1934:, has reaffirmed that the powers, capacity, and independent investigative capability of the body was not commensurate with the "standards required of an international police watchdog operating in a society that values freedoms and rights". According to Stott, "structural limitations in the scope and powers of the IPCC inquiry its ability to establish a coherent and representative body of evidence". In its resignation statement in December, the panel said the IPCC "needs to substantially enhance its capacity" so as to be able to "assemble a coherent account of the facts from police and other bodies; to access important documents and validate accounts supplied by police and others in a timely fashion; and to significantly improve its capability to identify and secure evidence from key witnesses outside policing".
1978:
universally pointed to the lack of independence of the IPCC and the absence of police accountability, and expressed outrage at the report as an absurd and preposterous whitewash. Lam said priority for implementation were a code of practice for journalists covering protests; more powers to monitor social media and tackle misinformation; reviewing internal police command structures; and identification of police officers with clear numbers. Clifford Stott, who quit the IPCC foreign experts panel, said: "It would seem the release of the IPCC report is part of a wider set of coordinated announcements designed to deliver the new 'truth'".
49:
2525:
1450:
172:
457:
1937:
In response, Carrie Lam remarked that Stott had "only spent 10 days or a week in Hong Kong. His stay in Hong Kong was quite short compared to the year-long review of so much information by the IPCC. Therefore everyone can tell which side was able to obtain the truth and have a better understanding of
1911:
Despite a considerable number of reportable complaints filed with the CAPO, only a small percentage of them were classified as substantiated. Between 2004 and 2018, CAPO received 6,412 complaints alleging police assault. Only four cases were substantiated by CAPO, while over half of the cases were
1977:
Findings mirrored police assertions that force was only in reaction to the violent unrest, but said there were "areas for improvement" when officers interacted with protesters. While Chief executive Lam praised the "comprehensive and objective" report, Rights groups and pro democracy parties
1907:
The IPCC, as noted by the UN Human Rights
Committee in its Concluding Observations in 2013, has limited powers and lacks independence. It only has "advisory and oversight functions to monitor and review the activities of the CAPO" and its members are political appointees chosen by the Chief
2459:
2439:
1912:
dismissed without actionable conclusions. Between 2010 and 2018, among all of the cases on police misconduct substantiated by the IPCC, the police responded by referring only one case for prosecution, while officers in the majority of cases were only given "advice".
1629:
The IPCC is headed by a
Secretariat and is governed by the Independent Police Complaints Council (IPCC) Ordinance, which was enacted in July 2008. On 1 June 2009, after the ordinance came into operation, the Chinese official name of IPCC was changed from
367:
2746:
3103:
2711:
1927:, which saw allegations of police brutality. In 2017, Chief Executive Carrie Lam sought to enhance the credibility of the IPCC by appointing Anthony Francis Neoh, a heavyweight in the legal sector, as its chairman.
1381:
1594:(CAPO) of complaints against members of the Police Force. Unlike CAPO, which is a unit of the police force, the IPCC is a civilian body not linked with the police that reports directly to the office of the
1403:
1945:
The Court of First
Instance reported on November 20 that the IPCC and the Complaints Against Police Office (CAPO) cannot effectively conduct investigation into misconduct unless new powers were given.
1623:
1965:
2382:
2831:
1685:. Persons holding an "office of emolument" within a government bureau or department, as well as former members of the police force, are not eligible to be appointed to the IPCC.
2308:
1386:
2403:
1948:
In
September 2022, Helen Yu Lai Ching-ping, an IPCC member, blamed Hong Kong's child abuse cases on "widespread" sexual and violent content on TV. Yu also blamed the TVB
3128:
1681:
The IPCC Ordinance stipulates that the IPCC shall be formed by a chairman, three vice-chairmen, and no fewer than eight other members. All members are appointed by the
3023:
2421:
2142:
1915:
As members of the IPCC are directly appointed by the Chief
Executive, the council is generally aligned with pro-establishment figures. The former Chief Executive
2766:
959:
3133:
3073:
3068:
1956:
said that the pageant should not be associated with child abuse. TVB also said that it reserved the right to pursue legal action against false accusations.
2918:
501:
2290:
3098:
2666:
891:
543:
2513:
950:
3018:
2333:
2159:
1327:
2491:
3033:
2364:
1974:
in which the police was generally exonerated. It concluded that officers generally acted within guidelines but there was "room for improvement".
1479:
2180:
3043:
2731:
1398:
1370:
1243:
801:
475:
2276:
2691:
2681:
2206:
837:
791:
2442:[Police claims to IPCC Tim Mei Avenue was "unobstructed" during 612 CITIC Tower Siege; Footages show tear gas blocks all ways].
3238:
3093:
3028:
2613:
2598:
2578:
1026:
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877:
828:
466:
222:
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648:
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242:
17:
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3187:
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217:
1942:. Lam added that the IPCC is made up of members with varying backgrounds and expertise, and their objectiveness is reliable.
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1095:
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1080:
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2383:"Hong Kong police watchdog clears force of misconduct citing online "propaganda", but says 'room for improvement'"
2903:
2897:
2816:
2771:
2706:
1259:
847:
643:
597:
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2462:[IPCC report describes 721 incident as black-white-clad clashes, Denies fact of indiscriminate attack].
3174:
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2701:
2633:
2593:
2540:
1997:
1971:
1939:
1931:
1919:, for instance, drew criticism for appointing Barry Chin Chi-yung, a member of the pro-Beijing political group
1534:
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1314:
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1123:
980:
842:
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416:
353:
294:
261:
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227:
2404:"'Absurd, preposterous, whitewash': Reactions pour in as Hong Kong police watchdog clears force of wrongdoing"
1908:
Executive. It neither has legal power to summon witnesses nor offers protection to the victims and witnesses.
3218:
2923:
2876:
2866:
2608:
2008:
was an indiscriminate attack by inappropriately labelling it as clashes between black and white-clad crowds.
1920:
921:
862:
755:
701:
583:
362:
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3003:
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investigates complaints made by the public against its members and the IPCC monitors those investigations.
1238:
1220:
1178:
1128:
1118:
975:
796:
349:
308:
458:
Joint
Secretariat for the Advisory Bodies on Civil Service and Judicial Salaries and Conditions of Service
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1133:
1035:
624:
2968:
2781:
1090:
1085:
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Clifford Stott, one of five members of an expert panel recruited for the IPCC in
September during the
3058:
2983:
2938:
2913:
2846:
2623:
2603:
2160:"In full: An open letter to Hong Kong's leader calling for an investigation into police use of force"
2017:
1281:
1265:
1158:
819:
811:
668:
658:
615:
606:
565:
313:
3013:
2422:"Hong Kong mulls more police powers to monitor social media and "code of practice" for journalists"
2164:
In full: An open letter to Hong Kong's leader calling for an investigation into police use of force
2128:
1376:
322:
303:
266:
107:
2070:
3192:
3138:
3113:
2796:
2529:
2268:
2057:
2004:
was unobstructed for the crowd to leave. It also pointed out the report denied the fact that the
1924:
1580:
1322:
907:
592:
342:
185:
3008:
2886:
1949:
1584:
1435:
1430:
1233:
1208:
1113:
1020:
1000:
633:
280:
208:
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2811:
2250:
2005:
1619:
1203:
1173:
1143:
1030:
553:
179:
48:
2933:
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2568:
1440:
1425:
1420:
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448:
8:
3118:
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2060:– Government press release quoting reply by the Secretary for Security in LegCo, 14 Jan 9
1853:
1148:
696:
3063:
2801:
2583:
1705:
1213:
1188:
1153:
772:
719:
2103:
16:
This article is about the Hong Kong agency. For the agency in the United
Kingdom, see
2993:
2948:
2726:
2653:
2037:
1198:
1193:
1163:
886:
663:
2851:
2588:
1454:
1168:
1138:
806:
740:
510:
201:
2291:"Hong Kong police suspending alternative identification system after court ruling"
2334:"Hong Kong's TVB threatens legal action over criticism of beauty pageant outfits"
2090:
1916:
1183:
398:
2638:
2083:
2001:
710:
2181:"Independent inquiry still an option for Carrie Lam EJINSIGHT - ejinsight.com"
3212:
3048:
2891:
1985:
1813:
1014:
985:
750:
3148:
1884:
1833:
1715:
1695:
954:
137:
112:
1624:
Office of the
Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils
1993:
1843:
1784:
1404:
Hong Kong–Taiwan
Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Promotion Council
1823:
1737:
2129:"Appointments of new members to Independent Police Complaints Council"
2524:
1622:. The PCC was preceded by the UMELCO Police Group, a body within the
1527:
426:
389:
96:
2365:"Lam shelves independent review into what caused Hong Kong protests"
2836:
2464:
2444:
2207:"CY Leung appoints pro-Beijing member to police watchdog body IPCC"
1989:
1981:
1966:
Police misconduct allegations during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests
1710:
1548:
407:
2230:"IPCC expert panel might be gone, but its advice still holds true"
1590:
The IPCC acts as an independent body to monitor the review by the
2309:"Member of police watchdog slams Miss HK show as "too revealing""
1970:
The IPCC released a thousand-page report on policing during the
1541:
Duhk laahp gāam chaat gíng fōng chyú léih tàuh sou wái yùhn wúi
1387:
Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement
1938:
Hong Kong" regarding the latest IPCC thematic report on the
1923:, to the council. Where Chin was an outspoken critic of the
2908:
2251:"Hong Kong's Police Watchdog Unable to Do Its Job: Experts"
763:
1988:
on the report. It reviewed the videos during the police's
2484:
1953:
1555:
Duk laap gaam caat ging fong cyu lei tau sou wai jyun wui
1553:
1539:
368:
Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the HKSAR
171:
152:
2398:
2396:
522:
Working Family and Student Financial Assistance Agency
3104:
Sales of First-hand Residential Properties Authority
2269:"IPCC knows HK better than overseas expert, says CE"
2224:
2222:
2220:
2123:
2121:
1959:
2414:
2393:
1626:. The PCC was renamed to its current name in 1994.
2375:
892:Office of the Government Chief Information Officer
544:Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
2440:"【Fact Check】612中信圍困警方向監警會指添美道「暢通無阻」 片段證催淚彈夾擊無路走"
2217:
2118:
2071:"立法會：保安局局長在《投訴警方獨立監察委員會條例草案》全體委員會審議階段致辭（二）（只有中文）"
1688:As of 4 September 2019, the IPCC had 29 members:
1637:
1631:
38:
3210:
3019:Economic Analysis and Business Facilitation Unit
2452:
2432:
1382:Office of the Government of the HKSAR in Beijing
760:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices (Overseas)
20:. For other similarly named organisations, see
2359:
2357:
2355:
2245:
2243:
2507:
2096:
2038:"Estimates for the year ending 31 March 2020"
1509:
1473:
1399:Hong Kong Economic, Trade and Cultural Office
802:Electrical and Mechanical Services Department
1642:" while the English name remained the same.
1602:that the IPCC has limited monitoring power.
792:Civil Engineering and Development Department
2460:"【Fact Check】監警會報告形容721事件為黑白衣人衝突 無視無差別攻擊事實"
2352:
2240:
2198:
1583:, part of the two-tier system in which the
3094:Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office
2514:
2500:
1480:
1466:
960:List of Members of the Legislative Council
878:Innovation, Technology and Industry Bureau
829:Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau
467:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau
3069:Independent Commission Against Corruption
2131:. Hong Kong Government. 4 September 2019.
2030:
549:Food and Environmental Hygiene Department
3134:West Kowloon Cultural District Authority
3099:Science and Technology Parks Corporation
729:Commerce and Economic Development Bureau
497:Leisure and Cultural Services Department
18:Independent Police Complaints Commission
2667:Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation
2468:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 20 July 2020.
2106:. Independent Police Complaints Council
2000:, and rebutted the report's claim that
519:University Grants Committee Secretariat
3211:
2448:(in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 20 May 2020.
2204:
746:Office of the Communications Authority
3079:Independent Police Complaints Council
3034:Examinations and Assessment Authority
2495:
2302:
2300:
1573:Independent Police Complaints Council
1495:Independent Police Complaints Council
33:Independent Police Complaints Council
22:List of police complaints authorities
2959:Air Accident Investigation Authority
2306:
2175:
2173:
897:Innovation and Technology Commission
3044:Export Credit Insurance Corporation
2614:Innovation, Technology and Industry
2599:Financial Services and the Treasury
2579:Constitutional and Mainland Affairs
1807:
1610:The IPCC was set up in 1986 as the
1345:Hong Kong Economic and Trade Office
1289:List of constituencies of Hong Kong
539:Environmental Protection Department
13:
2732:Electrical and Mechanical Services
2297:
2205:Cheung, Karen (31 December 2015).
1350:Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations
639:Hong Kong Fire Services Department
488:Culture, Sports and Tourism Bureau
480:Offices in the Mainland and Taiwan
14:
3250:
3239:Organizations established in 1986
3109:Securities and Futures Commission
2692:Civil Engineering and Development
2574:Commerce and Economic Development
2476:
2279:from the original on 29 May 2020.
2170:
1960:Report on 2019 Hong Kong protests
1355:Hong Kong–United States relations
1244:Registration and Electoral Office
782:Architectural Services Department
476:Registration and Electoral Office
3229:1986 establishments in Hong Kong
2974:Antiquities and Monuments Office
2712:Cultural and Creative Industries
2523:
1972:2019–20 Hong Kong protests
1598:. There have been criticisms in
1592:Complaints Against Police Office
1448:
1040:President of the Court of Appeal
838:Census and Statistics Department
737:Intellectual Property Department
328:Internet censorship in Hong Kong
170:
47:
2326:
2283:
2261:
1645:
1554:
1540:
1360:Hong Kong–Philippines relations
1276:Election Committee Constituency
1057:Chief District Judge: Justin Ko
867:Rating and Valuation Department
848:Government Logistics Department
644:Hong Kong Correctional Services
598:Information Services Department
290:Capital punishment in Hong Kong
27:Hong Kong police oversight body
3234:Police oversight organizations
3175:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
3029:Equal Opportunities Commission
2757:Food and Environmental Hygiene
2152:
2135:
2077:
2063:
2051:
1676:
1663:Transitional Arrangements Team
1510:
1339:Consular missions in Hong Kong
1071:Special courts and tribunals:
678:Transport and Logistics Bureau
530:Environment and Ecology Bureau
272:Sino–British Joint Declaration
1:
3188:Statutory bodies in Hong Kong
2999:Construction Industry Council
2862:Leisure and Cultural Services
2047:. Hong Kong Government. 2019.
2023:
2006:21 July 2019 Yuen Long attack
1921:Silent Majority for Hong Kong
1638:
1632:
1618:, which reported to the then-
1365:Hong Kong–Singapore relations
922:Political Appointments System
756:Trade and Industry Department
649:Customs and Excise Department
584:Home and Youth Affairs Bureau
363:Office of the Chief Executive
39:
3157:Hong Kong Monetary Authority
2989:Centre for Health Protection
1902:
1683:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
1596:Chief Executive of Hong Kong
1579:) is a civilian body of the
1239:Electoral Affairs Commission
1067:Chief Magistrate: So Wai-tak
797:Drainage Services Department
309:Law enforcement in Hong Kong
7:
2644:Culture, Sports and Tourism
2011:
1925:2014 pro-democracy protests
1612:Police Complaints Committee
1266:Geographical Constituencies
82:Police Complaints Committee
10:
3255:
3224:Civilian regulating boards
2969:Antiquities Advisory Board
2909:Radio Television Hong Kong
2782:Government Records Service
2073:. Government of Hong Kong.
1963:
1940:2019-20 Hong Kong protests
1932:2019–20 Hong Kong protests
1672:Planning and Support Teams
1605:
1393:Hong Kong–Taiwan relations
1282:District council elections
1249:Chief Executive Elections
1091:Market Misconduct Tribunal
863:Official Receiver's Office
853:Government Property Agency
764:Radio Television Hong Kong
131:Independent body executive
15:
3183:
3165:
3147:
3129:Travel Industry Authority
3124:Trade Development Council
2984:Auxiliary Medical Service
2947:
2827:Innovation and Technology
2762:Government Flying Service
2652:
2559:
2536:
2018:Ontario Police Commission
1565:
1547:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1371:Hong Kong–China relations
1271:Functional Constituencies
1096:Obscene Articles Tribunal
858:Inland Revenue Department
820:Water Supplies Department
692:Civil Aviation Department
669:Auxiliary Medical Service
659:Government Flying Service
616:Social Welfare Department
607:Labour and Welfare Bureau
147:
130:
120:
102:
92:
75:
60:
56:Independent body overview
55:
46:
37:
3014:Communications Authority
2742:Environmental Protection
2369:South China Morning Post
2338:South China Morning Post
2058:Police complaints system
1894:Priscilla Wong Pui-sze,
1505:Traditional Chinese
1377:Hong Kong Liaison Office
323:LGBT rights in Hong Kong
267:One country, two systems
230:(national security laws)
108:China Resources Building
3193:Hong Kong Civil Service
3139:Urban Renewal Authority
3089:Office of the Ombudsman
3024:Estate Agents Authority
2634:Transport and Logistics
2594:Environment and Ecology
2530:Government of Hong Kong
1992:of protesters into the
1801:Helen Yu Lai Ching-ping
1775:Shalini Shivan SUJANANI
1754:Wilson KWONG Wing-tsuen
1581:Government of Hong Kong
1323:Hong Kong identity card
1046:Court of First Instance
908:Hong Kong Civil Service
593:Home Affairs Department
3198:Administrative Officer
3084:Liquor Licensing Board
3039:Exchanges and Clearing
3009:Centre for Food Safety
2812:Information Technology
2672:Architectural Services
2609:Home and Youth Affairs
2546:Government Secretariat
1950:Miss Hong Kong Pageant
1877:Larry Kwok Lam-kwong,
1854:Robert Tang Kwok-ching
1834:Rosanna Wong Yick-ming
1748:José-Antonio MAURELLET
1585:Hong Kong Police Force
917:Administrative Officer
654:Immigration Department
634:Hong Kong Police Force
436:Government Secretariat
223:Consultative Committee
2832:Intellectual Property
2767:Government Laboratory
2707:Correctional Services
2682:Census and Statistics
2143:"CCPR/C/CHN-HKG/CO/3"
2089:1 August 2014 at the
1863:Ronny Wong Fook-hum,
1751:Clement CHAN Kam-wing
1620:Governor of Hong Kong
1260:Legislative elections
1101:Small Claims Tribunal
1006:Court of Final Appeal
558:Government Laboratory
554:Hong Kong Observatory
404:Secretary for Justice
124:HK$ 95.9 million
3219:Hong Kong Government
2904:Rating and Valuation
2837:Investment Promotion
2817:Information Services
2772:Government Logistics
2747:Financial Assistance
2426:Hong Kong Free Press
2408:Hong Kong Free Press
2387:Hong Kong Free Press
2211:Hong Kong Free Press
2104:"Council membership"
1885:Anthony Francis Neoh
1865:SBS, MBE, QC, SC, JP
1858:GBM, SBS, QC, SC, JP
1844:Denis Chang Khen-lee
1789:Roland WONG Ka-yeung
1778:Martin WONG Chi-sang
1731:Eric CHENG Kam-chung
1455:Hong Kong portal
787:Buildings Department
687:Transport Department
575:Department of Health
449:Civil Service Bureau
138:Anthony Francis Neoh
3119:Town Planning Board
3074:Insurance Authority
2777:Government Property
2551:Government agencies
2340:. 21 September 2022
2293:. 20 November 2020.
2236:. 13 December 2019.
1763:Douglas LAM Tak-yip
1745:Barry CHIN Chi-yung
1742:Edgar KWAN Chi-ping
1734:Richard HO Kam-wing
1129:Central and Western
942:Legislative Council
816:Planning Department
697:Highways Department
440:Government agencies
395:Financial Secretary
377:Principal officials
85:UMELCO Police Group
34:
3064:Hospital Authority
2949:Statutory agencies
2924:Trade and Industry
2717:Customs and Excise
2702:Companies Registry
2624:Labour and Welfare
2045:The 2019–20 Budget
1824:Daniel Tse Chi-wai
1798:Paul Lam Ting-kwok
1781:Johnny YU Wah-yung
1766:Sylvia LEE Hiu-wah
1760:Alex CHU Wing-yiu
1706:Christopher Cheung
1301:Universal suffrage
1254:Election Committee
1062:Magistrates' Court
981:Pro-democracy camp
843:Companies Registry
773:Development Bureau
720:Housing Department
502:Tourism Commission
295:Criminal procedure
218:Drafting Committee
76:Preceding agencies
32:
3206:
3205:
3167:Foreign relations
3054:Housing Authority
2994:Civil Aid Service
2964:Airport Authority
2877:Official Receiver
2737:Electoral Affairs
2722:Drainage Services
2541:Executive Council
1897:
1890:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1772:Melissa Kaye PANG
1769:David LEE Ka-yan
1666:Senior PR Officer
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1535:Yale Romanization
1490:
1489:
1315:Foreign relations
1295:Political parties
1124:District Councils
1119:District Officers
887:Efficiency Office
702:Marine Department
664:Civil Aid Service
417:Executive Council
165:
164:
3246:
3004:Consumer Council
2979:Audit Commission
2528:
2527:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:Official website
2470:
2469:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2391:
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2379:
2373:
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2324:
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2321:
2319:
2304:
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2265:
2259:
2258:
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2238:
2237:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2150:
2149:
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1998:12 June 2019
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1828:GBS, CBE, JP
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1696:Anthony Neoh
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281:Criminal law
113:Harbour Road
103:Headquarters
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2807:Immigration
2654:Departments
2584:Development
2110:5 September
1994:CITIC Tower
1952:, to which
1891:(2018–2021)
1881:(2014–2018)
1874:(2008–2014)
1872:SBS, SC, JP
1867:(2004–2008)
1860:(2000–2004)
1850:(1993–1998)
1830:(1987–1993)
1820:(1986–1987)
1792:LEE Man-bun
1785:Anissa Chan
1728:SO Lai-chun
1677:Composition
1651:Secretariat
1633:投訴警方獨立監察委員會
1031:Jeremy Poon
1027:Chief Judge
936:Legislature
751:Post Office
304:Jury system
3213:Categories
2727:Efficiency
2234:EJ Insight
2024:References
1984:performed
1964:See also:
1889:QC, SC, JP
1738:Herman Hui
1319:Documents
1149:Kwai Tsing
1021:High Court
425:Convenor:
262:Article 69
257:Article 46
252:Article 45
228:Article 23
187:government
140:, Chairman
2929:Transport
2857:Legal Aid
2677:Buildings
2589:Education
2185:EJINSIGHT
1903:Criticism
1692:Chairman
1654:Secretary
1436:Geography
1431:Education
1234:Elections
1214:Yuen Long
1189:Tsuen Wan
1154:Kwun Tong
1114:Districts
1001:Judiciary
951:President
427:Regina Ip
399:Paul Chan
390:Eric Chan
343:Executive
209:Basic Law
193:Hong Kong
126:(2019–20)
97:Hong Kong
2934:Treasury
2898:Railways
2882:Planning
2792:Highways
2629:Security
2465:FactWire
2445:FactWire
2277:Archived
2087:Archived
2012:See also
1990:kettling
1982:FactWire
1898:(2021– )
1722:Members
1711:Tony Tse
1549:Jyutping
1199:Wan Chai
1194:Tuen Mun
1179:Southern
1164:Sai Kung
870:Treasury
408:Paul Lam
354:John Lee
243:2024 law
238:2020 law
181:Politics
116:Wan Chai
2919:Tourism
2802:Housing
2639:Housing
2619:Justice
2561:Bureaus
2084:History
1896:BBS, JP
1879:SBS, JP
1838:DBE, JP
1818:CBE, JP
1606:History
1441:History
1426:Economy
1421:Culture
1169:Sha Tin
1139:Islands
1134:Eastern
148:Website
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2867:Marine
2842:Labour
2787:Health
2604:Health
2190:9 July
2093:, IPCC
1840:(1993)
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61:Formed
2852:Lands
2146:(PDF)
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1600:LegCo
1159:North
155:.ipcc
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2892:Post
2346:2022
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2273:RTHK
2255:Time
2192:2020
2112:2019
1577:IPCC
1571:The
438:and
202:Laws
184:and
157:.gov
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