764:
396:, who returned him to Iyoas with twelve of his principal officers. Although it appeared that the Emperor, moved by the pitiful sight of Ya Mariam Bariaw covered with blood from his open wound lying supine before him, was about to pardon this rebel, his uncle Lubo spoke up and demanded, as was his right by traditional Ethiopian law, for Maryam Bariya to delivered to him for what punishment he believed was appropriate; Lubo killed the noble himself by slitting Ya Mariam Bariaw's throat. Shocked at this act, the Emperor's own officers allowed the other twelve captives, who included
260:, and favored his mother's Oromo relatives over the Qwarans of his grandmothers family, or the Gondarine nobility that had surrounded the Solomonic monarchs since the reign of Fasiledes. His preference of the Oromo only increased when Iyoas reached adulthood. He assembled a Royal Guard with 3000 of that people, and put his Oromo uncles Birale and Lubo, the brothers of Wubit, in command of them. On the death of the
47:
244:
Another problem grew from
Mentewab's arrangement of the marriage of her son to Wubit, the daughter of an Oromo chieftain. Iyasu II gave precedence to his mother and allowed her every prerogative as a crowned co-ruler, while his wife Wubit suffered in obscurity. Wubit waited for the accession of her
363:
Mikael first replied to the envoys that the
Emperor's conduct would "end in the ruin of his family, and the state in general." Then, although extolling Ya Mariam Bariaw as "the only man in Abyssinia that knew his duty, and had courage to persevere in it", immediately set forth for Gondar, "his army
286:
Not long after this, Iyoas' great uncle Wolde Leul died (March 1767), which James Bruce described was the signal for all parties to engage in a civil war. The two sides were roughly aligned around the two rival
Dowager Empresses, Mentewab and Wubit (Welete Bersabe). "Nothing had withheld them but
407:
Mikael's scorn for Iyoas. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the
Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769); one week later, Mikael Sehul had him killed. Although the details of his death are contradictory, the result was clear: for the first time an Emperor had lost his throne in a means other than his own natural
330:, the daughter of Empress Mentewab.) Despite the outcry of the non-Oromo elite, and Ya Mariam Bariaw's pledge to stop Birale at the Well of Fernay, Iyoas persisted in his decision, and sent his bodyguard to assist Birale's own followers to assume the government of Begemder. In the
334:
Ya Mariam Bariaw was victorious, but despite his explicit orders that Birale should either be captured or allowed to escape, his opponent was killed. Upon learning this, Ya Mariam Bariaw predicted, "Michael, and all the army of Tigre, will march against me before autumn."
376:
Mikael visited the
Emperor Iyoas, then his mother. After establishing himself as the undisputed ruler of the capital, marched on Ya Mariam Bariaw from Gondar to Begemder—only after insisting that the Emperor be the leader of this expedition, at least in name.
408:
death, death in battle, or voluntary abdication. Mikael Sehul had compromised the power of the
Emperor, and from this point forward it lay ever more openly in the hands of the great nobles and military commanders. As Edward Ullendorff notes,
431:
Both the
Empress Mentewab and his mother Wubit were devastated at the death of Iyoas. Empress Mentewab was distraught at the death of her grandson. She arranged for him to be buried at her retreat at
314:
At this point, Ya Mariam Bariaw's pride led to his losing the governorship of
Begemder, replaced by the Emperor's Oromo uncle Birale. Because the governorship of Begemder included being custodian of
435:, and retired permanently to her palace there, refusing to return to the capital for the rest of her life. Although she lived through the next three reigns, she played a minimal role in them.
311:
Eshte arrived in Damot, he was assassinated and Fasil proclaimed governor in his place; according to Bruce, Iyoas' uncles Birale and Lubo convinced him to confirm Fasil in that position.
372:
simply took control of the city's sources of water and every entrance into Gondar; as Bruce puts it, "he intended to terrify, but to do no more." The day after his arrival,
318:, Ya Mariam Bariaw was horrified at the prospect of a pagan outsider holding this important trust, and is said to have begged the Emperor to instead appoint any other
283:
along the border with Sennar, and Wolde Leul advised Badi to remain in Ras al-Fil; however the exiled king was lured back into Sennar where he was quietly executed.
730:
389:
264:
of Amhara province, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his uncle Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind.
231:, and relied on Waragna and her brothers to lead many of the military campaigns. The very first challenge to Iyoas' rule, when Nanna Giyorgis rebelled in
331:
288:
209:
304:
1503:
752:
252:
When Iyoas assumed the throne upon his father's sudden death, the aristocrats of Gondar were stunned to find that he more readily spoke in the
393:
327:
300:
201:
1493:
760:
432:
227:
points out, was that neither Iyoas, due to his age, nor
Empress Mentewab, due to her sex, could operate far from the capital city of
205:
235:
out of envy for
Waragna's increased influence in the court, had to be suppressed by a force led by Waragna and the Empress' brother
1498:
380:
Upon learning of this new army, Ya Mariam Bariaw, who had remained near the site of his victory, fell back into Begemder, first to
172:
1518:
364:
encumbered by no baggage, not even provisions, women or tents, nor useless beasts of burden." He marched swiftly through
17:
745:
319:
368:, cutting a swath of destruction as he marched for the capital. However, instead of taking Gondar by storm, the
195:, his grandmother, who then acted as his regent. Her proposal was supported by the great nobles of the reign,
738:
691:(Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967) contains a partial translation of the Chronicle of Iyoas' reign.
355:
Mikael had established himself as the most powerful lord of Ethiopia, at one point having amassed some 6,000
772:
291:, the son of Ayo (who had helped to make Iyoas Emperor) and governor of Begemder, and who was supported by
224:
1508:
1513:
1451:
1438:
782:
1362:
815:
413:
75:
427:
judges when "there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes".
299:
was made governor of Damot whose governor, Waragna, had died some years before. However, the
1488:
392:
Ya Mariam Bariaw was defeated, and severely wounded; he fled to the nearby province of the
245:
own son to make a bid for the power wielded for so long by Mentewab and her relatives from
168:
140:
65:
550:"Society and Ethnicity in the Politics of Christian Ethiopia during the Zamana Masafent",
8:
1460:
1447:
768:
712:
388:"in the farthest limits of his province" (in Bruce's words) where the armies met. In the
160:
1380:
1134:
1120:
971:
790:
668:
276:
164:
130:
271:
Mikael Sehul returned to the capital city of Gondar, and convinced Iyoas to support
1267:
1232:
1211:
1190:
1176:
1162:
1148:
1049:
1017:
808:
763:
257:
232:
1183:
1102:
456:
417:
381:
1415:
929:
859:
253:
246:
180:
1482:
1457:
1422:
1302:
1288:
943:
866:
424:
397:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1295:
1246:
978:
908:
901:
852:
801:
385:
220:
176:
287:
his prudence and authority." The anti-Oromo party found their champion in
1387:
1373:
1218:
1197:
1127:
1113:
915:
722:
469:
347:
Once he learned of the death of his uncle Birale, Iyoas sent to Tigray's
197:
1394:
1141:
1035:
1006:
964:
922:
880:
845:
280:
549:
46:
1401:
1155:
1070:
1028:
992:
356:
191:
Despite his extreme youth, he was the candidate proposed by Empress
1281:
1253:
1239:
1225:
1169:
1084:
1056:
957:
950:
936:
894:
887:
705:
237:
213:
192:
152:
85:
1408:
1077:
1042:
873:
272:
125:
1063:
675:, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 82
365:
228:
116:
223:. One handicap with this tactic of ruling through a proxy, as
1274:
1260:
1204:
999:
985:
315:
326:
Mikael Sehul, and according to Bruce, at the instigation of
423:("judges"), for it resembled very closely the era of the
416:
reign in 1855, that is called by Ethiopian tradition the
322:
ruler to this post. (Or so a document later published by
303:
inhabiting Damot preferred to be ruled by Waragna's son
453:
A History of Ethiopia: Volume II (Nubia and Abyssinia)
359:—six times the total number in the rest of Ethiopia.
163:
from 27 June 1755 to 7 May 1769, and a member of the
1456:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
552:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
412:It is this period, from 1769 to the beginning of
1480:
1450:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
746:
403:The murder of Ya Mariam Bariaw only deepened
523:
521:
753:
739:
544:, vol. 4 p. 156. The date is given in the
474:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
45:
155:: ኢዮአስ; 1754 – 14 May 1769), throne name
518:
444:
14:
1504:Child monarchs from sub-Saharan Africa
1481:
734:
450:
186:
175:(Welete Bersabe), the daughter of an
27:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1755 to 1769
489:(Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), pp. 126f
338:
24:
681:
25:
1530:
1494:18th-century emperors of Ethiopia
548:of Iyoas' reign (Donald Crummey,
762:
1499:18th-century monarchs in Africa
662:
649:
636:
623:
610:
597:
584:
689:The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles
571:
558:
534:
505:
492:
479:
463:
279:. Iyoas made Badi governor of
13:
1:
1519:Monarchs who died as children
476:(1805 edition), vol. 4 p. 147
438:
451:Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928).
7:
923:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
167:. He was the infant son of
10:
1535:
1452:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
937:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
1432:
1361:
1101:
1016:
809:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
789:
780:
719:
710:
702:
697:
487:The Ethiopians, A History
459:: Routledge. p. 460.
136:
124:
111:
99:
91:
81:
71:
61:
57:27 June 1755 – 7 May 1769
53:
44:
37:
32:
687:Richard K. P. Pankhurst
351:Mikael Sehul for help.
159:(Ge'ez: አድያም ሰገድ) was
275:, the exiled king of
769:Emperors of Ethiopia
594:, vol. 4 pp. 163-165
581:, vol. 4 pp. 160-163
568:, vol. 4 pp. 157-159
390:battle that followed
39:Emperador De Etiopia
1461:Victor Emmanuel III
713:Emperor of Ethiopia
485:Richard Pankhurst,
161:Emperor of Ethiopia
18:Iyoas I of Ethiopia
1509:Ethiopian children
1103:Era of the Princes
187:Iyoas and Mentewab
1514:Solomonic dynasty
1476:
1475:
1468:Emperor-in-exile.
1381:Tekle Giyorgis II
1135:Tekle Haymanot II
1121:Tekle Haymanot II
791:Solomonic dynasty
729:
728:
720:Succeeded by
669:Edward Ullendorff
659:, vol. 4 pp. 178f
620:, vol. 4 pp. 166f
502:, vol. 4 pp. 148f
225:Richard Pankhurst
179:chieftain of the
165:Solomonic dynasty
146:
145:
131:Solomonic dynasty
107:(aged 14–15)
16:(Redirected from
1526:
1469:
1464:
1442:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1268:Baeda Maryam III
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1233:Tekle Giyorgis I
1228:
1221:
1214:
1212:Tekle Giyorgis I
1207:
1200:
1193:
1191:Tekle Giyorgis I
1186:
1179:
1177:Tekle Giyorgis I
1172:
1165:
1163:Tekle Giyorgis I
1158:
1151:
1149:Tekle Giyorgis I
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1050:Tekle Haymanot I
1045:
1038:
1031:
1018:Gondarine period
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
883:
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855:
848:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
811:
804:
767:
766:
755:
748:
741:
732:
731:
717:1755–1769
703:Preceded by
695:
694:
676:
666:
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647:
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627:
621:
614:
608:
601:
595:
588:
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532:
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509:
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483:
477:
467:
461:
460:
448:
289:Ya Mariam Bariaw
273:Badi abu Shalukh
106:
49:
30:
29:
21:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1479:
1478:
1477:
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1455:
1445:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1363:Modern Ethiopia
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1184:Baeda Maryam II
1182:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1043:Iyasu the Great
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
977:
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963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
832:
827:
822:
818:: Senfa Ared IV
814:
807:
800:
793:
785:
776:
761:
759:
725:
716:
708:
684:
682:Further reading
679:
667:
663:
654:
650:
646:, vol. 4 p. 176
641:
637:
633:, vol. 4 p. 170
628:
624:
615:
611:
602:
598:
589:
585:
576:
572:
563:
559:
546:Royal chronicle
539:
535:
531:, vol. 4 p. 155
526:
519:
515:, vol. 4 p. 153
510:
506:
497:
493:
484:
480:
468:
464:
449:
445:
441:
382:Filakit Gereger
345:
256:rather than in
189:
120:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:Haile Selassie
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
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1024:
1022:
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1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
930:Baeda Maryam I
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
860:Newaya Krestos
856:
849:
842:
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835:
830:
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797:
795:
787:
786:
781:
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726:
721:
718:
709:
704:
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698:Regnal titles
693:
692:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:The Ethiopians
661:
648:
635:
622:
609:
605:The Ethiopians
596:
583:
570:
557:
555:, 8 , p. 273)
533:
517:
504:
491:
478:
462:
442:
440:
437:
429:
428:
344:
337:
332:ensuing battle
254:Oromo language
247:Qwara Province
188:
185:
144:
143:
138:
134:
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128:
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26:
9:
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2:
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1466:
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1434:
1431:
1424:
1423:Amha Selassie
1420:
1417:
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1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
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1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
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1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:Gebre Krestos
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:Gebre Krestos
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
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1248:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
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1227:
1223:
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1125:
1122:
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1108:
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1093:
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1037:
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1026:
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1023:
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1008:
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1001:
997:
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987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
952:
948:
945:
944:Amda Seyon II
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
867:Newaya Maryam
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
843:
836:
831:
826:
821:
817:
813:
812:
810:
806:
803:
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798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
774:
770:
765:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
733:
724:
715:
714:
707:
701:
696:
690:
686:
685:
674:
670:
665:
658:
652:
645:
639:
632:
626:
619:
613:
606:
600:
593:
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580:
574:
567:
561:
554:
553:
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543:
537:
530:
524:
522:
514:
508:
501:
495:
488:
482:
475:
471:
466:
458:
454:
447:
443:
436:
434:
426:
425:Old Testament
422:
421:
415:
411:
410:
409:
406:
401:
400:, to escape.
399:
398:Wand Bewossen
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
371:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
342:
336:
333:
329:
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321:
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306:
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278:
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259:
255:
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219:
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211:
207:
204:her brother,
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200:
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184:
182:
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174:
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162:
158:
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150:
142:
139:
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36:
31:
19:
1458:Italian King
1352:Sahle Dengel
1345:Yohannes III
1338:Sahle Dengel
1331:Yohannes III
1324:Sahle Dengel
1317:Yohannes III
1310:Sahle Dengel
1296:Sahle Dengel
1247:Egwale Seyon
1091:
979:Sarsa Dengel
909:Sarwe Iyasus
902:Takla Maryam
853:Amda Seyon I
802:Yekuno Amlak
711:
688:
672:
664:
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430:
419:
418:time of the
404:
402:
386:Nefas Mewcha
379:
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348:
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296:
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268:
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221:Mikael Sehul
217:
212:governor of
196:
190:
156:
148:
147:
105:(1769-05-14)
38:
1489:1769 deaths
1388:Yohannes IV
1374:Tewodros II
1366:(1855–1974)
1219:Salomon III
1198:Salomon III
1128:Susenyos II
1114:Yohannes II
1106:(1769–1855)
1021:(1632–1769)
916:Amda Iyasus
828:Qedma Asgad
823:Hezba Asgad
794:(1270–1632)
783:Family tree
723:Yohannes II
603:Pankhurst,
470:James Bruce
394:Wollo Oromo
328:Aster Iyasu
316:Mount Wehni
295:Eshte. The
157:Adyam Sagad
103:14 May 1769
76:Yohannes II
62:Predecessor
1483:Categories
1395:Menelik II
1142:Salomon II
1036:Yohannes I
1007:Susenyos I
965:Gelawdewos
881:Tewodros I
846:Wedem Arad
838:Saba Asgad
439:References
414:Theodore's
384:, then to
357:matchlocks
301:Jawa Oromo
281:Ras al-Fil
202:Wolde Leul
119:, Ethiopia
1448:1936–1941
1402:Lij Iyasu
1156:Iyasu III
1071:Dawit III
1029:Fasilides
993:Za Dengel
833:Jin Asgad
320:Christian
72:Successor
1446:Between
1282:Iyasu IV
1254:Iyoas II
1240:Demetros
1226:Demetros
1170:Hezqeyas
1085:Iyasu II
1057:Tewoflos
958:Dawit II
895:Andreyas
888:Yeshaq I
706:Iyasu II
607:, p. 127
457:New York
420:masafent
309:Grazmach
297:Grazmach
293:Grazmach
267:In 1764
238:Grazmach
214:Begemder
193:Mentewab
181:Karrayyu
169:Iyasu II
141:Iyasu II
86:Mentewab
66:Iyasu II
1439:crowned
1409:Zewditu
1092:Iyoas I
1078:Bakaffa
874:Dawit I
657:Travels
655:Bruce,
644:Travels
642:Bruce,
631:Travels
629:Bruce,
618:Travels
616:Bruce,
592:Travels
590:Bruce,
579:Travels
577:Bruce,
566:Travels
564:Bruce,
542:Travels
540:Bruce,
529:Travels
527:Bruce,
513:Travels
511:Bruce,
500:Travels
498:Bruce,
433:Qusquam
307:; when
258:Amharic
241:Eshte.
206:Waragna
149:Iyoas I
126:Dynasty
33:Iyoas I
1437:Never
1064:Yostos
366:Wegera
343:Mikael
339:Enter
277:Sennar
229:Gondar
216:, and
137:Father
117:Gondar
112:Burial
82:Regent
1275:Gigar
1261:Gigar
1205:Yonas
1000:Yaqob
986:Yaqob
972:Menas
951:Na'od
305:Fasil
233:Damot
177:Oromo
173:Wubit
153:Ge'ez
54:Reign
816:Sons
773:List
171:and
100:Died
95:1754
92:Born
405:Ras
374:Ras
370:Ras
361:Ras
353:Ras
349:Ras
341:Ras
324:Ras
269:Ras
262:Ras
218:Ras
210:Ayo
198:Ras
1485::
671:,
520:^
472:,
455:.
249:.
208:,
183:.
1463:.
1454:.
1441:.
775:)
771:(
754:e
747:t
740:v
151:(
20:)
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