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266:(USARNG) responded by declaring that due to his homosexuality, he would be discharged from the California Army National Guard and the Army National Guard of the United States. In June 1993, Holmes was notified that his commanding officer had issued a request to remove the First Lieutenant's federal recognition as a consequence of the statement acknowledging his homosexuality. Holmes was unable to convince the federal recognition withdraw board that he had no intention of partaking in homosexual activities, and was consequently discharged from the California Army National Guard (CAARNG) on May 21, 1994.
780:
318:. The court found the military had legitimate reasons for the exclusion of gay and lesbian service members because the military reasonably believed that they posed a threat to the successful maintenance of discipline and combat readiness. The court ruled the plaintiff's discharge did not violate his free speech rights because it was based not on his statement, but on the "inference of homosexual conduct." Judge
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in 1993, and in part by the military regulations that implemented that legislation, which restricted inquiries and investigations into the sexual orientation of a service member. It prevented homosexual members of the armed services from dismissal solely on the grounds of their sexual orientation.
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Andrew Holmes enlisted in the
California National Guard in 1986. He was sworn in and commissioned as an officer in May 1988. Over the course of his service he received honors for his work, including a promotion to
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Under the policy, military officials were prohibited from initiating inquiries into the sexual orientation a service member. Any service member who stated that he or she was gay or lesbian would be discharged.
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platoon leader. He was also awarded the Army
Achievement Medal, the Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal, and the National Defense Service Ribbon for his exemplary performance during
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432:"Constitutional law--First Amendment and equal protection--Ninth Circuit upholds `don't ask, don't tell" policy for Gays and Lesbians in the Military". Harvard Law Review, 1998, p. 1372
398:"Constitutional law--First Amendment and equal protection--Ninth Circuit upholds `don't ask, don't tell" policy for Gays and Lesbians in the Military". Harvard Law Review, 1998, p. 1371
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could not be discharged for saying publicly that he or she is homosexual or bisexual, but could be restricted to assignments that did not require recognition by the federal government.
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262:. Instead, he presented a memo to his commanding officer stating that as "a matter of conscience, honesty and pride, I am compelled to inform you that I am gay." The U.S.
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Court of
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Elizabeth
Goitein, "When the Evidence Is the Crime: Holmes v. California Army National Guard, 124 F. 3d 1126 (9th Cir. 1997),"
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Elizabeth
Goitein, "When the Evidence Is the Crime: Holmes v. California Army National Guard, 124 F. 3d 1126 (9th Cir. 1997),"
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to Holmes on his federal equal protection and free speech claims against the CAARNG and USARNG.
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Holmes claimed he was pressured by his superiors to issue a statement affirming his
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Unfriendly Fire: How the Gay Ban
Undermines the Military and Weakens America
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The United States
Supreme Court rejected Holmes' petition for a writ of
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176:, 124 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 1998) was a federal court case heard by the
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Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
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United States
District Court for the Northern District of California
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Rumsfeld v. Forum for
Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.
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United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases
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On September 5, 1997, in a 2-1 decision, a panel of the
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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286:and to free speech. He sought damages as well as
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812:United States equal protection case law
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648:Log Cabin Republicans v. United States
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389:, vol. 107, no. 8 (June 1998), 2667n2
54:Holmes v. California National Guard
817:United States LGBTQ rights case law
624:Witt v. Department of the Air Force
584:Holmes v. California National Guard
472:Holmes v. California National Guard
445:, vol. 107, no. 8 (June 1998), 2667
369:Holmes v. California National Guard
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604:Military Readiness Enhancement Act
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413:FindLaw For Legal Professionals
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832:1998 in United States case law
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837:Don't ask, don't tell
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721:Servicemembers United
598:Able v. United States
556:Don't ask, don't tell
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234:Background
223:§ 654
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514:DOJ Brief
142:Reinhardt
84:Citations
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