371:
211:
544:
559:
50:
359:
523:
390:
425:
889:
869:
857:
191:, The view that the Neanderthal skull was artificially deformed, thus representing the oldest example of such practices by tens of thousands of years, was common for a period. However, later research by Chech, Grove, Thorne, and Trinkaus, based on new cranial reconstructions in 1999, questioned the earlier findings and concluded: "we no longer consider that artificial cranial deformation can be inferred for the specimen". It is thought elongated skulls found among Neolithic peoples in Southwest Asia were the result of artificial cranial deformation.
261:
41:
992:
Graves has stated that "a careful examination of them has convinced him that their peculiar shape cannot be owing to artificial pressure;" and to corroborate this view, we may remark that the peculiarities are as great in the child as in the adult, and indeed more in the younger than in the elder of the two specimens now produced: and the position is considerably strengthened by the great relative length of the large bones of the cranium; by the direction of the plane of the
941:
996:, which is not forced upwards, but occupies a place in the under part of the skull; by the further absence of marks of pressure, there being no elevation of the vertex nor projection of either side; and by the fact of there being no instrument nor mechanical contrivance suited to produce such an alteration of form (as these skulls present) found in connexion with them.
457:, in which a baby's head was tightly wrapped and padded in order to protect it from impact and accident shortly after birth. In fact, many of the early modern observers of the deformation were recorded as pitying these peasant children, whom they believed to have been lowered in intelligence due to the persistence of old European customs.
142:
453:(France), these cranial deformations persisted sporadically up until the early twentieth century; however, rather than being intentionally produced as with some earlier European cultures, Toulousian deformations seemed to have been the unwanted result of an ancient medical practice among the French peasantry known as
1238:. Alternatively, the Clifton 1752 English editions, "Hippocrates Upon Air, Water, and Situation; Upon Epidemical Diseases; and Upon Prognosticks, In Acute Cases especially. To which is added…" Second edition, pp. 22-23 (Francis Clifton, transl.), London, GBR: John Whiston and Benj. White; and Lockyer Davis, see
849:
There is no broadly established classification system for cranial deformations, and many scientists have developed their own classification systems without agreeing on a single system for all forms observed. An example of an individual system is that of E. V. Zhirov, who described three main types of
991:
It will be manifest from the general contour of these skulls that they are allied to those in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons in London, denominated Titicacans. Those adult skulls are very generally considered to be distorted by the effects of pressure; but in opposition to this opinion Dr.
652:
They were first recorded in 1604 by the
Spanish priest Diego Bobadilla. He reported that in the central Philippines, people placed the heads of children between two boards to horizontally flatten their skulls towards the back, and that they viewed this as a mark of beauty. Other historic sources
274:
kings are generally recognized by their elongated skulls, a result of artificial skull deformation. Archaeologist
Cameron Petrie wrote that "The depictions of elongated heads suggest that the Alchon kings engaged in skull modification, which was also practised by the Hun groups that appeared in
986:
P. F. Bellamy makes a similar observation about the two elongated skulls of infants, which were discovered and brought to
England by a "Captain Blankley" and handed over to the Museum of the Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society in 1838. According to Bellamy, these skulls belonged to two
969:
the same formation of the head presents itself in children yet unborn; and of this truth we have had convincing proof in the sight of a foetus, enclosed in the womb of a mummy of a pregnant woman, which we found in a cave of
Huichay, two leagues from
1970:
Zhang, Qun, Peng Liu, Hui-Yuan Yeh, Xingyu Man, Lixin Wang, Hong Zhu, Qian Wang, and
Quanchao Zhang. "Intentional cranial modification from the Houtaomuga Site in Jilin, China: Earliest evidence and longest in situ practice during the Neolithic Age."
543:
1953:
Noriko
Seguchi, James Frances Loftus III, Shiori Yonemoto, Mary-Margaret Murphy. Investigating intentional cranial modification: A hybridized two-dimensional/three-dimensional study of the Hirota site, Tanegashima, Japan.
948:
It has also been considered possible that the practice of cranial deformation originates from an attempt to emulate those groups of the population in which elongated head shape was a natural condition. The skulls of some
838:. Most had fronto-occipital modification, but there were other types of modification discovered, also. It was found that the practice had been practiced for thousands of years, some skulls being much older than others.
888:
822:, from the third century to the seventh century, a group potentially bound the skulls of babies to flatten the back of the skull, possibly as an expression of group identity to facilitate the trade of shell goods.
370:
982:. We present the reader with a drawing of this conclusive and interesting proof in opposition to the advocates of mechanical action as the sole and exclusive cause of the phrenological form of the Peruvian race.
978:, of great Celebrity in the department of obstetrics, has assured us that the foetus is one of seven months' age. It belongs, according to a very clearly defined formation of the cranium, to the tribe of the
630:
among these groups were of broad faces and receding foreheads, with the ideal skull dimensions being of equal length and width. The devices used to achieve this include a comb-like set of thin rods known as
448:
people. The reasons for the shaping of the head varied over time, from aesthetic to pseudoscientific ideas about the brain's ability to hold certain types of thought depending on its shape. In the region of
1228:
Hippocrates of Cos (1923) Airs, Waters, and Places, Part 14, e.g., Loeb
Classic Library Vol. 147, pp. 110–111 (W. H. S. Jones, transl.), DOI: 10.4159/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-airs_waters_places.1923, see
868:
114:
of a human being is deformed intentionally. It is done by distorting the normal growth of a child's skull by applying pressure. Flat shapes, elongated ones (produced by binding between two pieces of
810:
elongated their heads. Traditionally, babies' heads were wrapped tightly with cloth, called "Limpombo", in order to give them this distinctive appearance. The practice began dying out in the 1950s.
2026:
Hoshower, Lisa M.; Buikstra, Jane E.; Goldstein, Paul S.; Webster, Ann D. (June 1995). "Artificial
Cranial Deformation at the Omo M10 Site: A Tiwanaku Complex from the Moquegua Valley, Peru".
421:. Researchers have interpreted their presence as perhaps belonging to women who were not native to the island in a culture characterized as one having extensive trading relationships.
1741:
Tiesler, Vera & Ruth Benítez (2001). "Head shaping and dental decoration: Two biocultural attributes of cultural integration and social distinction among the
Ancient Maya,"
558:
1229:
1409:
Enchev, Yavor; Nedelkov, Grigoriy; Atanassova-Timeva, Nadezhda; Jordanov, Jordan (2010). "Paleoneurosurgical aspects of Proto-Bulgarian artificial skull deformations".
167:; it was practiced commonly in a number of cultures that are widely separated geographically and chronologically, and still occurs today in a few areas, including
389:
432:
The custom of binding babies' heads in Europe in the twentieth century, though dying out at the time, was still extant in France, and also found in pockets in
1915:
2175:
358:
856:
2356:
846:
Deformation usually begins just after birth for the next couple of years until the desired shape has been reached or the child rejects the apparatus.
522:
275:
Europe". The elongated skulls appear clearly in most of the portraits of rulers in the coinage of the Alchon Huns, and most visibly on the coinage of
759:
reported in 1896 that deformation of the skull, both by flattening it behind and elongating it toward the vertex, was found in isolated instances in
918:
society, aimed at creating a skull shape that is aesthetically more pleasing or associated with desirable cultural attributes. For example, in the
287:-type crowns which had been current in the coinage of the region. This practice is also known among other peoples of the steppes, particularly the
2351:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2248:
The Bioarchaeology of Artificial Cranial Modifications: New Approaches to Head Shaping and its Meanings in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and Beyond ,
1548:
2199:
Martin Frieß; Michel Baylac (2003). "Exploring artificial cranial deformation using elliptic Fourier analysis of procrustes aligned outlines".
133:, when the skull is most pliable. In a typical case, head binding begins approximately a month after birth and continues for about six months.
1809:
Schaffer, W. C.; Carr, R. S.; Day, J. S.; Pateman, M. P. (2010). "Lucayan–Taíno burials from Preacher's cave, Eleuthera, Bahamas - Schaffer".
1503:
1044:
987:
infants, female and male, "one of which was not more than a few months old, and the other could not be much more than one year." He writes,
1839:
Clark, Jamie L. (2013). "The Distribution and Cultural Context of Artificial Cranial Modification in the Central and Southern Philippines".
1533:
Pany, Doris & Karin Wiltschke-Schrotta, "Artificial cranial deformation in a migration period burial of Schwarzenbach, Lower Austria,"
590:
practiced flattening the foreheads (and sometimes the back of the heads) widely in the pre-colonial period, particularly in the islands of
279:. These elongated skulls, which they obviously displayed with pride, distinguished them from other peoples, such as their predecessors the
1588:
1067:"Artificial cranial deformation in the Proto-neolithic and Neolithic Near East and its possible origin : Evidence from four sites"
1624:
1649:
Janot, F; Strazielle, C; Awazu Pereira, Da Silva; Cussenot, O (1993). "Adaptation of facial architecture in the Toulouse deformity".
1511:
The problem of ritual: based on papers read at the symposium on religious rites held at Åbo, Finland, on the 13th-16th of august 1991
2167:
Bellamy, P. F. (1842) "A brief Account of two Peruvian Mummies in the Museum of the Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society, in
1474:
A History of the Alans in the West: From Their First Appearance in the Sources of Classical Antiquity Through the Early Middle Ages
1452:
672:, which literally means "packed tightly" or "overstuffed", reflecting the social attitudes towards unshaped skulls (similar to the
550:
1235:(Francis Adams, transl.), New York, NY, USA: William Wood, at the Internet Classics Archive (Daniel C. Stevenson, compiler), see
210:
1278:
1354:
1317:
1262:
489:
engaged in this practice. Other tribes, including both Southeastern tribes like the Choctaw and Northwestern tribes like the
474:
2185:
P. F. Bellamy: A brief Account of two Peruvian Mummies in the Museum of the Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. In:
253:. Men with such skulls are depicted in various surviving sculptures and friezes of that time, such as the Kushan prince of
1988:
Antón, Susan C.; Weinstein, Karen J. (February 1999). "Artificial cranial deformation and fossil Australians revisited".
1722:
910:
According to one modern theory, cranial deformation was likely performed to signify group affiliation or to demonstrate
1142:
Agelarakis, A. (1993). "The Shanidar Cave Proto-Neolithic Human Population: Aspects of Demography and Paleopathology".
850:
artificial cranial deformation—round, fronto-occipital, and sagittal—for occurrences in Europe and Asia, in the 1940s.
1562:
1898:
1518:
2386:
1919:
1065:
Meiklejohn, Christopher; Agelarakis, Anagnostis; Akkermans, Peter A.; Smith, Philip E. L.; Solecki, Rose (1992).
17:
2255:
485:
of the Southeast. Contrary to common belief, there is no evidence that the Native American group known as the
1959:
2264:
FitzSimmons, Ellen; Jack H. Prost & Sharon Peniston (1998) "Infant Head Molding, A Cultural Practice,"
2126:
83:
937:
Historically, there have been a number of various theories regarding the motivations for these practices.
1296:
1295:
The Hephthalites: Archaeological And Historical Analysis by Aydogdy Kurbanov, page 60/ digital page 65 -
975:
376:
49:
2371:
1766:
1099:
Trinkaus, Erik (April 1982). "Artificial Cranial Deformation in the Shanidar 1 and 5 Neandertals".
958:
1940:
Blackwood, Beatrice, and P. M. Danby. "A study of artificial cranial deformation in New Britain."
1582:
Eric John Dingwall, Eric John (1931) "Later artificial cranial deformation in Europe (Ch. 2)," in
424:
1693:
306:, are also known to have practised similar cranial deformation, as were the people known as the
1595:
1066:
657:) as a mark of social status, although whether it was restricted to nobility is still unclear.
1252:
653:
confirmed the practice, further identifying it as also being a practice done by the nobility (
2081:
Gerszten, Peter C.; Gerszten, Enrique (1 September 1995). "Intentional Cranial Deformation".
1753:
1695:
Head Shaping and Dental Decoration Among the Ancient Maya: Archeological and Cultural Aspects
1344:
396:
930:(Australasia), a person with an elongated head is thought to be more intelligent, of higher
791:
598:. Other regions where remains with artificial cranial deformations have been found include
1236:
8:
2381:
1784:
174:
The earliest suggested examples were once thought to include Neanderthals and the Proto-
2051:
2043:
1866:
1674:
1391:
1198:
1159:
1124:
1116:
627:
619:
2331:
2292:
2251:
2216:
2098:
2094:
2055:
2005:
1894:
1720:
Tiesler, Vera (2012). "Studying cranial vault modifications in ancient Mesoamerica".
1701:. 64th Meeting of the Society of American Archaeology. Chicago, IL, USA. pp. 1–6
1666:
1514:
1434:
1426:
1383:
1350:
1313:
1258:
1128:
950:
915:
879:
775:
group, and that it occurred most frequently on Mallicollo in the New Hebrides (today
722:
704:
466:
1870:
1163:
477:
performed the custom. In North America the practice was known, especially among the
349:
In western Germanic tribes, artificial skull deformations rarely have been found.
2342:
2284:
2208:
2090:
2035:
1997:
1856:
1848:
1818:
1678:
1658:
1469:
1418:
1190:
1151:
1108:
1078:
1006:
795:
756:
742:
730:
494:
490:
486:
315:
303:
2317:
1584:
Artificial Cranial Deformation: A Contribution to the Study of Ethnic Mutilations,
2259:
1783:
Carlisle, CMA, GBR: University of Cumbria Department of Religion and Ethics, see
1611:
1239:
882:
child in the process of having its head flattened, and an adult after the process
835:
807:
708:
583:
565:
418:
164:
107:
1691:
1504:"Influences from the Huns on Scandinavian Sacrificial Customs during 300-500 AD"
649:. These were bound to a baby's forehead with bandages and fastened at the back.
260:
2376:
1942:
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
1485:
993:
734:
505:
433:
311:
1422:
1231:. Alternatively, the Adams 1849 and subsequent English editions (e.g., 1891),
445:
2365:
1537:, no. 2, pp. 18-23, Vienna, AUT: Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science.
1430:
1387:
1023:
979:
931:
923:
911:
595:
528:
295:
250:
184:
2288:
1372:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
1194:
1082:
1009:
between artificially deformed skulls and normal skulls in Peruvian samples.
707:
practices associated with Philippine artificial cranial deformation include
141:
2220:
2009:
2001:
1438:
1018:
954:
726:
712:
623:
470:
199:
179:
40:
2296:
2102:
1976:
1852:
1670:
962:
202:
or Long-heads, who were named for their practice of cranial modification.
819:
787:
587:
498:
441:
343:
335:
271:
227:
195:
146:
111:
1395:
1371:
1202:
1178:
549:
An elongated female human skull in Olmec and Gulf Coast Gallery, in the
291:, and as far as Europe, where it was introduced by the Huns themselves.
2327:
2212:
1861:
1662:
1408:
1155:
1120:
919:
607:
414:
323:
254:
66:
2047:
1513:. Stockholm Åbo: Almqvist och Wiksell Donner institute. p. 279.
1297:
https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/8366/01_Text.pdf
2323:
1743:
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, Annual Meeting Supplement,
1549:
Vikings May Have Used Body Modification as a ‘Sign of Identification’
1177:
Chech, Mario; Groves, Colin P.; Thorne, Alan; Trinkaus, Erik (1999).
875:
831:
478:
400:
280:
234:
219:
175:
79:
1822:
1648:
513:
2039:
1112:
927:
776:
746:
579:
450:
437:
380:
339:
284:
276:
242:
150:
1064:
953:
are among those identified as often being elongated naturally and
2335:
1476:, pp. 67-69, Minneapolis, MN, USA: University of Minnesota Press.
780:
772:
750:
738:
509:
482:
238:
168:
2025:
1625:"Considérations sur les déformations crâniennes intentionnelles"
965:
containing a fetus with an elongated skull, describing it thus:
862:
Various methods used by the Mayan people to shape a child's head
497:, practiced head flattening by strapping the infant's head to a
428:
Deliberate elongation of the skull, "Toulouse deformity", France
2357:
Parents Have Been Reshaping Their Kids' Skulls for 45,000 Years
1453:"Attila und die Hunnen - Schädelrekonstruktion und Atelierfoto"
786:
It was also practiced at least into the 1930s on the island of
768:
760:
603:
404:
327:
319:
246:
223:
215:
130:
62:
1490:
The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400-750
1045:"Tracing the History and Health Impacts of Skull Modification"
504:
The practice of cranial deformation was also practiced by the
194:
The earliest written record of cranial deformation comes from
974:, and which is, at this moment, in our collection. Professor
971:
897:
Anatomie des Menschen: ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte
764:
717:
685:
654:
615:
599:
591:
331:
307:
283:. On their coins, the spectacular skulls came to replace the
265:
119:
1563:
Three strange skull modifications discovered in Viking women
2326:
woman from a skull (intentionally deformed), discovered in
1417:(6). Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG): E3.
894:
An anatomical illustration from the 1921 German edition of
611:
413:
Elongated skulls of three women have been discovered among
299:
288:
188:
126:
ones are among those chosen or valued in various cultures.
123:
115:
1891:
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society
957:
may be a familial characteristic. For example, Rivero and
940:
2198:
1740:
1692:
Tiesler, Vera (Autonomous University of Yucatan) (1999).
1176:
688:). People with flattened backs of the head were known as
1586:
pp. 46-80, London, GBR:Bale, Sons & Danielsson, see
733:. Similar practices have also been documented among the
2318:
Mathematical Analysis of Artificial Cranial Deformation
1808:
1254:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
783:), where the skull was squeezed extraordinarily flat.
1060:
1058:
237:, the practice of cranial deformation was brought to
1005:
There is no statistically significant difference in
198:
in about 400 BCE. He described a group known as the
2127:"Why early humans reshaped their children's skulls"
364:
Female skull found in Mozs, Hungary, c. 5th century
346:, this custom seems to have comprised women only.
1055:
2250:Berlin, NY, USA:Springer Science & Business,
1913:
1219:(R.A. Carter & G. Philip, Eds.), pp. 125-148.
914:. Such motivations may have played a key role in
2363:
2275:Adebonojo, F. O. (1991). "Infant head shaping".
2080:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1279:"A Silk Road Renaissance - Archaeology Magazine"
1179:"A New Reconstruction of the Shanidar 5 Cranium"
226:, with an elongated skull in the fashion of the
2144:
721:, which was also a mark of status and beauty),
564:Tiwanaku skull from Bolivia, on display in the
129:Typically, the alteration is carried out on an
1987:
1094:
1092:
830:Cranial deformation was also practiced in the
666:. People with unmodified crania were known as
660:People with flattened foreheads were known as
264:Elongated skull of a young woman, probably an
2076:
2074:
2021:
2019:
1622:
1569:
1215:K.O. Lorentz (2010) "Ubaid head shaping," in
695:
689:
679:
673:
667:
661:
632:
2124:
895:
417:-era burials during the eleventh century at
2161:
1779:Elliott Shaw, 2015, "Choctaw Religion," at
1257:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 124.
1089:
905:
644:
638:
218:, depicted in this 7th century CE mural at
2187:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2071:
2016:
1307:
1241:. All web versions accessed 1 August 2015.
1141:
934:, and closer to the world of the spirits.
2274:
2201:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1973:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1860:
1811:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
1346:The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia
1250:
163:Intentional cranial deformation predates
2307:New York, NY, USA: Frederick A. Praeger.
2237:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1834:
1832:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1098:
939:
551:National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)
423:
259:
209:
140:
2169:Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
1893:. Ateneo University Press. p. 22.
1719:
1042:
14:
2364:
1501:
1342:
1888:
1877:
1838:
1829:
1799:University of Tennessee Press. p. 31.
1369:
1349:. Barkhuis. pp. 17, 46 Note 11.
1327:
1251:Rezakhani, Khodadad (15 March 2017).
2305:The Human Skull: A Cultural History,
2242:. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
841:
183:component (9th millennium BCE) from
2189:. Bd. 10, No. 63, 1842, p.p 95–100.
1918:. MacMillan, London. Archived from
1723:Journal of Anthropological Sciences
818:On the southern Japanese island of
749:, and some non-Islamized groups in
379:elongated skull, early 6th century
24:
2231:
1043:Taipale, Eric (January 28, 2022).
944:Lithographs of skulls by J. Basire
25:
2398:
2311:
1343:Bakker, Hans T. (12 March 2020).
1000:
834:period at the Houtaomuga Site in
2125:Colin Barras (13 October 2014).
2095:10.1227/00006123-199509000-00002
1623:Delaire, MMJ; Billet, J (1964).
1457:Das Historische Museum der Pfalz
1233:The Genuine Works of Hippocrates
887:
867:
855:
557:
542:
521:
481:tribes of the Northwest and the
388:
369:
357:
318:who were ruled by the Huns, the
48:
39:
2192:
2179:
2118:
2109:
2062:
1981:
1964:
1947:
1934:
1907:
1802:
1789:
1773:
1734:
1713:
1685:
1651:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
1642:
1616:
1555:
1540:
1527:
1495:
1479:
1463:
1445:
1402:
1363:
1301:
1289:
338:adopted this custom. Among the
78:: Elongated skull excavated in
2115:Tubbs, Salter, and Oaks, 2006.
1613:, both accessed 1 August 2015.
1271:
1244:
1222:
1209:
1170:
1135:
1036:
586:of the central islands of the
573:
92:Artificial cranial deformation
33:Artificial cranial deformation
13:
1:
1889:Scott, William Henry (1994).
1552:, Smiuthsonian, April 8, 2024
1308:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav (2006).
1029:
532:
154:
70:
1975:169, no. 4 (2019): 747-756.
1944:85, no. 1/2 (1955): 173-191.
1781:Overview Of World Religions,
1566:, Arkeonews, April 14, 2024
926:and the south south-western
715:teeth, extensive tattooing (
694:, but it is unknown whether
118:), rounded ones (binding in
84:Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand
7:
1312:. Paris: Editions Errance.
1012:
637:, plates or tablets called
460:
298:and the rest of Europe the
249:, a tribe that created the
10:
2403:
2150:Rivero and Tschudi (1852)
1990:Journal of Human Evolution
1914:Ratzel, Friedrich (1896).
1509:. In Ahlbäck, Tore (ed.).
643:, or padded boards called
342:, the Burgundians and the
205:
136:
2261:, accessed 1 August 2015.
1797:The Southeastern Indians.
1786:, accessed 1 August 2015.
1502:Görman, Marianne (1993).
1423:10.3171/2010.9.focus10193
801:
82:(dated 600–800 CE),
2240:The Shanidar Neandertals
2028:Latin American Antiquity
1916:"The History of Mankind"
1795:Hudson, Charles (1976).
1376:The Numismatic Chronicle
906:Motivations and theories
825:
813:
473:, and certain tribes of
377:Landesmuseum Württemberg
2387:Deformation (mechanics)
2289:10.1001/jama.265.9.1179
2238:Trinkaus, Erik (1982).
1492:, P. Lang, 2000, p. 62.
1370:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
1195:10.3406/paleo.1999.4692
1083:10.3406/paleo.1992.4574
696:
690:
680:
674:
668:
662:
645:
639:
633:
536: 200–100 BCE
314:(300–600 CE), the
214:Legendary Iranian king
27:Form of body alteration
2002:10.1006/jhev.1998.0266
1761:Cite journal requires
998:
984:
945:
900:with Latin terminology
896:
475:North American natives
429:
395:Elongated skulls from
268:
230:
160:
2322:Reconstruction of an
2246:Tiesler, Vera (2013)
2152:Antigüedades peruanas
1853:10.1353/asi.2013.0003
989:
967:
943:
465:In the Americas, the
427:
263:
213:
144:
2156:Peruvian Antiquities
2068:E. V. Zhirov (1941).
1470:Bachrach, Bernard S.
1101:Current Anthropology
792:Bismarck Archipelago
316:East Germanic tribes
153:, from his coinage,
2303:Henshen, F. (1966)
2271:(January/February).
2158:), issue 1851/1852.
1411:Neurosurgical Focus
1283:www.archaeology.org
626:. The pre-colonial
2213:10.1002/ajpa.10286
1841:Asian Perspectives
1663:10.1007/BF01629867
1156:10.1007/bf02438114
946:
922:-speaking area of
700:were intentional.
628:standard of beauty
516:of the Caribbean.
430:
269:
231:
161:
158: 450 CE
2372:Body modification
2277:J. Am. Med. Assoc
1546:Anderson, Sonja,
1356:978-94-93194-00-7
1319:978-2-87772-337-4
1264:978-1-4744-0030-5
1049:Discover Magazine
951:Ancient Egyptians
842:Methods and types
723:genital piercings
705:body modification
686:Visayan tattooing
531:elongated skull,
407:, 600–800 CE
16:(Redirected from
2394:
2300:
2266:Arch. Fam. Med.,
2243:
2225:
2224:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2177:
2165:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2078:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2023:
2014:
2013:
1985:
1979:
1968:
1962:
1951:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1886:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:. Archived from
1593:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1553:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1340:
1325:
1323:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1248:
1242:
1226:
1220:
1217:Beyond the Ubaid
1213:
1207:
1206:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1040:
1007:cranial capacity
899:
891:
871:
859:
796:Papua New Guinea
757:Friedrich Ratzel
699:
693:
684:distinctions in
683:
677:
671:
665:
648:
642:
636:
561:
546:
537:
534:
525:
495:Nooksack Indians
487:Flathead Indians
392:
373:
361:
304:Proto-Bulgarians
302:, including the
159:
156:
72:
52:
43:
21:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2362:
2361:
2314:
2234:
2232:Further reading
2229:
2228:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2024:
2017:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1965:
1960:PLOS ONE Online
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1887:
1878:
1837:
1830:
1823:10.1002/oa.1180
1807:
1803:
1794:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1762:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1739:
1735:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1647:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1407:
1403:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1328:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1175:
1171:
1144:Human Evolution
1140:
1136:
1097:
1090:
1063:
1056:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1015:
1003:
908:
901:
892:
883:
872:
863:
860:
844:
836:Northeast China
828:
816:
806:In Africa, the
804:
584:Bikolano people
576:
569:
566:Horniman Museum
562:
553:
547:
538:
535:
526:
463:
419:Gotland, Sweden
412:
408:
393:
384:
374:
365:
362:
352:
208:
165:written history
157:
139:
108:body alteration
100:head flattening
89:
88:
87:
86:
74:
73:1st century CE.
55:
54:
53:
45:
44:
35:
34:
28:
23:
22:
18:Head flattening
15:
12:
11:
5:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2320:
2313:
2312:External links
2310:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2272:
2262:
2244:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2191:
2178:
2160:
2143:
2117:
2108:
2089:(3): 374–382.
2070:
2061:
2040:10.2307/972149
2034:(2): 145–164.
2015:
1996:(2): 195–209.
1980:
1977:Summary online
1963:
1946:
1933:
1922:on 6 July 2011
1906:
1899:
1876:
1828:
1801:
1788:
1772:
1763:|journal=
1733:
1712:
1684:
1641:
1615:
1568:
1554:
1539:
1526:
1519:
1494:
1486:Herbert Schutz
1478:
1462:
1444:
1401:
1362:
1355:
1326:
1318:
1300:
1288:
1270:
1263:
1243:
1221:
1208:
1189:(2): 143–146.
1169:
1150:(4): 235–253.
1134:
1113:10.1086/202808
1107:(2): 198–199.
1088:
1054:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1002:
1001:Health effects
999:
994:occipital bone
907:
904:
903:
902:
893:
886:
884:
873:
866:
864:
861:
854:
843:
840:
827:
824:
815:
812:
803:
800:
575:
572:
571:
570:
563:
556:
554:
548:
541:
539:
527:
520:
506:Lucayan people
462:
459:
434:western Russia
410:
409:
394:
387:
385:
375:
368:
366:
363:
356:
312:Late Antiquity
207:
204:
138:
135:
61:: Portrait of
57:
56:
47:
46:
38:
37:
36:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2399:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1900:9789715501354
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1833:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1601:on 2014-09-12
1597:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1522:
1520:951-650-196-6
1516:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1024:Plagiocephaly
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1008:
997:
995:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
942:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
924:Tomman Island
921:
917:
913:
912:social status
898:
890:
885:
881:
877:
870:
865:
858:
853:
852:
851:
847:
839:
837:
833:
823:
821:
811:
809:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
698:
692:
687:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
656:
650:
647:
641:
635:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
567:
560:
555:
552:
545:
540:
530:
524:
519:
518:
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
426:
422:
420:
416:
406:
402:
398:
391:
386:
382:
378:
372:
367:
360:
355:
354:
353:
350:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Pontic steppe
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
251:Kushan Empire
248:
244:
240:
236:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
203:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:Shanidar Cave
182:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
152:
148:
143:
134:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:in which the
109:
106:is a form of
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
81:
77:
68:
64:
60:
51:
42:
19:
2304:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2247:
2239:
2207:(1): 11–22.
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2111:
2086:
2083:Neurosurgery
2082:
2064:
2031:
2027:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1909:
1890:
1847:(1): 28–42.
1844:
1840:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1780:
1775:
1754:cite journal
1745:
1742:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1687:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1632:Rev Stomatol
1631:
1618:
1603:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1583:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1510:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1459:(in German).
1456:
1447:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1345:
1309:
1303:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1253:
1246:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1104:
1100:
1077:(2): 83–97.
1074:
1070:
1048:
1038:
1019:Foot binding
1004:
990:
985:
968:
961:describe an
955:macrocephaly
947:
936:
909:
878:, showing a
874:Painting by
848:
845:
829:
817:
805:
785:
755:
727:circumcision
716:
702:
659:
651:
577:
503:
464:
454:
444:amongst the
431:
411:
351:
348:
293:
270:
232:
200:Macrocephali
193:
180:Homo sapiens
178:
173:
162:
145:Portrait of
128:
104:head binding
103:
99:
96:modification
95:
91:
90:
75:
65:prince from
58:
2283:(9): 1179.
1862:10125/38718
1657:(1): 75–6.
1589:"Chapter 2"
976:d'Outrepont
820:Tanegashima
788:New Britain
588:Philippines
574:Austronesia
529:Proto Nazca
499:cradleboard
442:Scandinavia
344:Thuringians
336:Burgundians
228:Alchon Huns
196:Hippocrates
2382:Traditions
2366:Categories
2328:Globasnitz
2256:1461487609
2174:(October).
1748:, p. 149".
1638:: 535–541.
1605:2014-02-20
1183:Paléorient
1071:Paléorient
1030:References
963:Inca mummy
771:, and the
743:Minahasans
608:Marinduque
324:Ostrogoths
255:Khalchayan
147:Alchon Hun
67:Khalchayan
2338:) :
2332:Carinthia
2324:Ostrogoth
2131:BBC Earth
2056:163711418
1926:4 October
1817:: 45–69.
1431:1092-0684
1388:0078-2696
1310:Les Saces
1129:144182791
928:Malakulan
880:Chinookan
876:Paul Kane
832:Neolithic
731:ear plugs
709:blackened
675:binatakan
479:Chinookan
440:, and in
401:Samarkand
381:Alemannic
281:Kidarites
235:Old World
220:Panjikent
176:Neolithic
80:Samarkand
2221:12923900
2010:10068066
1956:PLOS ONE
1871:53623866
1705:1 August
1439:21121717
1396:44710198
1203:41496548
1164:85239949
1013:See also
808:Mangbetu
777:Malakula
747:Sulawesi
663:tinangad
582:and the
580:Visayans
568:, London
512:and the
491:Chehalis
461:Americas
451:Toulouse
438:Caucasus
397:Afrasiab
340:Lombards
285:Sasanian
277:Khingila
243:Sogdiana
151:Khingila
2336:Austria
2297:1996005
2103:7501099
1730:: 1–26.
1679:9347535
1671:8488439
1535:ViaVIAS
1472:(1973)
1382:: 274.
1324:, p. 15
1121:2742361
980:Huancas
959:Tschudi
920:Na'ahai
790:in the
781:Vanuatu
773:Paumotu
751:Sumatra
739:Sarawak
735:Melanau
620:Surigao
510:Bahamas
508:of the
483:Choctaw
455:bandeau
383:culture
294:In the
245:by the
239:Bactria
233:In the
206:Eurasia
169:Vanuatu
137:History
124:conical
122:), and
2295:
2258:, see
2254:
2219:
2136:15 May
2101:
2054:
2048:972149
2046:
2008:
1897:
1869:
1677:
1669:
1517:
1437:
1429:
1394:
1386:
1353:
1316:
1261:
1201:
1162:
1127:
1119:
932:status
802:Africa
769:Hawaii
761:Tahiti
741:, the
729:, and
703:Other
634:tangad
622:, and
604:Butuan
596:Tablas
514:Taínos
436:, the
415:Viking
405:Sogdia
334:, and
328:Heruli
320:Gepids
272:Alchon
247:Yuezhi
224:Sogdia
216:Rostam
131:infant
63:Yuezhi
2377:Skull
2052:S2CID
2044:JSTOR
1867:S2CID
1699:(PDF)
1675:S2CID
1628:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1592:(PDF)
1507:(PDF)
1392:JSTOR
1199:JSTOR
1160:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1117:JSTOR
972:Tarma
826:China
814:Japan
765:Samoa
718:batok
713:filed
697:puyak
691:puyak
681:puraw
655:tumao
640:sipit
624:Davao
616:Bohol
600:Albay
592:Samar
332:Rugii
310:. In
308:Alans
149:king
120:cloth
112:skull
102:, or
76:Right
2293:PMID
2252:ISBN
2217:PMID
2138:2015
2099:PMID
2006:PMID
1928:2009
1895:ISBN
1767:help
1707:2015
1667:PMID
1610:and
1515:ISBN
1435:PMID
1427:ISSN
1384:ISSN
1351:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1259:ISBN
916:Maya
711:and
678:and
669:ondo
646:saop
612:Cebu
594:and
578:The
493:and
471:Inca
467:Maya
446:Sámi
300:Huns
289:Huns
266:Alan
241:and
189:Iraq
116:wood
59:Left
2285:doi
2281:265
2209:doi
2205:122
2091:doi
2036:doi
1998:doi
1857:hdl
1849:doi
1819:doi
1659:doi
1419:doi
1380:174
1191:doi
1152:doi
1109:doi
1079:doi
794:of
745:of
737:of
187:in
94:or
2368::
2350:,
2347:,
2344:,
2341:,
2334:,
2291:.
2279:.
2215:.
2203:.
2129:.
2097:.
2087:37
2085:.
2073:^
2050:.
2042:.
2030:.
2018:^
2004:.
1994:36
1992:.
1958:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1845:52
1843:.
1831:^
1815:22
1813:.
1758::
1756:}}
1752:{{
1746:32
1728:90
1726:.
1673:.
1665:.
1655:15
1653:.
1636:69
1634:.
1630:.
1571:^
1488:,
1455:.
1433:.
1425:.
1415:29
1413:.
1390:.
1378:.
1374:.
1329:^
1281:.
1197:.
1187:25
1185:.
1181:.
1158:.
1146:.
1123:.
1115:.
1105:23
1103:.
1091:^
1075:18
1073:.
1069:.
1057:^
1047:.
798:.
779:,
767:,
763:,
753:.
725:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
602:,
533:c.
501:.
469:,
403:,
399:,
330:,
326:,
322:,
257:.
222:,
171:.
155:c.
98:,
71:c.
69:,
2353:.
2330:(
2299:.
2287::
2269:7
2223:.
2211::
2172:X
2154:(
2140:.
2105:.
2093::
2058:.
2038::
2032:6
2012:.
2000::
1930:.
1903:.
1873:.
1859::
1851::
1825:.
1821::
1769:)
1765:(
1709:.
1681:.
1661::
1608:.
1523:.
1441:.
1421::
1398:.
1359:.
1322:.
1285:.
1267:.
1205:.
1193::
1166:.
1154::
1148:8
1131:.
1111::
1085:.
1081::
1051:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
