183:.The most common wall is a paracrystalline surface layer formed by proteins or glycoproteins of hexagonal symmetry. With the exception of the genus Thermoplasma which lacks a wall, a deficiency that is filled by the development of a cell membrane with a unique chemical structure. It contains a lipid tetraether with and glucose in a very high proportion to the total lipids. In addition, it is accompanied by glycoproteins that together with lipids give the membrane of Thermoplasma spp stability against the acidic and thermophilic conditions in which it lives.
257:. It grows on many different sugars such as starch, maltose, and cellobiose, that once in the cell they are transformed in glucose, but they can use even others organic substrate as carbon and energy source. Some evidences showed that glucose is catabolysed by a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, that is the canonical version of well-known glycolysis, present in both eukaryotes and bacteria.
145:
260:
Some differences discovered concerned the sugar kinase of starting reactions of this pathway: instead of conventional glucokinase and phosphofructokinase, two novel sugar kinase have been discovered. These enzymes are ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADP-GK) and ADP-dependent phosphofructokinase (ADP-PFK),
602:
In June 1965, Thomas Brock, a microbiologist at
Indiana University, discovered a new form of bacteria in the thermal vents of Yellowstone National Park. They can survive at near-boiling temperatures. At that time the upper temperature for life was thought to be 73 °C. He found that one particular
205:
denature at elevated temperatures and so also must adapt. Protein complexes known as heat shock proteins assist with proper folding. Their function is to bind or engulf the protein during synthesis, creating an environment conducive to its correct tertiary conformation. In addition, heat shock
168:. They grow-similar to mesophiles-within a temperature range of about 25–30 °C between the minimal and maximal temperature. The fastest growth is obtained at their optimal growth temperature which may be up to 106 °C. The main characteristics they present in their morphology are:
198:
units. At certain points of the membrane, side chains linked by covalent bonds and a monolayer are found at these points. Thus, the membrane is much more stable and resistant to temperature alterations than the acidic bilayers present in eukaryotic organisms and
23:
is an organism that thrives in extremely hot environments—from 60 °C (140 °F) upwards. An optimal temperature for the existence of hyperthermophiles is often above 80 °C (176 °F). Hyperthermophiles are often within the domain
243:
Hyperthermophiles have a great diversity in metabolism including chemolithoautotrophs and chemoorganoheterotrophs, while there are not phototrophic hyperthermophiles known. Sugar catabolism involves non-phosphorylated versions of the
126:
to their functional analogs in organisms that thrive at lower temperatures but have evolved to exhibit optimal function at much greater temperatures. Most of the low-temperature homologs of the hyperthermostable proteins would be
189:
is the main adaptation to temperature. This membrane is radically different from that known from and to eukaryotes. The membrane of
Archaeabacteria is built on a tetraether unit, thus establishing ether bonds between
885:
Saiki, R. K.; Gelfand, d. h.; Stoffel, S; Scharf, S. J.; Higuchi, R; Horn, G. T.; Mullis, K. B.; Erlich, H. A. (1988). "Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase".
36:
increase the boiling point of water. Many hyperthermophiles are also able to withstand other environmental extremes, such as high acidity or high radiation levels. Hyperthermophiles are a subset of
285:. Thermophiles-hyperthermophiles employ different mechanisms to adapt their cells to heat, especially to the cell wall, plasma membrane and its biomolecules (DNA, proteins, etc.):
111:; however, recent studies show that "there is no obvious correlation between the GC content of the genome and the optimal environmental growth temperature of the organism."
269:
As a rule, hyperthermophiles do not propagate at 50 °C or below, some not even below 80 or 90º. Although unable to grow at ambient temperatures, they are able to
91:
Although no hyperthermophile has shown to thrive at temperatures >122 °C, their existence is possible. Strain 121 survives 130 °C for two hours, but was
226:
is an enzyme found in all hyperthermophiles. It is responsible for the introduction of positive spins which confer greater stability against high temperatures.
248:
some modified versions of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the canonical Embden-Meyerhof pathway is present only in hyperthermophilic
Bacteria but not Archaea.
781:"Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species"
32:
are also able to tolerate extreme temperatures. Some of these bacteria are able to live at temperatures greater than 100 °C, deep in the ocean where
577:
965:
Vázquez
Bringas FJ, Santiago I, Gil L, Ribera T, Gracia-Salinas MJ, Román LS, Blas ID, Prades M, Alonso de Diego M, Ardanaz N, Muniesa A (2014).
513:
293:" bonds (diether or tetraether) in archaea. In some archaea the membrane has a monolayer structure which further increases its heat resistance.
131:
above 60 °C. Such hyperthermostable proteins are often commercially important, as chemical reactions proceed faster at high temperatures.
1147:
Bar-Even, Arren; Flamholz, Avi; Noor, Elad; Milo, Ron (2012-05-17). "Rethinking glycolysis: on the biochemical logic of metabolic pathways".
1104:
Sakuraba, Haruhiko; Goda, Shuichiro; Ohshima, Toshihisa (2004). "Unique sugar metabolism and novel enzymes of hyperthermophilic archaea".
348:
that distinguish these organisms from other organisms. These strategies include an essential requirement for key proteins employed in
230:
this protein has been found in the genus and characterized by an increase, up to 40 °C, in the melting temperature of DNA. The
1356:
689:
595:
194:
molecules and hydrophobic side chains that do not consist of fatty acids. These side chains are mainly composed of repeating
705:
307:
that help the correct folding of proteins in situations of cellular stress such as the temperature in which they grow.
1675:
732:"High guanine-cytosine content is not an adaptation to high temperature: a comparative analysis amongst prokaryotes"
345:
175:
the outermost part of archaea, it is arranged around the cell and protects the cell contents. It does not contain
122:—that is, they can maintain structural stability (and therefore function) at high temperatures. Such proteins are
72:, requiring temperatures of at least 90 °C for survival. An extraordinary heat-tolerant hyperthermophile is
1002:
Brock, Christina M.; Bañó-Polo, Manuel; Garcia-Murria, Maria J.; Mingarro, Ismael; Esteve-Gasent, Maria (2017).
64:
in 1965. Since then, more than 70 species have been established. The most extreme hyperthermophiles live on the
1246:"Understanding DNA Repair in Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Persistent Gaps and Other Reasons to Focus on the Fork"
245:
152:
Due to their extreme environments, hyperthermophiles can be adapted to several variety of factors such as
1349:
328:
Presence of a DNA reverse DNA gyrase that produces positive supercoiling and stabilizes DNA against heat.
128:
1660:
1593:
967:"Desarrollo de una aplicación informática para aprender clínica y producción equina jugando al Trivial"
357:
582:. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 27. Springer. pp. xviii.
273:
there for many years. Based on their simple growth requirements, hyperthermophiles could grow on any
57:
1511:
603:
spring, Octopus Spring, had large amounts of pink, filamentous bacteria at temperatures of 82–88 °C.
421:
349:
1328:
1192:"Temperature dependent mistranslation in a hyperthermophile adapts proteins to lower temperatures"
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1627:
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they catalyse the same reactions but use ADP as phosphoryl donor, instead of ATP, producing AMP.
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1342:
289:
The presence in their plasma membrane of long-chain and saturated fatty acids in bacteria and "
95:
until it had been transferred into a fresh growth medium, at a relatively cooler 103 °C.
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1620:
1549:
41:
836:
genome and proteome composition: indications for hyperthermophilic and parasitic adaptation"
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92:
82:
at 121 °C (hence its name). The current record growth temperature is 122 °C, for
8:
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1718:
1665:
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485:
401:
361:
304:
253:
1300:
Stetter, Karl (Feb 2013). "A brief history of the discovery of hyperthermophilic life".
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proteins can collaborate in transporting newly folded proteins to their site of action.
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1004:"Characterization of the inner membrane protein BB0173 from Borrelia burgdorferi"
907:
681:
119:
61:
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344:
The hyperthermophilic archaea appear to have special strategies for coping with
222:
is characterized by the fact that it prevents DNA damage at these temperatures.
1756:
1695:
1414:
935:
1053:
Schönheit, P.; Schäfer, T. (January 1995). "Metabolism of hyperthermophiles".
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is also adapted to elevated temperatures by several mechanisms. The first is
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533:
Stetter, K. (2006). "History of discovery of the first hyperthermophiles".
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33:
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508:
475:, which thrives in 65–100 °C in Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park.
234:
with which these proteins are associated collaborate in its supercoiling.
1313:
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which thrives at 100 °C, first discovered in Italy near a volcanic vent.
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that prevent chemical damage (depurination or depyrimidination) to DNA.
108:
74:
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148:
Different morphologies and classes of hyperthermophilic microorganisms
1604:
1483:
1439:
1399:
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251:
Most of informations about sugar catabolism came from observation on
79:
78:, which has been able to double its population during 24 hours in an
16:
Organism that thrives in extremely hot environments from 60°C upwards
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Seckbach, Joseph; Oren, Aharon; Stan-Lotter, Helga, eds. (2013).
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25:
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104:
216:, which has been isolated in only a few species of the genus.
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297:
290:
103:
Early research into hyperthermophiles speculated that their
278:
45:
144:
884:
1146:
356:
process), an apparent lack of the DNA repair process of
706:"Microbe from depths takes life to hottest known limit"
579:
Polyextremophiles — Life under multiple forms of stress
575:
936:"Archaeabacterias hipertermófilas: vida en ebullición"
1103:
1055:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
40:. Their existence may support the possibility of
1782:
1052:
397:living at 113 °C in Atlantic hydrothermal vents.
829:
778:
56:Hyperthermophiles isolated from hot springs in
514:Unique properties of hyperthermophilic archaea
1350:
1239:
1237:
1190:Schwartz, Michael H.; Pan, Tao (2015-12-10).
933:
729:
672:. In Horneck, G.; Baumstark-Khan, C. (eds.).
367:
974:Revista complutense de ciencias veterinarias
943:Revista Complutense de Ciencias Veterinarias
830:Das S, Paul S, Bag SK, Dutta C (July 2006).
331:Presence of proteins with higher content in
1189:
617:"The value of basic research: discovery of
532:
118:molecules in the hyperthermophiles exhibit
1357:
1343:
1234:
179:, which makes them naturally resistant to
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956:
143:
1299:
667:
277:, even on other planets and moons like
214:cyclic potassium 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
1783:
1329:How hot is too Hot? T-Limit Expedition
1243:
922:
723:
385:living at 121 °C in the Pacific Ocean.
360:and a lack of the MutS/MutL homologs (
48:can thrive in environmental extremes.
1338:
997:
995:
953:
614:
139:
934:Fernández, P.G.; Ruiz, M.P. (2007).
730:Hurst LD, Merchant AR (March 2001).
779:Zheng H, Wu H; Wu (December 2010).
13:
1292:
992:
698:
670:"Hyperthermophilic Microorganisms"
310:Accumulation of compounds such as
14:
1807:
1676:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
1364:
986:10.5209/rev_RCCV.2014.v8.n1.44301
1302:Biochemical Society Transactions
473:Geothermobacterium ferrireducens
1183:
1140:
1097:
1046:
621:and other extreme thermophiles"
107:could be characterized by high
878:
823:
772:
676:. Springer. pp. 169–184.
661:
608:
569:
526:
264:
1:
519:
339:
321:that stabilizes DNA, RNA and
238:
134:
908:10.1126/science.239.4839.487
682:10.1007/978-3-642-59381-9_12
312:potassium diphosphoglycerate
7:
798:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7
637:10.1093/genetics/146.4.1207
492:
98:
10:
1812:
1661:Abiogenic petroleum origin
1594:Thermococcus gammatolerans
372:
368:Specific hyperthermophiles
358:nucleotide excision repair
51:
1653:
1603:
1564:
1501:
1492:
1372:
1021:10.1186/s12866-017-1127-y
588:10.1007/978-94-007-6488-0
547:10.1007/s00792-006-0012-7
335:, more resistant to heat.
275:hot water-containing site
58:Yellowstone National Park
1512:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
615:Brock TD (August 1997).
422:Methanococcus jannaschii
350:homologous recombination
246:Entner-Doudoroff pathway
109:guanine-cytosine content
1635:Halicephalobus mephisto
1628:Paralvinella sulfincola
1614:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
1519:Deinococcus radiodurans
1149:Nature Chemical Biology
853:10.1186/1471-2164-7-186
60:were first reported by
1196:Nucleic Acids Research
748:10.1098/rspb.2000.1397
668:Stetter, K.O. (2002).
460:Gram-negative Bacteria
149:
1621:Galdieria sulphuraria
1550:Spirochaeta americana
834:Nanoarchaeum equitans
187:Cytoplasmic membrane:
147:
93:not able to reproduce
85:Methanopyrus kandleri
42:extraterrestrial life
1543:Thermus thermophilus
1161:10.1038/nchembio.971
453:Central Indian Ridge
120:hyperthermostability
1742:Radiotrophic fungus
1719:Helaeomyia petrolei
1666:Acidithiobacillales
1575:Pyrococcus furiosus
1314:10.1042/BST20120284
1263:10.1155/2015/942605
1209:10.1093/nar/gkv1379
1106:The Chemical Record
900:1988Sci...239..487S
486:Thermotoga maritima
402:Pyrococcus furiosus
362:DNA mismatch repair
254:Pyrococcus furiosus
1244:Grogan DW (2015).
1067:10.1007/bf00339135
785:BMC Bioinformatics
451:in 80–122 °C in a
296:Overexpression of
150:
140:General physiology
70:hydrothermal vents
68:walls of deep-sea
1778:
1777:
1725:Hydrothermal vent
1649:
1648:
1587:Pyrolobus fumarii
1536:Thermus aquaticus
1118:10.1002/tcr.10066
691:978-3-642-59381-9
619:Thermus aquaticus
597:978-94-007-6487-3
390:Pyrolobus fumarii
1803:
1681:Archaeoglobaceae
1654:Related articles
1499:
1498:
1479:Thermoacidophile
1474:Hyperthermophile
1450:Polyextremophile
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894:(4839): 487–91.
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791:(Suppl 11): S7.
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708:. Archived from
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467:Aquifex aeolicus
429:Aeropyrum pernix
28:, although some
21:hyperthermophile
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1701:Grylloblattidae
1671:Acidobacteriota
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1430:Metallotolerant
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1293:Further reading
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158:redox potential
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62:Thomas D. Brock
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44:, showing that
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1308:(1): 416–420.
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1366:Extremophiles
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1307:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
961:
959:
957:
948:
944:
937:
930:
928:
926:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
873:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
832:"Analysis of
826:
818:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
758:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Proc Biol Sci
733:
726:
712:on 2023-10-04
711:
707:
701:
693:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
656:
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611:
604:
599:
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:Extremophiles
529:
525:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
488:
487:
483:, especially
482:
481:
477:
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454:
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444:
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433:
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430:
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419:
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414:Archaeoglobus
411:
408:
404:
403:
399:
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387:
384:
380:
377:
376:
365:
363:
359:
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334:
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327:
324:
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313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
292:
288:
287:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
262:
258:
256:
255:
249:
247:
233:
229:
225:
224:Topoisomerase
221:
220:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
177:peptidoglycan
174:
171:
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
132:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
96:
94:
89:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
47:
43:
39:
38:extremophiles
35:
31:
27:
22:
1791:Thermophiles
1770:Thermotogota
1757:
1731:Methanopyrus
1729:
1717:
1710:
1706:Halobacteria
1686:Berkeley Pit
1641:Pompeii worm
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1592:
1585:
1573:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1525:Deinococcota
1517:
1510:
1473:
1472: /
1460:Psychrophile
1305:
1301:
1253:
1249:
1199:
1195:
1185:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1112:(5): 281–7.
1109:
1105:
1099:
1061:(1): 26–57.
1058:
1054:
1048:
1011:
1007:
977:
973:
946:
942:
891:
887:
880:
843:
840:BMC Genomics
839:
833:
825:
788:
784:
774:
739:
735:
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
700:
674:Astrobiology
673:
663:
628:
624:
618:
610:
601:
578:
571:
538:
534:
528:
504:Psychrophile
484:
478:
472:
465:
443:Methanopyrus
441:
434:
427:
420:
412:
400:
388:
343:
332:
311:
274:
270:
268:
259:
252:
250:
242:
227:
219:Methanopyrus
217:
213:
209:
202:
186:
172:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
113:
102:
90:
83:
73:
55:
20:
18:
1737:Movile Cave
1691:Blood Falls
1470:Thermophile
1455:Psammophile
1385:Alkaliphile
509:Thermophile
364:proteins).
265:Adaptations
166:temperature
160:, level of
66:superheated
1785:Categories
1760:polymerase
1752:Tardigrade
1581:Strain 121
1445:Piezophile
1435:Oligotroph
1425:Methanogen
1420:Lithophile
1390:Capnophile
1380:Acidophile
1256:: 942605.
1014:(1): 219.
949:(2)): 560.
716:2018-04-06
520:References
480:Thermotoga
436:Sulfolobus
379:Strain 121
354:DNA repair
346:DNA damage
340:DNA repair
319:spermidine
305:chaperones
239:Metabolism
173:Cell wall:
135:Physiology
124:homologous
75:Strain 121
1747:Rio Tinto
1605:Eukaryota
1484:Xerophile
1440:Osmophile
1410:Lipophile
1400:Halophile
1169:1552-4450
1126:1527-8999
1075:0959-3993
980:(1): 45.
499:Mesophile
323:ribosomes
203:Proteins:
199:bacteria.
162:salinity,
129:denatured
80:autoclave
1530:Snottite
1503:Bacteria
1405:Hypolith
1395:Endolith
1322:23356321
1282:26146487
1228:26657639
1177:22596202
1134:14762828
1091:21904448
1083:24414410
1040:29166863
872:16869956
817:21172057
766:11296861
625:Genetics
563:36345694
555:16941067
493:See also
449:archaeon
445:kandleri
416:fulgidus
407:archaeon
395:archaeon
383:archaeon
232:histones
196:isoprene
192:glycerol
181:lysozyme
99:Research
30:bacteria
1796:Geysers
1566:Archaea
1493:Notable
1273:4471258
1250:Archaea
1219:4705672
1031:5700661
916:2448875
896:Bibcode
888:Science
863:1574309
846:: 186.
808:3024870
757:1088632
655:9258667
646:1208068
373:Archaea
271:survive
116:protein
52:History
26:Archaea
1556:GFAJ-1
1320:
1280:
1270:
1226:
1216:
1175:
1167:
1132:
1124:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1038:
1028:
914:
870:
860:
815:
805:
764:
754:
688:
653:
643:
594:
561:
553:
283:Europa
105:genome
1373:Types
1087:S2CID
970:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
559:S2CID
405:, an
393:, an
381:, an
302:GroEL
298:GroES
291:ether
228:Sac7d
1318:PMID
1278:PMID
1254:2015
1224:PMID
1173:PMID
1165:ISSN
1130:PMID
1122:ISSN
1079:PMID
1071:ISSN
1036:PMID
912:PMID
868:PMID
813:PMID
762:PMID
686:ISBN
651:PMID
592:ISBN
551:PMID
300:and
281:and
279:Mars
210:DNA:
164:and
114:The
46:life
1758:Taq
1310:doi
1268:PMC
1258:doi
1214:PMC
1204:doi
1157:doi
1114:doi
1063:doi
1026:PMC
1016:doi
982:doi
904:doi
892:239
858:PMC
848:doi
803:PMC
793:doi
752:PMC
744:doi
740:268
678:doi
641:PMC
633:doi
629:146
584:doi
543:doi
352:(a
1787::
1316:.
1306:41
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1276:.
1266:.
1252:.
1248:.
1236:^
1222:.
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1200:44
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1194:.
1171:.
1163:.
1151:.
1128:.
1120:.
1108:.
1085:.
1077:.
1069:.
1059:11
1057:.
1034:.
1024:.
1012:17
1010:.
1006:.
994:^
976:.
972:.
955:^
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941:.
924:^
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902:.
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856:.
842:.
838:.
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801:.
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684:.
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623:.
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590:.
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539:10
537:.
156:,
154:pH
88:.
19:A
1358:e
1351:t
1344:v
1324:.
1312::
1284:.
1260::
1230:.
1206::
1179:.
1159::
1153:8
1136:.
1116::
1110:3
1093:.
1065::
1042:.
1018::
988:.
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978:8
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918:.
906::
898::
874:.
850::
844:7
819:.
795::
768:.
746::
719:.
694:.
680::
657:.
635::
586::
565:.
545::
455:.
325:.
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