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of reduction, it will become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations. In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating. The shrinking and "flaking" fueled speculation from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years. However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.
20:
411:, Galileo, and Cassini missions suggested the GRS is a structure of an anticyclonic vortex with a cold core within a upwelling warmer annulus; this data shows a gradient in the temperature of the GRS. Better understanding of Jupiter's atmospheric temperature, aerosol particle opacity, and ammonia gas composition was provided by thermal-IR imaging: a direct correlation of the visible cloud layers reactions, thermal gradient and compositional mapping to observational data were collected over decades. During December 2000, high spatial resolution images from Galileo, of an atmospheric turbulent area to the northwest of the GRS, showed a thermal contrast between the warmest region of the anticyclone and regions to the east and west of the GRS.
78:
325:, however, is subject to constant variation, including a 90-day longitudinal oscillation with an amplitude of ~1°. Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s. Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early 19th century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the
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north–south of the structures edge. This structure is consistent with the data collected by the VISIR (VLT Mid-Infrared Imager
Spectrometer on the ESO Very Large Telescope) imaging obtained in 2006; this revealed that the GRS was physically present at a wide range of altitudes that occur within the atmospheric pressure range of 80–600 mbar, and confirms the thermal infrared mapping result. To develop a model of the internal structure of the GRS the Cassini mission Composite
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120:'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year. With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 48-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.
64:, it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). It was first observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878, when continuous observations began. A similar spot was observed from 1665 to 1713; if this is the same storm, it has existed for at least 359 years, but a study from 2024 suggests this is not the case.
510:(SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.
480:
and compositional asymmetries of the GRS suggest that the structure exhibits a degree of tilt from the northern edge to the southern edge of the structure. The GRS depth and internal structure has been constantly changing over decades; however there is still no logical reason that it is 200–500 km in
392:
approach, which found a depth of ~290 km, and the
Slepian approach showing wind extending to ~310 km. These methods, along with gravity signature MWR data, suggest that the GRS zonal winds still increase at a rate of 50% of the velocity of the viable cloud level, before the wind decay starts at lower
293:
rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region. The acoustic waves travel vertically up to a height of 800 km (500 mi) above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates
1594:
Wong, Michael H.; Simon, Amy A.; Tollefson, Joshua W.; de Pater, Imke; Barnett, Megan N.; Hsu, Andrew I.; Stephens, Andrew W.; Orton, Glenn S.; Fleming, Scott W.; Goullaud, Charles; Januszewski, William; Roman, Anthony; Bjoraker, Gordon L.; Atreya, Sushil K.; Adriani, Alberto; Fletcher, Leigh N. (1
179:
In the 21st century, the major diameter of the Great Red Spot has been observed to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, its length was about half that of a century earlier, when it reached a size of 40,000 km (25,000 mi), about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate
313:
to its south and a very strong westward one to its north. Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 432 km/h (268 mph), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow. The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its
422:
The vertical temperature of the structure of the GRS is constrained between the 100–600 mbar range, with the vertical temperature of the GRS core is approximately 400 mbar of pressure, being 1.0–1.5 K, much warmer than regions of the GRS to the east–west, and 3.0–3.5 K warmer than regions to the
277:
Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about 4.5 Earth days, or 11 Jovian days, as of 2008. Measuring 16,350 km (10,160 mi) in width as of 3 April 2017, the Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth. The cloud-tops of this storm are about 8 km
475:
below the visible cloud layer at the southern peripheral ring of the GRS; this lower opacity is relative to a narrow band of atmospheric subsidence. The low mid-IR aerosol opacity, along with the temperature gradients, the altitude difference, and the vertical movement of the zonal winds, are
100:
The Great Red Spot may have existed before 1665, but it could be that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and was well studied only after a prominent appearance in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different from the storm that exists today. A long gap
139:
for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known depiction of the Great Red Spot as red (albeit raised to the Jovian northern hemisphere due to an optical inversion inherent to the era's telescopes). No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.
175:
spacecraft was 9,200,000 km (5,700,000 mi) from
Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as 160 km (100 mi) across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of
146:
A 2024 study of historical observations suggests that the "permanent spot" observed from 1665 to 1713 may not be the same as the modern Great Red Spot observed since 1831. It is suggested that the original spot disappeared, and later another spot formed, which is the one seen today.
230:, which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) above the surface. Over the duration of the
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scientists Mark
Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter's clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot's
288:
data has long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet. The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet.
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were found to the north of the GRS peripheral rotation. They aided in determining the southward jet movement and showed evidence of an increase in altitude of the column of aerosols with pressures ranging from 200–500 mbar. However, the
387:
O layer. These MWR scans suggested that the GRS vertical depth extended to about 240 km below cloud level, with an estimated drop in atmospheric pressure to 100 bar. Two methods of analysis that constrain the data collected were the
2004:
Wong, Michael H.; Marcus, Philip S.; Simon, Amy A.; de Pater, Imke; Tollefson, Joshua W.; Asay-Davis, Xylar (28 September 2021). "Evolution of the
Horizontal Winds in Jupiter's Great Red Spot From One Jovian Year of HST/WFC3 Maps".
294:
a region of upper atmosphere that is 1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F)—several hundred kelvins warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude. The effect is described as like "crashing ocean waves on a beach".
378:
mission, gravity signature and thermal infrared data were obtained that offered insight into the structural dynamics and depth of the GRS. During July 2017, the Juno spacecraft conducted a second pass of the GRS to collect
373:
observation determined the velocity and vorticity of the GRS, which is located in a thin anticyclonic ring at 70–85% of the radius and is located along
Jupiter's fastest westward moving jet stream. During NASA's 2016
108:, who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was not only in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the
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It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that it may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of
101:
separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.
505:
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the
1725:
Parisi, Marzia; Kaspi, Yohai; Galanti, Eli; Durante, Daniele; Bolton, Scott J.; Levin, Steven M.; Buccino, Dustin R.; Fletcher, Leigh N.; Folkner, William M.; Guillot, Tristan; Helled, Ravit (2021-11-19).
195:
As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence. The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passing of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance.
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of the GRS were conducted during 1995–2008, in order to find evidence of thermal inhomogeneities within the internal structure vortex of the GRS. Previous thermal infrared temperature maps from the
305:
Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counterclockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the
143:
The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879, over 60 observations had been recorded. Since it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.
1832:
Fletcher, Leigh N.; Orton, G. S.; Mousis, O.; Yanamandra-Fisher, P.; Parrish, P. D.; Irwin, P. G. J.; Fisher, B. M.; Vanzi, L.; Fujiyoshi, T.; Fuse, T.; Simon-Miller, A. A. (2010-07-01).
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within the anticyclonic circulation of the GRS. The images that were collected from the CIRS and ground-based imaging trace the vertical motion in the Jovian atmosphere by PH
718:
Sánchez-Lavega, Agustín; García-Melendo, Enrique; Legarreta, Jon; Miró, Arnau; Soria, Manel; Ahrens-Velásquez, Kevin (June 2024). "The Origin of
Jupiter's Great Red Spot".
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in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.
1412:"Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB"
1353:
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) is an elliptical shaped anticyclone, occurring at 22 degrees below the equator, in
Jupiter's southern hemisphere. The largest
282:) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.
278:(5 mi) above the surrounding cloud-tops. The storm has continued to exist for centuries because there is no planetary surface (only a mantle of
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1947:
Sánchez-Lavega, A.; Hueso, R.; Eichstädt, G.; Orton, G.; Rogers, J.; Hansen, C. J.; Momary, T.; Tabataba-Vakili, F.; Bolton, S. (2018-09-18).
688:
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The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of
Jupiter in 2000 with the
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storm (~16,000 km) in our solar system, little is known about its internal depth and structure. Visible imaging and cloud-tracking from
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2185:
Flasar, F. Michael; Conrath, Barney J.; Pirraglia, Joseph A.; Clark, Patrick C.; French, Richard G.; Gierasch, Peter J. (1981-09-30).
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mission, the spacecraft continued to study the composition and evolution of
Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.
2040:
Simon, Amy A.; Tabataba-Vakili, Fachreddin; Cosentino, Richard; Beebe, Reta F.; Wong, Michael H.; Orton, Glenn S. (2018-03-13).
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187:, which formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals, has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the
896:
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52:. It is the most recognizable feature on Jupiter, owing to its red-orange color whose origin is still unknown. Located 22
2243:
1135:
209:
2259:
Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)".
1011:
Sanchez-Lavega, A.; et al. (February 2001). "The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter".
2610:
1361:
2234:
1433:
Reese, Elmer J.; Solberg, H. Gordon (1966). "Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot".
766:
19:
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989:
357:; multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red;
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depth, but the jet streams that supply the force that powers the GRS vortex are well below the structure base.
625:
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Winds in the Great Red Spot as analyzed from Hubble's data. Red means faster wind, blue means slower wind.
131:. Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various
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2534:
Youssef, Ashraf; Marcus, Philip S. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger".
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levels. This rate of wind decay and gravity data suggest the depth of the GRS is between 200 and 500 km.
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has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its
201:
2518:
1884:"Velocity and vorticity measurements of Jupiter's Great Red Spot using automated cloud feature tracking"
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2140:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: Fine-scale matches of model vorticity patterns to prevailing cloud patterns"
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to Jupiter in 1979, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and the circulation of the Great Red Spot.
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2879:
2833:
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Cho, James Y-K.; de la Torre Juárez, Manuel; Ingersoll, Andrew P.; Dritschel, David G. (2001-03-25).
1643:
Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; Pater, I. de; Hewagama, T.; Ádámkovics, M.; Orton, G. S. (2018-08-20).
1834:"Thermal structure and composition of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from high-resolution thermal imaging"
212:
as well as a team of professional astronomers beginning in April 2006 to study the storms using the
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383:(MWR) scans of the GRS to determine how far the GRS extended toward the surface of the condensed H
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Trigo-Rodriguez, J.M; Sánchez-Lavega, A; Gómez, J.M; Lecacheux, J; Colas, F; Miyazaki, I (2000).
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2042:"Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Size, Drift, and Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
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involved with the development and sustainability of the vorticity. The stronger atmospheric
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2479:"Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear"
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204:, predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with
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37:
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Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1".
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2187:"Thermal structure and dynamics of the Jovian atmosphere 1. The great red spot"
2186:
2066:
2041:
1973:
1948:
1882:
Choi, David S.; Banfield, Don; Gierasch, Peter; Showman, Adam P. (2007-05-01).
1728:"The depth of Jupiter's Great Red Spot constrained by Juno gravity overflights"
1679:
1644:
1621:
1596:
53:
608:
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216:; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the
3153:
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1982:
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2323:(1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.).
2219:
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1751:
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498:, which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called
84:'s 1711 painting "Jupiter", the first depiction of the Great Red Spot as red
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1777:
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1331:
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404:
128:
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81:
49:
1645:"The Gas Composition and Deep Cloud Structure of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
502:. The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring.
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2098:
2026:
1949:"The Rich Dynamics of Jupiter's Great Red Spot from JunoCam: Juno Images"
1760:
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717:
691:. Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee. Archived from
366:
358:
2099:"A high-resolution, three-dimensional model of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
1313:
112:), but also that it was in the shadow of a transiting moon, most likely
2982:
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2096:
477:
310:
1322:
1288:
O'Donoghue, J.; Moore, L.; Stallard, T. S.; Melin, H. (27 July 2016).
427:(CIRS) and ground based spatial imaging mapped the composition of the
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A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by
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61:
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1290:"Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot"
1287:
2564:
1597:"High-resolution UV/Optical/IR Imaging of Jupiter in 2016–2019"
1485:"The 90-day oscillations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot revisited"
549:
499:
389:
104:
The first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to
329:
and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.
132:
689:"The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot"
471:
composition data shows that there is a major depletion of NH
2327:(4th ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation.
2238:
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1881:
1248:
The Voyager Mission: Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System
220:
without converging. In May 2008, a third storm turned red.
159:
A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from
2588:
2322:
2138:
Morales-Juberías, Raúl; Dowling, Timothy E. (2013-07-01).
1593:
1561:
10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2
1211:"The accelerating circulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
962:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot Could Disappear Within 20 Years"
1724:
1642:
1158:"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter"
243:
spacecraft. There is also a feature in the atmosphere of
1076:"Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots"
2137:
2003:
1354:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source"
1128:"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
2363:
Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography
2391:(Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited.
713:
711:
517:
1265:. www.astrophysicsspectator.com. November 24, 2004.
936:
309:fly-bys. The spot is confined by a modest eastward
2384:
990:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing"
176:extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.
708:
588:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3151:
584:"Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter"
301:Size of the Earth compared to the Great Red Spot
2346:(2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books.
1215:Journal of the British Astronomical Association
626:"The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter"
332:
150:
2235:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery"
2191:Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics
1010:
930:
767:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery"
2604:
2258:
987:
939:"Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating?"
1121:
1119:
1117:
96:in November 1881, showing the Great Red Spot
2579:Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight
2387:The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook
1601:The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
135:scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer
2611:
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868:
866:
764:
2410:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2365:. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing.
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1972:
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1759:
1678:
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1620:
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1321:
1263:"Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot"
1114:
846:"Donato Creti, Astronomical observations"
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269:Time-lapse sequence from the approach of
2562:
2512:
2492:
2287:
2103:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
960:Urrutia, Doris Elin (21 February 2018).
788:
786:
582:Denning, William Frederick (June 1899).
484:
413:
361:image from Hubble; visible light detail
336:
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154:
87:
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18:
16:Persistent storm in Jupiter's atmosphere
2567:. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
981:
959:
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594:(10). Royal Astronomical Society: 574.
581:
23:Close up view of the Great Red Spot by
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72:
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2295:"What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?"
1182:
1047:
937:Paul Scott Anderson (10 June 2019).
2563:Williams, Gareth P. (May 4, 2005).
1541:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
1073:
251:. The latter feature was imaged by
13:
2316:
1872:
1792:
1703:
1629:
1414:. British Astronomical Association
1409:
1098:"Third red spot erupts on Jupiter"
988:Philip Marcus (26 November 2019).
14:
3196:
2517:. Science at NASA. Archived from
2497:. Science at NASA. Archived from
2470:
1187:. Science at NASA. Archived from
1095:
3132:
3122:
3121:
2682:
2493:Phillips, Tony (March 3, 2006).
674:"Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com"
520:
458:The highest concentrations of PH
2513:Phillips, Tony (June 5, 2006).
2227:
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2131:
2090:
2033:
1997:
1940:
1587:
1578:
1534:"On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation"
1523:
1476:
1425:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1346:
1269:
1255:
1239:
1202:
1176:
1149:
1089:
1067:
1041:
1004:
953:
888:
875:
837:
803:"This Month in Physics History"
2829:Jupiter-crossing minor planets
2477:Yang, Sarah (April 21, 2004).
1360:. 27 July 2016. Archived from
1052:. Science@NASA. Archived from
897:"Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot"
828:
819:
795:
758:
664:
616:
169:On 25 February 1979, when the
1:
2556:10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X
1509:10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00002-7
1156:Chang, Kenneth (2016-07-05).
624:Chang, Kenneth (2017-12-13).
565:
403:thermal infrared imaging and
2447:10.1126/science.204.4396.951
2281:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041
2164:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.03.026
2007:Geophysical Research Letters
1918:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.10.037
1858:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.005
1455:10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4
1126:Perez, Martin (2017-07-12).
850:Muha m jaadugar sei Vaticani
721:Geophysical Research Letters
333:Internal depth and structure
151:Late 20th and 21st centuries
127:, which is exhibited in the
92:A sketch of Jupiter made by
7:
2618:
1489:Planetary and Space Science
513:
202:Goddard Space Flight Center
183:A smaller spot, designated
48:that is the largest in the
10:
3201:
3030:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
2433:(4396): 951–957, 960–972.
314:steady reduction in size.
3117:
3096:
3047:
3022:
2934:
2916:
2902:
2890:2016 Jupiter impact event
2885:2010 Jupiter impact event
2880:2009 Jupiter impact event
2865:
2842:
2821:
2814:
2764:
2731:
2700:
2691:
2680:
2639:
2626:
895:Beatty, J. Kelly (2002).
765:Karl Hille (2015-08-04).
560:WISEP J190648.47+401106.8
494:and the organic compound
341:Clockwise from top left:
116:. Far more convincing is
2495:"Jupiter's New Red Spot"
2408:The Giant Planet Jupiter
2406:Rogers, John H. (1995).
2344:Jupiter the Giant Planet
2067:10.3847/1538-3881/aaae01
2046:The Astronomical Journal
1974:10.3847/1538-3881/aada81
1953:The Astronomical Journal
1680:10.3847/1538-3881/aad186
1649:The Astronomical Journal
1622:10.3847/1538-4365/ab775f
1532:Stone, Peter H. (1974).
1251:. NASA. 1979. p. 5.
445:para-hydroxybenzoic acid
3139:Solar System portal
2361:Hockey, Thomas (1999).
2211:10.1029/JA086iA10p08759
1752:10.1126/science.abf1396
1573:Rogers (1995), 48, 193.
1501:2000P&SS...48..331T
913:2002S&T...103d..24B
650:Encyclopædia Britannica
609:10.1093/mnras/59.10.574
536:Extraterrestrial vortex
2875:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
2515:"Huge Storms Converge"
1050:"Huge Storms Converge"
1035:10.1006/icar.2000.6548
419:
362:
302:
291:Acoustic (sound) waves
274:
214:Hubble Space Telescope
166:
97:
85:
29:
1471:Rogers (1995), 192-3.
1382:Rogers (1995), 194-6.
1209:Rogers, John (2008).
1185:"The Great Dark Spot"
548:, a similar storm on
508:South Equatorial Belt
492:ammonium hydrosulfide
485:Color and composition
425:Infrared Spectrometer
417:
340:
327:South Equatorial Belt
317:The Great Red Spot's
300:
268:
158:
110:South Equatorial Belt
91:
80:
42:atmosphere of Jupiter
22:
2674:Jupiter's South Pole
2669:Jupiter's North Pole
2342:Beebe, Reta (1997).
2325:The New Solar System
2124:10.1029/2000JE001287
2027:10.1029/2021GL093982
1078:. Gemini Observatory
872:Hockey (1999), 40-1.
792:Beebe (1997), 38-41.
752:10.1029/2024GL108993
381:Microwave Radiometer
38:high-pressure region
3069:Io Volcano Observer
2581:by Seán Doran (see
2548:2003Icar..162...74Y
2501:on October 19, 2008
2439:1979Sci...204..951S
2273:2018Icar..302..418L
2203:1981JGR....86.8759F
2156:2013Icar..225..216M
2115:2001JGR...106.5099C
2058:2018AJ....155..151S
2019:2021GeoRL..4893982W
1965:2018AJ....156..162S
1910:2007Icar..188...35C
1850:2010Icar..208..306F
1744:2021Sci...374..964P
1671:2018AJ....156..101B
1613:2020ApJS..247...58W
1584:Rogers (1995), 193.
1553:1974JAtS...31.1471S
1447:1966Icar....5..266R
1400:Rogers (1995), 195.
1314:10.1038/nature18940
1306:2016Natur.536..190O
1275:Rogers (1995), 191.
1227:2008JBAA..118...14R
1027:2001Icar..149..491S
834:Rogers (1995), 188.
744:2024GeoRL..5108993S
600:1899MNRAS..59..574D
528:Solar System portal
261:Mechanical dynamics
208:and Phil Marcus of
68:Observation history
2631:Outline of Jupiter
2481:. UC Berkeley News
2241:. August 4, 2015.
2197:(A10): 8759–8767.
1163:The New York Times
631:The New York Times
420:
363:
355:Gemini Observatory
303:
275:
218:Gemini Observatory
167:
137:Eustachio Manfredi
98:
86:
73:First observations
46:anticyclonic storm
30:
3147:
3146:
3092:
3091:
2898:
2897:
2810:
2809:
2417:978-0-521-41008-3
2398:978-0-571-18026-4
2381:Peek, Bertrand M.
2372:978-0-7503-0448-1
2353:978-1-56098-685-0
2334:978-0-933346-86-4
2109:(E3): 5099–5105.
1738:(6570): 964–968.
1391:Beebe (1997), 35.
1300:(7615): 190–192.
901:Sky and Telescope
852:. Vatican Museums
825:Rogers (1995), 6.
94:Thomas Gwyn Elger
3192:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3032:(2023, en route)
2914:
2913:
2819:
2818:
2698:
2697:
2686:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2466:
2421:
2402:
2390:
2376:
2357:
2338:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:2060/19810016481
2182:
2176:
2175:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2069:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1903:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1829:
1790:
1789:
1763:
1722:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1664:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1547:(5): 1471–1472.
1538:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1464:2060/19650022425
1441:(1–6): 266–273.
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1183:Phillips, Tony.
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1123:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1074:Michaud, Peter.
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1048:Phillips, Tony.
1045:
1039:
1038:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
915:. Archived from
892:
886:
885:(1979), 951-972.
879:
873:
870:
861:
860:
858:
857:
841:
835:
832:
826:
823:
817:
816:
814:
813:
799:
793:
790:
781:
780:
778:
777:
762:
756:
755:
737:
715:
706:
703:
701:
700:
684:
682:
681:
668:
662:
659:
657:
656:
646:"Great Red Spot"
641:
639:
638:
620:
614:
613:
611:
579:
546:Great White Spot
530:
525:
524:
523:
347:visible spectrum
198:Amy Simon-Miller
118:Giovanni Cassini
36:is a persistent
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3185:1830 in science
3165:Planetary spots
3150:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3113:
3088:
3043:
3018:
2998:Voyager program
2970:Pioneer program
2949:Galileo project
2943:Cassini–Huygens
2930:
2909:
2907:
2894:
2861:
2838:
2806:
2760:
2727:
2687:
2678:
2635:
2622:
2617:
2570:
2568:
2565:"NOAA Web Page"
2524:
2522:
2504:
2502:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2418:
2399:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2319:
2317:Further reading
2314:
2313:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2257:
2253:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2183:
2179:
2136:
2132:
2095:
2091:
2038:
2034:
2002:
1998:
1945:
1941:
1880:
1873:
1830:
1793:
1723:
1704:
1641:
1630:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1565:
1563:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1481:
1477:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1364:on 12 June 2019
1352:
1351:
1347:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1104:
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
986:
982:
972:
970:
958:
954:
944:
942:
935:
931:
922:
920:
893:
889:
880:
876:
871:
864:
855:
853:
842:
838:
833:
829:
824:
820:
811:
809:
801:
800:
796:
791:
784:
775:
773:
763:
759:
716:
709:
698:
696:
687:
679:
677:
669:
665:
654:
652:
644:
636:
634:
621:
617:
580:
573:
568:
541:Great Dark Spot
526:
521:
519:
516:
487:
474:
470:
465:
461:
454:
450:
442:
438:
386:
335:
263:
249:Great Dark Spot
240:Cassini–Huygens
189:Little Red Spot
153:
75:
70:
44:, producing an
17:
12:
11:
5:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:Europa Clipper
3033:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2834:Solar eclipses
2831:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2802:Pasiphae group
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2652:Great Red Spot
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2560:
2531:
2521:on May 5, 2007
2510:
2490:
2472:
2471:External links
2469:
2468:
2467:
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2286:
2251:
2226:
2177:
2150:(1): 216–227.
2130:
2089:
2032:
1996:
1939:
1871:
1844:(1): 306–328.
1791:
1702:
1628:
1586:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1522:
1495:(4): 331–339.
1475:
1473:
1472:
1424:
1410:Rogers, John.
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1345:
1277:
1268:
1254:
1238:
1201:
1175:
1148:
1113:
1096:Shiga, David.
1088:
1066:
1040:
1021:(2): 491–495.
1003:
980:
952:
929:
887:
874:
862:
844:Staff (2003).
836:
827:
818:
794:
782:
757:
707:
705:
704:
672:Staff (2007).
663:
661:
660:
615:
570:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
557:
552:
543:
538:
532:
531:
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512:
486:
483:
472:
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459:
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448:
440:
436:
384:
334:
331:
262:
259:
152:
149:
74:
71:
69:
66:
34:Great Red Spot
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3197:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3107:
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3102:
3101:
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3079:
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3073:
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3067:
3064:
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3052:
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3038:
3034:
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3028:
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3021:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:
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2977:
2973:
2972:
2971:
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2912:
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2827:
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2813:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Himalia group
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
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2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Magnetosphere
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
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2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2389:
2388:
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2378:
2374:
2368:
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2359:
2355:
2349:
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2321:
2320:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1867:
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1859:
1855:
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1761:11573/1605351
1757:
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1749:
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106:Robert Hooke
103:
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2904:Exploration
2857:Trojan camp
2797:Carme group
2267:: 418–425.
1368:23 December
996:25 December
992:. Astronomy
807:www.aps.org
676:. Imaginova
359:ultraviolet
247:called the
210:UC Berkeley
3154:Categories
2983:Pioneer 11
2976:Pioneer 10
2852:Greek camp
2647:Atmosphere
2571:2007-07-21
2505:2007-06-14
2485:2007-06-14
2305:2019-03-13
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1232:2022-08-28
1195:2007-06-20
1169:2017-07-12
1142:2017-07-16
1107:2008-05-23
1082:2007-06-15
1060:2007-01-08
941:. EarthSky
923:2007-06-21
856:2019-12-16
812:2021-12-29
776:2017-11-18
735:2406.13222
699:2015-08-30
680:2008-06-03
655:2018-12-04
637:2017-12-15
566:References
478:subsidence
311:jet stream
228:spacecraft
3109:Mythology
3075:Tianwen-4
3055:Laplace-P
3011:Voyager 2
3004:Voyager 1
2815:Astronomy
2765:Irregular
2640:Geography
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2172:0019-1035
2084:126147959
2076:1538-3881
1991:125185665
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254:Voyager 2
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172:Voyager 1
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3175:Vortices
3127:Category
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2777:Themisto
2756:Callisto
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129:Vatican
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