Jordan Valley - Knowledge

740: 1627: 1795:, authorities do not allow many Palestinian herding and agricultural communities access to the water or electricity grids, and tear down olive groves, donated solar panels, access roads to fields and waterlines which lack an Israeli warrant. Often the reason given concerns the 'protection of antiquities'. According to agricultural consultant Samir Muaddi, the Civil Administration helps Palestinian farmers and the Palestinian agriculture ministry market their produce in Israel and ensure its quality. Seminars are held on modern agriculture, exposing the farmers to Israeli and international innovations. 1434: 1236: 1185:

little resistance by the Israelis. These retreating units, as well as two brigades that were held in reserve in the Jordan Valley, formed defensive positions on the Jordanian side of the Jordan valley and deeper in Jordanian territory. The Jordanian valley features, namely the river and the high and steep escarpments contributed to the strength of this position. Coupled with Israeli reluctance to cross the 1948 British Mandate border in this sector, American diplomatic pressure, and needs on additional fronts the war ended with the sides opposing one another across the Jordan Valley.

1765: 1042: 1142: 351: 1819: 601: 1750: 185: 468: 696: 35: 1357: 402:, separated only by the political boundary of the Jordan River. The Jordanian (North Ghor) IBA on the eastern side covers some 6,000 ha, with the Israeli one covering 7,000 ha of the western side. Significant bird populations for which the IBAs were designated, including resident, wintering and passage migrant species, comprise the following: 1424:

pastoral communities, who roamed the arid plateau above the valley without regard to land ownership, into permanent communities particularly around the Jericho area. Israel has also enforced zoning rules, building permit requirements, natural reserves, and military firing zones in the territory which

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in the center of those two river courses. In regard to the West Bank, Annex I (a) provides that "This line is the administrative boundary between Jordan and the territory which came under Israeli military government control in 1967. Any treatment of this line shall be without prejudice to the status

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Nowadays the Jordan Valley still is an essential part of one of the main migration routes for birds in the world; within the region, it constitutes the Eastern Route which, together with the parallel Western Route and the Southern-Eilat Mountains Route, allow an estimated 500 million birds belonging

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While providing benefits elsewhere by utilization of fresh water, the combined result of both of these projects and subsequent management and usage, was to greatly reduce the flow of water through the Jordan valley. The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic meters per year; as of

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in the Jordan Valley formed the Council of the Gush, a regional municipal framework responsible for liaison with the authorities of the British Mandate. In the 1940s, this economic, cultural, and security cooperation between the kibbutzim continued, and a regional school system was established. In

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and its 6,000 inhabitants were ordered to leave; most, however, returned to the village. The population of the Jordan Valley fled in disproportionate numbers compared to the rest of the West Bank. According to some estimates, the population of the Jericho sub-district which is in the Jordan Valley

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brigade invaded via Naharyim in an unsuccessful attempt to take Gesher. After the Tel Or village and the power plant were overrun by the Arab forces they were destroyed. To prevent Iraqi tanks from attacking Jewish villages in the Jordan Valley, the sluice gates of the Degania dam were opened. The

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with limited supply routes from the other side of the Jordan river, was collapsing due to lack of suitable supply and reinforcement routes most of the remaining Jordanian units able to retreat did so, crossing the Jordan river to Jordan proper and the remaining West Bank cities were captured with

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hostilities Israel controlled roughly the same territory of the Jordan Valley that it was allotted in the partition plan. Some Jewish settlements in the Jordanian controlled Jordan Valley were abandoned, while significantly more Arab residents fled mixed cities and Arab settlements as part of the

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From the beginning of the second truce on 18 July 1948 and until the end of hostilities with Jordan on 3 April 1949 and Syria on 20 July 1949 there were no further major military operations around the Jordan Valley, and contact lines remained static in this area. Unlike other areas, at the end of

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elected government that the prisoners would be released and the leaving of international wardens who were monitoring the incarceration. The prisoners put up a fight, and after a ten-hour siege, the prisoners surrendered and were arrested. A series of riots and kidnapping of foreigners ensued

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The effect of Black September on the Jordanian Jordan Valley population was severe as the valley had a relatively high fraction of Palestinian population and PLO bases and fighters. According to some estimates, half the buildings in the Jordanian side of the Jordan Valley were razed and the

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The Jordan Valley is several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, and its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply made it a site for agriculture dating to about 10,000 years ago. By about 3000 BCE, produce from the valley was being exported to neighboring regions.

1788:), which runs down the east bank of the Jordan Valley for 69 kilometers, has brought new areas under irrigation. The introduction of portable greenhouses has brought about a sevenfold increase in productivity, allowing Jordan to export large amounts of fruit and vegetables year-round. 2536:., p. 81: 'Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April). 202:

According to the definition used in this article, what is elsewhere sometimes termed the Upper Jordan Valley is not considered part of the Jordan Valley. The Upper Jordan Valley comprises the Jordan River sources and the course of the Jordan River through the

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under British Administration. The Jordan river, in the middle of the Jordan valley, was the border between these two entities. This agreement split the Jordan valley, which during Ottoman times was under a single administration, to two distinct entities.

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In Palestinian enclaves and refugee camps in Jordan, the Jordanian Police and army were losing their authority. Uniformed PLO militants openly carried weapons, set up checkpoints, and attempted to extort "taxes". During the November 1968 negotiations, a

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of 1994, which establishes an "administrative boundary" between Jordan and the West Bank, occupied by Israel since 1967, without prejudice to the status of that territory. Israel has allocated 86% of the land, in the West Bank portion of the valley, to

236:), includes the Jordan River segment south of the Sea of Galilee which ends at the Dead Sea. Several degrees warmer than adjacent areas, its year-round agricultural climate, fertile soils and water supply have made the Ghor a key agricultural area. 1199:

During and following the Six-Day War, many Palestinians, who at the time had Jordanian citizenship, fled the West Bank to Jordan due to choice, fear, and in some cases being forced to do so. In the Jordan valley the majority of the inhabitants of

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command, which were repulsed after some initial successes as a result of Jordanian air force strikes. After a protracted campaign, lasting 10 months, and claiming more than 3,400 Palestinian deaths the king reasserted Jordanian sovereignty.

1742:(same translation), which consists of Israeli settlements built after 1967. The Bik'at HaYarden settlements are located in the West Bank between the pre-1967 borders and Jericho in the south. Settlements near the Dead Sea are part of the 494:, until 1918. The Ottoman internal administrative divisions varied throughout the period with the Jordan river being at times a provincial border, and at times not. However the valley was contained within the group of provinces termed 867:

in April 1948 a strategic settlement located on the route to the valley was successfully defended by Jewish forces, and Arab positions surrounding it were captured in a counter-attack. The Jewish supply route to the Jordan Valley and

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the northern portion of the western side of the valley would have been assigned to the Jewish state, and the southern portion to an Arab state. However hostilities between the Arabs and Jews commenced soon after the UN resolution as

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in which the Ottoman territory of the Levant, which divided the yet undefeated Ottoman regions of the Levant between France and Britain. Under the agreement, the Jordan valley would be entirely within the British sphere of control.

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living in the part of the valley that lies in the West Bank. As of 2009, the number of Palestinians remaining in this area was approximately 58,000, living in about twenty permanent communities, mostly concentrated in the city of

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telling the parents: "a crime that is a shame for all of us. I feel as if I have lost a child of my own. If there is any purpose in life it will be to make sure that all the children no longer suffer the way our generation did."

262:, the valley's Jordanian side was home to about 60,000 people largely engaged in agriculture and pastoralism. By 1971, the Valley's Jordanian population had declined to 5,000 as a result of the 1967 war and the 1970–71 " 1321:

Even though Jordan was Western aligned, and was invaded by Syrian forces just three years prior, the Jordanian government decided to intervene in the 1973 conflict a week after the beginning of hostilities, sending an

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sees the actions by the Israeli government as a part of a policy aimed at de facto annexing the Jordan Valley. The Bedouin, who erect structures illegally per the Israeli view, have received material aid from the

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by a Jordanian medical team. Therefore, a five-member military tribunal sentenced him to only 20 years in prison. Daqamseh expressed pride for his actions, and he was later called a "hero" by Jordanian politician

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The Israeli-Jordanian contact line, the main portion being the Jordanian valley, remained quiet during the war. Israel and Jordan did however deploy units in a defensive posture on each side of the Jordan valley.

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when reaching the Dead Sea. Due to meandering, the length of the river itself is 220 km (140 mi). This is the valley with the lowest elevation in the world, beginning at −212 m (−696 ft) below

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200 species to fly across Israel twice a year - in spring from here or from Africa towards their breeding places in Asia and Europe, and in autumn on the way back to their winter home in the Levant or in Africa.

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resulting in approximately 300 deaths. Between February and June 1970, about a thousand people died in Jordan due to the conflict. In September 1970; following failed assassination attempts of the king, and the

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countries—Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. Though the plan was rejected by the Arab League, both Israel and Jordan undertook to abide by their allocations under the plan. The US provided funding for Israel's

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of Jordan personally apologized for the incident, traveling to Israel to visit and pay respects to the grieving families of the seven murdered girls during the traditional Jewish mourning ceremony known as

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In the aftermath of the war, a Palestinian Arab state was not formed in the West Bank, and the Jordanians retained control of both sides of the Jordan Valley along the West Bank – Jordan border due to the

1384:, the geographic defensive barrier created by the Jordan valley, and the demographic realities (lack of a significant Arab population in the valley that would impact the overall demographics of Israel). 274:. Investments by the Jordanian government in the region allowed the population to rebound to over 85,000 by 1979. 80% of the farms in the Jordanian part of the valley are family farms no larger than 30 1538:

Ahmed Daqamseh, who stated that he attacked because he was insulted and angered that the girls were whistling and clapping while he was praying. He killed seven schoolgirls, and injured six others.

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Following commencement of hostilities of the Six-Day War on 5 June 1967, initial hostilities between Israel and Jordan were mainly around the line of contact between Israel and Jordan and around

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Throughout the entire war, Jordanian Arab Legion forces as well as Iraqi military forces crossed the Jordan valley to support the Arab effort in the central sector, the current West Bank.

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which would have diverted two of the three sources of the Jordan river. Israel's destruction, via airstrikes, of the diversion project in April 1967 was one of the events leading to the

903:. The power plant workers and their families without a Jordanian ID card evacuated into Mandatory Palestine. On 15 May 1948, the day hostilities formally commenced with Arab states, an 863:. The Arab population of Tiberias (6,000 residents or 47.5% of the population) was evacuated under British military protection on 18 April 1948 following clashes in the mixed city. The 1681: 1660:

section of the Jordan valley and the north Dead Sea. The long-standing Palestinian view is and has been that the entire West Bank, including the Jordan Valley, should be Palestinian.

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in 1994. Jericho, which is disconnected from the rest of the West Bank, and is far from the Israeli hinterland, was viewed as a suitable location for nascent Palestinian self-rule.

1334:. However, declassified documents show this was a token participation to preserve King Hussein's status in the Arab world, and that some tacit understandings were made with Israel. 121:", with a width averaging 10 km (6.2 mi) with some points narrowing to 4 km (2.5 mi) over most of the course, before widening out to a 20 km (12 mi) 3414: 1706:

declared that the Israeli government had newly seized 10 km of land in the West Bank; this included parts of the Jordan Valley, as well as land between the Israeli settlements

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Jesus' traditional baptism site has attracted pilgrims throughout history. During the last four decades pilgrimage facilities have been created at three different sites. With

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In the context of pre-state Zionist and later Israeli settlement, "Jordan Valley" means the southern tip of the Sea of Galilee and the first kilometres of the valley towards

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has its own medieval traditions. Both sites were off-limits between 1967 and the 2000s, first due to the conflict between Israel and Jordan and then due to the Palestinian

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area decreased from around 79,407 in May 1967 to 10,800 in the September 1967 census or 83% compared to an estimate of 850,343 to 661,757 or 23% for the entire West Bank.

3368: 3338: 1806:. It flows down into the Sea of Galilee, 212 meters below sea level, and then drains into the Dead Sea. South of the Dead Sea, the Jordan Valley turns into the hot, dry 1598:, it was not a major area of operations by either side. The Jericho casino was shut shortly after the beginning of the Intifada, and has not since returned to business. 671:

Following the division, the concept of an east and west bank of the Jordan, as separate territorial units took hold. As a political example to this new reality, in 1929

1784:. Modern methods of farming have vastly expanded the agricultural output of the area. The construction of the East Ghor Canal by Jordan in the 1950s (now known as the 1286:

in which 4 planes were hijacked and landed at a desert airstrip in Jordan; the Jordanian king ordered the army to attack and expel Palestinian militants, and declared

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rush of water, which deepened the Jordan river, was instrumental in blocking the Iraqi-Jordanian incursion. On 20 May 1948, after a failure to reach an agreement with

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Salameh, Elias. "Sources of water salinities in the Jordan Valley Area/Jordan." Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica 29.6/7 (2002): Introduction on page 330 (2 in PDF)

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were abandoned due to their isolation amidst Arab settlements. The residents and fighters of the villages evacuated via boat over the Dead Sea to the Israeli post at

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Jordan has the historically oldest site, with archaeological finds from the earliest periods of Christian worship. Across the river, on the West Bank side,

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lines, to reflect both the shifting river course and historical claims, and also settled on-going water disputed and instituted a water sharing agreement.

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This agreement, however, was not adhered to, and clashes grew between the Jordanian army and Palestinian militants. In February 1970 fighting broke out in

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in particular. Following heavy fighting in Jerusalem, the city was captured on 7 June. The Israeli Harel Brigade advanced on the Jordan Valley and Israeli

3460: 1684:. Some settler groups have claimed that the EU's ambassador is working to "establish a terror state", with housing aid to Bedouin along strategic routes. 3499: 3068: 1552:. King Hussein's visit to the parents of the victims was broadcast live in Israel and Jordan. During the visit, in which King Hussein stood alongside 2647:

The UNRWA commissioned a plan for the development of the Jordan River; this became widely known as "The Johnston plan". The plan was modelled on the

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and the British, who directly controlled the area west of the valley, chose to avoid any definite connection between the two areas. Following the

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Following the end of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian government has attempted to gain control over additional areas and in particular the

1290:. Syria attempted to aid the Palestinian cause in Jordan by sending significant military forces across the border, though nominally under the 3399: 1618:. Reports from the scene said 50 jeeps, three tanks, and an armored bulldozer pushed into Jericho, and two helicopters were flying overhead. 1086:

after receiving assurances from Israel that it would continue to abide by the plan's allocations. Similar funding was provided for Jordan's

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Israeli enforcement of zoning rules, building permits, natural reserves, and firing zones in the Jordan valley, the adjoining area east of

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In 1998, a $ 150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat. The casino closed subsequently during the

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of Israel with Jordan, intending to annex it or keep deployment of Israeli forces in the valley. An early example of this view was the

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Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, The: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History

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was granted a 70-year concession for the construction of hydroelectric plants along the Jordan River; the only plant built was the

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in 2013 in which MPs alleged that he had finished his sentence. He was released on 12 March 2017 after he finished his sentence.

1120: 708: 623:, as well as a power vacuum following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire led to a series of diplomatic conferences and treaties ( 569: 2868: 2745:

Laurie A. Brand (1991) Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State Columbia University Press,

2547: 635:) which convened with continued armed struggle between the great powers, their proxies, and Arab elements that were part of the 3335: 3131:

Abu Toameh, Khaled (19 February 2006). HAMAS TO BAR JERICHO CASINO REOPENING. Jerusalem Post, 19 February 2006. Retrieved from

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1975–1999: construction of 18 additional settlements, which further reinforces the two settlement lines in the previous phases.

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1949, the Jordan Valley Regional Council was formed, becoming the model for regional councils throughout Israel. It is called

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Ammonnews (4 April 2013). House majority call for release of ex-Jordanian soldier. Ammon News, 4 April 2013. Retrieved from

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which ended in the destruction of the PLO base, deaths on both sides, destruction of property, and an Israeli withdrawal.

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was completed in stages between 1961 and 1966, and likewise diverts a significant amount of water from the Jordan river.

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Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present

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Concurrently, on 14 May Syrian forces began attacking via the Syrian-Mandate border in a series of engagement called

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This article is about the physical and human geography of the lower Jordan Valley. For the upper Jordan Valley, see

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were placed in the valley to protect the eastern flank of the British forces facing Ottoman forces in the hills of

1667:, the south Hebron hills and elsewhere, have become an issue covered by activists and human-rights organizations. 354:

The Sea of Galilee. At its southern tip (right side) the Jordan River exits the lake and enters the Jordan Valley.

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The valley, in the common, narrow sense, is a long and narrow trough, 105 km (65 mi) long if measured "

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captured by the time a second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole Lower Galilee from Haifa Bay to the

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periods, the Levantine corridor, of which the Jordan Valley is one part, was more important for bi-directional

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and communities in the greater Jericho area in the south of the valley. Of these, approximately 10,000 live in

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South of the Dead Sea, the continuation of the larger Jordan Rift Valley contains the hot, dry area known as

2967: 3524: 1283: 778: 562: 558: 90:. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to the lower course of the 3504: 3452: 3132: 2352: 843:. The Jewish settlements in the Jordan valley were particularly disconnected from the rest of the Jewish 731:, was founded in the vicinity of the power plant. The plant remained in operation until the war of 1948. 338:

contains 21 settlements with a total of 4,200 residents as of 2014, and the independent municipality of

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Mo 'Awiyah Ibrahim; Sauer, James Abbott; Yassine, Khair (1976). "The East Jordan Valley Survey, 1975".

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Israel has constructed settlements in the West bank portion of the Jordan valley in three main phases:

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stepped up their guerrilla attacks against Israel from Jordanian soil, using the Jordan Valley town of

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during some periods contained both banks of the Jordan, while during others the valley was bordered by

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Since the end of the 1967 war, many Israeli governments have treated the western Jordan Valley as the

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was captured by Israel opening further supply lines to the settlements in the northern Jordan valley.

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and constitutes a route for animal migration, including in the past for the developing human species.

1417: 1291: 1209: 892: 550: 522: 419: 263: 2453:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 232. 2287: 2045: 3549: 2450:

The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology

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to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the

1743: 1515: 864: 739: 581: 3296: 2851: 2292:, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations" 847:, were fairly small and dispersed among Arab settlements, and relied on a tenuous supply line via 2651:

development plan for the development of the Jordan River as a single unit. Greg Shapland, (1997)

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of the total Jordanian was always high, and the 1967 refugees further increased their number.

1235: 3431: 3253: 3045: 1381: 1327: 1217: 1433: 2770: 1764: 1577: 1468: 1351: 1166: 913: 656: 573: 517:, the people who lived in the Jordan Valley in the late 19th century were almost entirely 8: 3373: 2339: 1872: 1842: 1785: 1341: 1323: 1105: 1087: 792: 672: 664: 628: 620: 605: 526: 431: 395: 151: 3146: 2448: 2169: 1141: 624: 3093: 2917: 2106: 2091: 2033: 1984: 1976: 1958: 1657: 1631: 1556: 1464: 1463:, handed over additional West Bank territories, however Israel has retained control as 1437: 1205: 1041: 640: 565: 447: 359: 350: 300: 159: 87: 24: 3218: 3196: 1687:

On 10 September 2019, Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu said that the government would

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WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920–1948, p. 79

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Soffer, A.; Bar-Gal, Y. (1985). "Planned Bedouin settlement in Israel— a critique".

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The treaty defines the international border between the countries on the Jordan and

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development plan, it was approved by technical water committees of all the regional

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development of the Jordan Valley. It was negotiated and developed by US ambassador

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was further secured by the Battle of Ramat Yohanan and a modus vivendi agreed with

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that are located in the valley. An additional 12,400 live in 22 communities in the

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in the south. In a wider sense, the term may also cover the Dead Sea basin and the

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Population and Demographic Developments in The West Bank and Gaza Strip until 1990

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to the British Mandate and the Emirate of Transjordan. An adjacent company town,

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Inside pre-1967 borders, 17,332 Israelis live in the independent municipality of

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formulated in 1967–1968. This Israeli position (which has also been held by the

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as their headquarters. The Israeli army attacked this base in March 1968 in the

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it was agreed that he would administer the territory east of the Jordan River,

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to Israel has been proposed by a variety of Israeli politicians, most recently

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Americans for Peace Now report on Jordan Valley settlements and related issues

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United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

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US Assistance, Development, and Hierarchy in the Middle East: Aid for Allies

2710: 2011:. Archaeological Studies Leiden University (ASLU). Leiden University Press. 3007: 2467:

Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923

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On 14 March 2006, Israel raided the Palestinian jail in Jericho as part of

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village. Following the heavy fighting, the Arab inhabitants of the city of

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valley, which is the rift valley segment beyond the Dead Sea and ending at

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2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.

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Satellite map and diagram showing the Jordan valley on either side of the

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Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, H. H.; Palmer, E. H.; Besant, W. (1881–1883).

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In 1994, following the initial Oslo accords, Israel and Jordan signed a

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Following the first truce which ended on 8 July, the successful Israeli

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Following conflicting promises and agreements during WWI, in particular

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and very small Area B zones around some small Palestinian settlements.

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http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Hamas-to-bar-Jericho-casino-reopening

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Post-1967 Israeli settlements and long-term views of the Jordan Valley

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An Israeli military vehicle on patrol in the Jordan Valley, circa 1968

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which objected to Israeli National Water Carrier approved in 1964 the

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by applying "Israeli sovereignty over the Jordan Valley and northern

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Jericho, and the surrounding area in the southern valley, along with

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using tanks and aircraft, and on 18 May they succeeded in conquering

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which asserts that the Jordan river should be the central feature of

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in blue, note solid blue area-C strip along most of the Jordan river

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between 1953 and 1955, and based on an earlier plan commissioned by

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Over most of its length, the Jordan Valley forms the border between

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Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin

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1971–1974: construction of six settlements to the west of the road.

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The 1968 Allon Plan: note blue Israeli zone along the Jordan valley

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Israel, the Hashemites, and the Palestinians: the fateful triangle

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Rivers of Discord: International Water Disputes in the Middle East

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On 13 March 1997, a visiting group of schoolgirls was attacked by

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As it became clear that the Jordanian position, from the get-go a

3417: 3299: 1938: 1730: 1649: 1472: 1421: 1259: 1158: 952: 877: 852: 684: 663:. The area west of the Jordan river was allocated in 1922 to the 486:

in 1486, which involved a small battle in the valley en route to

483: 308: 296: 218:

The lower part of the valley, known as the Ghor (from the Arabic

184: 3219:"Arab nations condemn Netanyahu's Jordan Valley annexation plan" 2880: 2446: 1274:

was reached between King Hussein and Palestinian organizations.

955:, but they were bogged down by resistance. Later, they attacked 687:: "Two Banks has the Jordan/This is ours and, that is as well." 467: 175: 1932: 1864: 1807: 909: 844: 728: 695: 538: 394:

The northern Jordan valley has two adjoining and complementary

271: 241: 138: 134: 103: 98:

in the north, to the end of its course where it flows into the

34: 3336:

HUMANITARIAN FACT SHEET ON THE JORDAN VALLEY AND DEAD SEA AREA

2193:"High tech may water Jordan Valley, but dry up family farming" 225: 3255:

Palestinian Politics after Arafat: A Failed National Movement

2733: 2002:

Moawiyah M. Ibrahim (2009). Eva Kaptijn; Lucas Petit (eds.).

1868: 1803: 1717: 1630:

September 2019 annexation proposal by Israeli prime minister

1610: 1406: 1356: 1278: 1255: 1097:

was completed in 1964, and coupled with increased closing of

885: 873: 585: 518: 491: 275: 111: 107: 3282:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 26 January 2011. 2869:

The Jordan Valley is Israel’s Only Defensible Eastern Border

2089:'Israel: Settlement Agriculture Harms Palestinian Children,' 1090:

project after similar assurances were obtained from Jordan.

286:

Population levels in the past are unclear. According to the

3355:

Settler group accuses EU envoy of supporting ‘terror state’

3280:"West Bank: enduring the restrictions in the Jordan Valley" 3046:"With condolence visit to Israel, King Hussein spurs talks" 2793:, Dr. Wael R. Ennab, UNCTAD, June 1994, page 73, figure 3.4 980: 577: 987:

mountain guns. Following the Syrian forces' defeat at the

3312:

Israeli demolitions leave West Bank Bedouin, U.N. alarmed

1935:, site in the Jordan Valley mentioned in the Hebrew Bible 1609:

who were jailed there, following the announcement of the

1485: 1251: 595: 307:, including approximately 2,700 people who live in small 287: 1798:

The Jordan River rises from several sources, mainly the

1702:

In late March 2024, Israel's far-right Finance Minister

592:, and the collapse of the Ottoman armies in the Levant. 1225:

Jordan: conflict with PLO and Black September 1967–1971

305:

Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories

2874: 2803:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (12 May 2005).

1841:

its riverbed at Gilgal, which went dry as soon as the

541:

from the hills come to cultivate their land for them.

2070: 2068: 2066: 1961:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3094:

http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleNO=20576

2526:

Jerusalem Embattled – A diary of a city under siege.

1695:" should he continue being Prime Minister after the 1622:

Future of the West Bank portion of the Jordan Valley

1594:

Despite some clashes in the Jericho area during the

1031:

Jordanian occupation and annexation of the West Bank

967:. On 21 May, the Syrian army was stopped at kibbutz 245:, the "wilderness" or "Arabah desert" of the Bible. 219: 81: 61: 3197:"Netanyahu pledges to annex occupied Jordan Valley" 2592: 2574:

Carta's Atlas of Israel – The First Years 1948–1961

2001: 935:. The Syrians thrust down the eastern and southern 457: 3272: 2063: 1391:1967–1970: construction of five settlements along 3069:"A Time to Mourn: King Hussein Comforts Israelis" 2990:"Jordan MPs: Free man who killed 7 Israeli girls" 2611:Elusive Victory: The Arab–Israeli Wars, 1947–1974 2585: 2583: 2353:The Jordan River Valley: A Vital Migratory Flyway 2141:. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Archived from 1467:administered by Israel, with the exception of an 3491: 3251: 3006: 1829:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the 1780:The area's fertile lands were chronicled in the 1638: Jordan Valley area to be annexed by Israel 1509: 290:, before 1967, there were approximately 250,000 145:, to the west. The details are regulated by the 3191: 3189: 3066: 2843: 2368: 2251:"Israel has de facto annexed the Jordan Valley" 2231:, B'Tselem, May 2011 & updated October 2013 1541:On 16 March 1997, a few days after the attack, 3324:Bedouin vow to stay in contested Jordan Valley 3043: 2700:, Munther J. Haddadin, editor, RFF Press, 2006 2580: 2464:Karsh, Efraim; Karsh, Inari (1 January 2001). 2241: 2239: 2237: 2224: 2222: 1941:, modern and ancient town in the Jordan Valley 711:in the Jordan valley at the confluence of the 2983: 2981: 2938: 2190: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2005:The Jordan Valley during the Early Bronze Age 1567:The perpetrator, however, was diagnosed with 3240:Abbas rejects Israeli claim to Jordan Valley 3186: 2571: 2245: 2184: 1583: 811: Israeli controlled territory from 1949 723:. The Naharayim plant was a major source of 231: 2849: 2234: 2219: 1697:September 2019 Israeli legislative election 1559:, he expressed an apology on behalf of the 1448:was the first territory handed over to the 1330:to southern Syria to aid in the defense of 1307:population decreased from 63,000 to 5,000. 836:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 549:In 1916, Britain and France engaged in the 478:The Jordan valley was under control of the 462: 380:human migrations between Africa and Eurasia 16:Rift valley in Israel, Palestine and Jordan 3245: 2978: 2463: 2214:Settling area C: the Jordan Valley Exposed 2157: 1718:The Israeli Jordan Valley Regional Council 1607:killers of Israeli minister Rehavam Ze'evi 1188: 471:Approximation of the 'average' borders of 114:, 155 km (96 mi) farther south. 3500:History of the Jews in Palestine (region) 2316: 2207: 1927:Ancient underground quarry, Jordan Valley 1892: 1813: 829:controlled territory from 1948 until 1967 370:Genetic studies indicate that during the 3258:. Indiana University Press. p. 34. 3000: 2711:"Jordan River could die by 2011: report" 2641: 2589:Morris,2008, pp. 236, 237, 247, 253, 254 2484: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 1817: 1763: 1748: 1625: 1432: 1355: 1234: 1140: 1040: 899:were shelled on 27–29 April 1948 by the 841:1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 738: 734: 694: 690: 599: 466: 349: 33: 3144: 3060: 2965: 2832:, By Anne Mariel Zimmermann, page 112, 2796: 2545: 2539: 1169:in the south of the valley, and forces 1121:Headwater Diversion Plan (Jordan River) 1036: 709:First Jordan Hydro-Electric Power House 570:British occupation of the Jordan Valley 557:In February 1918, as part of the wider 521:of various tribes, save for a group of 3492: 3125: 2910: 2904: 2097: 1486:1994 Israeli-Jordanian peace agreement 1420:, Israel has sought to settle migrant 1310: 757: Area assigned for a Jewish state 596:Formation of Transjordan and Palestine 331:whose southern half is in the valley. 3366: 3086: 2724: 2607: 2565: 2457: 2396:"Northern Jordan Valley (North Ghor)" 2346: 2112: 1177:located in the middle of the valley. 1023:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 991:a few days later, they abandoned the 791:Armistice Demarcation Lines of 1949 ( 767: Area assigned for an Arab state 303:which is administered by the Israeli 23:. For the geology of the valley, see 3429: 3360: 2987: 2414: 2362: 2310: 2139:"Touristic Sites: The Jordan Valley" 747:1947 UN Partition Plan for Palestine 3164: 3010:; Kumaraswamy, P. R., eds. (2003). 2703: 2388: 2369:Avigayil Kadesh (30 January 2011). 2319:"Routes of migrating soaring birds" 1860: 1380:) stems from the narrowness of the 1348:Israeli occupation of the West Bank 1250:After the Six-Day War in 1967, the 884:further opened up supply lines via 323:, 12,000 live in 24 communities in 232: 94:, from the spot where it exits the 71: 51: 13: 3172:"West Bank jail raid sparks chaos" 2840:(Print) 978-1-349-95000-3 (Online) 2552:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2496: 2375:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2304:American Journal of Human Genetics 975:halted Syrian armored forces with 604:The Jordan valley divided between 345: 325:Valley of Springs Regional Council 14: 3576: 3535:Valleys of the State of Palestine 3442: 3242:, Times of Israel, September 2013 3067:Serge Schmemann (16 March 1997). 3016:. Psychology Press. p. 157. 2850:Ofer Aderet (12 September 2013). 2767:The Palestinian Exodus, 1948–1998 2657:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1603:Operation Bringing Home the Goods 1425:has restricted Arab development. 1216:over 800 homes were razed by the 699:Rutenberg power plant, circa 1933 647:area east of the valley become a 358:The Jordan Valley is part of the 268:Palestine Liberation Organization 3357:, Times of Israel, February 2016 3252:As'ad Ghanem (26 January 2010). 3145:McGreal, Chris (15 March 2006). 3044:Jerrold Kessel (16 March 1997). 2357:Friends of the Earth Middle East 2191:Dana Charkasi (31 August 2000). 1825:baptism site on the Jordan River 1740:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council 1352:Strategic depth § In Israel 1095:National Water Carrier of Israel 1051:Jordan Valley Unified Water Plan 1045:National Water Carrier of Israel 787:would be neither Jewish nor Arab 458:History, geopolitics, and events 342:an additional 1,206 as of 2015. 336:Bik'at HaYarden Regional Council 183: 174: 3515:Geography of Palestine (region) 3432:"Joining forces on agriculture" 3423: 3404: 3393: 3348: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3286: 3233: 3211: 3138: 3099: 3037: 2959: 2932: 2862: 2823: 2784: 2756: 2739: 2691: 2668: 2632: 2601: 2548:"The Power Plant on Two Rivers" 2546:Avitzur, Shmuel (22 May 2003). 2518: 2440: 2371:"Birds on the wing over Israel" 2317:Leshem, Yossi; Yom-Tov, Yoram. 2281: 2269: 2229:Background on the Jordan Valley 1878:The Jordan River is revered by 1576:. A petition circulated in the 1569:antisocial personality disorder 1428: 1299:and remaining fighters fled to 515:PEF Survey of Western Palestine 365: 281: 156:Annexation of the Jordan Valley 3565:Important Bird Areas of Israel 3560:Important Bird Areas of Jordan 2988:Okbi, Yasser (12 April 2013). 2809:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569–573. 2614:. Military Book Club. p. 2428:. BirdLife International. 2021 2422:"Northern lower Jordan valley" 2402:. BirdLife International. 2021 2082: 2052: 1995: 1952: 1759: 1736:Emek HaYarden Regional Council 1459:Subsequent agreements, in the 1450:Palestinian National Authority 1395:which runs through the valley. 1130: 1057:", was a plan for the unified 920:and the nearby north Dead sea 617:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 544: 329:Emek HaYarden Regional Council 29:Jordan Valley (disambiguation) 1: 3367:Brown, Cate (22 March 2024). 3326:, Times of Israel, April 2014 3221:. BBC News. 11 September 2019 3199:. BBC News. 10 September 2019 2966:LoLordo, Ann (26 July 1998). 1945: 1510:1997 Island of Peace massacre 1416:Concurrently, as it has done 979:, hand grenades and a single 933:Battles of the Kinarot Valley 916:, the southern Jordan valley 584:which lead to the capture of 382:than was the Horn of Africa. 334:In the West Bank the Israeli 253: 248: 2953:10.1016/0016-7185(85)90049-1 2911:Keinon, Herb (20 May 2017). 2470:. Harvard University Press. 1738:, and is different from the 675:composed the political poem 563:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 559:Sinai and Palestine Campaign 482:from their victory over the 226: 165: 7: 3453:American Center of Research 3430:Levy, Elior (3 June 2011). 2576:. Jerusalem, Israel: Carta. 2491:The East Bank of the Jordan 1920: 1376:government that signed the 963:and occupied the abandoned 891:In the lead up to the full 568:. Subsequently, during the 537:. The explorers added that 314: 220: 86:) forms part of the larger 82: 62: 10: 3581: 2884:; Jehuda Reinharz (2008). 2649:Tennessee Valley Authority 2572:Nur, Eviatar, ed. (1978). 2359:. Accessed 17 January 2020 1587: 1513: 1345: 1314: 1228: 1192: 1134: 1071:Tennessee Valley Authority 1069:(UNRWA). Modeled upon the 745:Boundaries defined in the 500:Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem 420:black-crowned night herons 147:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 143:Israeli-occupied West Bank 18: 2698:Water Resources in Jordan 2608:Dupuy, Trevor N. (2002). 2480:– via Google Books. 1754:Panorama of Jordan Valley 1584:2000–2006 Second Intifada 1292:Palestine Liberation Army 1284:Dawson's Field hijackings 1053:, commonly known as the " 1003:across the Jordan River. 895:, Naharayim, Tel-Or, and 633:Paulet–Newcombe Agreement 311:and herding communities. 3540:Valleys of the West Bank 3345:, UN OHCA, February 2012 2674:Sosland, Jeffrey (2007) 2598:Pollack 2002, pp. 448–57 2297:16 February 2012 at the 1744:Megilot Regional Council 1516:Island of Peace massacre 1405:Two of the settlements, 1161:blew up sections of the 865:Battle of Mishmar HaEmek 783:with the intention that 463:Under the Ottoman Empire 436:black-winged pratincoles 385: 3449:Photos of Jordan Valley 3341:7 November 2012 at the 1729:In the late 1930s, the 1689:annex the Jordan Valley 1616:Palestinian territories 1524:power plant was dubbed 1520:The site of the former 1195:1967 Palestinian exodus 1189:1967 Palestinian exodus 999:in the northern valley 947:and the settlements of 677:Two Banks to the Jordan 653:Cairo Conference (1921) 444:European honey-buzzards 3530:Landforms of West Asia 2506:. Palestine Remembered 1893:Pilgrimage and tourism 1826: 1814:Religious significance 1800:Anti-Lebanon Mountains 1773: 1768:Date palms of kibbutz 1756: 1653: 1554:Israeli Prime Minister 1454:Gaza–Jericho Agreement 1441: 1361: 1245:Palestinians in Jordan 1240: 1150: 1084:National Water Carrier 1046: 831: 700: 661:Emirate of Transjordan 612: 610:Emirate of Transjordan 475: 400:BirdLife International 355: 39: 27:. For other uses, see 3476:32.31722°N 35.57000°E 3314:, Reuters, March 2016 2890:. UPNE. p. 542. 2493:, Lyrics, ZFA website 2203:on 27 September 2007. 2079:.jewishvirtuallibrary 1821: 1767: 1752: 1629: 1452:, as a result of the 1436: 1382:Israeli coastal plain 1359: 1346:Further information: 1272:seven-point agreement 1238: 1144: 1044: 939:shores, and attacked 893:1948 Arab–Israeli War 742: 735:1948 Arab–Israeli War 698: 691:Naharayim power plant 683:, with the repeating 603: 561:the British empire's 551:Sykes–Picot Agreement 470: 398:(IBAs) recognised by 353: 37: 3174:. BBC. 14 March 2006 2771:University of London 2249:(13 February 2006). 1837:, led by Joshua, to 1578:Jordanian parliament 1471:enclave surrounding 1167:King Abdullah Bridge 1106:East Ghor Main Canal 1088:East Ghor Main Canal 1037:Water wars 1953–1967 657:Abdullah bin Hussein 574:Desert Mounted Corps 211:, both north of the 3525:Landforms of Jordan 3472: / 3374:The Washington Post 2504:"Welcome to Samakh" 2340:Tel Aviv University 1882:as the place where 1873:Ark of the Covenant 1845:reached the shore ( 1843:Ark of the Covenant 1786:King Abdullah Canal 1506:of the territory." 1328:Expeditionary Force 1311:1973 Yom Kippur War 665:Mandatory Palestine 629:San Remo conference 621:Balfour Declaration 606:Mandatory Palestine 527:Mount of Temptation 448:Levant sparrowhawks 396:Important Bird Area 162:in September 2019. 152:Israeli settlements 3505:Jordan River basin 3481:32.31722; 35.57000 3111:The New York Times 3073:The New York Times 2994:The Jerusalem Post 2918:The Jerusalem Post 2426:BirdLife Data Zone 2400:BirdLife Data Zone 2107:Human Rights Watch 2092:Human Rights Watch 1827: 1774: 1757: 1654: 1644: Rest of the 1632:Benjamin Netanyahu 1557:Benjamin Netanyahu 1442: 1362: 1243:The proportion of 1241: 1151: 1047: 832: 701: 655:and meetings with 641:Battle of Maysalun 613: 476: 360:Levantine corridor 356: 266:" war between the 258:Prior to the 1967 160:Benjamin Netanyahu 88:Jordan Rift Valley 40: 25:Jordan Rift Valley 3555:Valleys of Israel 3545:Regions of Israel 3520:Great Rift Valley 3400:The Jordan Valley 3302:, 6 February 2014 3265:978-0-253-00401-7 3023:978-0-7146-5434-8 2897:978-0-87451-962-4 2882:Itamar Rabinovich 2838:978-1-349-94999-1 2816:978-1-85109-842-2 2779:978-0-86372-244-8 2751:978-0-231-06723-2 2686:978-0-7914-7201-9 2663:978-1-85065-214-4 2625:978-0-9654428-0-0 2534:978-0-304-33765-1 2477:978-0-674-00541-9 2018:978-908-72-8076-5 1561:Kingdom of Jordan 1324:armoured division 1264:Battle of Karameh 977:Molotov cocktails 882:Operation Yiftach 870:Galilee Panhandle 582:Battle of Megiddo 513:According to the 452:Dead Sea sparrows 440:Egyptian vultures 137:to the east, and 119:as the crow flies 80: 60: 3572: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3436: 3435: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3381:on 23 March 2024 3377:. 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Archived from 2243: 2232: 2226: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2199:. Archived from 2197:The Jordan Times 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2166: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2135: 2110: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2072: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2010: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1956: 1911:Second Intifadas 1884:John the Baptist 1862: 1772:, Jordan Valley. 1704:Bezalel Smotrich 1643: 1637: 1301:Southern Lebanon 943:the neighboring 880:. Subsequently, 857:Samakh, Tiberias 855:forces captured 851:. In March 1948 820: 816: 810: 806: 802: 780:Corpus separatum 776: 772: 766: 762: 756: 705:Pinhas Rutenberg 673:Ze'ev Jabotinsky 639:. Following the 625:Treaty of Sèvres 566:captured Jericho 523:Armenian hermits 404:black francolins 278:(3 ha, 7.4 ac). 235: 234: 229: 223: 187: 178: 85: 75: 73: 72:עֵמֶק הַיַרְדֵּן 65: 55: 53: 52:غَوْر الأُرْدُنّ 3580: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3550:Valleys of Asia 3490: 3489: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3413:, Alex Levac, 3409: 3405: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3382: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3343:Wayback Machine 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3113:. 12 March 2017 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3005: 3001: 2986: 2979: 2964: 2960: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2848: 2844: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2785: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2740: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2673: 2669: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2544: 2540: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2445: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2367: 2363: 2351: 2347: 2333: 2331: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2299:Wayback Machine 2286: 2282: 2278:, 7 August 2008 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2257:on 1 March 2009 2244: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2113: 2102: 2098: 2087: 2083: 2073: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2041: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1973:10.2307/1356299 1957: 1953: 1948: 1923: 1895: 1816: 1762: 1755: 1720: 1652: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1624: 1614:throughout the 1605:to capture the 1596:Second Intifada 1592: 1590:Second Intifada 1586: 1526:Island of Peace 1518: 1512: 1488: 1480:Second Intifada 1431: 1354: 1344: 1319: 1313: 1233: 1231:Black September 1227: 1197: 1191: 1139: 1133: 1039: 1008:Operation Dekel 973:Carmeli Brigade 834:Under the 1947 830: 818: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 798: 797: 789: 788: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 758: 754: 752: 751: 743: 737: 693: 598: 547: 529:and a group of 465: 460: 388: 368: 348: 346:Migration route 317: 284: 264:Black September 256: 251: 209:Korazim Plateau 200: 199: 198: 197: 190: 189: 188: 180: 179: 168: 63:Ghawr al-Urdunn 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3578: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3456: 3455: 3444: 3443:External links 3441: 3438: 3437: 3422: 3403: 3392: 3359: 3347: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3285: 3271: 3264: 3244: 3232: 3210: 3185: 3163: 3137: 3124: 3098: 3085: 3059: 3036: 3022: 2999: 2977: 2958: 2947:(4): 423–428. 2931: 2903: 2896: 2873: 2861: 2842: 2822: 2815: 2795: 2783: 2755: 2738: 2723: 2702: 2690: 2680:, SUNY Press, 2667: 2640: 2631: 2624: 2600: 2591: 2579: 2564: 2538: 2528:Cassel, 1997. 2524:Levin, Harry. 2517: 2495: 2483: 2476: 2456: 2439: 2413: 2387: 2361: 2345: 2342:(TAU) website. 2309: 2307:, 74: 532-544. 2280: 2268: 2233: 2218: 2216:, Al haq, 2018 2206: 2183: 2172:. Country Data 2156: 2111: 2109:13 April 2015. 2096: 2081: 2062: 2051: 2017: 1994: 1967:(222): 41–66. 1950: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1919: 1894: 1891: 1887:baptized Jesus 1815: 1812: 1761: 1758: 1753: 1719: 1716: 1678:European Union 1640: 1634: 1623: 1620: 1585: 1582: 1574:Hussein Mjalli 1533:Jordanian Army 1511: 1508: 1503:Yarmouk Rivers 1487: 1484: 1430: 1427: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1366:eastern border 1343: 1340: 1317:Yom Kippur War 1312: 1309: 1226: 1223: 1190: 1187: 1163:Allenby Bridge 1132: 1129: 1104:The Jordanian 1059:water resource 1038: 1035: 1012:Sea of Galilee 965:Sha'ar HaGolan 949:Sha'ar HaGolan 937:Sea of Galilee 813: 799: 777: Planned 769: 759: 753: 736: 733: 692: 689: 681:Greater Israel 597: 594: 546: 543: 508:Beirut Vilayet 480:Ottoman Empire 464: 461: 459: 456: 387: 384: 367: 364: 347: 344: 340:Ma'ale Efrayim 316: 313: 283: 280: 255: 252: 250: 247: 213:Sea of Galilee 192: 191: 182: 181: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 167: 164: 96:Sea of Galilee 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3577: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3488: 3485: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3220: 3214: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3173: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3047: 3040: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3008:Karsh, Efraim 3003: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2736:1 March 2005. 2735: 2732: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2683: 2679: 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1832: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1791:According to 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782:Old Testament 1778: 1771: 1766: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708:Ma'ale Adumim 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1633: 1628: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1435: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:Yitzhak Rabin 1371: 1367: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297:Yasser Arafat 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1237: 1232: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:refugee camps 1207: 1206:Ein as-Sultan 1204:(30,000) and 1203: 1196: 1186: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171:36th Division 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:Eric Johnston 1060: 1056: 1055:Johnston Plan 1052: 1043: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 828: 824: 796: 794: 786: 782: 781: 750: 748: 741: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 713:Yarmouk River 710: 706: 697: 688: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:no man's land 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 611: 607: 602: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 564: 560: 555: 552: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 504:Syria Vilayet 501: 497: 496:Ottoman Syria 493: 489: 485: 481: 474: 473:Ottoman Syria 469: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 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Ynet. 3418:Haaretz 3300:Haaretz 2856:Haaretz 2753:, p 152 2176:10 July 2149:10 July 2076:Annex I 1981:1356299 1939:Jericho 1682:UN OCHA 1650:Jericho 1473:Jericho 1422:Bedouin 1260:Karameh 1182:salient 1159:sappers 1147:salient 953:Ein Gev 878:Galilee 876:in the 853:Haganah 685:refrain 525:on the 484:Mamluks 309:Bedouin 297:Jericho 79:: 59:: 3262: 3020: 2894: 2836: 2813: 2777: 2749: 2684: 2661: 2622: 2532: 2474: 2290:et al. 2261:5 July 2015: 1987: 1979: 1933:Gilgal 1865:Hebrew 1857:Hebrew 1808:Arabah 1770:Gesher 1676:, the 1658:area C 1642: 1636: 1469:Area A 1465:Area C 1438:Area C 1326:as an 993:Samakh 961:Samakh 957:Samakh 941:Samakh 897:Gesher 845:Yishuv 821: 819: 817: 815: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 775: 773: 771: 765: 763: 761: 755: 729:Tel Or 608:& 424:cattle 301:Area C 276:dunams 272:Jordan 139:Israel 135:Jordan 104:Arabah 68:Hebrew 48:Arabic 3048:. 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