408:
2067:
581:
53:
310:. Aside from potentially using them for swimming, these flagella were observed under lab conditions in use for unique applications such as forming cell to cell connections during stationary growth phase. They are additionally utilized as cable-like connectors to adhere to various solid surfaces such as sand grains in the habitat in which this species was discovered. This may lead to the formation of microcolonial
810:
the organization of the genetic code. It was also found that more polar amino acids and smaller amino acids were more likely to be barophilic. Through the comparison of these two archaea, the conclusion was reached that the genetic code was likely structured under high hydrostatic pressure, and that hydrostatic pressure was a more influential factor in determining genetic code than temperature.
33:
809:
Besides yielding information about the barophilicity of certain amino acids, the experiment also provided valuable insight into the origin of the genetic code and its organizational influences. It was found that most of the amino acids that determined barophilicity were also found to be important in
563:
ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or POR, which catalyzes the final step of the glycolytic pathway. It is possible that POR is an ancestor of mesophilic pyruvate oxidoreductases. There is also the indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or IOR, which utilizes iron and sulfur to catalyze the "oxidative
343:, and protein sources (tryptone, peptone, casein, and meat extracts) through the Embden-Meyerhoff pathway. This is a relatively wide range of sources when compared to other archaea. Growth is very slow, or nonexistent, on amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, and most carbohydrates (including
279:
by Fiala and
Stetter. It is noted for its rapid doubling time of 37 minutes under optimal conditions, meaning that every 37 minutes the number of individual organisms is multiplied by two, yielding an exponential growth curve. Each organism is surrounded by a cellular envelope composed of
2178:
Dong, Qing; Yan, Xufan; Zheng, Minhui; Yang, Ziwen (2014). "Characterization of an extremely thermostable but cold-adaptive β-galactosidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon
Pyrococcus furiosus for use as a recombinant aggregation for batch lactose degradation at high temperature".
487:
ADHs typically have a broad range of aldehyde substrates they can use, and they can also catalyze the reverse reaction (oxidation of alcohols) using ethanol, 1,3-propanediol, and other alcohols for substrate. As with most of the archaea's enzymes, the ADHs are sensitive to oxygen.
766:
plant. As a result of this procedure, cell death in plants occurs less often, therefore resulting in a reduction in the severity of responses to environmental stress. This enhances the survival of plants, making them more resistant to light, chemical, and heat stress.
720:
and put through various mutations in a laboratory in order to obtain a suitable alcohol dehydrogenase for use in artificial processes. This allowed scientists to obtain a mutant enzyme that could function efficiently at lower temperatures and maintain productivity.
805:
is, meaning that it functions optimally at very high pressures. Using two hyperthermophilic species of archaea lessens the possibility of deviations having to do with temperature of the environment, essentially reducing the variables in the experimental design.
711:
In order to make naturally derived enzymes useful in the laboratory, it is often necessary to alter their genetic makeup. Otherwise, the naturally occurring enzymes may not be efficient in an artificially induced procedure. Although the enzymes of
1140:
Robb, Frank T; Maeder, Dennis L; Brown, James R; DiRuggiero, Jocelyne; Stump, Mark D; Yeh, Raymond K; Weiss, Robert B; Dunn, Dianne M (2001), "Genomic sequence of hyperthermophile, Pyrococcus furiosus: Implications for physiology and enzymology",
399:
is also notable for an unusual and intriguingly simple respiratory system, which obtains energy by reducing protons to hydrogen gas and uses this energy to create an electrochemical gradient across its cell membrane, thereby driving
539:. This enzyme utilizes four types of cofactors: tungsten, iron, sulfur, and calcium. The next oxidoreductase, WOR4, does not help oxidize aldehydes, but rather has a role in the reduction of elemental sulfur (S) into H
331:) and 103 °C (217 °F), with an optimum temperature of 100 °C (212 °F), and between pH 5 and 9 (with an optimum at pH 7). Since it uses fermentation of carbohydrates, it grows well on yeast extract,
543:
S. This uses the same cofactors as FOR, and is only found in P. furiosus cells that are grown in the presence of elemental sulfur. The fifth and final oxidoreductase is named WOR5, and it has a broad specificity for
526:
ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or GAPOR, which utilizes tungsten and iron to catalyze the oxidation of specifically glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. GAPOR only functions under anaerobic conditions, as with many enzymes in
1430:"The novel tungsten-iron-sulfur protein of the hyperthermophilic archaebacterium, Pyrococcus furiosus, is an aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase: Evidence for its participation in a unique glycolytic pathway"
770:
This study could potentially be used as a starting point to creating plants that could survive in more extreme climates on other planets such as Mars. By introducing more enzymes from extremophiles like
609:
exonucleolytic activity and a template-primer preference which is characteristic of a replicative DNA polymerase, leading scientists to believe that this enzyme may be the replicative DNA polymerase of
716:
function optimally at a high temperature, scientists may not necessarily want to carry out a procedure at 100 °C (212 °F). Consequently, in this case, the specific enzyme AdhA was taken from
389:
can be produced through its metabolic processes seemingly for the purpose of detoxication or energy conservation, not energy production. While many other hyperthermophiles depend on sulfur for growth,
708:
can perform well in laboratory processes because they are relatively resistant: they generally function well at high temperatures and high pressures, as well as in high concentrations of chemicals.
479:(ADHs): the short-chain AdhA, the iron-containing AdhB, the zinc-containing AdhC, and more. Each of these ADHs are NADP-dependent, and serve to replenish NADP by using the NADPH produced by
189:
because it thrives best under extremely high temperatures, and is notable for having an optimum growth temperature of 100 °C (a temperature that would destroy most living organisms).
2024:
Di Giulio, Massimo (2005). "A comparison of proteins from
Pyrococcus furiosus and Pyrococcus abyssi: Barophily in the physicochemical properties of amino acids and in the genetic code".
614:. It has since been placed in the family B of polymerases, the same family as DNA polymerase II. Its structure, which appears quite typical for polymerase B, has been solved as well.
2125:
McTernan, Patrick M; Chandrayan, Sanjeev K; Wu, Chang-Hao; Vaccaro, Brian J; Lancaster, W. Andrew; Yang, Qingyuan; Fu, Dax; Hura, Greg L; Tainer, John A; Adams, Michael W. W (2014).
1469:"Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase, a Novel Tungsten-containing Enzyme with a Potential Glycolytic Role in the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus"
1841:
Kim, Suhng Wook; Kim, Dong-Uk; Kim, Jin Kwang; Kang, Lin-Woo; Cho, Hyun-Soo (May 2008). "Crystal structure of Pfu, the high fidelity DNA polymerase from
Pyrococcus furiosus".
522:
instead of NAD(P)H). As this was the first, all tungsten-containing oxidoreductases are said to be part of the AOR family. The next oxidoreductase to be discovered was
2210:"DNA polymerase hybrids derived from the family-B enzymes of Pyrococcus furiosus and Thermococcus kodakarensis: Improving performance in the polymerase chain reaction"
1518:"Formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus: the 1.85 Å resolution crystal structure and its mechanistic implications 1 1Edited by I. A. Wilson"
2921:
1271:
van der Oost, John; Voorhorst, Wilfried G. B.; Kengen, Servé W. M.; Geerling, Ans C. M.; Wittenhorst, Vincent; Gueguen, Yannick; de Vos, Willem M. (2001-05-15).
745:
from cells, but increasing the amount and activity of these enzymes is difficult and not the most efficient way to go about improving the durability of plants.
733:
in plants can also render them more durable by increasing their tolerance for heat. In response to environmental stresses such as heat exposure, plants produce
825:
from geothermal marine sediments with temperatures between 90 °C (194 °F) and 100 °C (212 °F) collected at the beach of Porto
Levante,
1326:"Influence of temperature on the production of an archaeal thermoactive alcohol dehydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus with recombinant Escherichia coli"
1923:
Machielsen, Ronnie; Leferink, Nicole G. H; Hendriks, Annemarie; Brouns, Stan J. J; Hennemann, Hans-Georg; Dauβmann, Thomas; Van Der Oost, John (2008).
2895:
1710:"Indolepyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. A new enzyme involved in peptide fermentation"
641:(PCR) DNA amplification process. The PCR process must use a thermostable DNA polymerase for automated in vitro amplification and originally used
429:
2934:
1925:"Laboratory evolution of Pyrococcus furiosus alcohol dehydrogenase to improve the production of (2S,5S)-hexanediol at moderate temperatures"
793:, scientists have tried to determine the correlation between certain amino acids and affinity for certain pressures in different species.
1012:
1189:
Poole, Farris L.; Gerwe, Brian A.; Hopkins, Robert C.; Schut, Gerrit J.; Weinberg, Michael V.; Jenney, Francis E.; Adams, Michael W.W.
1381:"An Unusual Oxygen-Sensitive, Iron- and Zinc-Containing Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus"
1034:
Silva, Pedro J.; Ban, Eyke C. D. van den; Wassink, Hans; Haaker, Huub; Castro, Baltazar de; Robb, Frank T.; Hagen, Wilfred R. (2000).
459:(ISs). These ISs have deactivated 13 genes and many more are altered, but the strain's growth is yet comparable to its parent strain.
483:
to reduce aldehydes to alcohols. The aldehydes are also products of fermentation and are toxic to the cell, so removal is necessary.
407:
2882:
2908:
2353:
1671:"Purification and characterization of pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus"
856:, to refer to the extremophile's round shape and ability to grow in temperatures of around 100 degrees Celsius. The species name
377:. The presence of hydrogen severely inhibits its growth and metabolism; this effect can be circumvented, however, by introducing
256:
can be introduced into plants to increase their tolerance in environmentally stressful conditions and ultimately their survival.
1751:"A novel DNA polymerase in the hyperthermophilic archaeon,Pyrococcus furiosus: Gene cloning, expression, and characterization"
961:
Lundberg, Kelly S.; Shoemaker, Dan D.; Adams, Michael W.W.; Short, Jay M.; Sorge, Joseph A.; Mathur, Eric J. (December 1991).
2913:
1192:
Defining Genes in the Genome of the
Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus: Implications for All Microbial Genomes†
737:
which can result in cell death. If these free radicals are removed, cell death can be delayed. Enzymes in plants called
2993:
1614:"WOR5, a Novel Tungsten-Containing Aldehyde Oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus with a Broad Substrate Specificity"
606:
704:
are necessary in the production of enantio- and diastereomerically pure diols. Enzymes from hyperthermophiles such as
2672:
2110:
2088:
1214:
Bridger, Stephanie L.; Lancaster, W. Andrew; Poole, Farris L.; Schut, Gerrit J.; Adams, Michael W. W. (August 2012).
1160:
2081:
1273:"Genetic and biochemical characterization of a short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon
2960:
2208:
Elshawadfy, Ashraf M; Keith, Brian J; Ee Ooi, H'Ng; Kinsman, Thomas; Heslop, Pauline; Connolly, Bernard A (2014).
2939:
1557:"Characterization of a Fourth Tungsten-Containing Enzyme from the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus"
2821:
605:
was found between its two proteins and those of other known DNA polymerases. This DNA polymerase has strong
447:
named COM1 is commonly used for its "high plasticity" and ability to take up foreign DNA, owing to its high
1876:
Saiki, RK; Gelfand, DH; Stoffel, S; Scharf, SJ; Higuchi, R; Horn, GT; Mullis, KB; Erlich, HA (1988-01-29).
1792:"DNA polymerases as useful reagents for biotechnology - the history of developmental research in the field"
404:. This could be a very early evolutionary precursor of respiratory systems in all higher organisms today.
2346:
1216:"Genome Sequencing of a Genetically Tractable Pyrococcus furiosus Strain Reveals a Highly Dynamic Genome"
877:
292:—meaning that it is roughly spherical—of 0.8 μm to 1.5 μm diameter with monopolar polytrichous
2657:
2590:
1324:
Kube, Jürgen; Brokamp, Christian; Machielsen, Ronnie; van der Oost, John; Märkl, Herbert (2006-02-07).
523:
52:
915:
sp. nov. Represents a novel genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C".
676:
DNA polymerase in the PCR process revealed a more than tenfold improvement over the accuracy of using
2965:
883:
638:
230:
2508:
2075:
963:"High-fidelity amplification using a thermostable DNA polymerase isolated from Pyrococcus furiosus"
834:
519:
448:
2310:
2631:
2624:
2610:
2515:
1517:
734:
1670:
2988:
2900:
2783:
2339:
2092:
1974:"Expression of Pyrococcus furiosus Superoxide Reductase in Arabidopsis Enhances Heat Tolerance"
1516:
Hu, Yonglin; Faham, Salem; Roy, Roopali; Adams, Michael W.W; Rees, Douglas C (February 1999).
1020:
2952:
2617:
2546:
701:
476:
137:
2856:
2539:
2266:
1094:
924:
762:
749:
738:
452:
249:
248:
enzymes is useful in the creation of diols for laboratory and industrial purposes. Certain
1749:
Uemori, Takashi; Sato, Yoshimi; Kato, Ikunoshin; Doi, Hirofumi; Ishino, Yoshizumi (1997).
700:
for applications in such industries as food, pharmaceuticals, and fine-chemicals in which
8:
2738:
2715:
2662:
2637:
2406:
841:
actually originated a new genus of archaea with its relatively recent discovery in 1986.
775:
into other species of plants, it may be possible to create incredibly resistant species.
2270:
1098:
928:
436:(ORFs) that encode proteins. A study performed in 2005 revealed 17 new ORFs specific to
2323:
2287:
2254:
2236:
2209:
2161:
2126:
1998:
1973:
1949:
1924:
1818:
1791:
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1750:
1646:
1613:
1361:
1248:
940:
822:
634:
549:
456:
433:
170:
47:
1726:
1709:
1589:
1556:
1152:
1117:
1082:
2947:
2843:
2743:
2721:
2583:
2532:
2292:
2241:
2196:
2166:
2041:
2003:
1954:
1905:
1897:
1858:
1823:
1772:
1731:
1690:
1686:
1651:
1633:
1629:
1594:
1576:
1572:
1537:
1498:
1490:
1449:
1445:
1410:
1405:
1380:
1353:
1345:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1272:
1253:
1235:
1196:
1166:
1156:
1122:
1083:"A simple energy-conserving system: Proton reduction coupled to proton translocation"
1063:
1055:
1051:
990:
982:
978:
789:
602:
507:. These enzymes function optimally above 90 °C. The first to be discovered was
200:
1612:
Bevers, Loes E.; Bol, Emile; Hagedoorn, Peter-Leon; Hagen, Wilfred R. (2005-10-15).
1396:
1365:
944:
672:
exonuclease activity allowing for the removal of errors. Subsequent tests utilizing
455:
activity. It has 1,571 more base pairs than the referenced NCBI genome, and 10 more
2926:
2848:
2677:
2475:
2470:
2446:
2282:
2274:
2231:
2221:
2188:
2156:
2146:
2033:
1993:
1985:
1944:
1936:
1889:
1878:"Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase"
1854:
1850:
1813:
1803:
1762:
1721:
1682:
1641:
1625:
1584:
1568:
1529:
1480:
1441:
1400:
1392:
1337:
1288:
1243:
1227:
1148:
1142:
1112:
1102:
1047:
974:
932:
601:
that was thought to be unrelated to other known DNA polymerases, as no significant
535:
ferredoxin oxidoreductase, or FOR, which catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes into
382:
186:
1877:
1429:
962:
514:
oxidoreductase, or AOR, which utilizes tungsten, sulfur, and iron to catalyze the
2761:
2697:
2667:
2461:
2426:
2192:
1893:
565:
536:
244:
allows for a significantly more accurate process. The thermodynamic stability of
222:
104:
1675:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology
580:
2753:
2692:
2411:
2037:
1325:
826:
669:
642:
626:
594:
500:
432:. The Maryland team found that the genome has 1,908 kilobases, including 2,065
364:
238:
178:
94:
1940:
1341:
2982:
2806:
2708:
2226:
1901:
1808:
1637:
1580:
1494:
1453:
1349:
1302:
1239:
1200:
1059:
986:
853:
440:
that were not originally annotated, bringing the number of ORFs up to 2,082.
401:
74:
2151:
1485:
1468:
1107:
2766:
2727:
2702:
2682:
2521:
2456:
2362:
2296:
2245:
2200:
2170:
2045:
2007:
1958:
1862:
1827:
1655:
1598:
1541:
1533:
1357:
1310:
1257:
1170:
1126:
1067:
830:
696:
for various industrial processes. It may be possible to use the enzymes of
560:
532:
480:
300:
281:
174:
1989:
1909:
1776:
1735:
1694:
1502:
1414:
994:
2815:
2733:
2687:
2466:
2451:
2381:
2278:
1215:
653:
545:
272:
166:
84:
1231:
2887:
2835:
2748:
2577:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2386:
2376:
2127:"Intact Functional Fourteen-subunit Respiratory Membrane-bound [Ni
1972:
Im, Y. J; Ji, M; Lee, A; Killens, R; Grunden, A. M; Boss, W. F (2009).
936:
798:
742:
657:
511:
504:
336:
328:
303:
notable to archaea species makes up the majority of the composition of
275:, sulfur-reducing archaea originally isolated from heated sediments in
204:
195:
114:
2869:
2601:
2480:
2436:
2396:
1190:
868:, and refers to the extremophile's doubling time and rapid swimming.
356:
307:
293:
2777:
1147:, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 330, Elsevier, pp. 134–157,
2874:
2800:
2526:
2499:
2401:
2391:
1270:
1035:
508:
371:
348:
268:
212:
199:
genus, most commonly found in extreme environmental conditions of
2830:
2562:
1323:
618:
352:
344:
332:
324:
311:
285:
276:
182:
64:
2331:
1922:
760:
can be rapidly reduced. Scientists tested this method using the
221:
has many potential industrial applications, owing to its unique
2861:
2552:
421:
378:
340:
289:
208:
865:
846:
515:
32:
2207:
2131:]-Hydrogenase Complex of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon
2124:
960:
693:
569:
237:
in PCR DNA amplification instead of the traditionally used
1213:
1875:
1139:
1611:
1467:
Mukund, Swarnalatha; Adams, Michael W.W. (April 1995).
1036:"Enzymes of hydrogen metabolism in Pyrococcus furiosus"
1669:
Blamey, Jenny M.; Adams, Michael W.W. (January 1993).
233:(PCR) because of its proofreading activity. Utilizing
229:
is used in the process of DNA amplification by way of
1033:
660:. Researchers discovered in the early 1990s that the
656:(proofreading) activity, it cannot excise mismatched
1379:
Ma, Kesen; Adams, Michael W. W. (15 February 1999).
411:
Interconnected flagella adhering to a solid surface.
1080:
518:of aldehydes and reduce ferredoxin (this being the
215:, an element rarely found in biological molecules.
2255:"Swimming Behavior of Selected Species of Archaea"
1843:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
1188:
1748:
1555:Roy, Roopali; Adams, Michael W. W. (2002-12-15).
2980:
2177:
1515:
1087:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1081:Sapra, R; Bagramyan, K; Adams, M. W. W (2003).
381:into the organism's environment. In this case,
1971:
430:University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
2347:
1840:
778:
1789:
1010:
910:
837:in Germany, and a colleague, Gerhard Fiala.
2252:
1668:
1466:
1427:
1074:
906:
904:
902:
900:
858:
428:was completed in 2001 by scientists at the
2354:
2340:
2019:
2017:
729:The expression of a certain gene found in
31:
2286:
2235:
2225:
2160:
2150:
2111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2023:
1997:
1948:
1817:
1807:
1766:
1725:
1645:
1588:
1484:
1428:Makund, S.; Adams, M.W.W. (August 1991).
1404:
1292:
1247:
1116:
1106:
911:Fiala, Gerhard; Stetter, Karl O (1986). "
683:
503:that are part of its NAD(P)H-independent
467:
2181:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
2074:This article includes a list of general
1707:
1554:
897:
579:
406:
2319:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
2014:
1378:
588:
2981:
2259:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
475:possesses several highly thermostable
2782:
2781:
2335:
1195:. American Society for Microbiology.
2060:
1006:
1004:
956:
954:
499:has five unique tungsten-containing
829:, Italy. It was first described by
787:with a related species of archaea,
13:
2080:it lacks sufficient corresponding
2056:
1768:10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1380336.x
1708:Mai, X.; Adams, M.W. (June 1994).
1017:National Space Science Data Center
668:does actually possess a requisite
559:that does not contain tungsten is
491:
14:
3005:
2673:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
2361:
2304:
1434:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
1001:
951:
2065:
1630:10.1128/JB.187.20.7056-7061.2005
1573:10.1128/JB.184.24.6952-6956.2002
1294:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02201.x
1281:European Journal of Biochemistry
1144:Hyperthermophilic Enzymes Part A
1052:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01745.x
1040:European Journal of Biochemistry
625:are extremely thermostable, the
51:
2139:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1965:
1916:
1869:
1834:
1783:
1742:
1714:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1701:
1662:
1605:
1548:
1509:
1473:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1460:
1421:
1397:10.1128/JB.181.4.1163-1170.1999
1372:
1317:
1011:Karen Miller (August 5, 2005).
420:The sequencing of the complete
288:. It appears as mostly regular
1855:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2008.01.010
1264:
1207:
1182:
1133:
1027:
584:Pfu Polymerase ribbon diagram.
1:
1790:Ishino, S; Ishino, Y (2014).
1727:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)89451-6
1153:10.1016/s0076-6879(01)30372-5
890:
688:One practical application of
555:An oxidoreductase species in
359:). The metabolic products of
259:
2253:Herzog, B; Wirth, R (2012).
2193:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.12.002
1894:10.1126/science.239.4839.487
1687:10.1016/0167-4838(93)90190-3
1522:Journal of Molecular Biology
1446:10.1016/0162-0134(91)84247-7
979:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90480-y
847:
756:into plants, the levels of O
724:
531:. Another oxidoreductase is
7:
878:Thermostable DNA polymerase
871:
415:
10:
3010:
2658:Abiogenic petroleum origin
2591:Thermococcus gammatolerans
2038:10.1016/j.gene.2004.10.008
813:
779:In researching amino acids
648:. However, since purified
524:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
462:
2994:Archaea described in 1993
2790:
2650:
2600:
2561:
2498:
2489:
2369:
2214:Frontiers in Microbiology
1941:10.1007/s00792-008-0164-8
1796:Frontiers in Microbiology
1342:10.1007/s00792-005-0490-z
884:Thermococcus kodakarensis
743:superoxide anion radicals
639:polymerase chain reaction
231:polymerase chain reaction
143:
136:
48:Scientific classification
46:
39:
30:
23:
2509:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
2227:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00224
1809:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00465
917:Archives of Microbiology
835:University of Regensburg
821:was originally isolated
692:is in the production of
185:. It is classified as a
2632:Halicephalobus mephisto
2625:Paralvinella sulfincola
2611:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
2516:Deinococcus radiodurans
2152:10.1074/jbc.M114.567255
2095:more precise citations.
1618:Journal of Bacteriology
1561:Journal of Bacteriology
1486:10.1074/jbc.270.15.8389
1385:Journal of Bacteriology
1220:Journal of Bacteriology
1108:10.1073/pnas.1331436100
735:reactive oxygen species
575:
203:. It is one of the few
153:Fiala and Stetter, 1986
1534:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2488
1019:. NASA. Archived from
859:
702:alcohol dehydrogenases
684:In production of diols
585:
477:alcohol dehydrogenases
468:Alcohol dehydrogenases
412:
2618:Galdieria sulphuraria
2547:Spirochaeta americana
1990:10.1104/pp.109.145409
750:superoxide reductases
739:superoxide dismutases
652:DNA polymerase lacks
637:) can be used in the
583:
410:
250:superoxide dismutases
2540:Thermus thermophilus
2279:10.1128/AEM.06723-11
852:means "fireball" in
763:Arabidopsis thaliana
589:In DNA amplification
2927:pyrococcus-furiosus
2822:Pyrococcus furiosus
2792:Pyrococcus furiosus
2739:Radiotrophic fungus
2716:Helaeomyia petrolei
2663:Acidithiobacillales
2572:Pyrococcus furiosus
2326:Pyrococcus furiosus
2324:KEGG Genome :
2313:Pyrococcus furiosus
2271:2012ApEnM..78.1670H
1720:(24): 16726–16732.
1275:Pyrococcus furiosus
1232:10.1128/jb.00439-12
1099:2003PNAS..100.7545S
1013:"Prozac for Plants"
929:1986ArMic.145...56F
913:Pyrococcus furiosus
864:means 'rushing' in
839:Pyrococcus furiosus
819:Pyrococcus furiosus
748:By introducing the
497:Pyrococcus furiosus
473:Pyrococcus furiosus
457:insertion sequences
445:Pyrococcus furiosus
438:Pyrococcus furiosus
434:open reading frames
426:Pyrococcus furiosus
265:Pyrococcus furiosus
219:Pyrococcus furiosus
207:organisms that has
162:Pyrococcus furiosus
147:Pyrococcus furiosus
41:Pyrococcus furiosus
25:Pyrococcus furiosus
16:Species of archaeon
1023:on August 8, 2005.
937:10.1007/BF00413027
664:DNA polymerase of
635:Pfu DNA polymerase
597:was discovered in
586:
552:aldehyde species.
505:glycolytic pathway
413:
314:-like structures.
269:strictly anaerobic
201:hydrothermal vents
2976:
2975:
2948:Open Tree of Life
2784:Taxon identifiers
2775:
2774:
2722:Hydrothermal vent
2646:
2645:
2584:Pyrolobus fumarii
2533:Thermus aquaticus
2121:
2120:
2113:
1888:(4839): 487–491.
1624:(20): 7056–7061.
1567:(24): 6952–6956.
1479:(15): 8389–8392.
1287:(10): 3062–3068.
1226:(15): 4097–4106.
1046:(22): 6541–6551.
790:Pyrococcus abyssi
603:sequence homology
323:grows between 70
158:
157:
3001:
2969:
2968:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2779:
2778:
2678:Archaeoglobaceae
2651:Related articles
2496:
2495:
2476:Thermoacidophile
2471:Hyperthermophile
2447:Polyextremophile
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2300:
2290:
2249:
2239:
2229:
2204:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2145:(28): 19364–72.
2116:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2091:this article by
2082:inline citations
2069:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2049:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1978:Plant Physiology
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1838:
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1821:
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1513:
1507:
1506:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1391:(4): 1163–1170.
1376:
1370:
1369:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1296:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1211:
1205:
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1131:
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1120:
1110:
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1071:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1008:
999:
998:
958:
949:
948:
908:
862:
850:
680:DNA polymerase.
537:carboxylic acids
520:electron carrier
443:A lab strain of
187:hyperthermophile
149:
129:P. furiosus
56:
55:
35:
21:
20:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
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2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2762:Thermostability
2698:Grylloblattidae
2668:Acidobacteriota
2642:
2596:
2557:
2491:
2485:
2427:Metallotolerant
2365:
2360:
2311:Type strain of
2307:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2087:Please help to
2086:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2057:Further reading
2054:
2053:
2022:
2015:
1970:
1966:
1921:
1917:
1874:
1870:
1839:
1835:
1788:
1784:
1747:
1743:
1706:
1702:
1667:
1663:
1610:
1606:
1553:
1549:
1514:
1510:
1465:
1461:
1426:
1422:
1377:
1373:
1322:
1318:
1269:
1265:
1212:
1208:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1163:
1138:
1134:
1093:(13): 7545–50.
1079:
1075:
1032:
1028:
1009:
1002:
959:
952:
909:
898:
893:
874:
816:
781:
759:
727:
686:
633:(also known as
591:
578:
566:decarboxylation
542:
501:oxidoreductases
494:
492:Oxidoreductases
470:
465:
418:
386:
375:
368:
262:
193:belongs to the
154:
151:
145:
132:
105:Thermococcaceae
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2812:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:Thermoproteota
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2464:
2462:Radioresistant
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Lithoautotroph
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2306:
2305:External links
2303:
2302:
2301:
2250:
2205:
2175:
2119:
2118:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2013:
1984:(2): 893–904.
1964:
1915:
1868:
1849:(4): 356–361.
1833:
1782:
1761:(8): 499–512.
1755:Genes to Cells
1741:
1700:
1661:
1604:
1547:
1528:(3): 899–914.
1508:
1459:
1420:
1371:
1336:(3): 221–227.
1316:
1263:
1206:
1181:
1161:
1132:
1073:
1026:
1000:
950:
895:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
880:
873:
870:
827:Vulcano Island
815:
812:
780:
777:
757:
726:
723:
685:
682:
646:DNA polymerase
627:DNA polymerase
595:DNA polymerase
590:
587:
577:
574:
540:
493:
490:
469:
466:
464:
461:
417:
414:
384:
373:
366:
277:Vulcano, Italy
261:
258:
242:DNA polymerase
156:
155:
152:
141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
95:Thermococcales
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3006:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2989:Euryarchaeota
2987:
2986:
2984:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2709:Halobacterium
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2492:extremophiles
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Extremophiles
2357:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:(6): 1670–4.
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2187:(6): 706–10.
2186:
2182:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2101:November 2017
2094:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:(4): 587–94.
1934:
1930:
1929:Extremophiles
1926:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Extremophiles
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1162:9780121822316
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1005:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
955:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
905:
903:
901:
896:
886:
885:
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
867:
863:
861:
855:
851:
849:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:anaerobically
820:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:
786:
783:By comparing
776:
774:
768:
765:
764:
755:
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
722:
719:
715:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
582:
573:
571:
567:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
498:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
460:
458:
454:
450:
449:recombination
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
409:
405:
403:
402:ATP synthesis
398:
394:
392:
388:
380:
376:
369:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:, β-glucans,
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
319:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
273:heterotrophic
270:
266:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:extremophilic
172:
168:
167:heterotrophic
164:
163:
150:
148:
142:
139:
138:Binomial name
135:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
75:Euryarchaeota
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2791:
2767:Thermotogota
2754:
2728:Methanopyrus
2726:
2714:
2707:
2703:Halobacteria
2683:Berkeley Pit
2638:Pompeii worm
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2589:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2522:Deinococcota
2514:
2507:
2469: /
2457:Psychrophile
2325:
2316:
2312:
2262:
2258:
2217:
2213:
2184:
2180:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2107:
2098:
2079:
2029:
2025:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1681:(1): 19–27.
1678:
1674:
1664:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1440:(2–3): 257.
1437:
1433:
1423:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1191:
1184:
1174:, retrieved
1143:
1135:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1021:the original
1016:
970:
966:
923:(1): 56–61.
920:
916:
912:
882:
857:
845:
843:
838:
831:Karl Stetter
818:
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794:
788:
784:
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747:
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665:
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622:
616:
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598:
592:
572:pyruvates."
556:
554:
533:formaldehyde
528:
496:
495:
484:
481:fermentation
472:
471:
444:
442:
437:
425:
419:
396:
395:
390:
360:
320:
317:
316:
304:
301:glycoprotein
298:
294:flagellation
282:glycoprotein
264:
263:
253:
246:P. furiosus'
245:
239:
234:
226:
225:properties.
223:thermostable
218:
217:
194:
190:
161:
160:
159:
146:
144:
128:
127:
115:
40:
24:
18:
2816:Wikispecies
2734:Movile Cave
2688:Blood Falls
2467:Thermophile
2452:Psammophile
2382:Alkaliphile
2093:introducing
795:P. furiosus
785:P. furiosus
773:P. furiosus
754:P. furiosus
731:P. furiosus
718:P. furiosus
714:P. furiosus
706:P. furiosus
698:P. furiosus
690:P. furiosus
666:P. furiosus
658:nucleotides
654:exonuclease
631:P. furiosus
623:P. furiosus
612:P. furiosus
599:P. furiosus
557:P. furiosus
529:P. furiosus
485:P. furiosus
397:P. furiosus
391:P. furiosus
361:P. furiosus
305:P. furiosus
254:P. furiosus
235:P. furiosus
227:P. furiosus
211:containing
205:prokaryotic
191:P. furiosus
181:species of
169:, strictly
85:Thermococci
2983:Categories
2757:polymerase
2749:Tardigrade
2578:Strain 121
2442:Piezophile
2432:Oligotroph
2422:Methanogen
2417:Lithophile
2387:Capnophile
2377:Acidophile
2133:Pyrococcus
2076:references
1176:2022-10-06
973:(1): 1–6.
891:References
848:Pyrococcus
799:barophilic
617:Since the
512:ferredoxin
453:transposon
393:does not.
337:cellobiose
284:called an
260:Properties
196:Pyrococcus
116:Pyrococcus
2744:Rio Tinto
2602:Eukaryota
2481:Xerophile
2437:Osmophile
2407:Lipophile
2397:Halophile
2135:furiosus"
1902:0036-8075
1638:0021-9193
1581:0021-9193
1495:0021-9258
1454:0162-0134
1350:1431-0651
1303:0014-2956
1240:0021-9193
1201:678564723
1060:0014-2956
987:0378-1119
844:The name
803:P. abyssi
725:In plants
550:aliphatic
516:oxidation
357:galactose
252:found in
171:anaerobic
123:Species:
71:Kingdom:
2901:10034286
2801:Wikidata
2527:Snottite
2500:Bacteria
2402:Hypolith
2392:Endolith
2297:22247169
2246:24904539
2201:24462527
2171:24860091
2046:15716096
2008:19684226
1959:18452026
1863:18355915
1828:25221550
1656:16199576
1599:12446645
1542:10024458
1366:28865345
1358:16463078
1311:11358525
1258:22636780
1171:11210495
1127:12792025
1068:11054105
945:41589578
872:See also
860:furiosus
801:, while
670:3’-to-5’
607:3'-to-5'
561:pyruvate
546:aromatic
509:aldehyde
416:Genomics
349:fructose
321:furiosus
308:flagella
213:tungsten
101:Family:
61:Domain:
2953:1043510
2888:1000309
2831:BacDive
2807:Q146310
2563:Archaea
2490:Notable
2288:3298134
2267:Bibcode
2237:4034419
2220:: 224.
2162:4094048
2089:improve
2032:: 1–6.
1999:2754621
1950:2467505
1910:2448875
1882:Science
1819:4148896
1802:: 465.
1777:9348040
1736:8206994
1695:8380721
1647:1251609
1503:7721730
1415:9973342
1249:3416535
1095:Bibcode
995:1761218
925:Bibcode
833:of the
814:History
797:is not
741:remove
619:enzymes
463:Enzymes
353:lactose
345:glucose
333:maltose
312:biofilm
286:S-layer
209:enzymes
183:archaea
111:Genus:
91:Order:
81:Class:
65:Archaea
2966:573720
2914:951913
2875:PYRKFU
2862:973288
2553:GFAJ-1
2315:at Bac
2295:
2285:
2244:
2234:
2199:
2169:
2159:
2078:, but
2044:
2006:
1996:
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1125:
1118:164623
1115:
1066:
1058:
993:
985:
943:
422:genome
379:sulfur
355:, and
341:starch
2961:WoRMS
2896:IRMNG
2849:78QJ4
2836:16854
2370:Types
1406:93493
1362:S2CID
941:S2CID
866:Latin
854:Greek
694:diols
629:from
327:(158
290:cocci
267:is a
179:model
165:is a
2940:2261
2935:NCBI
2922:LPSN
2909:ITIS
2883:GBIF
2870:EPPO
2317:Dive
2293:PMID
2242:PMID
2197:PMID
2167:PMID
2042:PMID
2026:Gene
2004:PMID
1955:PMID
1906:PMID
1898:ISSN
1859:PMID
1824:PMID
1773:PMID
1732:PMID
1691:PMID
1679:1161
1652:PMID
1634:ISSN
1595:PMID
1577:ISSN
1538:PMID
1499:PMID
1491:ISSN
1450:ISSN
1411:PMID
1354:PMID
1346:ISSN
1307:PMID
1299:ISSN
1254:PMID
1236:ISSN
1197:OCLC
1167:PMID
1157:ISBN
1123:PMID
1064:PMID
1056:ISSN
991:PMID
983:ISSN
967:Gene
576:Uses
570:aryl
548:and
451:and
370:and
363:are
2857:EoL
2844:CoL
2755:Taq
2283:PMC
2275:doi
2232:PMC
2222:doi
2189:doi
2185:117
2157:PMC
2147:doi
2143:289
2034:doi
2030:346
1994:PMC
1986:doi
1982:151
1945:PMC
1937:doi
1890:doi
1886:239
1851:doi
1814:PMC
1804:doi
1763:doi
1722:doi
1718:269
1683:doi
1642:PMC
1626:doi
1622:187
1585:PMC
1569:doi
1565:184
1530:doi
1526:286
1481:doi
1477:270
1442:doi
1401:PMC
1393:doi
1389:181
1338:doi
1289:doi
1285:268
1244:PMC
1228:doi
1224:194
1149:doi
1113:PMC
1103:doi
1091:100
1048:doi
1044:267
975:doi
971:108
933:doi
921:145
752:of
678:Taq
674:Pfu
662:Pfu
650:Taq
644:Taq
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568:of
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240:Taq
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