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throughout the
Southwest before settling in present-day Northern Arizona. The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area. The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other. However, their way of life was threatened when the "New people", what the Navajo called white settlers, began executing Natives across the continent and claiming their land, as a result of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act. War ensued between the Navajo people, who call themselves the Diné, and new Americans. The result was the Long Walk in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles from Fort Canby (present-day Window Rock, Arizona) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico. This march is similar to the well-known Cherokee "Trail of Tears" and like it, many of the tribe did not survive the trek. The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive, there were too many people to feed, and they were continuously raided by other Native tribes. Consequently, in 1868, the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the
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the House
Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something, a bloody war would ensue between the tribes. Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other's land to relocate. This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land. Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move, the government passed what became known as the Bennett Freeze to encourage the people to leave. The Bennett Freeze banned 1.5 million acres of Navajo land from any type of development, including paving roadways and even roof repair. This was meant to be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but lasted over forty years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium. Still, the legacy of the Bennett Freeze looms over the region as seen by the nearly third-world conditions on the reservation – seventy-five percent of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor.
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of federal law and legal precedent." We can see this with the amount of reservations placed near massive construction projects that lead to pollution, such as landfills or the
Dakotas Access Pipeline. In addition, the lands that Indigenous people are designated to occupy by the federal government typically have difficulties already. As explained by scholars Gregory Hooks and Chad Smith in their academic journal connecting the focus on production to environmental issues, "Federally owned and Native American lands tended to be in close proximity, and they had a great deal in common: they were concentrated in the states west of the Mississippi, and they tended to be lands that were too dry, remote, or barren to attract the attention of settlers and corporations."
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78:
883:. This act came too, because "the federal government began to compress Indigenous lands because it needed to send troops to Texas during the Mexican-American War and protect American immigration traveling to Oregon and California." The Federal Government of America had their own needs and desires for Indigenous Land Reservations. He says, "the reconnaissance of explorers and other American officials understood that Indigenous Country possessed good land, bountiful game, and potential mineral resources." The American Government claimed Indigenous land for their own benefits with these creations of Indigenous Land Reservations .
202:
1184:, 1887, the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure. Generally, the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and, in some cases, this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns. There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act. However, the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. However, Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years, such as on the Palm Springs/Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California.
5671:
1692:
1169:
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the
American Indians ended in 1871; ...only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871." The He Sapa Reparations Alliance was established after Obama's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe. To this day, the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $ 1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century-old dispute.
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1604:
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relationship is now officially required, these cases (which continue to define the indigenous/federal relationship in the U.S.) instituted a federal 'trust responsibility' for indigenous people in the U.S., codifying a legal relationship of paternalism that limits the autonomy of tribal governments. The United States government is thus under a legal obligation to protect the lands, resources and traditionally used areas of indigenous peoples, and government agencies are required to consult with tribal governments and
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create their own reservation system as seen in Harmon's article, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860." The State of "Texas had given only a few hundred acres of land in 1840, for the purpose of colonization". However, "In March 1847, … special agent to Texas to manage the Indian affairs in the State until
Congress should take some definite and final action." The United States of America allowed its states to make up their own treaties such as this one in Texas for the purpose of colonization.
2994:"In 1951 the Atomic Energy Commission set up the Nevada Test Site within Western Shoshone territory as a proving grounds for nuclear weapons. Between 1951 and 1992, the U.S. and UK exploded 1,054 nuclear devices above and below ground According to Sanchez, the Atomic Energy Commission would deliberately wait for clouds to blow north before conducting tests, so that the fallout would avoid any heavily populated areas such as Las Vegas and Los Angeles. This meant that the Shoshones would get a larger dose."
666:" to themselves, and those parcels came to be called "reservations". The term remained in use after the federal government began to forcibly relocate nations to parcels of land to which they often had no historical or cultural connection. Compared to other population centers in the U.S., reservations are disproportionately located on or near toxic sites hazardous to the health of those living or working in close proximity, including nuclear testing grounds and contaminated mines.
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2982:"Radiation-related diseases are now endemic to many parts of the Navajo Nation, claiming the health and lives of former miners to be sure but also those of Navajos who would never see the inside of a mine. Diné children have a rate of testicular and ovarian cancer fifteen times the national average, and a fatal neurological disease called Navajo neuropathy has been closely linked to ingesting uranium-contaminated water during pregnancy".
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uranium projects used the quarried rock from the mines to build their houses, these materials were radioactive and had detrimental health effects on the residents, including increased rates of kidney failure and cancer. During extraction some Native children would play in large water pools which were heavily contaminated with uranium created by mining activities. The companies also failed to properly dispose of the
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Haudenosaunee did—and colonists. In
October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix, New York. The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres—about half of what is present-day New York—as permanent homelands.
702:, Europeans often removed Indigenous peoples from their homelands. The means varied, including treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection, violence, and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing the means of livelihood by being restricted to a defined area, poor quality of land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes.
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the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States
President Grant. President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876, a "starve or sell" treaty signed by only 10% of the 75% tribal men required based on specifications from the
1256:) agency offices, hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations. Many reservations include one or more sections (about 640 acres) of school lands, but those lands typically remain part of the reservation (e.g., Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20). As a general practice, such lands may sit idle or be grazed by tribal ranchers.
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lead, arsenic, and hexavalent chromium at concentrations vastly exceeding local state and federal standards. Most of these toxic metals are associated with an array of acute and chronic adverse health outcomes, including cancer. As a result of EPA testing, this 500-acre contaminated
Ringwood site was added by the EPA in 1983 to the National Priority List (NPL), a list of
2948:"While Indigenous peoples, as any society, have long histories of adapting to change, colonialism caused changes at such a rapid pace that many Indigenous peoples became vulnerable to harms, from health problems related to new diets to erosion of their cultures to the destruction of Indigenous diplomacy, to which they were not as susceptible prior to colonization."
1548:. The treaty officially established the "Navajo Indian Reservation" in Northern Arizona. The term reservation is one that creates territorialities or claims on places. This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it. The Hopi reservation, on the other hand, was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882.
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activities include uranium mining, nuclear waste disposal, and military testing. Due to this, many reservation communities have been subjected to adverse health issues. Specifically, according to scholar Traci Lynn Voyles, the Navajo Nation has been affected for decades by uranium mining and nuclear waste dumping:
2940:, according to data compiled by the 2000 census. This disparity in living standards can partly be explained by centuries-long instances of settler colonialism which have systematically harmed Indigenous peoples' relations with land, and have attempted to erase their cultural ways of life. Potawatomi scholar
3024:
by
Gabriella Meltzer, "For almost five decades, the Ramapough Lunaape Turtle Clan have lived between 0.5 to two miles away from a heavily contaminated dump site in Ringwood, New Jersey. The EPA tested the ground and surface water in the 1980s and detected toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals including
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Historically, Indigenous groups have had little say when it comes to which land they are designated to occupy, as well as what happens to the land. This can be explained by the following excerpt from an academic journal on the impacts of climate change in the Arctic: "While a government-to-government
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The mining companies, however, wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult. At the same time, Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land. Boyden took advantage of this situation, presenting it to
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The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil. The mining companies pressured the U.S. government to set up Native
American councils on the reservations so that they could
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that relinquished the Sioux's rights to the Black Hills. Following this treaty, the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills, stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures, the lack of transaction records, and
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For the following 20 years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations. Likewise, over two million acres (8,000 km) of land were returned to various tribes. Within a decade of Collier's retirement the government's position began to swing in the
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In 1764 the British government's Board of Trade proposed the "Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs". Although never adopted formally, the plan established the British government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would only
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in natural resource decision-making. While some view this form of representation as the best and only practical means of influencing Northern policy, the actual involvement of tribal governments has been limited, and seen as perfunctory, and may be precluded by the procedural and structural mandates
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and injustice, per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, because the Navajo and Hopi people, which are communities of color, low income, and political alienation, were disproportionately affected by the proximity and the
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area. The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah. The Hopi, also known as the Pueblo people, made many spiritually motivated migrations
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land to the Ogden company for $ 202,000, a sum that was divided evenly between the government—to hold in trust for Indians—and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots. All that was left of the Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $
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gained control over all but ten acres of the Native land leased to the state on 15 September 1797. These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites, allegedly ending the Native title to land. Despite Iroquois protests, federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct
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case in 1979 after being revived by Congress, and the Sioux were awarded over $ 100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal. The Sioux have continually rejected the money, and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts and amounts to about
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today consists of tripartite government—i. e., federal, state and/or local, and tribal. Where state and local governments may exert some, but limited, law-and-order authority, tribal sovereignty is diminished. This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming because federal legislation makes
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Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching, agriculture, tourism, and casinos. Tribes hire both members, other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities; they may run tribal stores, gas stations, and develop museums (e.g., there is a gas station and
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was the largest release of radioactive waste in U.S. history. The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic, radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation. The Navajos used the water from this river
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During World War II, uranium was mined on the Diné and Hopi reservations. The dangers of radiation exposure were not adequately explained to the Native people, who made up almost all the workforce of these mines, and lived in their immediate adjacency. As a result, some residents who lived near the
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Unenthusiastic about the treaty's conditions, the state of New York secured a series of 26 "leases", many of them lasting 999 years on all Native territories within its boundaries. Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company, the Haudenosaunee agreed to land
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since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota. This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 when General George Custer discovered gold, sending a wave of settlers into
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had their own policy when it came to Indian Reservations in America before 1850. Scholarly author George D. Harmon discusses Texas' own reservation system which "Prior to 1845, Texas had inaugurated and pursued her own Indian Policy of the U.S." Texas was one of the States before 1850 that chose to
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says "In the 1834 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, the United States defined the boundaries of Indian County." Also, "For Unrau, Indigenous Country is less on Indigenous homeland and more a place where the U.S. removed Indians from east of the Mississippi River and applied unique laws." The United
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is shared between tribes and the federal government, depending on the tribal affiliation of the parties involved and the specific crime or civil matter. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation.
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is home to both one of the largest lithium deposits in the world and home to a sacred burial site of multiple tribes including the Pitt River and Paiute. The mining company, Lithium Nevada, was recently granted permission to mine the area by the Bureau of Land Management. Tribal members argue that
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After the war ended, the American population boomed and energy demands soared. The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal-fired power plants. They placed these power plants in the four corners region. In the 1960s, John Boyden, an attorney working for
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During President Barack Obama's campaign, he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovative solutions and consultation, but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying, "The days of treaty-making with
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With alienation to non-Indians, their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country. One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation, for non-Indian owners and users of allotted
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The lands on which reservations are located are disproportionately low in natural resources and quality soil conducive to fostering economic prosperity. Starting in the mid-20th century reservations came to be increasingly located in areas contaminated with toxic runoff from current or historical
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It is commonly believed that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature are ingrained in the Native American culture. However, this is a generalization. In recent years, cultural historians have set out to reconstruct and complicate this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate
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A few years after the two reservations were established, the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in an attempt to enforce European-American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land. This was a
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While the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution, addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies, it neglected to settle hostilities between Indigenous people—specifically those who fought on the side of the British, as four of the members of the
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pursued a "Peace Policy" as an attempt to avoid violence. The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of
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Communities living on Native reservations are also disproportionately affected by environmental hazards. Due to them being deemed as "undesirable", lands on and near reservations are often used by the U.S. government and private industries as areas for environmentally hazardous activities. These
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The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes. As one aspect of this relationship, in much of Indian Country, the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential
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and are able to exercise the right of self-governance, including but are not limited to the ability to pass laws, regulate power and energy, create treaties, and hold tribal court hearings. Laws on tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding area. The laws passed can, for example, permit
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attractions, including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities, to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes, enabling their investment to improve infrastructure, education, and
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The demographic factor, coupled with landownership data, led, for example, to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota, where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians. The court
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in 1838. This treaty allows the indigenous peoples five years on a specific reserve "the west shores of Saganaw bay". The creation of reservations for indigenous people of America could be as little as a five-year approval before 1850. Article two of the treaty claims "the reserves on the river
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regarding Indian Reservations before 1850. Van Buren stated that indigenous reservations are "all their reserves of land in the state of Michigan, on the principle of said reserves being sold at the public land offices for their benefit and the actual proceeds being paid to them." The agreement
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and Derrick Hodge: "The toxic and poor land quality of Native American lands is neither a historical accident nor the result of any cultural deficiency on their part, but rather is the result of aggressive westward economic expansion. This process was calculated and unconcerned with indigenous
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Passed in 1953, Public Law 280 (PL 280) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction. Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280
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facilitated sales to non–Native Americans, resulting in some reservations becoming severely fragmented, with pieces of tribal and privately held land being treated as separate enclaves. This intersection of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal
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When the Europeans encountered the New World, the American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between countries. This precedent was upheld by the United States government. As a result, most Native American land was
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With the establishment of reservations, tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and Indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time, and not in every instance. Instead, the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the
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individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws, leading to complex patterns of heirship. Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by
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was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants. The Justice Department on January 11, 2010, initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement
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The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity, and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920. Beginning in 1923, the Sioux made a legal claim that their
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between the Menominee Nation and the United States" in his article, "Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996", showing yet another treaty regarding Indigenous Reservations before 1850. There is a conflict between the Menomee Nation and the
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also contributing. Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians. Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death. Under federal law, alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils allow it.
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authority, first, of the military, and then of the Bureau (Office) of Indian Affairs. Under federal law, the government patented reservations to tribes, which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner. Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over
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in his article, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia" to discuss Indigenous reservations in America before 1705, specifically in Virginia. He claims "the colonial government again recognized the Nottoway's land rights by treaty in 1713, at the conclusion of the
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sentence when a serious crime has been committed. Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory. Accordingly, public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice.
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purchased by the United States government, a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty. The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed, which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty.
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993:. In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes.
1646:. The area includes lands of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole. The ruling is based on an 1832 treaty, which the court ruled was still in force, adding that "Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word."
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further act of enclosure by the U.S. government. Each family received 640 acres or less and the remaining land was deemed "surplus" because it was more than the tribes needed. This "surplus" land was then made available for purchase by American citizens.
1521:
After Indian complaints, a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension. Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government.
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which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in Indian Territory (which became Oklahoma). Relations between white settlers and Natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West.
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The term "reservation" is a legal designation. It comes from the conception of the Native American nations as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified. Thus, early peace treaties (often signed under conditions of
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and "the 1831 Menomee Treaty … ran the boundary between the lands of the Oneida, known in the Treaty as the "New York Indians". This Treaty from 1831 is the cause of conflicts and is disputed because the land was good hunting grounds.
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which did and will continue to pollute the environment, including the Natives' water sources. Many years later, these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer, and their families received no form of financial compensation.
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both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe, the nation's largest coal producer, managed to gain rights to the Hopi land, including Black Mesa, a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes.
1045:, after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the "excess land" to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the
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wellbeing. Thus, federal policy, including the Indian Removal Act of 1830, was designed to displace Native Americans from coveted land and to relocate them to areas seen as relatively "valueless by nineteenth century standards"
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on reservations located within states which do not allow gambling, thus attracting tourism. The tribal council generally has jurisdiction over the reservation, not the U.S. state it is located in, but is subject to federal law.
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to restrict the movements of various tribes. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of wars with Native Americans which included some massacres. The most well-known conflict was the
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John Forsyth, the Secretary of State On behalf of, President Buren, Martin Van of the United States. Martin Van Buren, "Treaty Between: The United States of America and the First Christian and Orchard Parties of the Oneida
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Andrew Jackson, "A letter by Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America, Indian Treaties and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs: To Which Is Added, An Appendix. Way and Gideon, Printers", 1826,
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Many Indigenous communities have also been subjected to the degradation of sacred lands in favor of resource extraction. Around 79 percent of the lithium deposits on U.S. soil are within 35 miles of Indian reservations.
1024:
By the late 1870s, the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By 1877, President
3785:
Andrew Jackson, "A letter by Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America, Indian Treaties and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs: To Which Is Added, An Appendix. Way and Gideon, Printers",
1041:, or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example, the
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Finally, other-occupancy on reservations maybe by virtue of tribal or individual tenure. There are many churches on reservations; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe.
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The total area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres (22,700,000 ha; 87,800 sq mi; 227,000 km), approximately 2.3% of the total area of the United States and about the size of the state of
1288:, which recognized the right of Native American tribes to establish gambling and gaming facilities on their reservations as long as the states in which they are located have some form of legalized gambling.
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areas within reservations. One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and, contrariwise, closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions.
4452:"It Doesn't Seem Very Fair, Because We Were Here First: Resolving the Sioux Nation Black Hills Land Dispute and the Potential for Restorative Justice to Facilitate Government-to-Government Negotiations"
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1112:—and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes. Many individuals were also relocated to cities, but one-third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed.
848:." All three of these laws set into motion the Indigenous Reservation system in the United States of America, resulting in the forceful removal of Indigenous peoples into specific land Reservations.
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relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment, and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land. This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court
573:
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resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air, their land was degraded, and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people.
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leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $ 2,000 in cash, $ 2,000 in clothing, $ 1,000 in provisions and $ 600 annual rent. The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements.
1165:, which may be likened to communal tenure. Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal customs, generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant-in-common practices.
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Tribal citizens may utilize several resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands. They may also construct homes on tribally held lands. As such, members are
1133:, often has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation.
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A survey of death certificates over a four-year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general U.S. population and are often due to
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A treaty signed by John Forsyth, the Secretary of State on behalf of Van Buren, also dictates where indigenous peoples must live in terms of the reservation system in America between the
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Angrais and at Rifle river, of which said Indians are to have the usufruct and occupancy for five years." Indigenous people had restraints pushed on them by the five-year allowance.
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in which he states that "we have placed the land reserves in a better state for the benefit of society" with approval of Indigenous reservations before 1850. The letter is signed by
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be purchased at public meetings. Additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement.
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These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land. By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees.
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316:
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4586:
Dongoske, Kurt E. (January 1, 1996). "The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act: A New Beginning, Not the End, for Osteological Analysis—A Hopi Perspective".
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Belko, William S. (2004). "John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: an Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic".
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leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the Indigenous nations could maintain sovereignty over their land. On August 28, 1788, the
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government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the Native American tribes. The
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the injustice. Certain of losing all of their lands, in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the
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estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone. As opposed to traditional "Most Wanted" lists, Native Americans are often placed on regional
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For Los Angeles, see Allen, J. P. and E. Turner, 2002. Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Native Americans.
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In 1758, the Colonial Legislature purchased land in Burlington County for a reservation. It was the first Indian Reservation in America and was called Edgepelick. Governor
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Bolton, Marie; Unger, Nancy (2015). "'Mother Nature is Getting Angrier': Turning Sacred Navajo Land into a Toxic Environment". In Gavillon, François; Özdag, Ufuk (eds.).
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called it Brotherton. Today the area is known as Indian Mills. In 1801, an act was passed directing the sale of Brotherton, with the proceeds used to send the remaining
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1208:, contending that the tribe did not have jurisdiction over the alienated allotments. In a number of instances—e.g., the Yakama Indian Reservation—tribes have identified
914:
of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, whether forcibly or voluntarily.
794:
negotiated a treaty with the Saginaw Chippewas in 1837 to build a lighthouse. The President of the United States of America was directly involved in the creation of new
3664:
6951:
5894:
3878:
James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."
3865:
James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."
3849:
James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."
1348:
reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, and litigation, compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response.
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6901:
4451:
2896:
8558:
7222:
2924:, with problems of infant mortality, low life expectancy, poor nutrition, poverty, and alcohol and drug abuse. The two poorest counties in the United States are
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and land management by tribes. The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of "extra" holdings to nonmembers.
662:
or fraud), in which Native American nations surrendered large portions of their land to the United States, designated parcels which the nations, as sovereigns, "
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2845:
1952:
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set aside an enormous resource for Indians in the territory of the present United States." The United States put forward another act when "Congress passed the
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and Oliver Froehling, "Land Ownership, Population and Jurisdiction: the Case of the 'Devils Lake Sioux Tribe v. North Dakota Public Service Commission'",
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romanticism. Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and
640:, albeit of a limited degree, laws within tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding and adjacent states. For example, these laws can permit
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in 1830". A third act pushed through was "the federal government relocated "portions of 'Five Civilized Tribes' from the southeastern states in the
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and Jackson. It discusses several regulations regarding the Native Americans and the approval of Indigenous segregation and the reservation system.
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7868:
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7251:
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industrial activities conducted by outside entities including private corporations as well as the federal government. According to anthropologists
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2683:
1701:
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255:
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operation on its reservation in Florida. The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of
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8297:
7300:
5128:
8909:
8692:
8317:
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The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups—from farmers to towns—were replaced by
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7176:
7139:
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Martin Van Buren, President of the United States of America, "Treaties between the United States and the Saginaw tribe of Chippewas", 1837.
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2889:
2862:
2796:
2632:
1977:
1669:
996:
Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels. Enforcement of the policy required the
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7146:
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2766:
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857:
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Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government but a small number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to
448:
308:
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of 1906. This act had been taken to disestablish the reservation in order for the foundation of the state to proceed. In July 2020, the
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Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems.
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1962:
1802:
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began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency.
5443:
Klaus Frantz, "Indian Reservations in the United States", Geography Research Paper 241 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
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of Indigenous peoples, especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties.
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in 1905 as a means of retaining control of their lands, but this was unsuccessful and the lands were merged into Oklahoma with the
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lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law-and-order jurisdiction of local government.
1073:. It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged
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1957:
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and zoning, negotiating (with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs) leases for timber harvesting and mining.
613:. While most reservations are small compared to the average U.S. state, twelve Indian reservations are larger than the state of
8538:
8128:
7114:
6004:
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Buck Woodard, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia: trustees, tribal agency, and the Nottoway Reservation",
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589:
585:
5340:
Meltzer, Gabriella; Avenbuan, Oyemwenosa; Wu, Fen; Shah, Krina; Chen, Yu; Mann, Vincent; Zelikoff, Judith T. (December 2020).
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1982:
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individuals could sell (alienate) the allotment – under the Dawes Act, it was not to happen until after twenty-five years.
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3020:(EPA) as polluted and hazardous to live in and requiring action to clean up. As detailed by an article published to the
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that the area, about half of the modern state, never lost its status as a Native reservation. This includes the city of
600:, while some share reservations, and others have no reservation at all. Historical piecemeal land allocations under the
30:
This article is about Native American reservations in the United States of America. For similar entities in Canada, see
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Pasternak, J. (2010). Yellow dirt: An American story of poisoned land and a people betrayed. New York, NY: Free Press.
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2990:, the Paiute- Shoshone community was deliberately exposed to radiation throughout the latter half of the 20th century:
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opposite direction. The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the "withdrawal program" or "
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8022:
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1085:", which sought to end the government's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation.
929:. Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations.
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8287:
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these permits were unlawfully issued, and that "the BLM notified only three of Nevada's 27 tribes about the mine".
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1857:
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312:
242:
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149:
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established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the
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The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated, although many were not. Even though discontent and
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in New Mexico (pictured here in March 1943), are in the western United States, often in regions suitable more for
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Trainor, Sarah F.; Stuart Chapin, F.; Huntington, Henry P.; Natcher, David C.; Kofinas, Gary (December 1, 2007).
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Indian Treaties, and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs (1825) was a document signed by President
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Many Native Americans who live on reservations interact with the federal government through two agencies: the
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for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger.
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between sovereigns. This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution.
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Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
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This has resulted in an ever widening disparity between Native peoples and the rest of the United States.
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Map Showing the Location of the Indian Reservations within the Limits of the United States and Territories
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1314:, 18 U.S.C. §§1153, 3242, and court decisions) to be investigated by the federal government, usually the
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304:
4282:
Memorandum by David W. Ogden Deputy Attorney General, Monday, January 11, 2010, Accessed August 12, 2010
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States of America applied laws on Indigenous Reservations depending on where they were located like the
625:. Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority being situated west of the
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4270:, Posted: July 30, 2010 01:00:00 AM MDT, Updated: July 30, 2010 06:00:20 AM MDT, accessed July 30, 2010
3722:
to the Stockbridge Reservation near Oneida, New York. There they formed a settlement called Statesburg.
3699:"The Kepharts: Cohawkin, Raccoon Creek, Narraticon all names left by Lenni-Lenape in Gloucester County"
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Other reservation communities have been subjected to instances like this as well. According to scholar
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Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault.
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275:
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77:
4673:"Population Exposed to Environmental Uranium: Increased Risk of Infertility and Reproductive Cancers!"
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6541:
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5405:(Northridge, CA: The Center for Geographical Studies, California State University, Northridge, 2002).
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James Oberly, ""Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996",
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5474:
Imre Sutton, "Cartographic Review of Indian Land Tenure and Territoriality: A Schematic Approach",
5342:"The Ramapough Lunaape Nation: Facing Health Impacts Associated with Proximity to a Superfund Site"
5180:"Tribes Claim BLM Violated Multiple Federal Laws in Permitting Thacker Pass Lithium Mine in Nevada"
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4245:
Posted: June 25, 2010 01:00:00 AM MDT Updated: June 25, 2010 02:13:47 AM MDT Accessed June 25, 2010
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921:, who were removed from their historical homelands in the Southeastern United States and moved to
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October 20, Hallie Golden; Now, 2021 Like Tweet Email Print Subscribe Donate (October 20, 2021).
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1972:
1967:
1932:
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sites eligible for long-term remedial action and financed under the federal Superfund program".
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Reservations are often designated or located close to "superfund sites" areas designated by the
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Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)
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5147:"'Like putting a lithium mine on Arlington cemetery': the fight to save sacred land in Nevada"
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The modern-day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona, near the
1037:
In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the
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2174:
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5471:, 18th Annual Report, 1896–97, pt. 2 (Wash., D. C.: Bureau of American Ethnology; GPO 1899)
5243:
5091:"Nevada's Thacker Pass highlights how federal courts routinely dismiss Indigenous concerns"
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2284:
2079:
2039:
2001:
1827:
1581:
1498:
1168:
527:
420:
42:
4750:
4733:
4620:
DeAngelis, T. (2004). The Navajo: Weavers of the Southwest. Mankato, MN: Blue Earth Books.
4382:
4292:"Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities December 2005"
3450:
Indian Reservations in the United States: Territory, Sovereignty, and Socioeconomic Change
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8:
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2014:
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Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less, until on July 29, 2010, the
1026:
507:
5594:
5247:
4929:"Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene"
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The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by
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Imre Sutton, "Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation",
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1987:
1867:
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1737:
1638:
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The Treaty of Buffalo Creek signed on 15 January 1838, directly ceded 102,069 acres of
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financial grants. Tribes may also include such parcels in long-range land use planning.
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from the 1830s. The tribes in the area attempted to join the union as the Native-led
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Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations
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Letters from the presidents of the United States on Indian reservations (1825–1837)
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233:
5534:
5448:
The Navajo Atlas: Environments, Resources, People, and History of the Diné Bikeyah
4186:"Native Americans in South Dakota: An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System"
4161:
3744:
Remarks on the Plan for Regulating the Indian Trade, September 1766 – October 1766
3298:
824:." The indigenous peoples of America had land treaty agreements as early as 1713.
8710:
8149:
8010:
7790:
6685:
6671:
6617:
6469:
6155:
6140:
5232:"Arctic Climate Impacts: Environmental Injustice in Canada and the United States"
4928:
4280:"MEMORANDUM FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS WITH DISTRICTS CONTAINING INDIAN COUNTRY"
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4241:
4236:
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Gang violence has become a major social problem. A December 13, 2009, article in
1310:
Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required (by the 1885
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killed the idea before it was fully implemented, five tribes were terminated—the
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905:
780:
670:
362:
31:
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5574:
Henry Red Cloud of Oglala Lakota Tribe on the Recession's Toll on Reservations
5255:
4644:
Mudd, V. (Director). (1985). Broken Rainbow . United States: Earthworks Films.
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8443:
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5287:"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans"
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4952:
3550:
3527:"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans"
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1154:, and a museum at Foxwoods, on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in
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153:
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98:
27:
Land managed by Native American nations under the US Bureau of Indian Affairs
6605:
5590:"Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities"
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3573:"Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States: 1980–2000"
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1717:
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784:
771:), to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes.
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live outside the reservations, mainly in the larger western cities such as
614:
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Listening to the Land: Native American literary responses to the landscape
4895:
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dictated that the indigenous tribe sell their land to build a lighthouse.
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6346:
6227:
6077:
4206:
2920:
The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the
2331:
2166:
2154:
2094:
2084:
2049:
2034:
2009:
1807:
1442:
1155:
851:
828:
The beginning of the Indigenous Reservation System in America (1763–1834)
569:
5483:
Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature
5007:
Goode, Ron W. (Spring 2015). "Tribal-Traditional Ecological Knowledge".
4254:
3968:
George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",
3955:
George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",
3942:
George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",
3772:
3299:"Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities"
8807:
8490:
7795:
7487:
7482:
7357:
7007:
6704:
6694:
6681:
6639:
6609:
6558:
6434:
5318:
5286:
4607:
2301:
2291:
2276:
2232:
2200:
2149:
2019:
1275:
710:
512:
220:
161:
3603:
1441:
tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the
8458:
8428:
8369:
7577:
7542:
7447:
7422:
6931:
6838:
6724:
6714:
6634:
6625:
6504:
5703:
5229:
3102:
2493:
2321:
2311:
2227:
2216:
2089:
1503:
1241:
1181:
1129:
on reservations. The tribal council, not the local government or the
1105:
1097:
1093:
1038:
1018:
1002:
862:
601:
5417:
Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management
4732:
Mohai, Paul; Pellow, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (October 15, 2009).
4599:
3217:"US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United Nations"
8418:
7562:
7512:
7467:
7457:
7442:
7432:
7417:
7397:
7372:
7362:
7352:
6833:
6739:
6629:
6621:
6597:
6592:
6351:
5455:
A Continent Lost: A Civilization Won: Indian Land Tenure in America
3926:
William J Bauer, "The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 1825–1855",
3910:
William J Bauer, "The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 1825–1855",
2336:
2220:
2212:
2188:
2183:
1922:
1556:
agree to contracts, specifically leases, in the name of the tribe.
1383:
958:
749:
7024:
List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations
6952:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5535:
BIA full-size Indian reservations in the continental United States
2519:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
815:
Scholarly author Buck Woodard used executive papers from Governor
8391:
8278:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
7582:
7557:
7462:
7402:
7377:
7347:
7337:
6406:
6336:
5584:
5521:
Mapping Identity: The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation, 1803–1902
5205:"Mining Energy-Transition Metals: National Aims, Local Conflicts"
4791:"US Supreme Court rules half of Oklahoma is Native American land"
1947:
1942:
1917:
1657:
1387:
1292:
1271:
949:
157:
8143:
5436:
David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, and Robert A. Williams,
5410:
State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy
886:
574:
U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation
8569:
Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic
7517:
7472:
7412:
7387:
7342:
5488:
Imre Sutton, ed., "The Political Geography of Indian Country",
4699:"For The Navajo Nation, Uranium Mining's Deadly Legacy Lingers"
3719:
795:
733:. The area was 3,284 acres (13.29 km). Today it is called
267:
6299:
Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)
5585:
Tribal Justice & Safety. at the U.S. Department of Justice
5424:
American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography
5403:
Changing Faces, Changing Places: Mapping Southern Californians
3665:"The Colonies' First and New Jersey's Only Indian Reservation"
7547:
7427:
7392:
5548:, U.S. Census Bureau, Geographic Areas Reference manual (PDF)
2518:
1643:
1151:
892:
832:
The American Indigenous Reservation system started with "the
610:
7315:
6176:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4383:
Indian Gangs Grow, Bringing Fear and Violence to Reservation
3181:
3179:
1758:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1120:
Federally-recognized Native American tribes possess limited
1021:, which marked the last conflict officially declared a war.
899:
8705:
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)
7815:
7619:
7552:
7507:
7407:
3064:
List of historical Indian reservations in the United States
1469:
1353:
810:
165:
5895:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
4335:
article by Mary Clare Jalonick Washington, D.C. (AP) 9-08
4306:"For Native American Women, Scourge of Rape, Rare Justice"
3629:"This Day in Geographic History: First Indian Reservation"
1032:
925:, in a forced mass migration that came to be known as the
5624:
5570:
article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic
3255:. IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
3176:
6902:
Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States
4765:
3804:
3802:
3367:"What is a federal Indian reservation? | Indian Affairs"
3185:
869:
763:(now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as a division of the
629:
and occupying lands that were first reserved by treaty (
4887:
A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health
4843:"Health of American Indian or Alaska Native Population"
3938:
3936:
3906:
3904:
986:
were especially active in this policy on reservations.
1953:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
852:
Treaty between America and the Menominee Nation (1831)
5339:
5066:
All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life
4230:"Expansion of tribal courts' authority passes Senate"
4008:"President Grant advances "Peace Policy" with tribes"
3799:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3253:"The Indigenous World 2022: United States of America"
1506:
in Wisconsin. President Andrew Jackson, committed to
1136:
8268:
Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador
5938:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
5879:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3933:
3901:
3890:
3888:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3453:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 45.
1451:
the tribe's claim that the land was never for sale.
8693:
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)
5860:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
4330:"Study: 12 percent of Indian deaths due to alcohol"
1187:Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances:
636:Because recognized Native American nations possess
8920:History of racial segregation in the United States
5546:Chapter 5: American Indian and Alaska Native Areas
4824:, Supreme Court of the United States, July 9, 2020
4731:
3861:
3859:
3651:
944:
693:
592:in which it is located. Some of the country's 574
8721:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)
5557:Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003
5457:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937)
4630:Reidhead, S. (2001). "Long Walk of the Navajos".
4303:
3885:
3825:
3758:
1417:
1052:
152:to the 17 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer)
8891:
7252:List of Indian reservations in the United States
6917:Native American recognition in the United States
4370:Gang Violence On The Rise On Indian Reservations
3069:List of Indian reservations in the United States
2868:List of Indian reservations in the United States
1291:Today, many Native American casinos are used as
1013:. Other famous wars in this regard included the
8627:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
8298:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
7774:
4372:". NPR: National Public Radio. August 25, 2009.
4352:"Native American reservation lifts alcohol ban"
3856:
3424:
3422:
1359:
1204:decision turned, in part, on the perception of
1150:general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation,
8318:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
6977:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
5833:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
5419:(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2001).
5408:George Pierre Castle and Robert L. Bee, eds.,
4859:Johansen, Bruce E., and Barry Pritzker. 2008.
4255:"President Obama signs tribal-justice changes"
4102:
4100:
3896:American Indian Culture & Research Journal
3525:Hooks, Gregory; Smith, Chad L. (August 2004).
2544:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
1414:lists offering rewards for their whereabouts.
8129:
7760:
7301:
6402:Native American identity in the United States
6093:
5610:
5523:(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004)
5464:(Norman: University of Nebraska Press, 1990).
5450:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982).
5088:
3922:
3920:
3697:Kephart, Bill & Mary (November 7, 2010).
2890:
2863:List of federally recognized tribes by state
1281:California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians
887:Indigenous Reservation System in Texas (1845)
856:Scholarly author James Oberly discusses "The
545:
8303:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia
8293:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism
7247:State-recognized tribes in the United States
7029:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
5514:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
5490:American Indian Culture and Resource Journal
5476:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
5433:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985)
3419:
3275:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census"
3146:Autonomous administrative divisions of India
1670:Modern social statistics of Native Americans
1620:Much of what is now Oklahoma was considered
1299:
1009:, between 1876 and 1881, which included the
681:. In 2012, there were more than 2.5 million
5661:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783
5541:U.S. Census tallies for Indian reservations
5412:(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992)
4653:
4634:. Vol. I4, no. 4. pp. 24–30.
4497:
4400:"Most Wanted – City of Great Falls Montana"
4297:
4097:
3692:
3690:
3247:
3245:
1528:
1426:
1356:continued to impact Native American women.
144:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare)
8136:
8122:
7767:
7753:
7308:
7294:
6223:Native Americans in the American Civil War
6107:
6100:
6086:
5617:
5603:
5284:
4863:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 156.
4738:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
4518:"Why the Sioux Are Refusing $ 1.3 Billion"
3986:. The Lawbook Exchange. pp. 201–203.
3917:
3524:
3210:
3208:
2897:
2883:
552:
538:
8559:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
7230:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
6238:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
5469:Indian Land Cessions in the United States
5438:Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law
5373:
4749:
2853:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
1813:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
900:Rise of Indian removal policy (1830–1868)
705:The first reservation was established by
685:, with 1 million living on reservations.
8549:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples
7316:Political divisions of the United States
6588:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
5694:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
5415:Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton, eds.,
5127:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5041:10.5749/minnesota/9780816692644.001.0001
4660:. Universidad de Alcalá. pp. 31–45.
4629:
4585:
3970:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3957:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3944:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3687:
3242:
2179:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
1648:
1602:
1473:
1470:Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York
1458:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians
1240:the state a party to any contractual or
1219:
1167:
964:
948:
811:Early land sales in Virginia (1705–1713)
598:Indian reservations in the United States
8930:Western (genre) staples and terminology
8669:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues
6060:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
6048:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
5506:(Albuquerque: BowArrow Pub., 1996/2005)
5440:, 4th ed. (St. Paul: West Group, 1998).
5285:Hooks, Gregory; Smith, Chad L. (2004).
4861:Encyclopedia of American Indian history
4696:
4498:Streshinsky, Maria (February 9, 2011).
3981:
3840:17. no. 2 (2016): page number. 161-180.
3696:
3329:"What is a federal Indian reservation?"
3214:
3205:
3191:"What is a federal Indian reservation?"
2963:
1324:United States federal judicial district
1033:Individualized reservations (1887–1934)
755:On March 11, 1824, U.S. Vice President
580:, subject to regulations passed by the
14:
8925:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
8892:
8539:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada
5903:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe
5177:
5063:
5028:
4883:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4459:Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution
4449:
4445:
4075:Southeastern Oklahoma State University
3662:
3446:
3440:
2958:Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
586:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
8910:Aboriginal title in the United States
8424:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples
8323:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
8117:
7748:
7289:
6962:National Congress of American Indians
6907:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
6870:National Congress of American Indians
6809:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
6397:Native American disease and epidemics
6171:European colonization of the Americas
6081:
5922:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
5626:Aboriginal title in the United States
5598:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5140:
5138:
5029:Voyles, Traci Brynne (May 15, 2015).
5024:
5022:
5006:
4974:Lee., Schweninger (January 1, 2008).
4926:
4884:Singer, Merrill, ed. (June 8, 2016).
4879:
4877:
4847:National Center for Health Statistics
4751:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4029:Miller Center, University of Virginia
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3520:
3518:
3516:
2529:National Congress of American Indians
2464:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
1753:European colonization of the Americas
1535:Hopi § Hopi–Navajo land disputes
870:1834 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834)
700:European colonization of the Americas
669:The majority of American Indians and
621:, is similar in size to the state of
6967:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
6824:Native American people and Mormonism
6668:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
5852:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
5429:T. J. Ferguson and E. Richard Hart,
5426:(Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009).
5178:Turner, Kelsey (December 10, 2021).
5144:
4973:
4766:"Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
4657:Environmental Crisis and Human Costs
3437:For general data, see Tiller (1996).
3141:Indigenous territories of Costa Rica
3074:Native American reservation politics
3037:
3018:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2534:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
2261:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
1883:Native American temperance activists
1370:Methamphetamine and Native Americans
647:Court jurisdiction in Indian country
7235:List of federally recognized tribes
6053:List of federally recognized tribes
5825:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
4571:Treaty and Land Transaction of 1784
3838:American Nineteenth Century History
2858:List of federally recognized tribes
1663:
1592:
953:Most Indian reservations, like the
769:United States Department of Defense
24:
8699:Convention on Biological Diversity
6998:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
6993:Black Indians in the United States
6957:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
6233:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood
5649:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
5422:Wade Davies and Richmond L. Clow,
5164:
5135:
5019:
4920:
4874:
4697:Morales, Laurel (April 10, 2016).
4535:
4484:
4422:
4304:Timonthy Williams (May 22, 2012).
4151:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 1988
3761:South Carolina Historical Magazine
3728:
3513:
2934:Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota
2569:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2524:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
1137:Land tenure and federal Indian law
25:
8941:
8727:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)
6922:Native American women in politics
6273:Native Americans and World War II
6258:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
5806:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
5528:
5502:Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, ed.,
5145:Flin, Briana (December 2, 2021).
5068:(1st ed.). South End Press.
5035:. University of Minnesota Press.
4670:
4071:"How Do Tribal Governments Work?"
4010:. US National Library of Medicine
1853:Native Americans and World War II
1838:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
1656:in Wisconsin during their annual
1510:west of the Mississippi, agreed.
876:Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834
709:with the colonial governments of
8866:
8865:
8579:Government of the Sakha Republic
8288:Indigenous Environmental Network
8169:Free, prior and informed consent
7886:Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area
6554:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
6542:Antelope Hills expedition (1858)
6278:American Indian boarding schools
5669:
5499:, vol. 66, no. 3 (1976): 281–95.
5462:Atlas of American Indian Affairs
2143:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
2131:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
1858:American Indian boarding schools
1690:
1352:As of 2012, a high incidence of
1131:United States federal government
596:govern more than one of the 326
521:
200:
76:
8853:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
8715:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing
8399:Dakota Access Pipeline protests
8103:Office of Management and Budget
6972:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
5333:
5278:
5223:
5197:
5082:
5057:
5000:
4978:. University of Georgia Press.
4967:
4853:
4835:
4809:
4783:
4758:
4725:
4716:
4690:
4664:
4647:
4638:
4623:
4614:
4579:
4510:
4392:
4375:
4362:
4344:
4323:
4285:
4273:
4248:
4223:
4200:
4178:
4154:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4088:
4063:
4041:
4022:
4000:
3975:
3962:
3949:
3872:
3843:
3811:
3789:
3779:
3752:
3635:. July 18, 2014. Archived from
3621:
3604:"40d. Life on the Reservations"
3596:
3587:
3565:
3474:
3431:
3428:Davies & Clow; Sutton 1991.
3410:
3307:General Services Administration
3136:Indigenous territory (Colombia)
2539:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
1818:Racism against Native Americans
1793:Native American slave ownership
1326:in which the reservation lies.
1316:Federal Bureau of Investigation
1270:In 1979, the Seminole tribe in
1230:Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation
945:Forced assimilation (1868–1887)
765:United States Department of War
717:on August 29, 1758. Located in
694:Colonial and early U.S. history
617:. The largest reservation, the
36:Indian reserve (disambiguation)
8763:2009 Peruvian political crisis
8273:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
7941:New England city and town area
7324:List of states and territories
7072:Native American Pidgin English
6877:American Indian Movement (AIM)
6253:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
6136:Archaic period in the Americas
5732:Indian Land Claims Settlements
5492:, vol. 15, no. 2 (1991):1–169.
4849:. www.cdc.gov. April 14, 2021.
4220:last updated November 21, 2007
3663:Thomas, JD (August 29, 2013).
3385:
3359:
3350:
3321:
3291:
3267:
3215:McGreal, Chris (May 4, 2012).
2414:American Indian Movement (AIM)
1833:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
1723:Archaic period in the Americas
1570:Church Rock uranium mill spill
1418:Disputes over land sovereignty
1053:Indian New Deal (1934–present)
13:
1:
8594:Council of Indigenous Peoples
7936:Micropolitan statistical area
7931:Metropolitan statistical area
6770:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
6546:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
6534:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
5738:Indian Claims Limitations Act
4927:Whyte, Kyle (March 1, 2017).
3928:History: Reviews of New Books
3912:History: Reviews of New Books
3164:
3125:Indigenous territory (Brazil)
2938:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
2930:Crow Creek Indian Reservation
2367:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
2135:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
2123:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
1408:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1182:General Allotment Act (Dawes)
1115:
8900:American Indian reservations
8778:Expulsion of the Chagossians
7831:United States Virgin Islands
6865:Native American civil rights
6775:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
6760:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
6755:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
6677:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
6304:Native American civil rights
5887:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe
5726:Indian Claims Commission Act
5485:(NY: Clearwater Publ. 1975).
5291:American Sociological Review
4465:(2): 651–683. Archived from
4264:article by Michael Riley in
4239:article by Michael Riley in
3930:36, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 51.
3914:36, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 50.
3531:American Sociological Review
3193:. Department of the Interior
3022:National Library of Medicine
2926:Buffalo County, South Dakota
2372:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
2357:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
2352:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
2272:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
1878:Alcohol and Native Americans
1773:Slavery in the United States
1654:Red Cliff Indian Reservation
1366:Alcohol and Native Americans
1360:Violence and substance abuse
1286:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
7:
8574:Government of Bashkortostan
8439:American Indian reservation
8308:Native American Rights Fund
7919:Core-based statistical area
7711:List of Indian reservations
7218:Native American politicians
7208:Native American War Leaders
6686:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
6672:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
6664:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
6660:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
6644:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
6572:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
6294:Native American Rights Fund
5562:Gambling on the reservation
5401:J. P. Allen and E. Turner,
5346:Journal of Community Health
5009:News from Native California
4945:10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153
4124:The Equalization Act, 1959.
4115:Getches et al, pp. 140–190.
3633:National Geographic Society
3032:
2281:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
2265:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
2257:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
2253:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
2237:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
2163:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
1580:This case is an example of
1437:The Federal Government and
1306:Indian country jurisdiction
1065:, was sometimes called the
1061:of 1934, also known as the
1043:Umatilla Indian Reservation
846:Non-Intercourse Act of 1834
594:federally recognized tribes
371:Cities, towns, and villages
264:Alaska Native tribal entity
10:
8946:
8529:Fundação Nacional do Índio
8023:State legislative district
7881:Off-reservation trust land
6897:Occupation of Wounded Knee
6614:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
6602:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
6584:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
6580:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
6485:American Revolutionary War
5777:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
5655:Royal Proclamation of 1763
5358:10.1007/s10900-020-00848-2
5303:10.1177/000312240406900405
4500:"Saying No to $ 1 Billion"
4294:, accessed August 12, 2010
4038:, Retrieved April 7, 2014.
3880:American Indian Law Review
3867:American Indian Law Review
3851:American Indian Law Review
3543:10.1177/000312240406900405
3416:Kinney, 1937; Sutton, 1975
3010:Alaska Native Corporations
2434:Occupation of Wounded Knee
2205:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
2193:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
2175:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
2171:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
2070:American Revolutionary War
1667:
1596:
1532:
1433:Seizure of the Black Hills
1430:
1363:
1303:
1263:
1174:Rosebud Indian Reservation
1172:Wagon loaded with squash,
903:
834:Royal Proclamation of 1763
698:From the beginning of the
688:
633:) from the public domain.
276:Tribal Jurisdictional Area
272:Off-reservation trust land
40:
29:
8861:
8745:
8682:
8657:
8614:
8506:
8499:
8340:
8263:Assembly of First Nations
8248:
8156:
8093:
8067:
8036:
8006:Public use microdata area
7954:
7914:Combined statistical area
7894:
7854:Alaska Native corporation
7846:
7783:
7721:International concessions
7719:
7701:
7643:
7605:
7591:
7330:
7321:
7265:
7185:
7087:
7079:Native American languages
7049:
7016:
6985:
6940:
6857:
6819:Native American religions
6801:
6783:
6568:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
6550:Red River War (1874–1875)
6538:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
6415:
6317:
6243:Indian Appropriations Act
6116:
6023:
5952:
5913:
5870:
5843:
5816:
5787:
5758:
5751:
5678:
5667:
5639:
5632:
5567:Christian Science Monitor
5256:10.1080/13549830701657414
4588:American Indian Quarterly
3869:14, no. 1 (1988), 57–103.
3113:Indigenous Protected Area
2846:congressional politicians
2608:Native American languages
2159:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
2139:Red River War (1874–1875)
2127:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
1823:Indian Appropriations Act
1611:that were the subject of
1300:Law enforcement and crime
1296:health for their people.
1259:
1059:Indian Reorganization Act
1047:Indian Reorganization Act
955:Laguna Indian reservation
938:Indian Appropriations Act
619:Navajo Nation Reservation
154:Navajo Nation Reservation
140:
126:
118:
111:1758 (Brotherton)–Present
104:
94:
84:
75:
67:Domestic dependent nation
57:
52:
34:. For similar terms, see
8753:Chechen–Russian conflict
8604:Bureau of Indian Affairs
7902:Primary statistical area
7838:ZIP Code Tabulation Area
7821:Northern Mariana Islands
7625:Northern Mariana Islands
6892:Trail of Broken Treaties
6720:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
6710:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875)
6690:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
6652:Colorado War (1863–1865)
5552:Tribal Leaders Directory
4341:accessed October 7, 2009
4338:News From Indian Country
4216:, a four-part series in
3898:24, no. 3 (2000): 39–76.
3337:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3187:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3151:Indigenous Area (Taiwan)
3084:Reservations in Nebraska
3049:Indian Claims Commission
2911:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2429:Trail of Broken Treaties
2317:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
2285:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
2245:Colorado War (1863–1865)
1607:The reservations of the
1546:Treaty of Bosque Redondo
1529:Navajo–Hopi land dispute
1427:Black Hills land dispute
1331:Tribal Law and Order Act
1254:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1228:-owned cattle begins at
1011:Battle of Little Bighorn
761:Office of Indian Affairs
584:and administered by the
376:Coterminous municipality
329:Consolidated city-county
177:This article is part of
130:About 1 million (total)
41:Not to be confused with
8915:Native American culture
8798:Little Danes experiment
8584:Government of Tatarstan
8251:political organizations
7067:American Indian English
7003:Louisiana Creole people
6793:Native American studies
6745:Bannock Uprising (1895)
6700:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
6656:Powder River War (1865)
6564:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
6382:Mesoamerican literature
6377:Indigenous Peoples' Day
6186:Partus sequitur ventrem
5657:(British North America)
5537:– National Park Service
5064:LaDuke, Winona (1999).
4734:"Environmental Justice"
3982:Bennett, Elmer (2008).
3669:Accessible Archives Inc
2342:Bannock Uprising (1895)
2307:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
2297:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
2249:Powder River War (1865)
2155:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
1963:Indigenous Peoples' Day
1778:Partus sequitur ventrem
1320:United States Attorneys
405:State-recognized tribes
384:Census-designated place
8905:Native American topics
8783:High Arctic relocation
8685:Declarations of Rights
8382:Cultural appropriation
8313:Survival International
8044:Census county division
7962:Congressional district
6887:Occupation of Alcatraz
6829:Native American church
6695:Mohave War (1858–1859)
6682:Yakima War (1855–1858)
6640:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
6618:White River War (1879)
6606:Walker War (1853–1854)
6490:Cherokee–American wars
6065:Legal status of Hawaii
6031:Indigenous land rights
5930:Idaho v. United States
5516:, 20(2): 33–58 (1996).
5478:, 26:2 (2002): 63–113.
4933:English Language Notes
4260:March 4, 2016, at the
4235:March 4, 2016, at the
4212:March 4, 2016, at the
4162:"Enabling Act of 1910"
4034:April 8, 2014, at the
3972:17, no. 3 (1930): 380.
3946:17, no. 3 (1930): 379.
3447:Frantz, Klaus (1999).
3119:Native Community Lands
2996:
2984:
2950:
2704:Southeastern Woodlands
2684:Northeastern Woodlands
2489:Native American church
2424:Occupation of Alcatraz
2277:Yakima War (1855–1858)
2233:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
2209:White River War (1879)
2197:Walker War (1853–1854)
2075:Cherokee–American wars
1873:Native American rights
1660:
1617:
1482:
1350:
1341:
1266:Native American gaming
1233:
1177:
974:
962:
934:United States Congress
582:United States Congress
576:, whose government is
458:Congressional district
191:Political divisions of
8788:Human rights in Tibet
8515:Aotearoa-New Zealand
8409:Fortress conservation
8211:Traditional knowledge
8174:Intellectual property
8054:Traffic analysis zone
6750:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
6725:Modoc War (1872–1873)
6715:Snake War (1864–1869)
6630:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
6626:Bluff War (1914–1915)
6576:Tonto War (1871–1875)
6327:Mississippian culture
6290:Civil rights movement
6191:Five Civilized Tribes
5798:Fellows v. Blacksmith
5651:(1629 New Netherland)
5460:Francis Paul Prucha,
4896:10.1002/9781118786949
4677:Namaste Publishing UK
4575:National Park Service
4450:Lenane, Rita (2015).
4142:Wishart and Froehling
3882:14, no. 1 (1988), 59.
3853:14, no. 1 (1988), 58.
3482:United States v. Dion
3393:"Explore Census Data"
2992:
2980:
2946:
2915:Indian Health Service
2484:Traditional religions
2392:Civil rights movement
2347:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
2322:Modoc War (1872–1873)
2312:Snake War (1864–1869)
2292:Mohave War(1858–1859)
2221:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
2217:Bluff War (1914–1915)
2167:Tonto War (1871–1875)
1908:Mississippian culture
1863:Civil rights movement
1652:
1609:Five Civilized Tribes
1606:
1477:
1462:$ 1 billion in 2015.
1364:Further information:
1345:
1336:
1274:opened a high-stakes
1223:
1171:
1069:and was initiated by
968:
952:
919:Five Civilized Tribes
725:Reservation and also
590:U.S. state government
479:Homeowner association
441:Conservation district
8812:Residential schools
8758:Sri Lankan Civil War
8500:Legal representation
8469:Urban Indian reserve
8358:Internal colonialism
8249:Non-governmental and
8204:in the United States
8049:Minor civil division
7776:United States census
6765:Last Massacre (1911)
6730:Nez Perce War (1877)
6598:Ute Wars (1850–1923)
6495:Northwest Indian War
6248:Racial Integrity Act
5519:Laura Woodward-Ney,
5467:C. C. Royce, comp.,
4472:on December 12, 2019
2964:Environmental issues
2645:Tribal disenrollment
2362:Last Massacre (1911)
2327:Nez Perce War (1877)
2080:Northwest Indian War
1828:Racial Integrity Act
1685:in the United States
1582:environmental racism
1499:Holland Land Company
1318:, and prosecuted by
917:One example was the
528:United States portal
43:Reservation in India
8363:Settler colonialism
7703:Indian reservations
7635:U.S. Virgin Islands
7041:Reservation poverty
6986:Ethnic subdivisions
6858:Political movements
6519:Second Seminole War
6430:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
5769:Johnson v. McIntosh
5686:Northwest Ordinance
5497:Geographical Review
5248:2007LoEnv..12..627T
4389:. December 13, 2009
4049:"Tribal Governance"
3189:(August 19, 2017).
3079:Reservation poverty
2650:Reservation poverty
2633:Societal statistics
2557:Ethnic subdivisions
2385:Political movements
2189:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
2106:Second Seminole War
2015:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
1677:Part of a series on
1448:Fort Laramie Treaty
1027:Rutherford B. Hayes
977:In 1868, President
910:The passage of the
719:southern New Jersey
568:is an area of land
508:Unincorporated area
305:Unorganized Borough
89:Political divisions
53:Indian reservations
8848:Stolen Generations
8649:BBNJ ABS Committee
8404:Discovery doctrine
8348:Civilizing mission
8189:Self-determination
7977:Alaska census area
7876:Hawaiian home land
7864:Indian reservation
6942:Civic and economic
6927:Tribal sovereignty
6882:Red Power Movement
6849:Longhouse Religion
6784:Education, science
6735:Bannock War (1878)
6529:American Civil War
6480:Lord Dunmore's War
6268:Blood quantum laws
6151:Post-Classic stage
5720:Reorganization Act
5715:Curtis Act of 1898
5692:Nonintercourse Act
5446:James M. Goodman,
5184:Native News Online
5120:has generic name (
4818:McGirt v. Oklahoma
4410:on August 21, 2017
4387:The New York Times
4358:. August 15, 2013.
4356:Al Jazeera America
4310:The New York Times
4133:Sutton, ed., 1991.
3984:Federal Indian Law
3497:Francis v. Francis
3044:Hawaiian home land
2499:Longhouse Religion
2419:Red Power Movement
2397:Self-determination
2332:Bannock War (1878)
2118:American Civil War
2065:Lord Dunmore's War
1988:Tribal sovereignty
1868:Red Power movement
1848:Blood quantum laws
1803:American Civil War
1783:Indian Removal Act
1738:Post-Classic stage
1661:
1639:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1618:
1614:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1599:McGirt v. Oklahoma
1518:400,000 to Ogden.
1483:
1400:The New York Times
1376:traffic collisions
1234:
1224:Spring roundup of
1178:
1122:tribal sovereignty
1075:tribal sovereignty
1063:Howard-Wheeler Act
998:United States Army
975:
963:
912:Indian Removal Act
863:State of Wisconsin
842:Indian Removal Act
638:tribal sovereignty
631:Indian Land Grants
572:and governed by a
566:Indian reservation
260:Hawaiian home land
252:Indian reservation
18:Indian Reservation
8887:
8886:
8872:Indigenous rights
8741:
8740:
8674:Indigenous Caucus
8615:Intergovernmental
8464:Russian republics
8434:Autonomous okrugs
8283:Cultural Survival
8111:
8110:
8028:Urban growth area
7999:Census-designated
7742:
7741:
7283:
7282:
6814:Eagle feather law
6705:Paiute War (1860)
6648:Dakota War (1862)
6610:Tintic War (1856)
6524:Osage Indian War
6455:King Philip's War
6075:
6074:
5948:
5947:
5747:
5746:
5576:—video report by
5236:Local Environment
5050:978-0-8166-9264-4
3373:. August 19, 2017
3161:
3160:
3092:Outside the U.S.:
2907:
2906:
2805:
2804:
2694:Pacific Northwest
2689:Northwest Plateau
2474:Eagle Feather law
2402:Women in politics
2241:Dakota War (1862)
2201:Tintic War (1856)
2113:Osage Indian War
2040:King Philip's War
1890:
1889:
1626:State of Sequoyah
1562:radioactive waste
1163:tenants-in-common
1144:land-use planning
881:Mississippi River
817:William H. Cabell
723:Brotherton Indian
652:state recognition
627:Mississippi River
588:, and not to the
562:
561:
445:National monument
347:Unorganized atoll
339:Municipality (PR)
193:the United States
171:
170:
16:(Redirected from
8937:
8869:
8868:
8803:Mapuche conflict
8773:Chiapas conflict
8768:Alta controversy
8746:Historical cases
8504:
8503:
8486:Rainbow Warriors
8476:Manifest destiny
8164:Ancestral domain
8138:
8131:
8124:
8115:
8114:
7982:Independent city
7801:Federal District
7769:
7762:
7755:
7746:
7745:
7645:Outlying islands
7599:Washington, D.C.
7593:Federal district
7310:
7303:
7296:
7287:
7286:
7193:Native Americans
7062:American English
6635:Posey War (1923)
6352:Iroquois culture
6218:Indian Territory
6166:Age of Discovery
6102:
6095:
6088:
6079:
6078:
6036:Aboriginal title
5756:
5755:
5673:
5637:
5636:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5595:
5510:David J. Wishart
5388:
5387:
5377:
5352:(6): 1196–1204.
5337:
5331:
5330:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5175:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5142:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4939:(1–2): 153–162.
4924:
4918:
4917:
4881:
4872:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4823:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4583:
4577:
4568:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4495:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4456:
4447:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4406:. Archived from
4404:greatfallsmt.net
4396:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4348:
4342:
4333:Associated Press
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4252:
4246:
4227:
4221:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4158:
4152:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4045:
4039:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3960:
3959:17, no. 3 (1930)
3953:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3915:
3908:
3899:
3892:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3741:
3726:
3725:November 7, 2010
3724:
3711:
3709:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3671:. Archived from
3660:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3639:on July 12, 2018
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3522:
3511:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3107:British Columbia
3038:
2942:Kyle Powys Whyte
2922:developing world
2899:
2892:
2885:
2821:Native Americans
2699:The Great Plains
2667:
2666:
2602:
2600:American English
2574:Louisiana Creole
2302:Paiute War(1860)
2228:Posey War (1923)
1923:Iroquois culture
1798:Indian Territory
1748:Age of Discovery
1707:
1706:
1694:
1683:Native Americans
1674:
1673:
1664:Life and culture
1622:Indian Territory
1593:Eastern Oklahoma
1439:The Lakota Sioux
1406:violence on the
1312:Major Crimes Act
1206:Indian character
1090:social rejection
1005:on the northern
979:Ulysses S. Grant
923:Indian Territory
792:Martin Van Buren
739:Shamong Township
721:, it was called
683:Native Americans
554:
547:
540:
525:
487:Associated state
466:Special district
334:Independent city
234:Federal district
212:
204:
194:
181:
173:
172:
80:
63:
50:
49:
21:
8945:
8944:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8935:
8934:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:Minority rights
8857:
8843:San controversy
8737:
8711:Nagoya Protocol
8684:
8678:
8661:
8659:
8653:
8616:
8610:
8508:
8495:
8336:
8250:
8244:
8152:
8150:minority rights
8142:
8112:
8107:
8089:
8063:
8059:Voting district
8032:
8011:School district
7950:
7890:
7842:
7779:
7773:
7743:
7738:
7715:
7697:
7639:
7601:
7587:
7326:
7317:
7314:
7284:
7279:
7261:
7181:
7083:
7045:
7012:
6981:
6945:
6943:
6936:
6853:
6797:
6785:
6779:
6740:Crow War (1887)
6411:
6337:Hohokam culture
6313:
6156:Woodland period
6141:Formative stage
6112:
6109:Native American
6106:
6076:
6071:
6019:
5944:
5914:Rehnquist Court
5909:
5866:
5839:
5817:1890—1950
5812:
5783:
5743:
5674:
5665:
5628:
5623:
5531:
5526:
5395:Further reading
5392:
5391:
5338:
5334:
5283:
5279:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5176:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5143:
5136:
5126:
5117:
5116:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5027:
5020:
5005:
5001:
4986:
4972:
4968:
4925:
4921:
4914:
4904:1854/LU-8522620
4882:
4875:
4858:
4854:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4800:
4798:
4797:. July 10, 2020
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4707:
4705:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4671:Moret, Leuren.
4669:
4665:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4639:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4600:10.2307/1185706
4584:
4580:
4569:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4496:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4454:
4448:
4423:
4413:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4380:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4267:The Denver Post
4262:Wayback Machine
4253:
4249:
4242:The Denver Post
4237:Wayback Machine
4228:
4224:
4218:The Denver Post
4214:Wayback Machine
4207:"Lawless Lands"
4205:
4201:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4036:Wayback Machine
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3963:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3902:
3893:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3857:
3848:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3780:
3757:
3753:
3748:Founders Online
3742:
3729:
3716:Francis Bernard
3707:
3705:
3695:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3523:
3514:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3397:data.census.gov
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3339:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3309:. July 14, 2023
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3213:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3167:
3162:
3035:
3027:hazardous waste
2966:
2903:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2713:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2337:Crow War (1887)
2004:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1918:Hohokam culture
1902:
1892:
1891:
1743:Woodland period
1728:Formative stage
1704:
1672:
1666:
1601:
1595:
1537:
1531:
1472:
1435:
1429:
1420:
1372:
1362:
1308:
1302:
1268:
1262:
1139:
1118:
1067:Indian New Deal
1055:
1035:
991:executive order
947:
908:
902:
891:States such as
889:
872:
854:
830:
813:
777:
757:John C. Calhoun
696:
691:
558:
526:
504:
500:Federal enclave
491:
483:
475:
470:school district
462:
454:
437:Protected areas
401:
388:
380:
367:
343:
325:
317:District (USVI)
248:
230:
210:
192:
190:
179:
148:'s cemetery in
146:Pit River Tribe
131:
114:
71:
61:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8943:
8933:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8793:Indian removal
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8749:
8747:
8743:
8742:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8688:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8665:
8663:
8658:Indigenous-led
8655:
8654:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8636:
8634:Arctic Council
8631:
8630:
8629:
8623:African Union
8620:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8607:
8606:
8598:
8597:
8596:
8588:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8543:
8542:
8541:
8533:
8532:
8531:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8519:Te Puni KĹŤkiri
8512:
8510:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8481:Plastic shaman
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8449:Indian reserve
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8421:
8416:
8414:Green grabbing
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8387:Sports mascots
8379:
8378:
8377:
8375:Bioprospecting
8367:
8366:
8365:
8360:
8350:
8344:
8342:
8338:
8337:
8335:
8334:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8238:in New Zealand
8235:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8208:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8153:
8144:International
8141:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8071:
8069:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8019:
8018:
8008:
8003:
8002:
8001:
7991:
7990:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7964:
7958:
7956:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7916:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7898:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7872:
7871:
7861:
7856:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7811:American Samoa
7803:
7798:
7793:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7772:
7771:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7740:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7731:
7729:Guantanamo Bay
7725:
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7683:Navassa Island
7680:
7675:
7670:
7668:Johnston Atoll
7665:
7660:
7658:Howland Island
7655:
7649:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7615:American Samoa
7611:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7533:South Carolina
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7498:North Carolina
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7305:
7298:
7290:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7232:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7182:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7157:North Carolina
7154:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7091:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7032:
7031:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6948:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6789:
6787:
6786:and technology
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6679:
6674:
6637:
6632:
6622:Ute War (1887)
6595:
6590:
6561:
6556:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6445:Peach Tree War
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6342:Plains Indians
6339:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6309:Discrimination
6306:
6301:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:Trail of Tears
6210:
6208:Indian removal
6205:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6105:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5934:
5926:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5883:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5856:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5829:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5802:
5793:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5773:
5764:
5762:
5760:Marshall Court
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5723:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5689:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5579:Democracy Now!
5571:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5538:
5530:
5529:External links
5527:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5453:J. P. Kinney,
5451:
5444:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5398:
5390:
5389:
5332:
5297:(4): 558–575.
5277:
5242:(6): 627–643.
5222:
5211:. June 3, 2021
5196:
5163:
5134:
5081:
5075:978-0896085992
5074:
5056:
5049:
5018:
4999:
4984:
4966:
4919:
4912:
4873:
4852:
4834:
4808:
4782:
4757:
4724:
4715:
4689:
4663:
4646:
4637:
4622:
4613:
4594:(2): 287–296.
4578:
4534:
4509:
4483:
4421:
4391:
4374:
4361:
4343:
4322:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4247:
4222:
4199:
4177:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4096:
4087:
4062:
4040:
4021:
3999:
3992:
3974:
3961:
3948:
3932:
3916:
3900:
3884:
3871:
3855:
3842:
3824:
3810:
3798:
3788:
3778:
3751:
3727:
3686:
3675:on May 7, 2021
3650:
3620:
3595:
3586:
3564:
3537:(4): 558–575.
3512:
3473:
3459:
3439:
3430:
3418:
3409:
3384:
3358:
3349:
3320:
3290:
3266:
3241:
3204:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3130:Indian reserve
3127:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3105:(term used in
3100:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Indian country
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3031:
2971:Merrill Singer
2965:
2962:
2936:, home of the
2928:, home of the
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:North Carolina
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:Ute War (1887)
2186:
2181:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2030:Peach Tree War
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Trail of Tears
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1662:
1594:
1591:
1530:
1527:
1508:Indian Removal
1471:
1468:
1431:Main article:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1412:Crime Stoppers
1402:about growing
1361:
1358:
1304:Main article:
1301:
1298:
1264:Main article:
1261:
1258:
1237:Indian Country
1201:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1138:
1135:
1117:
1114:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
969:Paul Brodie's
946:
943:
927:Trail of Tears
906:Indian removal
904:Main article:
901:
898:
888:
885:
871:
868:
858:Treaty of 1831
853:
850:
829:
826:
812:
809:
781:Andrew Jackson
776:
773:
695:
692:
690:
687:
671:Alaska Natives
605:difficulties.
560:
559:
557:
556:
549:
542:
534:
531:
530:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
503:
502:
497:
490:
489:
482:
481:
474:
473:
461:
460:
453:
452:
431:
430:
426:
425:
424:
423:
415:
414:
410:
409:
408:
407:
400:
399:
394:
387:
386:
379:
378:
373:
366:
365:
357:
356:
352:
351:
350:
349:
342:
341:
336:
331:
324:
323:
302:
286:
285:
281:
280:
279:
278:
247:
246:
236:
229:
228:
215:
214:
206:
205:
197:
196:
186:
185:
169:
168:
142:
138:
137:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
113:
112:
108:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
73:
72:
70:
69:
64:
62:Also known as:
58:
55:
54:
32:Indian reserve
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8942:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8873:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8831:United States
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8813:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8734:
8730:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8702:
8700:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8681:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8660:international
8656:
8650:
8647:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8613:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8591:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8550:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8505:
8502:
8498:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8444:Indian colony
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8383:
8380:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8368:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8228:Treaty rights
8226:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8209:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8139:
8134:
8132:
8127:
8125:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8098:Census Bureau
8096:
8095:
8092:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8013:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7908:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7859:Indian colony
7857:
7855:
7852:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7836:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7777:
7770:
7765:
7763:
7758:
7756:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Palmyra Atoll
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7663:Jarvis Island
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7573:West Virginia
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7478:New Hampshire
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7438:Massachusetts
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7320:
7311:
7306:
7304:
7299:
7297:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7264:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:By state/city
7086:
7080:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7019:
7015:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6912:
6911:Red handprint
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6516:
6515:Seminole Wars
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Pontiac's War
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Tuscarora War
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:Neighborhoods
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6332:Adena culture
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Jim Crow laws
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:Classic stage
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6126:Paleo-Indians
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6103:
6098:
6096:
6091:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5696:
5693:
5690:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:United States
5677:
5672:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5615:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5481:Imre Sutton,
5480:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5123:
5118:|first2=
5111:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5071:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5023:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4985:9780820330587
4981:
4977:
4970:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4913:9781118786949
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4888:
4880:
4878:
4870:
4869:9781851098170
4866:
4862:
4856:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4820:
4819:
4812:
4796:
4792:
4786:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4641:
4633:
4626:
4617:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4371:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4281:
4276:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4187:
4181:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4112:
4106:Tiller (1996)
4103:
4101:
4091:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3993:9781584777762
3989:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3958:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3875:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3803:
3792:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3767:(3): 170–97.
3766:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3495: (1986);
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3466:September 30,
3462:
3460:0-226-26089-5
3456:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3413:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Indian colony
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3030:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:Winona LaDuke
2983:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2810:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:Neighborhoods
2626:
2625:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2583:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Black Indians
2562:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:Red handprint
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2102:Seminole Wars
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Pontiac's War
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Tuscarora War
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Neighborhoods
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Adena culture
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Jim Crow laws
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Classic stage
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Paleo-Indians
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1634:Supreme Court
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1568:In 1979, the
1566:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1492:Oneida people
1487:
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:liver disease
1377:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:Nez Perce War
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
972:
967:
961:than farming.
960:
956:
951:
942:
939:
935:
932:In 1851, the
930:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
907:
897:
894:
884:
882:
877:
867:
864:
859:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:Great Britain
835:
825:
823:
818:
808:
805:
804:Oneida People
800:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
746:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Easton Treaty
703:
701:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
655:
653:
648:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
623:West Virginia
620:
616:
612:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
555:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
535:
533:
532:
529:
524:
520:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
496:
495:Military base
493:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
476:
471:
467:
464:
463:
459:
456:
455:
450:
449:National park
446:
442:
438:
435:
434:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
412:
411:
406:
403:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
353:
348:
345:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:District (AS)
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
249:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
226:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
213:
208:
207:
203:
199:
198:
195:
188:
187:
184:
182:
175:
174:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Navajo Nation
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
109:
107:
103:
100:
99:United States
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
74:
68:
65:
60:
59:
56:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
8877:
8871:
8826:South Africa
8683:Treaties and
8555:Philippines
8507:Governmental
8438:
8329:
8258:Amazon Watch
8233:in Australia
8194:in Australia
8037:County-level
7895:Metropolitan
7863:
7847:Native areas
7806:Insular area
7702:
7678:Midway Atoll
7673:Kingman Reef
7653:Baker Island
7630:Puerto Rico
7538:South Dakota
7528:Rhode Island
7523:Pennsylvania
7503:North Dakota
7036:Reservations
7035:
7017:Demographics
6688: /
6684: /
6670: /
6666: /
6662: /
6658: /
6654: /
6650: /
6646: /
6642: /
6628: /
6624: /
6620: /
6616: /
6612: /
6608: /
6604: /
6600: /
6586: /
6582: /
6578: /
6574: /
6570: /
6566: /
6552: /
6548: /
6544: /
6540: /
6536: /
6517: /
6470:Dummer's War
6292: /
6131:Lithic stage
6041:in Australia
6010:Rhode Island
5936:
5928:
5920:
5901:
5893:
5885:
5877:
5871:Burger Court
5858:
5850:
5844:Warren Court
5831:
5823:
5804:
5796:
5775:
5767:
5710:Diminishment
5641:Colonial era
5577:
5565:
5520:
5513:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5437:
5431:A Zuni Atlas
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5393:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5239:
5235:
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5209:www.msci.com
5208:
5199:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:
5154:. Retrieved
5151:The Guardian
5150:
5098:. Retrieved
5094:
5084:
5065:
5059:
5032:Wastelanding
5031:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4975:
4969:
4936:
4932:
4922:
4886:
4860:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4826:, retrieved
4817:
4811:
4799:. Retrieved
4794:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4770:congress.gov
4769:
4760:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4718:
4706:. Retrieved
4702:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4676:
4666:
4656:
4649:
4640:
4631:
4625:
4616:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4525:. Retrieved
4522:PBS NewsHour
4521:
4512:
4504:The Atlantic
4503:
4474:. Retrieved
4467:the original
4462:
4458:
4412:. Retrieved
4408:the original
4403:
4394:
4386:
4377:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4336:
4325:
4313:. Retrieved
4309:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4265:
4250:
4240:
4225:
4217:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4180:
4168:. Retrieved
4156:
4147:
4138:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4074:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4043:
4024:
4014:November 15,
4012:. Retrieved
4002:
3983:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3927:
3911:
3895:
3879:
3874:
3866:
3850:
3845:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3791:
3781:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3713:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:the original
3668:
3641:. Retrieved
3637:the original
3632:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3608:U.S. History
3607:
3598:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3575:. Census.gov
3567:
3534:
3530:
3510: (1906).
3496:
3481:
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3449:
3442:
3433:
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3370:
3361:
3356:Sutton, 199.
3352:
3340:. Retrieved
3332:
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3269:
3259:November 25,
3257:. Retrieved
3232:. Retrieved
3221:The Guardian
3220:
3195:. Retrieved
3169:
3168:
3155:
3115:in Australia
3091:
3090:
3015:
3006:
3001:Thacker Pass
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2919:
2908:
2638:Reservations
2621:Demographics
2469:Christianity
2283: /
2279: /
2263: /
2259: /
2255: /
2251: /
2247: /
2243: /
2239: /
2235: /
2219: /
2215: /
2211: /
2207: /
2203: /
2199: /
2195: /
2191: /
2177: /
2173: /
2169: /
2165: /
2161: /
2157: /
2141: /
2137: /
2133: /
2129: /
2125: /
2104: /
2055:Dummer's War
1718:Lithic stage
1637:
1630:Enabling Act
1619:
1612:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1541:Four Corners
1538:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:Fort Stanwix
1464:
1456:
1453:
1436:
1421:
1399:
1397:
1373:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1309:
1290:
1279:
1269:
1246:
1235:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1186:
1179:
1160:
1148:
1140:
1119:
1087:
1079:
1071:John Collier
1066:
1062:
1056:
1036:
1023:
1007:Great Plains
995:
988:
976:
970:
931:
916:
909:
890:
873:
855:
831:
814:
801:
789:
785:Isaac Shelby
778:
759:founded the
754:
747:
743:
735:Indian Mills
730:
726:
715:Pennsylvania
704:
697:
668:
656:
635:
615:Rhode Island
607:
565:
564:An American
563:
413:Fourth level
284:Second level
251:
243:Commonwealth
225:Commonwealth
176:
47:
8838:Rubber boom
8821:New Zealand
8353:Colonialism
8179:Land rights
8080:Block group
7955:State-level
7826:Puerto Rico
7693:Wake Island
7607:Territories
7453:Mississippi
7368:Connecticut
6844:Sweat lodge
6510:Arikara War
6500:War of 1812
6465:Yamasee War
6450:Esopus Wars
6440:Kieft's War
6425:Beaver Wars
6347:Anishinaabe
6228:Dawes Rolls
5789:Taney Court
5734:(1978–2006)
5698:Removal Act
5564:April 2004
5095:www.hcn.org
4744:: 405–430.
4188:. Usccr.gov
4170:February 8,
4094:Kinney 1937
4080:December 3,
4055:December 3,
3480:See, e.g.,
3371:www.bia.gov
2944:has stated,
2836:war leaders
2679:Great Basin
2407:Nationalism
2095:Arikara War
2085:War of 1812
2050:Yamasee War
2035:Esopus Wars
2025:Kieft's War
2010:Beaver Wars
1808:Dawes Rolls
1443:Black Hills
1244:agreement.
1156:Connecticut
1083:termination
936:passed the
822:Tuscaro War
727:Edgepillock
679:Los Angeles
429:Other areas
355:Third level
309:Census area
211:First level
156:located in
127:Populations
8894:Categories
8808:Oka Crisis
8491:Two-spirit
8216:ecological
8146:Indigenous
7946:Urban area
7568:Washington
7488:New Mexico
7483:New Jersey
7358:California
7110:California
7008:Pretendian
6559:Cayuse War
6435:Pequot War
6283:gravesites
5995:New Mexico
5965:California
5752:Precedents
4414:August 20,
3613:August 11,
3402:January 4,
3377:January 4,
3342:August 26,
3313:August 26,
3283:October 7,
3234:October 5,
3165:References
3121:in Bolivia
2737:California
2150:Cayuse War
2020:Pequot War
1968:Literature
1668:See also:
1597:See also:
1533:See also:
1504:Menominees
1481:, New York
1176:, ca. 1936
1116:Governance
790:President
731:Edgepelick
711:New Jersey
578:autonomous
513:Ghost town
162:New Mexico
150:California
8459:Rancherie
8454:RancherĂa
8429:Bantustan
8370:Biopiracy
8199:in Canada
7987:Municipio
7578:Wisconsin
7543:Tennessee
7448:Minnesota
7423:Louisiana
7257:Massacres
7213:musicians
7177:Wisconsin
7140:Baltimore
7050:Languages
6932:Land Back
6839:Sun Dance
6505:Creek War
6201:ownership
5980:Louisiana
5704:Dawes Act
5366:1573-3610
5327:145428620
5311:0003-1224
5264:1354-9839
4994:812757112
4961:132153346
4953:0013-8282
4632:Wild West
4527:March 22,
3559:145428620
3551:0003-1224
3229:0261-3077
3132:in Canada
3103:Rancherie
3098:RancherĂa
2841:musicians
2797:Wisconsin
2709:Southwest
2670:by region
2663:Geography
2587:Languages
2494:Sun Dance
2479:Mormonism
2090:Creek War
1636:ruled in
1242:statutory
1180:With the
1106:Menominee
1094:Coushatta
1039:Dawes Act
1019:Modoc War
1003:Sioux War
767:(now the
602:Dawes Act
239:Territory
136:(165,158)
132:Largest:
8419:Homeland
8330:more ...
8184:Language
7791:Division
7734:Pituffik
7563:Virginia
7513:Oklahoma
7493:New York
7468:Nebraska
7458:Missouri
7443:Michigan
7433:Maryland
7418:Kentucky
7398:Illinois
7373:Delaware
7363:Colorado
7353:Arkansas
7270:Category
7240:by state
7172:Virginia
7162:Oklahoma
7152:Nebraska
7147:Michigan
7135:Maryland
7115:Colorado
6834:Smudging
6802:Religion
6593:Yuma War
6181:Genocide
6005:Oklahoma
6000:New York
5990:Michigan
5953:By state
5633:Statutes
5384:32447544
5272:17730412
5215:June 10,
5189:June 10,
5156:June 10,
5110:cite web
5100:June 10,
5015:(3): 23.
4828:July 26,
4801:July 26,
4795:BBC News
4775:April 6,
4708:June 16,
4476:June 21,
4258:Archived
4233:Archived
4210:Archived
4032:Archived
3818:Indians,
3773:27570693
3708:July 12,
3679:July 12,
3643:July 12,
3033:See also
2913:and the
2792:Virginia
2782:Oklahoma
2772:Nebraska
2767:Michigan
2762:Maryland
2742:Colorado
2718:by state
2457:Religion
2184:Yuma War
1763:Genocide
1384:homicide
1017:and the
959:ranching
836:, where
796:treaties
750:treaties
664:reserved
363:Township
313:Villages
180:a series
95:Location
85:Category
8590:Taiwan
8565:Russia
8545:Mexico
8535:Canada
8525:Brazil
8392:Redface
8221:medical
7784:Regions
7583:Wyoming
7558:Vermont
7463:Montana
7403:Indiana
7383:Georgia
7378:Florida
7348:Arizona
7338:Alabama
7223:writers
7198:artists
7120:Florida
7105:Arizona
7057:English
6407:Pow wow
6387:Fashion
6319:Culture
6196:Slavery
6118:History
6024:Compare
6015:Vermont
5975:Indiana
5375:7606663
5319:3593065
5244:Bibcode
4682:June 1,
4608:1185706
4315:May 23,
4192:June 5,
3579:June 5,
3333:bia.gov
3303:usa.gov
3197:June 2,
2826:artists
2747:Florida
2732:Arizona
2594:English
1973:Fashion
1943:Pow wow
1900:Culture
1768:Slavery
1702:History
1658:pow wow
1388:suicide
1322:of the
1293:tourist
1272:Florida
1232:, 1973.
1127:casinos
1110:Klamath
984:Quakers
689:History
675:Phoenix
642:casinos
397:Chapter
300:Borough
158:Arizona
105:Created
8816:Canada
8731:2024:
8725:2023:
8719:2018:
8709:2010:
8703:2007:
8697:1992:
8691:1989:
8662:bodies
8617:bodies
8509:bodies
8341:Issues
8157:Rights
7967:County
7778:topics
7518:Oregon
7473:Nevada
7413:Kansas
7388:Hawaii
7343:Alaska
7331:States
7275:Portal
7203:actors
7167:Oregon
7125:Hawaii
7100:Alaska
6944:groups
6111:topics
5970:Hawaii
5960:Alaska
5941:(2005)
5933:(2001)
5925:(1997)
5906:(1986)
5898:(1985)
5890:(1979)
5882:(1974)
5863:(1960)
5855:(1955)
5836:(1941)
5828:(1896)
5809:(1858)
5801:(1857)
5780:(1831)
5772:(1823)
5740:(1982)
5728:(1946)
5722:(1934)
5706:(1887)
5700:(1830)
5688:(1787)
5382:
5372:
5364:
5325:
5317:
5309:
5270:
5262:
5072:
5047:
4992:
4982:
4959:
4951:
4910:
4867:
4606:
4051:. NCAI
3990:
3771:
3720:Lenape
3703:NJ.com
3557:
3549:
3457:
3227:
3156:
2932:, and
2831:actors
2787:Oregon
2752:Hawaii
2727:Alaska
2512:Groups
1983:Health
1515:Seneca
1390:, and
1260:Gaming
1226:Paiute
1214:closed
1125:legal
1102:Paiute
973:, 1885
660:duress
392:Barrio
296:Parish
292:County
268:Pueblo
164:, and
119:Number
8638:WIPO
8085:Tract
8075:Block
8068:Local
8016:lists
7994:Place
7796:State
7548:Texas
7428:Maine
7393:Idaho
7186:Lists
6367:Music
6161:Trade
5985:Maine
5323:S2CID
5315:JSTOR
5268:S2CID
4957:S2CID
4822:(PDF)
4604:JSTOR
4470:(PDF)
4455:(PDF)
4165:(PDF)
3822:1838.
3786:1826.
3769:JSTOR
3555:S2CID
3503:
3488:
3278:(PDF)
3170:Notes
2814:Lists
1948:Dance
1938:Music
1644:Tulsa
1392:falls
1382:with
1276:bingo
1152:Idaho
893:Texas
611:Idaho
221:State
141:Areas
8600:USA
8148:and
7972:list
7924:list
7907:list
7869:list
7816:Guam
7620:Guam
7553:Utah
7508:Ohio
7408:Iowa
7130:Iowa
7095:List
6417:Wars
6372:Film
6362:Food
5380:PMID
5362:ISSN
5307:ISSN
5260:ISSN
5217:2022
5191:2022
5158:2022
5129:link
5122:help
5102:2022
5070:ISBN
5045:ISBN
4990:OCLC
4980:ISBN
4949:ISSN
4908:ISBN
4865:ISBN
4830:2021
4803:2021
4777:2017
4710:2020
4684:2023
4529:2017
4478:2019
4416:2017
4317:2012
4194:2012
4172:2013
4082:2018
4057:2018
4016:2014
3988:ISBN
3796:580.
3710:2018
3681:2018
3645:2018
3615:2024
3581:2012
3547:ISSN
3505:U.S.
3490:U.S.
3468:2020
3455:ISBN
3404:2024
3379:2024
3344:2023
3315:2023
3285:2018
3261:2023
3236:2023
3225:ISSN
3199:2024
2757:Iowa
2439:MMIW
2002:Wars
1958:Film
1933:Food
1497:The
1404:gang
1378:and
1368:and
1354:rape
1212:and
1210:open
1108:and
1057:The
874:The
713:and
677:and
570:held
421:Ward
258:) /
256:list
166:Utah
8713:on
6357:Art
5370:PMC
5354:doi
5299:doi
5252:doi
5037:doi
4941:doi
4900:hdl
4892:doi
4746:doi
4703:NPR
4596:doi
4385:".
3765:105
3539:doi
3508:233
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1928:Art
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