order of the Rose
1557:Pikysyry maneuver
1479:in our country."
1457:Rio Grande do Sul
1378:Liga Progressista
1260:amphibious attack
1242:Battle of Caseros
1151:counterinsurgency
1147:guerrilla warfare
1127:Rio Grande do Sul
882:, the capital of
587:
586:
341:
340:
214:Marquis of Olinda
202:Marquis of Paraná
7246:
7126:Empire of Brazil
7062:Vassouras branch
6945:Machado de Assis
6914:Regressive Party
6894:Portuguese Party
6876:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6781:
6780:
6771:
6770:
6706:Assis Figueiredo
6628:Rodrigues Torres
6543:Rodrigues Torres
6487:
6480:
6473:
6464:
6463:
6375:
6374:
6313:Independence War
6271:List of generals
6261:Military Academy
6244:
6243:
6206:Moderating Power
6201:General Assembly
6186:
6185:
6171:Prince of Brazil
6126:
6063:Empire of Brazil
6056:
6049:
6042:
6033:
6032:
6015:Minister of War
6008:Preceded by
5992:Minister of War
5985:Preceded by
5960:Preceded by
5935:Preceded by
5910:Preceded by
5883:Preceded by
5862:Preceded by
5841:Preceded by
5820:Preceded by
5812:
5811:
5804:
5790:
5771:
5762:
5743:
5724:
5712:
5693:
5680:
5661:
5642:
5633:
5620:
5601:
5589:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5533:
5516:
5497:
5480:
5461:
5442:
5423:
5414:
5405:
5393:
5374:
5363:Barroso, Gustavo
5358:
5339:
5320:
5307:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4958:
4952:
4943:
4937:
4931:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4808:
4802:
4796:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4524:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4482:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4190:
4184:
4178:
4172:
4166:
4160:
4154:
4148:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3964:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3685:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3629:
3623:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1915:Order of Pedro I
1859:Council of State
1697:lay brotherhoods
1599:Lomas Valentinas
1539:surround Humaitá
1326:Lei dos Círculos
1084:Partido da Ordem
611:Empire of Brazil
600:
595:
577:
493:Empire of Brazil
484:Military service
462:
418:Empire of Brazil
409:
380:
378:
366:Personal details
334:
324:
315:
296:
286:
277:
265:
255:
246:
221:
220:
210:
198:
181:
171:Zacarias de Góis
167:
155:
138:
124:
112:
93:
70:
51:
50:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7145:
7109:
7087:
7056:
7009:
6965:José de Alencar
6928:
6899:Brazilian Party
6877:
6868:
6831:
6822:
6792:
6787:
6758:Died in office
6748:
6723:
6715:
6714:
6688:Antônio Saraiva
6670:Cunha Paranaguá
6664:Martinho Campos
6658:Antônio Saraiva
6504:
6496:
6491:
6461:
6452:
6416:
6360:
6299:
6231:
6210:
6175:
6127:
6118:
6065:
6060:
6026:
6017:
6011:
6003:
5994:
5988:
5980:
5973:
5970:Minister of War
5965:
5955:
5946:
5940:
5930:
5921:
5915:
5905:
5896:
5888:
5878:
5871:
5865:
5857:
5850:
5844:
5836:
5829:
5823:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5759:
5740:
5709:
5677:
5658:
5617:
5594:Nabuco, Joaquim
5586:
5549:
5513:
5477:
5458:
5439:
5390:
5355:
5336:
5297:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5243:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5175:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5135:
5127:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5099:
5091:
5087:
5079:
5075:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4934:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4902:
4898:
4890:
4886:
4882:, p. 1209.
4878:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4858:, p. 1208.
4854:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4767:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4727:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4667:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4640:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4596:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4572:
4568:
4560:
4556:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4492:
4485:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4395:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4331:
4323:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4199:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4155:
4151:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3976:
3967:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3506:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3457:
3453:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3226:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2126:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2092:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2027:
2021:Bartolomé Mitre
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1960:
1938:
1936:Military honors
1896:
1887:gentleman usher
1854:
1831:
1818:
1810:Gustavo Barroso
1773:in the city of
1764:
1754:to rest in the
1719:
1689:Religious Issue
1669:
1664:
1623:
1559:
1553:
1497:
1437:Paraguayan army
1409:
1404:
1398:
1314:
1278:
1272:
1186:
1180:
1175:
1111:
1105:
1049:
1043:
1027:Barão de Caxias
977:
971:
966:
942:Ilha das Cobras
921:
915:
913:Era of troubles
868:
862:
826:
820:
815:
775:
763:Order of Christ
717:Duque de Caxias
713:
708:
593:
578:
568:
479:
424:Political party
411:
407:
393:State of Brazil
385:Duque de Caxias
382:
376:
374:
332:
322:
316:
311:
294:
284:
278:
273:
263:
253:
247:
242:
226:
208:
196:
182:
177:
165:
153:
139:
134:
122:
110:
94:
89:
73:
61:
58:
47:
32:Portuguese name
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7252:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7117:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7104:
7097:
7095:
7089:
7088:
7086:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7070:Pedro Henrique
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7039:War of Canudos
7036:
7030:
7024:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:Joaquim Nabuco
6947:
6942:
6940:André Rebouças
6936:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6904:Restorer Party
6901:
6896:
6891:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6775:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6731:Tancredo Neves
6727:
6725:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6640:Silva Paranhos
6637:
6631:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6601:
6595:
6589:
6583:
6577:
6574:Limpo de Abreu
6571:
6565:
6559:
6546:
6540:
6537:Costa Carvalho
6534:
6528:
6522:
6519:Almeida Torres
6516:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6490:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6443:Rio Branco Law
6440:
6435:
6433:Netto Question
6430:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6397:Joaquim Nabuco
6394:
6392:André Rebouças
6389:
6383:
6381:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6355:Paraguayan War
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6331:Ragamuffin War
6328:
6325:Cisplatine War
6322:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6295:Military Ranks
6292:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6252:
6250:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6196:Prime Minister
6192:
6190:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
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6119:
6117:
6116:
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6106:
6101:
6096:
6073:
6071:
6070:General topics
6067:
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6044:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6019:
6012:
6009:
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5797:
5796:External links
5794:
5792:
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5785:
5772:
5763:
5757:
5744:
5738:
5725:
5713:
5707:
5694:
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5602:
5590:
5584:
5571:
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5553:
5547:
5534:
5517:
5511:
5498:
5486:Nossa História
5481:
5475:
5462:
5456:
5443:
5437:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5394:
5388:
5375:
5359:
5353:
5340:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5288:, p. 223.
5278:
5241:
5239:, p. 570.
5237:Doratioto 2002
5229:
5227:, p. 570.
5217:
5205:
5203:, p. 143.
5193:
5191:, p. 305.
5181:
5179:, p. XIV.
5169:
5157:
5155:, p. 177.
5145:
5143:, p. 131.
5133:
5121:
5109:
5107:, p. 211.
5097:
5095:, p. 219.
5085:
5081:Doratioto 2002
5073:
5071:, p. 137.
5061:
5049:
5034:
5032:, p. 429.
5022:
5010:
5006:Doratioto 2008
4998:
4986:
4974:
4970:Doratioto 2008
4959:
4944:
4940:Doratioto 2008
4932:
4920:
4918:, p. 293.
4908:
4906:, p. 166.
4896:
4884:
4872:
4860:
4848:
4836:
4834:, p. 318.
4824:
4822:, p. 317.
4809:
4797:
4795:, p. 265.
4785:
4773:
4771:, p. 929.
4761:
4759:, p. 266.
4749:
4737:
4725:
4723:, p. 862.
4713:
4711:, p. 857.
4701:
4699:, p. 270.
4689:
4687:, p. 247.
4677:
4665:
4663:, p. 269.
4650:
4648:, p. 254.
4638:
4636:, p. 257.
4626:
4624:, p. 261.
4614:
4602:
4600:, p. 391.
4598:Doratioto 2002
4590:
4586:Doratioto 2002
4578:
4576:, p. 797.
4566:
4564:, p. 226.
4554:
4552:, p. 393.
4550:Doratioto 2002
4542:
4540:, p. 246.
4525:
4523:, p. 225.
4510:
4498:
4496:, p. 366.
4494:Doratioto 2002
4483:
4481:
4480:
4479:, p. 329.
4474:
4473:, p. 366;
4471:Doratioto 2002
4468:
4467:, p. 252;
4454:
4452:, p. 493.
4442:
4440:, p. 266.
4430:
4428:, p. 384.
4426:Doratioto 2002
4418:
4416:
4415:
4412:Doratioto 2002
4409:
4403:
4402:, p. 223;
4389:
4387:, p. 223.
4377:
4373:Doratioto 2002
4365:
4363:, p. 252.
4353:
4349:Doratioto 2002
4341:
4329:
4327:, p. 355.
4325:Doratioto 2002
4317:
4315:, p. 318.
4313:Doratioto 2002
4305:
4303:, p. 298.
4301:Doratioto 2002
4293:
4291:, p. 280.
4289:Doratioto 2002
4281:
4277:Doratioto 2002
4269:
4267:, p. 299.
4265:Doratioto 2002
4257:
4255:, p. 295.
4253:Doratioto 2002
4245:
4241:Doratioto 2002
4233:
4231:, p. 284.
4229:Doratioto 2002
4221:
4219:, p. 253.
4217:Doratioto 2002
4209:
4197:
4195:, p. 278.
4193:Doratioto 2002
4185:
4183:, p. 227.
4173:
4171:, p. 235.
4169:Doratioto 2002
4161:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4145:, p. 174.
4140:
4134:
4133:, p. 244;
4128:
4127:, p. 252;
4125:Doratioto 2002
4122:
4121:, p. 234;
4108:
4096:
4094:, p. 205.
4084:
4072:
4060:
4048:
4046:, p. 133.
4036:
4034:, p. 202.
4021:
4019:, p. 242.
4006:
4004:, p. 228.
3994:
3992:, p. 227.
3982:
3980:, p. 571.
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3905:
3903:, p. 201.
3893:
3891:, p. 197.
3881:
3879:, p. 184.
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3831:, p. 174.
3814:
3802:
3800:, p. 135.
3790:
3788:, p. 201.
3778:
3776:, p. 135.
3766:
3754:
3752:, p. 164.
3742:
3740:, p. 160.
3727:
3725:, p. 115.
3715:
3713:, p. 133.
3703:
3686:
3684:, p. 125.
3671:
3659:
3647:
3645:, p. 556.
3630:
3628:, p. 348.
3615:
3613:, p. 554.
3603:
3601:, p. 116.
3591:
3589:, p. 157.
3579:
3577:, p. 123.
3567:
3565:, p. 569.
3552:
3550:, p. 542.
3540:
3528:
3526:, p. 512.
3516:
3514:, p. 496.
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:, p. 107.
3495:
3494:, p. 176;
3489:
3488:, p. 222;
3475:
3473:, p. 210.
3463:
3461:, p. 412.
3451:
3449:, p. 383.
3439:
3437:, p. 360.
3427:
3425:, p. 317.
3415:
3403:
3391:
3376:
3374:, p. 282.
3364:
3362:, p. 500.
3352:
3350:, p. 281.
3340:
3328:
3316:
3314:, p. 125.
3304:
3302:, p. 110.
3292:
3290:, p. 568.
3280:
3278:, p. 103.
3268:
3266:, p. 214.
3256:
3254:, p. 102.
3244:
3242:, p. 209.
3232:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3194:, p. 335.
3184:
3172:
3170:, p. 285.
3160:
3158:, p. 284.
3148:
3146:, p. 548.
3136:
3124:
3109:
3097:
3095:, p. 245.
3085:
3083:, p. 170.
3073:
3061:
3059:, p. 565.
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
3008:, p. 223.
2998:
2986:
2984:, p. 198.
2974:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 160.
2938:
2926:
2924:, p. 162.
2914:
2902:
2887:
2875:
2871:Doratioto 2003
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2825:, p. 179.
2815:
2803:
2791:
2789:, p. 151.
2779:
2764:
2752:
2750:, p. 139.
2740:
2738:, p. 107.
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:, p. 137.
2719:
2713:
2699:
2697:, p. 133.
2687:
2685:, p. 132.
2675:
2660:
2658:, p. 131.
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:, p. 137.
2636:
2630:
2616:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2515:, p. 124.
2505:
2490:
2475:
2473:, p. 418.
2463:
2461:, p. 545.
2459:Doratioto 2002
2448:
2436:
2424:
2422:, p. 113.
2412:
2410:, p. 114.
2400:
2388:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2232:
2220:
2218:, p. 109.
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2139:, p. 108.
2124:
2122:, p. 107.
2109:
2090:
2073:
2061:
2059:, p. 568.
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:Paraguayan War
2025:
2012:
2002:
1994:Pierre Labatut
1985:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
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1934:
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1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
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1864:Member of the
1862:
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1513:Paraguay River
1496:
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1449:Paraguayan War
1421:Paraguayan War
1408:
1405:
1402:Paraguayan War
1400:Main article:
1397:
1396:Paraguayan War
1394:
1313:
1310:
1271:
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1192:The steamship
1182:Main article:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1123:Ragamuffin War
1109:Ragamuffin War
1107:Main article:
1104:
1103:Ragamuffin War
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1045:Main article:
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973:Main article:
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846:Pierre Labatut
822:Main article:
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737:Rio de Janeiro
721:Rio de Janeiro
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623:Cisplatine War
603:the Peacemaker
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539:Cisplatine War
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499:Branch/service
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56:His Excellency
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7005:Eduardo Prado
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6889:Liberal Party
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6754:End of term:
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6634:Pimenta Bueno
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6380:
6379:Abolitionists
6376:
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6350:
6349:Uruguayan War
6347:
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6293:
6289:
6288:List of ships
6286:
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5887:
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5778:
5773:
5769:
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5754:
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5695:
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5668:
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5653:
5649:
5644:
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5631:
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5622:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5599:
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5572:
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5563:
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5554:
5550:
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5540:
5535:
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5527:
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5514:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5459:
5457:0-231-11040-5
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:Calmon, Pedro
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5287:
5282:
5276:, p. 33.
5275:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5238:
5233:
5226:
5221:
5215:, p. 67.
5214:
5209:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5177:Carvalho 1976
5173:
5167:, p. 16.
5166:
5161:
5154:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5131:, p. 49.
5130:
5125:
5119:, p. 88.
5118:
5113:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5089:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5059:, p. 87.
5058:
5053:
5047:, p. 18.
5046:
5041:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5020:, p. 20.
5019:
5014:
5008:, p. 22.
5007:
5002:
4996:, p. 28.
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4972:, p. 21.
4971:
4966:
4964:
4957:, p. 17.
4956:
4951:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4916:Carvalho 1976
4912:
4905:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4869:
4868:Carvalho 1976
4864:
4857:
4852:
4845:
4844:Carvalho 1976
4840:
4833:
4828:
4821:
4816:
4814:
4807:, p. 33.
4806:
4801:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4765:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4710:
4705:
4698:
4693:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4669:
4662:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4618:
4612:, p. 61.
4611:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4575:
4570:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4522:
4517:
4515:
4507:
4506:Carvalho 1976
4502:
4495:
4490:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:Carvalho 1976
4463:
4462:
4458:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4438:Carvalho 1976
4434:
4427:
4422:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4406:Carvalho 1976
4404:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4165:
4159:, p. 86.
4158:
4153:
4144:
4141:
4139:, p. 86;
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:Carvalho 1976
4117:
4116:
4112:
4106:, p. 35.
4105:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3986:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3758:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3712:
3707:
3701:, p. 84.
3700:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3538:, p. 32.
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3389:, p. 70.
3388:
3383:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3326:, p. 75.
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3206:, p. 63.
3205:
3200:
3193:
3188:
3181:
3176:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3122:, p. 30.
3121:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3071:, p. 66.
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3042:Carvalho 1976
3038:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2960:, p. 46.
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2936:, p. 21.
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2911:
2906:
2900:, p. 46.
2899:
2898:Carvalho 1976
2894:
2892:
2885:, p. 43.
2884:
2883:Carvalho 1976
2879:
2873:, p. 62.
2872:
2867:
2861:, p. 42.
2860:
2859:Carvalho 1976
2855:
2848:
2843:
2837:, p. 45.
2836:
2835:Carvalho 1976
2831:
2824:
2819:
2813:, p. 69.
2812:
2807:
2801:, p. 26.
2800:
2799:Carvalho 1976
2795:
2788:
2783:
2777:, p. 37.
2776:
2771:
2769:
2762:, p. 23.
2761:
2760:Carvalho 1976
2756:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2723:
2720:
2718:, p. 20;
2717:
2716:Carvalho 1976
2714:
2712:, p. 28;
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2673:, p. 19.
2672:
2671:Carvalho 1976
2667:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:, p. 35;
2634:
2631:
2629:, p. 18;
2628:
2627:Carvalho 1976
2625:
2624:
2620:
2614:, p. 17.
2613:
2612:Carvalho 1976
2608:
2606:
2599:, p. 13.
2598:
2597:Carvalho 1976
2593:
2587:, p. 34.
2586:
2581:
2575:, p. 12.
2574:
2573:Carvalho 1976
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2527:, p. 11.
2526:
2525:Carvalho 1976
2521:
2514:
2509:
2503:, p. 62.
2502:
2497:
2495:
2488:, p. 27.
2487:
2482:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2386:, p. 28.
2385:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2343:, p. 27.
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2307:, p. 93.
2306:
2301:
2295:, p. 92.
2294:
2289:
2283:, p. 90.
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2247:, p. 72.
2246:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2230:, p. 62.
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2199:, p. 31.
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2173:Carvalho 1976
2169:
2163:, p. 85.
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:Carvalho 1976
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:, p. 28.
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2071:, p. xi.
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2016:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1673:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1417:aides-de-camp
1413:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
981:
976:
961:
958:
954:
953:swordsmanship
949:
945:
943:
939:
934:
933:Pedro II
925:
920:
910:
906:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
872:
867:
857:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
825:
810:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
770:
768:
764:
760:
759:French Guiana
756:
752:
749:
745:
740:
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
719:) located in
718:
703:
701:
696:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
642:swordsmanship
639:
638:Pedro II
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:the Iron Duke
604:
599:
591:
582:
576:
571:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
529:
525:
522:
521:Field Marshal
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
501:
497:
494:
491:
487:
482:
475:
472:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
422:
419:
415:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
336:
330:
326:
320:
314:
309:
306:
302:
298:
292:
288:
282:
276:
271:
267:
261:
257:
251:
245:
240:
237:
233:
229:
222:
218:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
194:
190:
186:
180:
175:
172:
169:
163:
160:
157:
151:
147:
143:
137:
132:
129:
126:
120:
117:
114:
108:
105:
102:
98:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
69:
64:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
7151:
7101:Pedro Gastão
7084:(since 2022)
6999:
6759:
6755:
6709:
6682:Sousa Dantas
6646:Lima e Silva
6645:
6610:José Furtado
6586:Lima e Silva
6585:
6580:Silva Ferraz
6562:Lima e Silva
6561:
6556:
6525:Sousa e Melo
6513:Alves Branco
6283:Naval School
6248:Armed Forces
6093:Second Reign
6014:
5991:
5968:
5943:
5918:
5891:
5868:
5847:
5826:
5799:
5776:
5767:
5748:
5729:
5720:
5698:
5689:
5685:
5666:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5606:
5597:
5575:
5566:
5557:
5538:
5521:
5502:
5485:
5466:
5447:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5401:
5379:
5370:
5366:
5344:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5303:
5295:Bibliography
5281:
5274:Cardoso 1880
5232:
5220:
5213:Barroso 1936
5208:
5196:
5184:
5172:
5160:
5148:
5136:
5124:
5112:
5100:
5088:
5076:
5064:
5052:
5030:Whigham 2002
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4977:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4904:Azevedo 1881
4899:
4887:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4716:
4704:
4692:
4680:
4668:
4641:
4629:
4617:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4569:
4557:
4545:
4501:
4477:Scheina 2003
4457:
4450:Vainfas 2002
4445:
4433:
4421:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4361:Needell 2006
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4063:
4051:
4039:
3997:
3985:
3961:Needell 2006
3956:
3944:
3937:Needell 2006
3932:
3920:
3913:Needell 2006
3908:
3901:Needell 2006
3896:
3889:Needell 2006
3884:
3877:Needell 2006
3872:
3865:Needell 2006
3860:
3853:Needell 2006
3848:
3841:Needell 2006
3836:
3829:Needell 2006
3805:
3798:Needell 2006
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3738:Needell 2006
3718:
3711:Needell 2006
3706:
3667:Needell 2006
3662:
3650:
3606:
3599:Needell 2006
3594:
3582:
3570:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3498:Needell 2006
3478:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3324:Needell 2006
3319:
3307:
3300:Needell 2006
3295:
3283:
3276:Needell 2006
3271:
3259:
3252:Needell 2006
3247:
3235:
3223:
3216:Needell 2006
3211:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3144:Vainfas 2002
3139:
3127:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2619:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2501:Whigham 2002
2466:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2223:
2192:
2180:
2175:, p. 6.
2168:
2156:
2144:
2107:, p. 4.
2064:
2052:
2028:
2015:
2005:
1988:
1978:
1882:
1876:aide-de-camp
1852:Other titles
1802:Pedro Calmon
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1755:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1686:
1678:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1583:Chaco region
1576:
1568:
1549:
1532:
1517:
1506:
1484:Porto Alegre
1481:
1476:
1472:
1465:aide-de-camp
1461:
1426:
1390:army marshal
1385:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1256:Buenos Aires
1245:
1234:
1229:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1198:Buenos Aires
1193:
1173:Conservatism
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1134:
1120:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1073:aide-de-camp
1069:
1065:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1001:
992:
986:
957:horsemanship
950:
946:
930:
907:
900:
877:
854:
835:
831:Pedro I
827:
807:
802:
782:
780:
776:
766:
741:
734:
714:
697:
686:
650:
646:horsemanship
630:Pedro I
606:
602:
589:
588:
527:Battles/wars
447:
428:Conservative
408:(1880-05-07)
333:Succeeded by
312:
295:Succeeded by
274:
264:Succeeded by
243:
209:Succeeded by
178:
166:Succeeded by
135:
123:Succeeded by
90:
48:
44:Lima e Silva
43:
39:
7179:1880 deaths
7174:1803 births
7103:(1940–2007)
7078:(1981–2022)
7072:(1921–1981)
7041:(1896-1897)
7035:(1893-1895)
7029:(1893-1894)
6848:Black Guard
6763:Coup d'état
6745:(1962–1963)
6743:Hermes Lima
6733:(1961–1962)
6724:(1961–1963)
6702:(1888–1889)
6696:(1885–1888)
6684:(1884–1885)
6678:(1883–1884)
6672:(1882–1883)
6660:(1880–1882)
6654:(1878–1880)
6648:(1875–1878)
6642:(1871–1875)
6636:(1870–1871)
6630:(1868–1870)
6624:(1866–1868)
6618:(1865–1866)
6616:Araújo Lima
6612:(1864–1865)
6600:(1862–1864)
6598:Araújo Lima
6588:(1861–1862)
6582:(1859–1861)
6576:(1858–1859)
6570:(1857–1858)
6568:Araújo Lima
6564:(1856–1857)
6545:(1852–1853)
6539:(1849–1852)
6533:(1848–1849)
6531:Araújo Lima
6515:(1847–1848)
6505:(1847–1889)
6357:(1864–1870)
6351:(1864–1865)
6345:(1851–1852)
6343:Platine War
6339:(1835–1840)
6333:(1835–1845)
6327:(1825–1828)
6315:(1822–1824)
6085:First Reign
5165:Morais 2003
5141:Haring 1969
5129:Haring 1969
5117:Barman 1999
5105:Barman 1999
5093:Barman 1999
5057:Salles 2003
5018:Castro 2002
4955:Castro 2002
4928:Castro 2002
4880:Calmon 1975
4856:Calmon 1975
4832:Barman 1999
4820:Barman 1999
4781:Barman 1999
4769:Nabuco 1975
4733:Morais 2003
4721:Nabuco 1975
4709:Nabuco 1975
4697:Barman 1999
4673:Barman 1999
4661:Barman 1999
4646:Barman 1999
4634:Barman 1999
4622:Barman 1999
4574:Calmon 1975
4562:Barman 1999
4521:Barman 1999
4400:Barman 1999
4385:Barman 1999
4157:Salles 2003
4137:Salles 2003
4092:Barman 1999
4068:Barman 1999
4032:Barman 1999
3949:Calmon 1975
3925:Calmon 1975
3810:Morais 2003
3786:Morais 2003
3699:Morais 2003
3655:Barman 1988
3575:Barman 1999
3492:Calmon 1975
3486:Barman 1988
3471:Barman 1988
3387:Morais 2003
3264:Barman 1988
3240:Barman 1988
3081:Barman 1999
2958:Haring 1969
2946:Barman 1988
2922:Barman 1988
2847:Barman 1988
2787:Barman 1988
2748:Barman 1988
2736:Barman 1988
2561:Barman 1988
2549:Barman 1988
2537:Barman 1988
2444:Morais 2003
2086:Morais 2003
1662:Later years
1441:Mato Grosso
1374:lower house
1184:Platine War
1178:Platine War
706:Early years
674:Platine War
559:Platine War
430:(from 1843)
323:Preceded by
285:Preceded by
254:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
154:Preceded by
111:Preceded by
36:family name
7158:Categories
6825:Monarchism
5851:1842–1846
5830:1840–1841
5286:Viana 1968
5225:Souza 2008
5189:Sousa 1972
5153:Viana 1968
5069:Sodré 2004
4994:Souza 2008
4982:Souza 2008
4892:Bento 2003
4805:Souza 2008
4793:Lira 1977b
4757:Lira 1977b
4745:Lira 1977b
4685:Lira 1977a
4610:Bento 2003
4538:Lira 1977a
4337:Lira 1977a
4143:Viana 1968
4131:Lira 1977a
4104:Bento 2003
4080:Lira 1977a
4056:Lira 1977a
4044:Pinho 1936
4017:Lira 1977a
4002:Lira 1977a
3990:Lira 1977a
3978:Souza 2008
3750:Lira 1977a
3643:Souza 2008
3626:Souza 2008
3611:Souza 2008
3587:Lira 1977a
3563:Souza 2008
3548:Souza 2008
3536:Bento 2003
3524:Souza 2008
3512:Souza 2008
3459:Souza 2008
3447:Souza 2008
3435:Souza 2008
3423:Souza 2008
3411:Souza 2008
3399:Souza 2008
3372:Souza 2008
3360:Souza 2008
3348:Souza 2008
3336:Souza 2008
3312:Pinho 1936
3288:Souza 2008
3228:Souza 2008
3192:Souza 2008
3180:Souza 2008
3168:Souza 2008
3156:Souza 2008
3132:Souza 2008
3120:Bento 2003
3105:Souza 2008
3093:Lira 1977a
3069:Bento 2003
3057:Souza 2008
3030:Bento 2003
3018:Souza 2008
3006:Souza 2008
2994:Souza 2008
2982:Souza 2008
2970:Souza 2008
2934:Lira 1977a
2910:Bento 2003
2823:Souza 2008
2811:Bento 2003
2722:Souza 2008
2710:Bento 2003
2695:Souza 2008
2683:Souza 2008
2656:Souza 2008
2639:Souza 2008
2513:Souza 2008
2471:Siber 1916
2432:Souza 2008
2420:Souza 2008
2408:Souza 2008
2396:Souza 2008
2384:Bento 2003
2365:Bento 2003
2353:Souza 2008
2341:Bento 2003
2329:Souza 2008
2317:Souza 2008
2305:Souza 2008
2293:Souza 2008
2281:Souza 2008
2269:Souza 2008
2257:Souza 2008
2245:Souza 2008
2228:Souza 2008
2216:Souza 2008
2185:Souza 2008
2161:Souza 2008
2149:Souza 2008
2137:Souza 2008
2120:Souza 2008
2069:Bento 2003
2057:Cohen 1998
2045:References
1998:commission
1983:ancestors.
1881:Emperor's
1874:Emperor's
1693:Freemasons
1603:Dezembrada
1555:See also:
1550:Dezembrada
1488:Uruguaiana
1340:(reds) or
1302:saquaremas
1295:saquaremas
1274:See also:
1250:alongside
1247:Dom Afonso
1211:plantation
1194:Dom Afonso
1166:saquaremas
1162:saquaremas
1158:saquaremas
1088:saquaremas
1012:presidente
884:Cisplatina
880:Montevideo
864:See also:
755:Cisplatina
619:Cisplatina
594:pronounced
489:Allegiance
438:Politician
435:Occupation
406:7 May 1880
377:1803-08-25
6553:1853–1856
6448:Lei Áurea
6407:Luís Gama
6337:Cabanagem
6109:Provinces
5530:310545470
5494:1679-7221
1836:Greatness
1775:São Paulo
1633:, c. 1869
1621:Aftermath
1453:Argentine
1369:saquarema
1357:saquarema
1342:puritanos
1338:vermelhos
1334:saquarema
1330:president
1306:saquarema
1230:saquarema
1216:In 1851,
1206:saquarema
1135:saquarema
1129:in 1835,
1125:began in
1096:saquarema
1092:saquarema
892:Argentina
634:abdicated
512:1808–1880
476:Iron Duke
467:Nicknames
455:Signature
313:In office
275:In office
244:In office
179:In office
136:In office
91:In office
7082:Bertrand
6773:Category
6721:Republic
6240:Military
6181:Politics
6149:Pedro II
6132:Monarchy
6104:Nobility
5719:(1972).
5596:(1975).
5400:(1975).
1970:Endnotes
1958:See also
1751:carriage
1710:de facto
1607:Asunción
1579:Asunción
1477:progress
1023:São Luís
1008:Balaiada
1004:Maranhão
975:Balaiada
969:Balaiada
850:Salvador
838:adjutant
799:strategy
682:nobility
664:and the
658:Balaiada
544:Balaiada
448:See list
191:Pedro II
148:Pedro II
104:Pedro II
30:In this
6708:(1889)
6370:Slavery
6144:Pedro I
6099:Economy
6089:Regency
6077:History
1786:patrono
1747:Valença
1740:Uruguai
1591:Ytororó
1543:passage
940:in the
903:Uruguay
890:(later
803:alferes
795:tactics
751:João VI
672:in the
653:regency
605:" and "
188:Monarch
145:Monarch
100:Monarch
7053:(1993)
7047:(1902)
7023:(1822)
6933:People
6829:Brazil
6739:(1962)
6690:(1885)
6666:(1882)
6606:(1864)
6594:(1862)
6527:(1848)
6521:(1848)
6502:Empire
6421:Others
6321:(1824)
6215:Others
5783:
5755:
5736:
5705:
5673:
5654:
5613:
5582:
5545:
5528:
5509:
5492:
5473:
5454:
5435:
5420:Caxias
5386:
5351:
5332:
1894:Honors
1883:Veador
1790:caxias
1762:Legacy
1736:Paraná
1236:chose
1077:brevet
1056:Sabará
1031:Caxias
725:Brazil
660:, the
443:Awards
6865:(UNR)
5872:1851
4461:See:
4396:See:
4115:See:
3482:See:
2706:See:
2623:See:
1717:Death
842:Bahia
711:Birth
40:Alves
7076:Luiz
6783:List
6305:Wars
5781:ISBN
5753:ISBN
5734:ISBN
5703:ISBN
5671:ISBN
5652:ISBN
5611:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5543:ISBN
5526:OCLC
5507:ISBN
5490:ISSN
5471:ISBN
5452:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5384:ISBN
5349:ISBN
5330:ISBN
1597:and
1595:Avay
1153:'."
955:and
765:and
742:The
644:and
517:Rank
403:Died
371:Born
6827:in
1473:red
748:Dom
627:Dom
416:),
391:),
38:is
7160::
6555:)
6091:,
6087:,
6083:,
5690:78
5630:35
5371:35
5317:44
5244:^
5037:^
4962:^
4947:^
4812:^
4653:^
4528:^
4513:^
4486:^
4024:^
4009:^
3968:^
3817:^
3730:^
3689:^
3674:^
3633:^
3618:^
3555:^
3379:^
3112:^
3049:^
2890:^
2767:^
2663:^
2648:^
2604:^
2493:^
2478:^
2451:^
2372:^
2235:^
2204:^
2127:^
2112:^
2093:^
2076:^
1889:).
1812:.
1804:,
1738:,
1593:,
1459:.
797:,
395:,
387:,
6817:e
6810:t
6803:v
6760:×
6756:†
6710:×
6557:†
6551:(
6486:e
6479:t
6472:v
6095:)
6079:(
6055:e
6048:t
6041:v
5789:.
5761:.
5742:.
5711:.
5679:.
5660:.
5619:.
5588:.
5551:.
5532:.
5515:.
5496:.
5479:.
5460:.
5441:.
5392:.
5357:.
5338:.
1931:.
1924:.
1917:.
1910:.
1903:.
1885:(
1878:.
1868:.
1861:.
1423:.
1388:(
1380:(
592:(
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27:.
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