History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)

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rebellion if Bandaranaike did not address the interests of the proletariat. In a manifesto issued during this period, the group used the name Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna for the first time. Because of the subversive tone of these publications, the United National Party government had Wijeweera detained during the elections, but the victorious Bandaranaike ordered his release in July 1970. In the politically tolerant atmosphere of the next few months, as the new government attempted to win over a wide variety of unorthodox leftist groups, the JVP intensified both the public campaign and the private preparations for a revolt. Although their group was relatively small, the members hoped to immobilize the government by selective kidnapping and sudden, simultaneous strikes against the security forces throughout the island. Some of the necessary weapons had been bought with funds supplied by the members. For the most part, however, they relied on raids against police stations and army camps to secure weapons, and they manufactured their own bombs.

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incompatible with democratic traditions. Despite the act, the number of terrorist acts increased. Guerrillas began to hit targets of high symbolic value such as post offices and police outposts, provoking government counterattacks. As an increasing number of civilians were caught in the fighting, Tamil support widened for the "boys", as the guerrillas began to be called. Other large, well-armed groups began to compete with LTTE. The better-known included the People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam, Tamil Eelam Liberation Army, and the Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization. Each of these groups had forces measured in the hundreds if not thousands. The government claimed that many of the terrorists were operating from training camps in India's Tamil Nadu State. The Indian government repeatedly denied this claim. With the level of violence mounting, the possibility of negotiation became increasingly distant.

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Communist Party, but he was increasingly at odds with party leaders and impatient with its lack of revolutionary purpose. His success in working with youth groups and his popularity as a public speaker led him to organize his own movement in 1967. Initially identified simply as the New Left, this group drew on students and unemployed youths from rural areas, most of them in the sixteen-to-twenty-five-age-group. Many of these new recruits were members of minority so-called 'lower' castes (Karava and Durava) who felt that their economic interests had been neglected by the nation's leftist coalitions. The standard program of indoctrination, the so-called Five Lectures, included discussions of Indian imperialism, the growing economic crisis, the failure of the island's communist and socialist parties, and the need for a sudden, violent seizure of power.

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and the JVP entered the arena of legal political competition. As a candidate in the 1982 presidential elections, Wijeweera finished fourth, with more than 250,000 votes (as compared with Jayewardene's 3.2 million). During this period, and especially as the Tamil conflict to the north became more intense, there was a marked shift in the ideology and goals of the JVP. Initially Marxist in orientation, and claiming to represent the oppressed of both the Tamil and Sinhalese communities, the group emerged increasingly as a Sinhalese nationalist organization opposing any compromise with the Tamil insurgency. This new orientation became explicit in the anti-Tamil riots of July 1983. Because of its role in inciting violence, the JVP was once again banned and its leadership went underground.

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conference to resolve the island's ethnic problems. Jayewardene's UNP offered other concessions in a bid to secure peace. Sinhala remained the official language and the language of administration throughout Sri Lanka, but Tamil was given a new "national language" status. Tamil was to be used in a number of administrative and educational circumstances. Jayewardene also eliminated a major Tamil grievance by abrogating the "standardization" policy of the United Front government, which had made university admission criteria for Tamils more difficult. In addition, he offered many top-level positions, including that of minister of justice, to Tamil civil servants.

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coast and Indian troops guarded Bandaranaike International Airport at Katunayaka while Indian Air Force helicopters assisted the counteroffensive. Sri Lanka's all-volunteer army had no combat experience since World War II and no training in counterinsurgency warfare. Although the police were able to defend some areas unassisted, in many places the government deployed personnel from all three services in a ground force capacity. Royal Ceylon Air Force helicopters delivered relief supplies to beleaguered police stations while combined service patrols drove the insurgents out of urban areas and into the countryside.

1708:, his former confidant. DNA tests against his son, who had been killed earlier by the Sri Lanka Military, also confirmed the death. Prabakaran's identity was However, contradicting the government claims, Selvarasa Pathmanathan on the same day claimed that "Our beloved leader is alive and safe." But finally on the 24 May 2009, he admitted the death of Prabhakaran, retracting the previous statement. The Sri Lankan military effectively concluded its 26-year operation against the LTTE, its military forces recaptured all remaining LTTE controlled territories in the 1095:

bothering to inform their subordinates of the changed circumstances. In spite of this confusion, rebel groups armed with shotguns, bombs, and Molotov cocktails launched simultaneous attacks against seventy-four police stations around the island and cut power to major urban areas. The attacks were most successful in the south. By 10 April, the rebels had taken control of Matara District and the city of Ambalangoda in Galle District and came close to capturing the remaining areas of Southern Province.

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JVP. In order to prevent a repetition of the 1971 uprising, the government considered lifting the ban on the JVP in early 1988 and permitting the group to participate again in the political arena. With Wijeweera still underground, however, the JVP had no clear leadership at the time, and it was uncertain whether it had the cohesion to mount any coordinated offensive, either military or political, against the government.

1622:, addressed the summit stating "my government, with the total commitment of our armed forces, has in an unprecedented humanitarian operation finally defeated the LTTE militarily". However the fighting continued for a couple of days thereafter. On the same day, Sri Lankan troops killed 70 rebels attempting to escape by boat, as the last LTTE strongpoints crumbled. The whereabouts of LTTE leader 1111:

group emerged that was an offshoot of the JVP—the Patriotic Liberation Organization (Deshapremi Janatha Viyaparaya—DJV). The DJV claimed responsibility for the August 1987 assassination attempts against the president and prime minister. In addition, the group launched a campaign of intimidation against the ruling party, killing more than seventy members of Parliament between July and November.

1026:, a senior politician and an uncle of Dudley Senanayake. Kotelawala did not have the enormous personal prestige or the adroit political acumen of D. S. Senanayake. He brought to the fore the issue of national languages that D. S. Senanayake had adroitly kept on the back burner, antagonising the Tamils and the Sinhalese by stating conflicting policies with regard to the status of 1286:

were the product of the post-independence population explosion. Although the JVP rebellion was brutally suppressed, the JVP found a place in Sri Lankan politics as a voice of leftist Sinhalese nationalism, along with the right-wing movement in the UNP associated with Cyril Matthew. Militant Tamil Chauvinist movements, e.g., the Pulippadai (tiger army), had been launched in

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military facilities that were important to the initial success of the revolt. In order to draw the newer members more tightly into the organization and to prepare them for a coming confrontation, Wijeweera opened "education camps" in several remote areas along the south and southwestern coasts. These camps provided training in Marxism–Leninism and in basic military skills.

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modelled after France, with a powerful chief executive. The president was to be elected by direct suffrage for a six-year term and was empowered to appoint, with parliamentary approval, the prime minister and to preside over cabinet meetings. Jayewardene became the first president under the new Constitution and assumed direct control of the government machinery and party.

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with the Tigers, with Wickremasinghe as Prime Minister. A ceasefire began, the first long cessation of hostilities since the beginning of the conflict. But the 1978 constitution left the Prime Minister with little power against a hostile President. In March 2004 she dismissed Wickremesinghe and called fresh elections, which returned the SLFP to office under

1900:, who had said he would unite the nation after the nearly 26-year civil war which ended in 2009, and by others in the government. This step was viewed as part of the plan for reconciliation. Other steps had also been taken to mend ethnic divisions between the Sinhalese majority and the Tamil minority, according to an article published by 1103:

force. In order to win over an alienated population and to prevent a prolonged conflict, Bandaranaike offered amnesties in May and June 1971, and only the top leaders were actually imprisoned. Wijeweera, who was already in detention at the time of the uprising, was given a twenty-year sentence and the JVP was proscribed.

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destruction of shops, homes, savage beatings and merciless killings by Sinhalese youths. However, quite a few Sinhalese kept Tamil neighbours in their homes to protect them from the rioters. During these riots, the government did nothing to control the mob. Conservative government estimates put the death toll at 400

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years, and the SLFP was forced to seek a new leader. After a long and divisive battle, the party chose her son, Anura. Anura Bandaranaike was soon thrust into the role of the keeper of his father's legacy, but he inherited a political party torn apart by factionalism and reduced to a minimal role in the Parliament.

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receiving arms and munitions as well as several fighter planes from the Chinese government in exchange for a Chinese naval base to be built on the Sri Lankan coast. This is a move by Beijing to cement a stronger position in the geopolitical struggle for power over the energy trade routes along the Indian Ocean.

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began caused by rapidly increasing foreign debt, massive government budget deficits due to tax cuts, a food crisis caused by mandatory organic farming along with a ban on chemical fertilizers, and a multitude of other factors. The Sri Lankan Government officially declared the ongoing crisis to be the

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An attempt was made at economic independence, with a five-year plan to achieve industrial development. However, this was stymied by a shortage of foreign exchange, a very expensive welfare program, and the oil crisis of 1974. These, combined with an unprecedented drought severely affected the harvest

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Under the six years of emergency rule that followed the uprising, the JVP remained dormant. After the victory of the United National Party in the 1977 elections, however, the new government attempted to broaden its mandate with a period of political tolerance. Wijeweera was freed, the ban was lifted,

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occurred at three churches and five hotels in several cities across Sri Lanka. Later, two smaller explosions occurred at a housing complex and a motel, killing mainly police officers who had been investigating the situation and raiding suspect locations. At least 259 people were killed, including 45

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phase in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; acute shortages of food, medicine, and clean water

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The Presidential election held amidst widespread acts of electoral malpractice (Hector Kobbekaduwa arrived at the polling station only to find his vote had already been cast) resulted in Jayawardene's re-election. He followed this with an infamous plebiscite on postponing parliamentary elections for

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The government passed the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act in 1979. The act was enacted as a temporary measure, but it later became permanent legislation. The International Commission of Jurists, Amnesty International, and other human rights organizations condemned the act as being

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While TULF, in conjunction with the UNP, pressed for the all-party conference, the Tamil Tigers escalated their terrorist attacks, which provoked Sinhalese backlash against Tamils and generally precluded any successful accommodation. In reaction to the assassination of a Jaffna police inspector, the

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Along with the group's renewed violence came a renewed fear of infiltration of the armed forces. Following the successful raid of the Pallekelle army camp in May 1987, the government conducted an investigation that resulted in the discharge of thirty-seven soldiers suspected of having links with the

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The group's activities intensified in the second half of 1987 in the wake of the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord. The prospect of Tamil autonomy in the north together with the presence of Indian troops stirred up a wave of Sinhalese nationalism and sudden growth of anti-government violence. During 1987 a new

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After two weeks of fighting, the government regained control of all but a few remote areas. In both human and political terms, the cost of the victory was high: an estimated 10,000 insurgents- -many of them in their teens—died in the conflict, and the army was widely perceived to have used excessive

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The discovery of several JVP bomb factories gave the government its first evidence that the group's public threats were to be taken seriously. In March 1971, after an accidental explosion in one of these factories, the police found fifty-eight bombs in a hut in Nelundeniya, Kegalla District. Shortly

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on July 9, 2022, and resulted in President Gotabaya Rajapaksa fleeing to Singapore and later email his resignation to parliament, formally announcing his resignation and making him the first Sri Lankan president to resign in the middle of his term. On the same day the President's House was stormed,

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declared the collapse of the Sri Lankan economy in parliament. The crisis resulted in Sri Lanka defaulting on its $ 51 billion sovereign debt for the first time in its history, along with double-digit inflation, a crippling energy crisis that led to 15 hour power cuts, severe fuel shortages leading

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At Presidential elections in 1999, former Prime Minister Wickremesinghe of the UNP contested on a platform of no concessions to the Tamils but was defeated by Kumaratunga. A 180-degree turn in UNP policy occurred and in December 2001 the UNP returned to office on a policy of a negotiated settlement

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After coming to power, Jayewardene directed the rewriting of the constitution. The document that was produced, the new Constitution of 1978, drastically altered the nature of governance in Sri Lanka. It replaced the previous Westminster style, parliamentary government with a new presidential system

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While developing secret cells and regional commands, Wijeweera's group also began to take a more public role during the elections of 1970. His cadres campaigned openly for the United Front of Sirimavo R. D. Bandaranaike, but at the same time, they distributed posters and pamphlets promising violent

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Dominion status followed on 4 February 1948 with military treaties with Britain, as the upper ranks of the armed forces were initially British, and British air and sea bases remained intact. This was later raised to independence itself and Senanayake became the first Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. In

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in an interview with state television on 22 May 2009. 23,790 Sri Lankan military personnel were killed since 1981 (it was not specified if police or other non-armed forces personnel were included in this particular figure). From the August 2006 recapture of the Mavil Aru reservoir until the formal

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launched a rebellion. It was led by Rohana Wijeweera, a Marxist who had his education at the Lumumba University in the Soviet Union. This movement was not connected with the traditional Sri Lankan Marxist parties which were then in power. Most of the "insurgents" were unemployed literate youth who

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The new government was ill-prepared for the crisis that confronted it. Although there had been some warning that an attack was imminent, Bandaranaike was caught off guard by the scale of the uprising and was forced to call on India to provide basic security functions. Indian frigates patrolled the

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The planning for the countrywide insurrection was hasty and poorly coordinated; some of the district leaders were not informed until the morning of the uprising. After one premature attack, security forces throughout the island were put on alert and a number of JVP leaders went into hiding without

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drew worldwide attention when it launched an insurrection against the Bandaranayake government in April 1971. Although the insurgents were young, poorly armed, and inadequately trained, they succeeded in seizing and holding major areas in Southern and Central provinces before they were defeated by

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plantation workers. This was the price that Senanayake had to pay to obtain the support of the Kandyan Sinhalese, who felt threatened by the demographics of the tea estates where the inclusion of the "Indian Tamils" would have meant electoral defeat for the Kandyan leaders. Senanayake died in 1952

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won legislative elections on a platform of concessions to the Tamils and a 'balanced economy'. Kumaratunga became Prime Minister and in November she was elected president, appointing her 78-year-old (but still active) mother Prime Minister. A ceasefire ensued, which broke down by the Tamil tigers

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Between 1967 and 1970, the group expanded rapidly, gaining control of the student socialist movement at a number of major university campuses and winning recruits and sympathizers within the armed forces. Some of these latter supporters actually provided sketches of police stations, airports, and

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The movement was started in the late 1960s by Rohana Wijeweera, the son of a businessman from the seaport of Tangalla, Hambantota District. An excellent student, Wijeweera had been forced to give up his studies for financial reasons. Through friends of his father, a member of the Ceylon Communist

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newspaper of the UK accused the government of a massacre on the coastline of a refugee camp caught between the fire. This raised the estimate of deaths to 20, 000, many times that of the official figures released by the government. Furthermore, it was uncovered that the Sri Lankan Government was

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The 1978 Constitution included substantial concessions to Tamil sensitivities. Although TULF did not participate in framing the Constitution, it continued to sit in Parliament in the hope of negotiating a settlement to the Tamil problem. TULF also agreed to Jayewardene's proposal of an all-party

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The new regime ushered in an era that did not augur well for the SLFP. Jayewardene's UNP government accused former prime minister Bandaranaike of abusing her power while in office from 1970 to 1977. In October 1980, Bandaranaike's privilege to engage in politics was removed for a period of seven

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During this final phase of the conflict, many non-governmental organizations expressed serious concerns about the ultra-aggressive government and LTTE tactics. Many claims have been made of the gross negligence of human rights at the internment camps for refugees. During the conflict, makeshift

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Under Bandaranaike, the country became a republic, the Free Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka, the Senate was abolished and Sinhala was established as the official language (with Tamil as a second language). Full independence came as the last remaining constitutional ties with the

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While in Moscow, he studied Marxist ideology but, because of his openly expressed sympathies for Maoist revolutionary theory, he was denied a visa to return to the Soviet Union after a brief trip home in 1964. Over the next several years, he participated in the pro-Beijing branch of the Ceylon

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The Sri Lankan government declared total victory on Monday, 18 May 2009. On 19 May 2009, the Sri Lankan military effectively concluded its 26-year operation against the LTTE. Its military forces recaptured all remaining LTTE controlled territories in the Northern Province, including notably

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In July 1983, communal riots(also called the pogroms) took place due to the ambush and killing of 13 Sri Lankan Army soldiers by the Tamil Tigers. Using the voters' list which contained the exact addresses of Tamils, the Tamil community faced a backlash from Sinhalese rioters including the

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afterwards, Wijeweera was arrested and sent to Jaffna Prison, where he remained throughout the revolt. In response to his arrest and the growing pressure of police investigations, other JVP leaders decided to act immediately, and they agreed to begin the uprising at 11:00 P.M. on 5 April.

1297:(TULF). Tamil public servants or members of parliament working with the government were harassed. The mayor of Jaffna was assassinated in 1975. The militants claimed their independence, their rights, and their "traditional homeland", and formed armed separatist groups such as the 1330:. In 1980 he crushed a general strike by the trade-union movement, jailing its leaders. When the UNP member for the parliamentary constituency of Kalawana was removed on an election petition by his Communist opponent, Jayawardene allowed him to continue sitting in the house 1048:

came into being. This established Sinhala as the first and preferred language in commerce and education. The Act took effect immediately. As a consequence vast numbers of people mostly Burghers left the country to live abroad as they rightfully felt discriminated against.

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In 1977, Colombo abandoned state-controlled economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and export-oriented trade. This included the opening of free-trade zones with a heavy emphasis on exports of garments from these zones.

1496:, the President's brother and putative political heir. Twenty years of civil conflict had done immense damage to Sri Lankan society and the economy, which has fallen behind other Asian economies, although it remains the second most prosperous nation in South Asia. 1477:

after several months – the beginning of Eelam War III. Under the Bandaranaikes the war dragged on, with the military unable to defeat the separatists and the government opposed to negotiations. By 2000, an estimated 65,000 people had been killed in the conflict.

1406:. In the capital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, almost 100,000 Tamils were displaced. Also around 18,000 Tamil homes and 5,000 homes were destroyed, with 150,000 leaving the country resulting in a Tamil Diaspora in Canada, the UK, Australia and other western countries. 1751:

The Sri Lankan civil war cost the lives of an estimated 80,000–100,000 people. This included more than 23,327 Sri Lankan soldiers and policemen, 1,155 Indian soldiers and 27,639 Tamil fighters. The numbers were confirmed by the Secretary of Defence Ministry

1881:, with 51.28% of the votes. Maithripala Sirisena took oath as president. He removed politically appointed officials such as the Chief of Justice Mohan Peiris and launched a major anti-corruption campaign Rajapaksa's attempted return was thwarted in the 1630:, the LTTE chief of international relations, admit the organization's defeat stating "This battle has reached its bitter end ... We have decided to silence our guns. Our only regrets are for the lives lost and that we could not hold out for longer". 1230:

ceased, thus establishing the Supreme Court as the country's ultimate court of appeal). Colonial plantations were nationalised to fulfil the election pledges of the Marxist program and to "prevent the ongoing dis-investment by the owning companies".

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declaration of the cessation of hostilities (on May 18), 6261 Sri Lankan soldiers were killed and 29,551 were wounded. The Sri Lankan military estimates that up to 22,000 LTTE militants were killed in the last three years of the conflict. While

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Foreign Minister. Negotiations with the LTTE stalled and low-intensity conflict began. The violence dipped off after talks in February but escalated in April and the conflict continued until the military defeat of the LTTE in May 2009.

1238:, on a manifesto pledging a market economy and "a free ration of 8 seers (kilograms) of cereals". The SLFP and the left-wing parties were virtually wiped out in Parliament, although they garnered 40% of the popular vote, leaving the 1313:

on a manifesto pledging a market economy and "a free ration of 8 seers (kilograms) of cereals". The SLFP and the left-wing parties were virtually wiped out in Parliament (although they garnered 40% of the popular vote), leaving the

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were completed in January 2010. Mahinda Rajapaksa won the elections with 59% of the votes, defeating General Sarath Fonseka who was the united opposition candidate. Fonseka was subsequently arrested and convicted by court martial.

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of rice, the staple food of the people. Strides were made in the fields of heavy industry, automotive parts and electronics. The strongly centralized economy, functioning via a set of state corporations, grew very sluggishly.

3075: 1540:, after having boxed in the remaining LTTE cadres into a small area of territory near Nandhikkadal lagoon, linked up and eliminated the remaining cadres. This final battle claimed the lives of several top LTTE leaders and 3182:"Permanent People's Tribunal – Tribunal on Sri Lanka". No. 16 January 2010. The Irish School of Ecumenics, Trinity College Dublin The School of Law and Government, Dublin City University. Permanent People's Tribunal. 3249: 1325:

Bandaranaike had her civic rights removed by an act of Parliament. In 1978 Jayewardene introduced a new constitution making Sri Lanka a presidential 'Democratic Socialist' republic, with himself as executive President

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In November 2014, Mahinda Rajapksa called for early elections as signs of declining public support started to appear. Taking the chance the General Secretary of the ruling Sri Lanka Freedom Party and Health minister

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as well as Sarath Fonseka. In his speech, he promised to end Thuggery, embezzlement, crime, drug mafia, nepotism and corruption. The largest Muslim party of Sri Lanka also left the government and joined Maithripala

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retaliated with an airdrop of supplies onto the Jaffna peninsula. While the UNP organised street protests against India, Jayawardene declared that he would defend the country's independence to the last bullet.

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Rajiv Gandhi's offer to send troops into Sri Lanka was deeply unpopular with the Sinhalese and, although initially popular with the Tamils, led to an outbreak of hostilities between the Tamil Tigers and the

3558: 1383:. Following this, thugs stoned the houses of the Supreme Court judges who had made the ruling and the police officer who had been convicted had his fine paid by the government and received a promotion. 1645:

while trying to escape the conflict zone in an ambulance with his closest aides. State television announced that the military had surrounded Prabhakaran in a tiny patch of jungle in the north-east.

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President Jayawardene had the constitution amended (one of 13 amendments during his 10 years in office) to allow presidential elections to be held early, in 1982. The main opposition candidate,

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were also built to supply the rising need for power in the country. By 2010 Sri Lanka's poverty rate was 8.9% while it was 15.2% in 2006. Sri Lanka also made it into the "high" category of the

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in 1965. The Jaffna university was "ethnically cleansed" of non-Tamils in 1976, and the city itself began to be subject to similar "ethnic cleansing", eliminating Muslim and Sinhala residents.

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in London were abolished and plantations were nationalised to fulfil the election pledges of the Marxist program and to "prevent the ongoing dis-investment by the owning companies".

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The Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is established on 22 May 1972. By 1977, the voters were tired of Bandaranaike's socialist policies and elections returned the UNP to power under

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Party, Wijeweera successfully applied for a scholarship in the Soviet Union, and in 1960 at the age of seventeen, he went to Moscow to study medicine at Patrice Lumumba University.

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However, the government came under fierce criticism for corruption and Sri Lanka ranked 79 among 174 countries in the Transparency International corruption index.

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was physically assaulted at a police station. Her fundamental rights application in this matter was upheld by the Supreme Court in an act of judicial independence

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wrote that, according to Sri Lankan TV, Prabhakaran was "... killed in a rocket-propelled grenade attack as he tried to escape the war zone in an Ambulance.

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the security forces. Their attempt to seize power created a major crisis for the government and forced a fundamental reassessment of the nation's security needs.

5343: 5323: 5057: 3550: 1896:", was sung at an official government event for the first time since 1949. The lifting of the unofficial ban on the Tamil version had been approved by President 1785: 2787: 5313: 2851: 1409:

Jayewardene held office until 1989, ruling as a virtual dictator under emergency powers. In 1987, following an army offensive in the Vadamarachchi peninsular,

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in November 2016. Some groups, including former President Mahinda Rajapaksa, heavily opposed the government's decision to allow the Tamil version to be sung.

816: 3057: 1368:', a political creed unheard of in Sri Lanka, before or since. The Commissioner of Elections, in his report on the referendum, reported that it was flawed. 4792: 3407: 3831: 3328: 1727:

added that approximately 22,000 LTTE fighters had died during this time. The war caused the death of 80 000–100 000 civilians. There are allegations that

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confirmed that 6,261 personnel of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces had lost their lives and 29,551 were wounded during Eelam War IV since July 2006. Brig.

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after falling from a horse and was succeeded by his son Dudley Senanayake, the then minister of Agriculture. In 1953 he resigned following a massive

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claimed to have found the body of Prabhakaran, and so militarily ending a separatist war that had defined Sri Lanka's history for three decades.

1301:('Tamil Tigers'), demanding an independent Tamil state called Eelam. Much of this had the implicit and material support of politicians in India. 1172: 1034:

as official languages. He also antagonized the Buddhist lobby by attacking politically active Buddhist Monks who were Bandaranaike's supporters.

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Jayewardene government declared an emergency and dispatched troops, who were given an unrealistic six months to eradicate the terrorist threat.

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defected and said he would contest President Mahinda Rajapaksa at the upcoming presidential election. He was backed by the former president

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During Sri Lanka's 68th national independence day celebrations on 4 February 2016, the Tamil version of the Sri Lankan national anthem, "

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added that approximately 22,000 LTTE cadres had died during this time. Later the LTTE admitted Prabhakaran's death and accepted defeat.

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In 1958, the first major riots between Sinhalese and Tamils flared up in Colombo as a direct result of the government's language policy.

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who was reported to have attempted to flee. On the morning of the 19th, soldiers of the 4th Vijayabahu infantry regiment led by Lt. Col

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and declared that Sri Lanka is liberated from terrorism. Around 9:30 a.m., the same day, troops attached to Task Force VIII of

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By 2005, there had been no further progress towards either a military or political solution. The assassination of Foreign Minister

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hospitals and refugee areas were shelled and destroyed although it was not entirely clear who was responsible for the shelling.

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However, the airdrop also caused Jayawardene to reconsider his position and he then accepted the offer of Indian Prime Minister

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When one speaks in one's own language, one is more engaged and takes more responsibility, that is what we need as Sri Lankans.

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was garlanded with onions by the farmers of the Jaffna peninsular, impoverished by the policy of unrestricted imports.

1345:, the repository of thousands of valuable documents was burned down by thugs alleged to be linked with the government. 1186: 961: 471: 236: 3589: 2783: 2474: 1676:

G.V. Ravipriya that a body similar to Velupillai Prabhakaran has been found among the mangroves in Nandikadal lagoon.

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UN officials and Media representatives from other countries were sent to undertake investigations into the conflict.

1403: 1212: 987: 2559: 4819: 4538: 4407: 4281: 1799: 1736: 1469: 1298: 719: 500: 311: 225: 1985:, the party, led by the Rajapaksa brothers, won a landslide victory. Mahinda Rajapaksa was inaugurated as the new 1309:

By 1977, the voters were tired of Bandaranaike's socialist policies and elections returned the UNP to power under

5396: 5127: 5047: 5037: 4997: 4908: 4775: 4648: 4533: 4362: 3061: 1492:

in August 2005, by the LTTE (although they denied responsibility), further hardened attitudes. His successor was

240: 3403: 5411: 5358: 5209: 5152: 5132: 5042: 4938: 4928: 4829: 4397: 4332: 4224: 4178: 4130:

Valančiūnas, Deimantas. "Haunting memories: Sri Lankan civil war, trauma and diaspora in literature and film."

3324: 1950: 1910: 1901: 1837: 1833: 1811: 1697: 1150: 925: 695: 451: 411: 295: 201: 2989: 2413: 5504: 5338: 5157: 5122: 5107: 4770: 4643: 4448: 3145: 2015: 1315: 1294: 1239: 464: 384: 303: 23: 4073: 391: 5596: 5255: 5147: 5142: 4960: 4923: 4675: 4583: 4573: 4548: 1709: 1705: 1658: 1037:

In 1956, Sinhala was established as the official language, with Tamil as a second language. Appeals to the

3093: 2255: 1914:

foreign nationals, and over 500 were injured in the bombings. The church bombings were carried out during

1761:

confirmed that 6,261 personnel of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces had died and 29,551 were wounded during the

1719:

confirmed that 6,261 personnel of the Sri Lankan Armed Forces had died and 29,551 were wounded during the

1525:

Killinochchi (2 January), the Elephant Pass (9 January) and ultimately the entire district of Mullaitivu.

5842: 5162: 4965: 4918: 4894: 4780: 4621: 4593: 4438: 3282: 2537: 2289: 2076:

Dr. Jane Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore constitution. Tisara Prakasakyo, Dehivala, 1982

1986: 1978: 1593: 2735: 1973:, former wartime defence chief and brother of former president Mahinda Rajapaksa was elected as the new 1836:

have raised allegations on the Sri Lankan Government for genocide against Tamils. On December 10, 2013,

5801: 5706: 5082: 4899: 4567: 4229: 1439: 656: 396: 369: 2529: 2500: 2359: 2285: 2236: 2217: 2010:

erupted across the country, with protesters demanding the resignation of the then-incumbent President

5416: 5288: 5265: 5199: 5030: 4494: 4219: 4171: 1293:

The extreme-Tamil groups rejected and physically eliminated the main Colombo-Tamil leadership of the

1282: 1067: 643: 441: 1949:

claimed responsibility for the attack, however the main group responsible for the bombings were the

1341:

Elections to District Councils in 1981 were marred by the open theft of ballot boxes in Jaffna. The

5811: 5528: 5497: 5436: 5293: 5020: 4913: 4578: 3683: 3147:

The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law

2007: 1508: 1319: 1243: 674: 1449:, who asked for the Indian troops to be withdrawn – which was later done by Indian Prime Minister 5756: 5721: 5676: 5406: 5375: 5248: 5194: 4948: 4943: 4839: 4615: 4477: 4266: 4261: 3350:"Sri Lanka's main Muslim party quits government, pledges to support opposition ahead of election" 1815: 1807: 1773: 1665: 1638: 1623: 1461: 1139: 914: 884: 611: 572: 379: 140: 118: 114: 107: 4078:

Morrison, Chas. "Buddhist extremism, anti-Muslim violence and civil war legacies in Sri Lanka."

4061:

DeVotta, Neil. "From civil war to soft authoritarianism: Sri Lanka in comparative perspective."

3747: 5646: 5641: 5536: 5446: 5226: 5216: 5087: 5072: 4879: 4874: 4861: 4824: 4700: 4558: 4516: 4347: 4337: 3720: 2784:"/ UK – Sri Lankan army and Tamil Tiger death tolls reveal the grim cost of years of civil war" 2058: 2053: 1974: 1938: 1732: 1634: 1627: 1608: 1541: 1457:

in 1993. Rajiv Gandhi had already met a similar fate (assassinated by a Tamil Tiger ) in 1991.

1322:, as the official opposition. This created a dangerous ethnic cleavage in Sri Lankan politics. 669: 401: 307: 2344: 2006:

to the suspension of fuel to all non-essential vehicles, and more. Due to the crisis, massive

5766: 5741: 5656: 5636: 5586: 5556: 5546: 5328: 5260: 5077: 5002: 4844: 4806: 4720: 4322: 4291: 1858: 1854: 1604: 1473: 1376: 1246:

as the official opposition. This created a dangerous ethnic division in Sri Lankan politics.

1061: 808: 406: 288: 174: 170: 2312: 2186: 2175: 5852: 5731: 5726: 5606: 5441: 5380: 5280: 5167: 5097: 5025: 5012: 4814: 4529: 4417: 4327: 4246: 4214: 2048: 2032: 2002: 1998: 1962: 1897: 1886: 1878: 1866: 1862: 1850: 1803: 1802:

were carried out. Large hydro power projects as well as coal powered power plants like the

1740: 1582: 1504: 1465: 1446: 1392: 845: 553: 205: 178: 147: 32: 3378: 3014: 2198: 1607:

declaration of total victory on 16 May 2009 marked the end of the 26-year-long civil war.

71: 8: 5826: 5796: 5746: 5701: 5681: 5671: 5571: 5298: 5221: 4705: 4367: 4271: 2001:

in 73 years. In August 2021, a food emergency was declared. In June 2022, Prime Minister

1942: 1758: 1753: 1716: 1552: 1512: 1489: 1012: 753: 635: 588: 163: 122: 232: 5771: 5686: 5666: 5551: 5541: 5468: 5401: 5353: 5348: 5333: 5308: 5303: 5243: 5204: 5179: 4412: 4352: 4276: 3835: 3774:"Sirisena wants 19 th. Constitutional amendment scrapped before next Presidential poll" 2701: 2387:"Sri Lanka: Tamil Tiger leader Velupillai Prabhakaran and his lieutenants 'eliminated'" 2332: 2011: 1970: 1934: 1829: 1493: 1361: 1349: 1310: 1235: 1001: 858: 727: 687: 625: 374: 334: 194: 1840:

unanimously ruled Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide against the Tamil people.

1371:

In 1983, following a demonstration against the US establishment of a military base in

5881: 5816: 5751: 5716: 5651: 5631: 5621: 5581: 5566: 5561: 5474: 5318: 5137: 5112: 4692: 4377: 4234: 3748:"US official wounded in Easter Sunday bomb attacks in Sri Lanka succumbs to injuries" 3151: 3032: 2944: 2906: 2731: 1766: 1724: 1611: 1598: 1588: 1556: 1533: 1500: 1482: 2964: 2809: 1798:

Under Mahinda Rajapaksa large infrastructure projects and Mega projects such as the

5857: 5776: 5736: 5711: 5691: 5626: 5601: 5591: 5576: 5478: 5231: 5062: 4785: 4747: 4486: 4402: 4372: 4357: 3688: 2259: 1422: 1400:

About this Collection | Country Studies | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

1045: 1027: 434: 299: 4312: 2645: 1748:

for civilians trapped in the war zone; and child recruitment by the Tamil Tigers.

5696: 5661: 5616: 5611: 5520: 4889: 4598: 2938: 2900: 2243: 2224: 2205: 2093: 1893: 1615: 1537: 1529: 1454: 1418: 1023: 606: 1328:

The Constitution of Sri Lanka: Chapter I – The People, the State and Sovereignty

5236: 4975: 4970: 4933: 4715: 4710: 4387: 4342: 4286: 4022: 3948: 3894: 3799: 3611: 3428: 3246:"Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT" 3194:"Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT" 3118: 2155:

International Regional Security Implications of the Sri Lankan Tamil Insurgency

2020: 1918: 1693: 1687: 1669: 1650: 1357: 1342: 1031: 771: 740: 542: 256: 2086: 1414: 1226:

United Kingdom were broken (e.g., the right of appeal to the United Kingdom's

5900: 5875: 4317: 3551:"Sri Lanka lifts unofficial ban on Tamil national anthem on Independence Day" 2619: 2593: 1008: 803: 209: 2110: 1626:

and other major rebel leaders were not certain at the time. On 17 May 2009,

4980: 4392: 4382: 3867: 2846: 2478: 2418: 1762: 1744: 1720: 1701: 1664:

19 May 2009 saw President Mahinda Rajapaksa giving a victory speech to the

1430: 1372: 1022:("general strike") by the Left parties against the UNP. He was followed by 824: 758: 271: 1679: 1399: 5885: 4209: 1784:

solution. Sri Lanka, emerging after a 26-year war, has become one of the

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added that approximately 22,000 LTTE fighters had died during this time.

1287: 1278: 2642:"Troops recover more military equipments in search and clear operations" 2216:

The hidden massacre: Sri Lanka’s final offensive against Tamil Tigers –

1877:, Mahinda Rajapaksa was defeated by the common candidate of opposition, 4985: 4088:

Orjuela, Camilla. "Civil society in civil war: The case of Sri Lanka."

1926: 1781: 1654: 1450: 1153: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 928: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 548: 78: 5368: 5363: 4990: 4194: 3949:"Sri Lanka election: Wartime defence chief Rajapaksa wins presidency" 3650: 1728: 1569: 1365: 494: 64: 57: 3119:"The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law" 2144:

K.M. de Silva, Conflict and Violence in South Asia, p.384 ICES, 2004

1776:, the largest political party in Sri Lanka dropped its demand for a 1128: 903: 4163: 3863:"Sri Lanka blasts: hundreds injured in church and hotel explosions" 3804: 3058:"Millennium Development Goals-Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty" 2237:

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6401262.ece

2218:

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6383449.ece

1641:. It was claimed that on the morning of that day, he was killed by 1445:

In 1989, Jayewardene was succeeded by his own choice as president,

1435:

The Sri Lankan Stalemate: Going Off the Screen in the Post Cold War

866: 5489: 3800:"Sri Lanka explosions: 137 killed as churches and hotels targeted" 3076:"'Rise of the South' – Sri Lanka ranked high in human development" 4005:"'Supreme power of people': Sri Lanka marks 100 days of protests" 3832:"Multiple blasts hit Sri Lanka churches, hotels on Easter Sunday" 2842:"Sri Lankan Tamils drop demand for separate independent homeland" 1981:, a newly-formed Sinhalese-Buddhist nationalist party. In August 1930: 1922: 1696:

officially announced Prabhakaran's death on the State television

1673: 1642: 3429:"Sri Lanka's Rajapaksa suffers shock election defeat – BBC News" 3920:"President Maithripala Sirisena to not contest Sri Lanka polls" 3281:. Permanent People’s Tribunal. 10 December 2013. Archived from 1915: 1619: 1417:

A convoy sent by India was stopped in Sri Lankan waters by the

1274: 1018: 4139:

Sri Lanka in the modern age: A history of contested identities

2874:"Merryl Lynch lists Sri Lanka among 10 fast growth economies" 2360:"Tamil Tigers admit defeat after battle reaches 'bitter end'" 2313:"Tamil Tigers admit defeat in civil war after 37-year battle" 1889:

This resulted in a unity government between the UNP and SLFP

1410: 503:

of the country through to Dominion and becoming a Republic.

4104:

Sovereignty, Space and Civil War in Sri Lanka: Porous Nation

3489:"Ranil takes oath as PM : MoU signed for national govt" 3279:

Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka – Permanent People's Tribunal

3220:"Tribunal condemns Sri Lankan genocide against Eelam Tamils" 2902:

Fighting Words: language policy and ethnic relations in Asia

2111:"Sri Lanka – United National Party "Majority" Rule, 1948–56" 3716:"Singing national anthem in Tamil receives mixed reactions" 3612:"Sri Lankan anthem sung in Tamil for first time since 1949" 2501:"DNA tests on body of Prabhakaran, Sri Lankan rebel leader" 4118:

To End a Civil War: Norway's Peace Engagement in Sri Lanka

4023:"Sri Lanka: Ranil Wickremesinghe elected president by MPs" 2698:"Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses" 2235:

Sri Lanka's crucial role in Indian Ocean power struggle –

2135:

K. M. de Silva, History of Sri Lanka, Penguin 1995, ch. 37

1661:, his intelligence chief were also killed in the attack." 1402:, while the real death toll is believed to be around 3000 4111:

Creating peace in Sri Lanka: civil war and reconciliation

3679:"Sri Lanka Lifts Unofficial Ban on Tamil National Anthem" 2814: 2310: 2256:"Sri Lankan President Declares Military Defeat of Rebels" 2187:

https://research.ebsco.com/c/qand7w/viewer/pdf/prsuh4by5r

2176:

https://research.ebsco.com/c/qand7w/viewer/pdf/prsuh4by5r

2530:"Rebel leader Prabhakaran 'alive and safe' Tigers claim" 2087:

Chapter1: Missed Opportunities and the Loss of Democracy

1956: 1704:

for the first time, while the identity was confirmed by

3404:"Video: Dr. Shirani Bandaranayake resumes duties as CJ" 2199:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7845311.stm

1413:

started getting deeply involved in the ethnic conflict.

1404:

24 July 1983 :: Peace and Conflict Timeline (PACT)

3143: 1992:

Economic troubles in Sri Lanka began in 2019, when a

3272:"Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka 07-10 December 2013" 3175: 2412:

Weaver, Matthew; Chamberlain, Gethin (19 May 2009).

1528:

The 58 Division of the Sri Lankan Army led by Brig.

4068:Ganguly, Sumit. "Ending the Sri Lankan civil war." 4056:

Pathways of dissent: Tamil nationalism in Sri Lanka

2669:"Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN" 2304: 2286:"Sri Lankan troops 'kill' 70 escaping Tamil Tigers" 2014:. The protests culminated with the storming of the 3854: 3520:"Sri Lanka Sings Tamil Version Of National Anthem" 2166:M. R. Singer, Asian Survey 32, part II, p 168 1991 3033:"500 KW Solar Power Plant commissioned in H'tota" 2414:"Sri Lanka declares end to war with Tamil Tigers" 2411: 1007:1949, with the concurrence of the leaders of the 885:Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic 5898: 3861:Burke, Jason; Parkin, Benjamin (21 April 2019). 2937:Schmidt, Bettina; Schroeder, Ingo, eds. (2001). 2936: 3824: 3325:"UNP names Maithripala as the common candidate" 1576: 3979:"Mahinda Rajapaksa sworn in as Sri Lanka's PM" 3379:"Maithripala Sirisena takes oath as President" 2898: 2810:"Sri Lanka Tamil party drops statehood demand" 2358:Bosleigh, Robert; Page, Jeremy (18 May 2009). 1743:, particularly during the final months of the 1453:. Premadasa was assassinated by a Tamil Tiger 1356:six years. Associates of Kobbekaduwa, such as 5505: 4179: 4151:Winslow, Deborah, and Michael D. Woost, eds. 3792: 3582:"Can Sri Lanka Hold On to Its Fragile Peace?" 1715:On 22 May 2009, Sri Lankan Defence Secretary 1551:On 22 May 2009, Sri Lankan Defence Secretary 472: 4153:Economy, culture, and civil war in Sri Lanka 4125:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict 3676: 3643: 2446:"No peace offer from Prabhakaran – only war" 2357: 1637:was erroneously claimed to be killed by the 3895:"Sri Lanka vows to overhaul state security" 3860: 1826:UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic 1810:and Sustainable power stations such as the 1386: 5512: 5498: 4186: 4172: 3713: 3677:Mallawarachi, Bharatha (4 February 2016). 3459:"Rajapaksa Defeated in Sri Lanka Election" 3300:"Sri Lanka president calls early election" 2899:Ganguly, Šumit; Michael, E. Brown (2003). 2758:"Victory's price: 6,200 Sri Lankan troops" 2616:"Sri Lanka Army – Defenders of the Nation" 2590:"Sri Lanka Army – Defenders of the Nation" 2560:"LTTE admits Prabhakaran is dead, finally" 2475:"Sri Lanka Army – Defenders of the Nation" 2311:correspondents in Colombo (May 17, 2009). 479: 465: 4639:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees 3714:Ferdinando, Shamindra (5 February 2016). 3646:"Sri Lanka I-Day to have anthem in Tamil" 3517: 3144:Francis Anthony Boyle, Professor (2009). 2644:. defence.lk. 8 June 2009. Archived from 2582: 2035:was elected as the ninth President via a 1953:, a Sri Lankan Islamist terrorist group. 1213:Learn how and when to remove this message 1011:, the UNP government disenfranchised the 988:Learn how and when to remove this message 876: 338: 2498: 2351: 2100:. Uthr.org. Retrieved on 25 August 2014. 1678: 1592: 1162:"History of Sri Lanka" 1948–present 937:"History of Sri Lanka" 1948–present 3456: 2522: 2278: 2021:private residence of the prime minister 1965:decided not to seek re-election in the 1824:Several International bodies including 1468:as Prime Minister. In August 1994, the 1228:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1118: 1039:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 893: 5899: 4146:Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History 3579: 2834: 2790:from the original on 24 September 2015 2618:. Army.lk. 21 May 2009. Archived from 2592:. Army.lk. 20 May 2009. Archived from 2438: 2384: 1843: 1536:and the 53 Division commanded by Gen. 1507:by a mere 180,000 votes. He appointed 1503:was elected president after defeating 1499:In elections held on 17 November 2005 5493: 4167: 4002: 3658:from the original on 27 February 2019 3609: 2940:Anthropology of Violence and Conflict 2880:from the original on 8 September 2011 2866: 2854:from the original on 9 September 2013 2822:from the original on 25 December 2018 2426:from the original on 6 September 2013 2288:. London: Times Online. 17 May 2009. 2266:from the original on 19 December 2009 1957:Rajapaksa brothers in power 2019–2022 4736:Directorate of Military Intelligence 4193: 4113:(Brookings Institution Press, 2010). 3728:from the original on 5 February 2016 3695:from the original on 5 February 2016 3644:Ramakrishnan, T. (4 February 2016). 3622:from the original on 16 January 2017 3561:from the original on 7 February 2017 3530:from the original on 16 January 2017 3486: 3252:from the original on 2 February 2020 3200:from the original on 12 October 2017 3015:"Sampur coal power project on track" 2802: 2708:from the original on 16 January 2010 2666: 2570:from the original on 6 February 2013 2552: 2248: 2117:from the original on 12 October 2011 1883:parliamentary election the same year 1273:In 1971, a group variously labelled 1151:adding citations to reliable sources 1122: 926:adding citations to reliable sources 897: 511:Periodization of Sri Lanka history: 5907:History of Sri Lanka (1948–present) 5519: 4063:Global Change, Peace & Security 3959:from the original on 6 January 2021 3548: 3226:from the original on 10 August 2019 2990:"The Hambantota Port Declared Open" 2905:. The MIT Press. pp. 136–138. 2492: 2197:Civilians 'die in Lanka shelling'- 2070: 1304: 13: 4048: 3812:from the original on 21 April 2019 3125:from the original on 27 March 2019 2965:"Sri Lanka leader hails 'victory'" 2930: 2892: 2129: 14: 5918: 4741:Criminal Investigation Department 4159: 4033:from the original on 20 July 2022 3780:from the original on 30 June 2019 3457:Iyengar, Rishi (18 August 2015). 2734:. 8 December 2010. Archived from 2540:from the original on 31 July 2022 2292:from the original on 31 July 2022 1933:; the hotels bombed included the 5880: 5871: 5870: 5473: 5464: 5463: 4120:(Oxford University Press, 2015). 4058:(Sage Publications India, 2009). 3875:from the original on 15 May 2019 3754:from the original on 11 May 2019 3610:Ameen, Azzam (4 February 2016). 3021:from the original on 2015-04-02. 2764:from the original on 25 May 2009 2760:. News.smh.com.au. 22 May 2009. 2393:from the original on 21 May 2009 2366:from the original on 21 May 2009 2319:from the original on 19 May 2009 1800:Magampura Mahinda Rajapaksa Port 1737:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 1299:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 1127: 902: 428: 39: 4363:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century 4015: 3996: 3985:from the original on 2021-03-07 3971: 3941: 3930:from the original on 2021-11-23 3912: 3901:from the original on 2019-04-24 3887: 3842:from the original on 5 May 2019 3766: 3740: 3707: 3670: 3637: 3603: 3588:(November 2016). Archived from 3573: 3542: 3511: 3480: 3469:from the original on 2016-09-04 3450: 3439:from the original on 2016-08-07 3421: 3410:from the original on 2015-07-12 3396: 3385:from the original on 2015-06-26 3371: 3360:from the original on 2015-06-30 3342: 3331:from the original on 2015-05-13 3317: 3306:from the original on 2015-01-11 3292: 3264: 3238: 3212: 3186: 3164:from the original on 2019-10-28 3137: 3111: 3100:from the original on 2015-04-26 3094:"Sri Lanka Is A Corrupt Nation" 3086: 3068: 3050: 3039:from the original on 2015-05-05 3025: 3007: 2996:from the original on 2015-02-06 2982: 2971:from the original on 2010-12-02 2957: 2919:from the original on 2013-05-02 2776: 2750: 2728:"Govt.: LTTE Executed Soldiers" 2720: 2690: 2679:from the original on 2018-09-23 2660: 2634: 2608: 2511:from the original on 2009-05-21 2499:Bosleigh, Robert (2008-05-09). 2467: 2456:from the original on 2011-06-13 2405: 2378: 2229: 2210: 2191: 1700:. Later, his body was shown on 1283:People's Liberation Front (JVP) 1138:needs additional citations for 913:needs additional citations for 241:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century 5838:British Indian Ocean Territory 4333:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 2180: 2169: 2160: 2147: 2138: 2103: 2079: 1999:economic crisis in the country 1812:Hambantota Solar Power Station 1472:under Bandaranaike's daughter 1: 4644:Deputy Chairman of Committees 3776:. NewsIn Asia. 26 June 2019. 3518:Hiru News (4 February 2016). 2064: 2026: 1772:Following the LTTE's defeat, 1672:, reported to its commander, 1316:Tamil United Liberation Front 1295:Tamil United Liberation Front 1240:Tamil United Liberation Front 3750:. Colombo Page. 8 May 2019. 2385:Nelson, Dean (18 May 2009). 1983:2020 parliamentary elections 1577:Post-conflict (2009–present) 7: 4106:(Routledge, 2019), 254 pp., 4054:Cheran, Rudhramoorthy, ed. 3150:. Tamils against genocide. 2667:Gray, David (20 May 2009). 2042: 1987:Prime Minister of Sri Lanka 1977:, as the candidate for the 1951:National Thowheeth Jama'ath 1875:2015 presidential elections 1838:Permanent People's Tribunal 1834:Permanent People's Tribunal 1765:since July 2006. Brigadier 1723:since July 2006. Brigadier 1532:, 59 Division led by Brig. 1460:Premadasa was succeeded by 506: 10: 5923: 4731:State Intelligence Service 4141:(U of Hawaii Press, 2006). 2943:. Routledge. p. 185. 1967:2019 presidential election 1909:On 21 April 2019, several 1739:(Tamil Tigers) during the 1586: 1580: 1440:Indian Peace Keeping Force 1415:Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka 1390: 1059: 999: 624: 5866: 5825: 5785: 5527: 5459: 5389: 5279: 5187: 5178: 5011: 4890:Grama Niladhari divisions 4860: 4805: 4756: 4691: 4607: 4557: 4544:National Security Council 4508: 4485: 4476: 4426: 4305: 4254: 4245: 4202: 2477:. Army.lk. Archived from 1808:Norocholai Power Stations 1786:fastest growing economies 1068:Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna 854: 849: 844: 823: 812: 807: 802: 775: 770: 752: 723: 718: 691: 686: 668: 639: 634: 605: 566: 563: 547: 540: 210:Invasion of Kalinga Magha 5587:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4870:Administrative divisions 4748:Sri Lanka Police Service 4654:Leader of the Opposition 4297:Sri Lanka (1948–present) 4109:Rotberg, Robert I., ed. 4097:The History of Sri Lanka 3557:. Uttar Pradesh, India. 2967:. BBC News. 2009-05-19. 2362:. London: Times Online. 2037:parliamentarian election 1509:Ratnasiri Wickremanayake 1387:Civil war (1983 to 2009) 1320:Appapillai Amirthalingam 1244:Appapillai Amirthalingam 670:Post-classical Sri Lanka 497:from 1948 to the present 268:Second Kandyan–Dutch war 237:Wars of Kotte Succession 5848:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 4949:Knuckles Mountain Range 4944:Hanthana Mountain Range 4885:Divisional Secretariats 4840:Sri Lanka Freedom Party 4267:Pre Anuradhapura period 3580:Draper, Robert (2016). 3549:PTI (4 February 2016). 2786:. Ft.com. 23 May 2009. 2536:. London. 19 May 2009. 2019:protesters stormed the 1945:hotels in Colombo. The 1816:Human Development Index 1774:Tamil National Alliance 1639:Sri Lankan armed forces 1624:Vellupillai Prabhakaran 1462:Dingiri Banda Wijetunga 1442:(IPKF) – Eelam War II. 867:Constitutional monarchy 264:First Kandyan–Dutch war 175:Dutthagamani's campaign 5427:International rankings 5068:Science and technology 5053:Information technology 4766:Provincial governments 4539:Administrative Service 4500:Constitutional Council 4144:Wickramasinghe, Nira. 4137:Wickramasinghe, Nira. 4082:21.1 (2020): 137–159. 3721:The Island (Sri Lanka) 3493:www.srilankamirror.com 2059:Ceylon in World War II 2054:Communism in Sri Lanka 1994:severe economic crisis 1975:President of Sri Lanka 1792:Presidential elections 1731:were committed by the 1690: 1635:Velupillai Prabhakaran 1628:Selvarasa Pathmanathan 1614:, while attending the 1601: 1542:Velupillai Prabhakaran 1066:The leftist Sinhalese 846:Contemporary Sri Lanka 754:Early Modern Sri Lanka 4845:United National Party 4664:Chief Opposition Whip 4659:Chief Government Whip 4408:Independence movement 4292:British Ceylon period 4072:147.1 (2018): 78–89. 4065:22.3 (2010): 331–343. 2389:. London: Telegraph. 2113:. Countrystudies.us. 2085:Hoole, M.R.R. (1988) 1961:Sri Lankan President 1855:Chandrika Kumaratunga 1685:Commander of the Army 1682: 1653:, the leader of his " 1605:Sri Lankan government 1596: 1474:Chandrika Kumaratunga 1377:Vivienne Goonewardena 1062:1971 JVP Insurrection 1000:Further information: 549:Prehistoric Sri Lanka 148:Indo-Aryan settlement 5762:United Arab Emirates 5271:World Heritage Sites 4132:South Asian Diaspora 4092:7.2 (2005): 120–137. 3955:. 17 November 2019. 3356:. 28 December 2014. 2049:History of Sri Lanka 2033:Ranil Wickremesinghe 2003:Ranil Wickremesinghe 1963:Maithripala Sirisena 1898:Maithripala Sirisena 1887:Ranil Wickremesinghe 1879:Maithripala Sirisena 1867:Jathika Hela Urumaya 1863:Ranil Wickremesinghe 1851:Maithripala Sirisena 1741:Sri Lankan Civil War 1583:Sri Lankan Civil War 1505:Ranil Wickremasinghe 1466:Ranil Wickremasinghe 1447:Ranasinghe Premadasa 1393:Sri Lankan Civil War 1147:improve this article 1119:Republic (1972–2009) 922:improve this article 894:Dominion (1948–1972) 851:Sri Lanka since 1948 435:Sri Lanka portal 417:World Heritage Sites 272:Kandyan–British wars 206:Sinhalese Resistance 179:Fall of Anuradhapura 33:History of Sri Lanka 5789:limited recognition 4820:Electoral districts 4669:Secretaries-General 4649:Leader of the House 4589:Magistrate's Courts 4282:Transitional period 4272:Anuradhapura period 4155:(Indiana UP, 2004). 4134:13.1 (2021): 37–49. 4123:Spencer, Jonathan. 3586:National Geographic 3121:. 31 October 2018. 2738:on 12 December 2010 2704:. 22 October 2009. 2023:and burnt it down. 1903:National Geographic 1844:National government 1759:Gotabhaya Rajapaksa 1754:Gotabhaya Rajapaksa 1733:Sri Lankan military 1717:Gotabhaya Rajapaksa 1647:The Daily Telegraph 1553:Gotabhaya Rajapaksa 1513:Mangala Samaraweera 1511:Prime Minister and 1490:Lakshman Kadirgamar 1433:of a Peace Accord. 657:Middle Anuradhapura 171:Arrival of Buddhism 5397:Capital punishment 4776:Municipal councils 4413:Dominion of Ceylon 4277:Polonnaruwa period 4099:(Greenwood, 2005). 4095:Peebles, Patrick. 4003:Pathirana, Saroj. 3435:. 9 January 2015. 2702:Human Rights Watch 2343:has generic name ( 2242:2011-06-04 at the 2223:2009-12-13 at the 2204:2009-01-25 at the 2092:2012-07-16 at the 2031:On July 20, 2022, 2012:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 1971:Gotabaya Rajapaksa 1830:Human Rights Watch 1818:during this time. 1691: 1602: 1520:Defeat of the LTTE 1494:Anura Bandaranaike 1364:, were jailed as ' 1362:Vijaya Kumaratunga 1350:Hector Kobbekaduwa 1311:Junius Jayewardene 1236:Junius Jayewardene 1002:Dominion of Ceylon 644:Early Anuradhapura 347:1948–present 5894: 5893: 5831:other territories 5487: 5486: 5455: 5454: 5412:Gender inequality 5359:Traditional games 5210:Sexual Minorities 4939:Central Highlands 4830:Foreign relations 4801: 4800: 4771:Local governments 4693:National security 4472: 4471: 4464:Sexual Minorities 4378:Portuguese Ceylon 4009:www.aljazeera.com 3924:www.aljazeera.com 3808:. 21 April 2019. 3524:Colombo Telegraph 2950:978-0-415-22905-0 2912:978-0-262-52333-2 2876:. 8 August 2011. 2850:. 14 March 2010. 2818:. 13 March 2010. 2732:The Sunday Leader 2016:President's House 1780:, in favour of a 1767:Udaya Nanayakkara 1725:Udaya Nanayakkara 1710:Northern Province 1633:On May 18, 2009, 1612:Mahinda Rajapaksa 1599:Mahinda Rajapaksa 1597:Former president 1589:2009 in Sri Lanka 1557:Udaya Nanayakkara 1546:Rohitha Aluvihare 1534:Prasanna de Silva 1501:Mahinda Rajapakse 1483:Mahinda Rajapakse 1470:People's Alliance 1223: 1222: 1215: 1197: 998: 997: 990: 972: 890: 889: 825:Colonial monarchy 675:Late Anuradhapura 607:Ancient Sri Lanka 499:is marked by the 489: 488: 412:Tamil immigration 351: 350: 187:377 BC–1017 5914: 5884: 5874: 5873: 5843:Christmas Island 5529:Sovereign states 5514: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5477: 5467: 5466: 5339:National symbols 5185: 5184: 4786:Pradeshiya Sabha 4523:Executive Office 4483: 4482: 4403:Matale rebellion 4252: 4251: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4029:. 20 July 2022. 4019: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3935: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3689:Associated Press 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3495:. 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News.com.au. 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2262:. 16 May 2009. 2254: 2253: 2249: 2244:Wayback Machine 2234: 2230: 2225:Wayback Machine 2215: 2211: 2206:Wayback Machine 2196: 2192: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2094:Wayback Machine 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2045: 2029: 2008:street protests 1959: 1911:deadly bombings 1894:Sri Lanka Matha 1861:and its leader 1846: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1538:Kamal Gunaratne 1530:Shavendra Silva 1419:Sri Lankan Navy 1395: 1389: 1307: 1219: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1156: 1154: 1144: 1132: 1121: 1064: 1024:John Kotelawala 1004: 994: 983: 977: 974: 931: 929: 919: 907: 896: 891: 509: 485: 456: 429: 427: 421: 344: 343: 337: 320:1815–1948 317: 316: 310: 306: 302: 298: 296:Great rebellion 281:1597–1815 278: 277: 274: 270: 266: 249:1232–1597 246: 245: 239: 235: 218:1017–1232 215: 214: 208: 204: 184: 183: 177: 173: 153: 152: 132: 128: 127: 121: 117: 91: 27: 12: 11: 5: 5920: 5910: 5909: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5878: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5832: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5073:Stock Exchange 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:Communications 5035: 5034: 5033: 5023: 5017: 5015: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4963: 4958: 4956:National parks 4953: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4934:Pidurutalagala 4926: 4921: 4919:Extreme points 4916: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4866: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4781:Urban councils 4778: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4697: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4622:Prime Minister 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4594:Primary Courts 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4563: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388:British Ceylon 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4287:Kandyan period 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4161: 4160:External links 4158: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4116:Salter, Mark. 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4076: 4066: 4059: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4014: 3995: 3970: 3940: 3911: 3897:. 2019-04-24. 3886: 3853: 3823: 3791: 3765: 3739: 3706: 3669: 3636: 3602: 3572: 3555:Indian Express 3541: 3510: 3479: 3449: 3420: 3395: 3370: 3341: 3316: 3291: 3263: 3237: 3211: 3185: 3174: 3157:978-0932863706 3156: 3136: 3110: 3085: 3082:on 2015-04-02. 3067: 3064:on 2015-04-05. 3049: 3024: 3006: 2981: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2911: 2891: 2865: 2833: 2801: 2775: 2749: 2719: 2689: 2659: 2648:on 9 June 2009 2633: 2622:on 26 May 2009 2607: 2596:on 23 May 2009 2581: 2564:Indian Express 2551: 2521: 2491: 2466: 2452:. 2011-06-11. 2437: 2404: 2377: 2350: 2303: 2277: 2247: 2228: 2209: 2190: 2179: 2168: 2159: 2153:R. 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