40:
120:
878:
127:
92:
64:
85:
57:
869:
699:
2658:
262:
847:
439:
637:". Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralised administration for each city, though not the whole civilisation, has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a commercial
752:(soapstone) seals engraved with human or animal motifs. A large number of seals have been found at such sites as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Many bear pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a form of writing or script. Despite the efforts of philologists from all parts of the world, and despite the use of modern
575:
The earliest recognisably
Harappan sites date to 3500 BC. This early phase lasts till around 2600 BC. The civilization's mature phase lasted from 2600 BC to 2000 BC. This is when the great cities were at their height. Then, from around 2000 BC, there was a steady disintegration that lasted till 1400
829:
Clay and stone tablets unearthed at
Harappa, which were carbon-dated 3300–3200 BC, contain trident-shaped and plant-like markings. "It is a big question as to if we can call what we have found true writing, but we have found symbols that have similarities to what became Indus script" said Dr.
652:
What is clear is that
Harappan society was not entirely peaceful, with the human skeletal remains demonstrating some of the highest rates of injury (15.5%) found in South Asian prehistory. Examinations of Harappan skeletons have often found wounds that are likely to have been inflicted in battle.
665:
located south-east of the city walls). Furthermore, rates of craniofacial trauma and infection increased through time demonstrating that the civilisation collapsed amid illness and injury. The bioarchaeologists who examined the remains have suggested that the combined evidence for differences in
909:
mentioned on the web is 2725±185 BC (uncalibrated) or 3338, 3213, 3203 BC calibrated, giving a midpoint of 3251 BC. Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1991) Urban process in the Indus
Tradition: A preliminary report. In Harappa Excavations, 1986–1990: A multidisciplinary approach to Second
776:
to historically known cultures is extremely problematic, in part due to the rather tenuous archaeological evidence for such claims, as well as the projection of modern South Asian political concerns onto the archaeological record of the area. This is especially evident in the radically varying
604:
and
Harappa are generally characterised as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers." Although such similarities have given rise to arguments for the existence of a standardised system of urban layout and planning, the
612:
The weights and measures of the Indus Valley
Civilisation, on the other hand, were highly standardised, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for the identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and
738:
Period 1 occupation was thought to be around 7 to 10 hectares, but following excavations and findings of pottery in Mound E, along with previously found Mound AB pottery, suggest Ravi/Hakra phase would have been extended, together in both mounds, to 25 hectares.
682:, among other areas. Cotton textiles and agricultural products were the primary trading objects. The Harappan merchants also had procurement colonies in Mesopotamia as well, which served as trading centres. They also traded extensively with people living in
796:
postulated that the four signs were in the Indus script and called the find "the greatest archaeological discovery of a century in Tamil Nadu". Based on this evidence, he went on to suggest that the language used in the Indus Valley was of
576:
BC – what is usually called Late
Harappan. There is no sign that the Harappan cities were laid waste by invaders. The evidence strongly points to natural causes. A number of studies show that the area which is today the
1247:, 1997, Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from sand, clay, stones and were baked at very high temperature. As early as 1826 Harappa, located in west Punjab, attracted the attention of
801:
origin. However, the absence of a Bronze Age in South India, contrasted with the knowledge of bronze making techniques in the Indus Valley cultures, calls into question the validity of this hypothesis.
830:
Richard Meadow of
Harvard University, Director of the Harappa Archeological Research Project. These primitive symbols are placed slightly earlier than the primitive writing of the Sumerians of
393:
for its time. Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilisation by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley
Civilisation is also called the Harappan Civilisation.
2130:
2900:
2895:
1021:
Giosan, L., Clift, P. D., Macklin, M. G., Fuller, D. Q., Constantinescu, S., Durcan, J. A., ... & Syvitski, J. P. (2012). Fluvial landscapes of the
Harappan civilization.
1668:, "Period 1 Ravi/Hakra Phase, area greater than 10 to 25+ hectares, possibly divided into two mounds, one to the north, Mound AB and the other to the southeast, Mound E."
1925:
666:
mortuary treatment and epidemiology indicate that some individuals and communities at Harappa were excluded from access to basic resources like health and safety.
641:. Harappans had many trade routes along the Indus River that went as far as the Persian Gulf, Mesopotamia, and Egypt. Some of the most valuable things traded were
850:
Harappa. Fragment of Large Deep Vessel, circa 2500 B.C. Red pottery with red and black slip-painted decoration, 4 15/16 × 6 1/8 in. (12.5 × 15.5 cm).
351:. Numerous sites have been found outside the core area, including some as far east as Uttar Pradesh and as far west as Sutkagen-dor on the Makran coast of
2602:
2012:
588:
The Indus Valley civilization was basically an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with
2790:
2910:
1405:
1385:
545:
in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the
2795:
2040:
1918:
1757:
711:
226:
222:
2920:
2930:
1724:
2120:
2905:
166:
2045:
1911:
390:
335:, which now runs eight kilometres (five miles) to the north. The core of the Harappan civilisation extended over a large area, from
2925:
1934:
913:
Periods 4 and 5 are not dated at Harappa. The termination of the Harappan tradition at Harappa falls between 1900 and 1500 BC.
910:
Millennium urbanism, edited by Richard H. Meadow: 29–59. Monographs in World Archaeology No.3. Prehistory Press, Madison Wisconsin.
1292:
1265:
2945:
2890:
2595:
2005:
1900:, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Harappa
564:, certain regions in the late Harappan period were abandoned . Towards its end, the Harappan civilization lost features such as
430:
scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artefacts during the early stages of building work.
119:
821:. The area covered by this civilisation would have been very large with a distance of around 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi).
1808:
1704:
1645:
1442:
1338:
1302:
1275:
1220:
1133:
405:
39:
84:
2935:
605:
similarities are largely due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout, and a comparison of the layouts of
2666:
661:
were present at Harappa, with the highest prevalence of both disease and trauma present in the skeletons from Area G (an
621:
was not yet employed. "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were
2588:
1998:
1897:
1421:
1191:
56:
2915:
1423:
Poultry: Identification, Fabrication, Utilization by Thomas Schneller – Cengage Learning, 28 September 2009 – page 16
386:
2080:
381:. The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about 150 hectares (370 acres) with
2955:
2866:
2559:
2474:
1783:
891:
1508:
Robbins Schug, Gwen; Blevins, K. Elaine; Cox, Brett; Gray, Kelsey; Mushrif-Tripathy, V. (17 December 2013).
2564:
1402:
1089:; Dani, D. H. (Winter 1968–1969). "(Review of) A Short History of Pakistan: Book One: Pre-Muslim Period".
2862:
2634:
702:
Miniature votive figurines or toy models from Harappa, ca. 2500. Hand-modeled terra-cotta figurines with
446:. Harappa was the centre of one of the core regions of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in central
2950:
2835:
2704:
1878:
1798:
2940:
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2021:
1964:
1459:
1361:
463:
443:
328:
236:
1888:
742:
Period 2, Kot Diji phase, was extended in the same two mounds, AB and E, covering over 27 hectares.
331:, is named after the site, which takes its name from a modern village near the former course of the
2125:
2096:
928:
2108:
1086:
419:
17:
1734:
1319:"Culture change during the Late Harappan period at Harappa: new insights on Vedic Aryan issues"
542:
1855:
877:
2767:
2424:
2115:
1244:
972:
898:
period. Another famous statuette from the site is the Harappa grey stone male dancer (right).
569:
451:
366:
572:. As a result, the Ganges Valley settlement gained prominence and Ganges' cities developed.
2479:
2414:
1588:
1521:
977:
8:
2825:
2727:
2429:
798:
793:
761:
312:
1592:
1525:
748:
By far the most exquisite and obscure artefacts unearthed to date are the small, square
426:
period, it is a small crossroads town of 15,000 people today. In 2005, a controversial
2642:
2225:
2075:
1892:
1777:
1611:
1576:
1552:
1509:
1490:
1379:
1106:
1068:
982:
906:
378:
2757:
2499:
2146:
1804:
1700:
1641:
1616:
1557:
1539:
1482:
1438:
1367:
1334:
1298:
1271:
1216:
1209:
1129:
1072:
1060:
1898:
Art of the Bronze Age: Southeastern Iran, Western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley
2885:
2845:
2840:
2800:
2732:
2626:
2622:
2314:
2200:
1903:
1606:
1596:
1547:
1529:
1494:
1474:
1326:
1186:
1098:
1052:
887:
778:
518:
502:
404:, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the construction of the
324:
316:
307:
154:
150:
107:
100:
1577:"Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilisation"
1510:"Infection, Disease, and Biosocial Processes at the End of the Indus Civilization"
2830:
2678:
2504:
1882:
1830:
1635:
1601:
1534:
1409:
1195:
1152:
851:
618:
609:
and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a quite dissimilar fashion.
506:
498:
868:
2647:
2354:
2270:
2245:
2103:
1478:
1248:
1040:
941:
792:
with an inscription estimated to be up to 3,500 years old. Indian epigraphist
683:
494:
427:
1678:
1661:
1371:
1056:
834:, dated c.3100 BC. These markings have similarities to what later became
2879:
2464:
2060:
1543:
1318:
1064:
634:
630:
554:
530:
486:
447:
397:
374:
362:
181:
168:
2580:
1990:
1363:
Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilization of South Asia: a reconsideration
1330:
2820:
2752:
2712:
2469:
2394:
2334:
2240:
2230:
2220:
2175:
2151:
2070:
2065:
1951:
1945:
1620:
1561:
1486:
1181:
947:
916:
895:
835:
765:
757:
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658:
646:
606:
601:
510:
471:
401:
2737:
2722:
2674:
2525:
2384:
2035:
1974:
1960:
1955:
1854:
The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective by Gregory L. Possehl
831:
818:
810:
789:
769:
698:
675:
622:
597:
577:
482:
423:
352:
784:
In February 2006 a school teacher in the village of Sembian-Kandiyur in
2762:
2389:
2359:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2299:
2260:
2235:
2190:
2185:
1969:
1110:
997:
992:
987:
957:
814:
785:
703:
455:
359:
332:
418: mi) from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy
2772:
2747:
2538:
2459:
2409:
2324:
2309:
2294:
2265:
2250:
1729:
962:
773:
687:
642:
638:
561:
344:
1102:
438:
2742:
2533:
2514:
2509:
2489:
2484:
2449:
2364:
2344:
2275:
2215:
2195:
2180:
2162:
2055:
2050:
952:
924:
846:
806:
805:
The area of the late Harappan period consisted of the areas of the
749:
526:
467:
454:
and Harappan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old
267:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2782:
2717:
2689:
2612:
2554:
2454:
2444:
2439:
2419:
2404:
2255:
2205:
745:
In Period 3, Harappa phase, the settlement reached 150 hectares.
662:
654:
580:
was once far wetter and that the climate gradually became drier.
565:
538:
514:
348:
336:
320:
1460:"A peaceful realm? Trauma and social differentiation at Harappa"
2850:
2434:
2399:
2379:
2349:
2304:
1979:
1160:
1002:
967:
614:
550:
546:
522:
1679:"Indus Socio-Economic, Political and Ideological Organization"
1662:"Indus Socio-Economic, Political and Ideological Organization"
760:
remain undeciphered. It is also unknown if they reflect proto-
2494:
2374:
2369:
2286:
2210:
920:
886:
The controversial Harappa male torso (left). The discoverer,
719:
593:
534:
490:
408:. The current village of Harappa is less than one kilometre (
370:
340:
1875:
1507:
679:
626:
589:
382:
1870:
557:, an abundance of artefacts have nevertheless been found.
509:, was rediscovered in the 1920s also after excavations at
286:
1251:, who gets credit for preliminary excavations of Harappa.
725:
Kot Dijian (Early Harappan) phase, c. 2800 – 2600 BC
2901:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
1697:
People of the earth: an introduction to world prehistory
1126:
People of the earth: an introduction to world prehistory
781:, as seen from both Pakistan- and India-based scholars.
768:
language(s). The ascribing of Indus Valley Civilisation
710:
The excavators of the site have proposed the following
396:
The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under
2896:
Populated places established in the 4th millennium BC
1360:
Q., Madella, Marco Fuller, Dorian (18 January 2006).
919:
is another major city of the same period, located in
358:
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a
1933:
1718:
1716:
389:
phase (2600 BC – 1900 BC), which is considered
1259:
1257:
466:has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of
1208:
824:
470:, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities,
1713:
2877:
1254:
1085:
1023:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
927:. One of its most well-known structures is the
553:railroad used brick from the Harappa ruins for
385:brick houses at its greatest extent during the
838:which has not been completely deciphered yet.
525:. A number of other sites stretching from the
2610:
2596:
2020:
2006:
1919:
1764:. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008
1574:
1457:
1235:Michel Danino. The Lost River. Penguin India.
653:Paleopathological analysis demonstrated that
1749:
1401:Library of Congress: Country Studies. 1995.
1384:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1325:, Routledge, pp. 33–61, 2 August 2004,
2131:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation
2121:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
1755:
1722:
1568:
734:Late Harappan Phase, c. 1800 – 1300 BC
2603:
2589:
2013:
1999:
1926:
1912:
731:Transitional Phase, c. 1900 – 1800 BC
44:A view of Harappa's Granary and Great Hall
38:
1637:The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives
1610:
1600:
1551:
1533:
1294:The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives
1267:The Ancient Indus Valley New Perspectives
625:; and a number of animals, including the
319:, about 24 kilometres (15 miles) west of
2911:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan
1725:""Discovery of a century" in Tamil Nadu"
1633:
1290:
1263:
1147:
1145:
845:
697:
690:, to procure gold and copper from them.
442:Map showing the sites and extent of the
437:
1467:International Journal of Paleopathology
1432:
1041:"Harappan Outposts on the Makran Coast"
27:Archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan
14:
2878:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1397:
1395:
1211:World History: Patterns of Interaction
728:Harappan Phase, c. 2600 – 1900 BC
674:The Harappans had traded with ancient
583:
2584:
1994:
1907:
1796:
1758:"Significance of Mayiladuthurai find"
1694:
1142:
1123:
1038:
306:
2921:Populated places in Sahiwal District
1206:
944:– First European explorer of Harappa
493:. The civilization, with a possible
2931:Former populated places in Pakistan
1817:
1640:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 183–184, 394.
1392:
24:
1359:
1215:. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell.
25:
2967:
2906:13th-century BC disestablishments
1864:
1756:Subramaniam, T. S. (1 May 2006).
1723:Subramaniam, T. S. (1 May 2006).
2656:
1935:World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
1677:Kenoyer, J. M., (June 6, 2023).
1660:Kenoyer, J. M., (June 6, 2023).
1437:. New York: Norton. p. 67.
1180:Tahir, Zulqernain. 26 May 2005.
876:
867:
777:interpretations of the Harappan
325:Bronze Age Harappan civilisation
260:
125:
118:
90:
83:
62:
55:
2926:Indus Valley civilisation sites
1848:
1828:
1790:
1688:
1671:
1654:
1627:
1501:
1451:
1426:
1415:
1353:
1311:
1284:
1153:"Archeological Site of Harappa"
890:, claimed a Harappan date, but
825:Symbols similar to Indus script
517:, and Harappan cities, in west
126:
91:
63:
2946:Tourist attractions in Sahiwal
2891:4th-millennium BC architecture
2560:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
1238:
1229:
1200:
1174:
1117:
1079:
1039:Dales, George F. (June 1962).
1032:
1015:
693:
541:in the south and east, and to
347:and extending into Punjab and
13:
1:
1435:Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
1190:. Retrieved 13 January 2006.
1008:
722:phase, c. 3300 – 2800 BC
475:
2565:Northern Black Polished Ware
1602:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
1575:Robbins Schug, Gwen (2013).
1535:10.1371/journal.pone.0084814
1458:Robbins Schug, Gwen (2012).
1412:. Retrieved 13 January 2006.
365:city, which was part of the
327:, now more often called the
7:
2936:Culture of Punjab, Pakistan
2081:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
1433:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015).
935:
894:dated the statuette to the
10:
2972:
2836:Chak no. 116/12.L Kassowal
1479:10.1016/j.ijpp.2012.09.012
1323:The Indo-Aryan Controversy
1297:. Routledge. p. 101.
1182:Probe body on Harappa park
433:
2859:
2781:
2703:
2665:
2654:
2633:
2619:
2570:Painted Grey Ware culture
2547:
2523:
2284:
2160:
2139:
2089:
2028:
2022:Indus Valley Civilisation
1941:
1782:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1270:. Routledge. p. 94.
1057:10.1017/s0003598x00029689
714:of Harappa's occupation:
444:Indus Valley civilization
329:Indus Valley Civilisation
281:
273:
255:
247:
242:
237:Indus Valley Civilisation
232:
218:
213:
205:
197:
160:
146:
49:
37:
2916:Bronze Age sites in Asia
2126:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
1831:"Earliest writing found"
1803:. Routledge. p. 4.
1699:. Pearson. p. 414.
1128:. Pearson. p. 414.
841:
669:
1881:30 January 2020 at the
1681:, in ARWA Association,
1664:, in ARWA Association,
1634:Mcintosh, Jane (2008).
1331:10.4324/9780203641880-7
1291:Mcintosh, Jane (2008).
1264:Mcintosh, Jane (2008).
1207:Beck, Roger B. (1999).
861:Statuettes from Harappa
560:Because of the reduced
499:drainage infrastructure
209:150 ha (370 acres)
2524:Indus Valley sites in
2285:Indus Valley sites in
2161:Indus Valley sites in
1797:Kulke, Herman (2004).
855:
754:cryptographic analysis
707:
529:foothills in the east
459:
304:Punjabi pronunciation:
137:Show map of South Asia
2956:Lost cities and towns
2768:Tariq-bin-Ziad Colony
2116:Harappan architecture
1946:Ruins of Mohenjo-daro
1889:Harappa Town Planning
1695:Fagan, Brian (2003).
1194:11 March 2007 at the
1157:World Heritage Centre
1124:Fagan, Brian (2003).
973:Harappan architecture
849:
701:
570:hydraulic engineering
543:Pakistani Balochistan
474:and Harappa, emerged
464:Harappan Civilization
452:Harappan architecture
441:
406:Lahore–Multan Railway
367:Harappan civilisation
355:, not far from Iran.
339:in the south, across
182:30.62889°N 72.86389°E
71:Shown within Pakistan
2090:Art and architecture
978:Mandi, Uttar Pradesh
134:Harappa (South Asia)
74:Show map of Pakistan
2826:Chak 86/6.R Sahiwal
2140:Language and script
2029:History and culture
1593:2013PLoSO...884814R
1526:2013PLoSO...884814R
1408:2 July 2007 at the
794:Iravatham Mahadevan
788:discovered a stone
718:Ravi Aspect of the
584:Culture and economy
313:archaeological site
178: /
34:
2705:Towns and councils
2611:Neighbourhoods of
2076:Cemetery H culture
1950:Buddhist ruins of
1893:S. Srikanta Sastri
1029:(26), E1688-E1694.
983:Sheri Khan Tarakai
907:radiocarbon dating
856:
708:
686:, near modern-day
460:
379:Cemetery H culture
308:[ɦəɽəppaː]
274:Public access
187:30.62889; 72.86389
32:
2951:Ruins in Pakistan
2873:
2872:
2621:Administrations:
2578:
2577:
2500:Kotla Nihang Khan
2147:Harappan language
1988:
1987:
1829:BBC, UK website.
1810:978-0-415-32920-0
1706:978-0-13-111316-9
1683:min. 8:04 to 9:30
1666:min. 5:48 to 6:41
1647:978-1-57607-907-2
1444:978-0-393-92207-3
1340:978-0-203-64188-0
1304:978-1-57607-907-2
1277:978-1-57607-907-2
1222:978-0-395-87274-1
1135:978-0-13-111316-9
635:fowl for fighting
497:, urban centres,
297:
296:
16:(Redirected from
2963:
2941:Sahiwal District
2863:Sahiwal District
2846:Charat Singhwala
2841:Chak No. 42/12.L
2801:Chak No. 42/12.L
2791:Chak no. 24/11-L
2660:
2659:
2627:Sahiwal District
2623:Sahiwal Division
2605:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2201:Lakhueen-jo-daro
2056:Mehrgarh culture
2051:Bhirrana culture
2015:
2008:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1970:Makli Necropolis
1965:Shalamar Gardens
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1891:"-article by Dr
1858:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1826:
1815:
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1800:History of India
1794:
1788:
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1473:(2–3): 136–147.
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1036:
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1019:
931:of Mohenjo-Daro.
888:Madho Sarup Vats
880:
871:
779:material culture
537:in the west, to
501:and diversified
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317:Punjab, Pakistan
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155:Punjab, Pakistan
151:Sahiwal District
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101:Punjab, Pakistan
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2505:Kerala-no-dhoro
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2019:
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696:
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633:," as well as "
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387:Mature Harappan
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1245:Kenoyer, J.M.
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1087:Basham, A. L.
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905:The earliest
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764:or other non-
763:
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677:
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664:
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616:
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581:
579:
573:
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563:
558:
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555:track ballast
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102:
86:
58:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2821:Chak 44/12.L
2693:
2684:
2395:Lohari Ragho
2241:Tharro Hills
2231:Sutkagan Dor
2221:Rehman Dheri
2176:Mohenjo-daro
2170:
2152:Indus script
2109:
2098:Dancing Girl
2097:
2071:Bara culture
2066:Amri culture
1952:Takht-i-Bahi
1876:Harappa.info
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:
1799:
1792:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1751:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:the original
1728:
1696:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1636:
1629:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1470:
1466:
1453:
1434:
1428:
1417:
1366:. Elsevier.
1362:
1355:
1344:, retrieved
1322:
1313:
1293:
1286:
1266:
1240:
1231:
1210:
1202:
1185:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1156:
1125:
1119:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1017:
948:Mohenjo-daro
923:province of
917:Mohenjo-daro
836:Indus Script
828:
804:
783:
747:
744:
741:
737:
709:
673:
659:tuberculosis
651:
647:lapis lazuli
631:domesticated
611:
607:Mohenjo-Daro
602:Mohenjo-daro
596:in southern
587:
574:
559:
511:Mohenjo-daro
472:Mohenjo-daro
461:
395:
357:
299:
298:
106:Show map of
29:
2738:Iqbal Nagar
2723:Chak 17/14L
2675:Chichawatni
2643:Chichawatni
2526:Afghanistan
2480:Bhagwanpura
2385:Oriyo timbo
2110:Priest-king
2036:Indus River
1975:Rohtas Fort
1961:Lahore Fort
1871:Harappa.com
1166:19 February
832:Mesopotamia
819:Afghanistan
817:regions of
811:Maharashtra
790:celt (tool)
770:iconography
694:Archaeology
676:Mesopotamia
627:humped bull
598:Mesopotamia
578:Thar Desert
483:Indus River
424:British Raj
402:French rule
369:centred in
353:Balochistan
185: /
161:Coordinates
2880:Categories
2763:Sikhanwala
2390:Dher Majra
2360:Rakhigarhi
2340:Alamgirpur
2330:Kalibangan
2320:Jognakhera
2300:Gola Dhoro
2261:Ganeriwala
2236:Sokhta Koh
2191:Ganweriwal
2186:Chanhudaro
1372:1103344632
1009:References
998:Rakhigarhi
993:Kalibangan
988:Sokhta Koh
958:Ganeriwala
929:Great Bath
786:Tamil Nadu
712:chronology
704:polychromy
623:cultivated
562:sea-levels
485:valley in
481:along the
456:Bronze Age
360:Bronze Age
333:Ravi River
243:Site notes
201:Settlement
173:72°51′50″E
170:30°37′44″N
2861:Website:
2773:Tirathpur
2758:Qasimabad
2748:Nai-Abadi
2728:Ghaziabad
2539:Shortugai
2460:Babar Kot
2425:Ganeshwar
2410:Loteshwar
2325:Surkotada
2310:Bhagatrav
2295:Dholavira
2266:Nindowari
2251:Allahdino
1778:cite news
1762:The Hindu
1730:The Hindu
1544:1932-6203
1380:cite book
1073:164175444
1065:0003-598X
1045:Antiquity
963:Dholavira
815:Badakshan
799:Dravidian
774:epigraphy
762:Dravidian
688:Karnataka
643:carnelian
639:oligarchy
527:Himalayan
521:south of
422:from the
363:fortified
345:Rajasthan
256:Ownership
248:Condition
227:Harappa 5
223:Harappa 1
99:Harappa (
2796:ChandPur
2783:Villages
2743:Kassowal
2733:Gulistan
2534:Mundigak
2515:Desalpur
2510:Mitathal
2490:Banawali
2485:Bhirrana
2450:Pabumath
2365:Rupnagar
2345:Daimabad
2276:Dabarkot
2216:Kot Diji
2196:Mehrgarh
2181:Nausharo
2163:Pakistan
2046:Religion
1879:Archived
1835:BBC News
1621:24358372
1581:PLOS ONE
1562:24358372
1514:PLOS ONE
1487:29539378
1406:Archived
1346:30 March
1192:Archived
953:Mehrgarh
936:See also
925:Pakistan
892:Marshall
807:Daimabad
750:steatite
468:Mehrgarh
373:and the
311:) is an
289:.harappa
268:Pakistan
233:Cultures
147:Location
2886:Harappa
2816:Bashera
2811:Addepur
2806:26/11-L
2718:Asghari
2694:capital
2690:Sahiwal
2685:Harappa
2648:Sahiwal
2635:Tehsils
2613:Sahiwal
2555:Meluhha
2475:Bargaon
2455:Nagwada
2445:Sanghol
2440:Sanauli
2420:Farmana
2405:Kuntasi
2315:Rangpur
2256:Balakot
2206:Larkana
2171:Harappa
1840:17 July
1612:3866234
1589:Bibcode
1553:3866234
1522:Bibcode
1495:3933522
1111:2754608
663:ossuary
655:leprosy
600:. Both
566:writing
539:Gujarat
515:Larkana
434:History
413:⁄
398:British
349:Haryana
337:Gujarat
321:Sahiwal
300:Harappa
282:Website
219:Periods
214:History
33:Harappa
18:Harrapa
2851:Mirbaz
2667:Cities
2435:Siswal
2400:Dwarka
2380:Kanmer
2350:Malwan
2305:Lothal
1980:Taxila
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1741:21 May
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1003:Taxila
968:Lothal
813:, and
756:, the
629:, was
615:bronze
551:Multan
547:Lahore
531:Punjab
523:Lahore
519:Punjab
503:social
487:Punjab
450:. The
448:Punjab
375:Punjab
323:. The
265:
251:Ruined
2753:Pahri
2495:Rojdi
2430:Sothi
2415:Mandi
2375:Hulas
2370:Rupar
2355:Kunal
2335:Manda
2287:India
2211:Pirak
1856:p.111
1491:S2CID
1463:(PDF)
1107:JSTOR
1069:S2CID
921:Sindh
896:Gupta
842:Notes
766:Vedic
758:signs
720:Hakra
670:Trade
594:Sumer
535:India
491:Sindh
391:large
371:Sindh
341:Sindh
2713:Agra
2625:and
2470:Bara
2465:Balu
2226:Amri
1963:and
1954:and
1842:2012
1805:ISBN
1784:link
1770:2008
1743:2008
1701:ISBN
1642:ISBN
1617:PMID
1558:PMID
1540:ISSN
1483:PMID
1439:ISBN
1386:link
1368:OCLC
1348:2022
1335:ISBN
1299:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1217:ISBN
1187:Dawn
1168:2013
1130:ISBN
1061:ISSN
772:and
680:Elam
657:and
645:and
619:iron
592:and
590:Elam
568:and
505:and
489:and
462:The
400:and
383:clay
343:and
291:.com
206:Area
198:Type
2867:NRB
2865:at
2679:Old
1607:PMC
1597:doi
1548:PMC
1530:doi
1475:doi
1327:doi
1099:doi
1053:doi
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315:in
287:www
277:Yes
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