27:
150:. Germplasm resources are a way to conserve the pre-existing biological diversity and to possibly regenerate habitats. By storing this genetic information there is data about what species are present including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi and what a complete ecosystem in specific areas look like.
87:
As genetic information moves largely online there is a transition in germplasm information from a physical location (seed banks, cryopreserving) to online platforms containing genetic sequences. In addition there are issues in the collection germplasm information and where they are shared.
64:
In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the
National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture
61:. Germplasm collections can range from collections of wild species to elite, domesticated breeding lines that have undergone extensive human selection. Germplasm collection is important for the maintenance of biological diversity, food security, and conservation efforts.
88:
Historically some germplasm information had been collected in developing countries and then shared to researchers who then sell the donor country the original germplasm that they altered. There is a lack of compensation to the donor countries and this is an issue.
130:
About 10,000 years ago is when humans began to domesticate plant species for the purpose of food, seeds, and vegetation. Since then, agriculture has been a staple for human civilizations and plant breeding has allowed more
118:. Cryopreservation is the process of storing germplasm at very low temperatures, such as liquid nitrogen. This process ensures that cells do not degrade and keeps the germplasm intact. In addition, resources can be stored
100:, which is DNA sequence information, or live cells/tissues that can be preserved. However, only about 5% of current germplasm resources are living samples. For live cells/tissues, germplasm resources can be stored
84:
which holds > 450,000 accessions with 10,000 species of the 85 most commonly grown crops. Many accessions held are international species, and NPGS distributes germplasm resources internationally.
139:
and bringing about new varieties. In addition, researchers are looking at crop wild relatives (CWRs) that could expand gene pools of crop species and provide more ability to select target traits.
179:
146:
event that is caused by human activities and industrialization. Many plants and animals have gone extinct due to losing their habitat, their habitat being degraded with contaminants, and
73:
In the United States, germplasm resources are regulated by the
National Genetic Resources Program (NGRP), created by the U.S. congress in 1990. In addition the web server The
531:
381:
259:
96:
Effective
Germplasm work includes the collection, storage, analysis, documentation, and exchange of genetic information. This information can be stored as
216:
267:
208:
159:
300:
31:
536:
353:
169:
135:
and a more diverse gene pool. Germplasm resources allow for more genetic assets to be used and integrated for agricultural systems for
435:
Merritt, David J.; Hay, Fiona R.; Swarts, Nigel D.; Sommerville, Karen D.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Herendeen, Editor: Patrick S. (2014).
309:
526:
515:
74:
53:, conservation efforts, agriculture, and other research uses. These resources may take the form of seed collections stored in
541:
385:
97:
81:
561:
222:
566:
273:
576:
174:
184:
571:
496:
293:
249:
57:, trees growing in nurseries, animal breeding lines maintained in animal breeding programs or
484:
164:
101:
8:
77:(GRIN) provides information about germplasms as they pertain to agriculture production.
472:
464:
281:
237:
456:
143:
132:
42:
476:
448:
115:
111:
46:
45:
such as seeds, tissues, and DNA sequences that are maintained for the purpose of
147:
136:
50:
468:
436:
26:
555:
460:
221:. AMS (Bioversity's Regional Office for the Americas), IPGRI. Archived from
382:"USDA ERS - Plant Genetic Resources: New Rules for International Exchange"
521:
189:
180:
International Treaty on Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
411:
194:
20:
265:
107:
58:
452:
54:
119:
546:
437:"Ex situ Conservation and Cryopreservation of Orchid Germplasm"
209:
Plant
Genetic Resources: New Rules for International Exchange
537:
328:
434:
512:
269:
A Guide to
Effective Management of Germplasm Collections
260:
Global resources and productivity: questions and answers
214:
547:
DAD-IS: Domestic Animal
Diversity Information System
160:Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture
553:
122:such as the natural area the species was found.
266:Engels, J.M.M. and L. Visser, editors. (2003).
527:Bioversity International: Germplasm Collection
355:Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
532:Bioversity International: Germplasm Databases
32:Instituto Nacional de TecnologĂa Agropecuaria
218:Issues on gene flow and germplasm management
170:Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources
82:U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS)
542:Bioversity International: Germplasm Health
272:. CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP. Archived from
299:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
25:
516:Germplasm Resources Information Network
441:International Journal of Plant Sciences
206:Day-Rubenstein, K and Heisey, P. 2003.
142:Furthermore, we are currently facing a
125:
75:Germplasm Resources Information Network
554:
80:Specifically for plants, there is the
406:
404:
402:
376:
374:
13:
351:
91:
14:
588:
506:
399:
371:
23:, a germ cell's determining zone.
215:De Vicente, C. (editor) (2005).
315:
16:Genetic material of an organism
428:
345:
321:
1:
200:
68:
384:. 2016-10-18. Archived from
7:
257:Economic Research Service.
153:
10:
593:
310:Primer Germplasm Resources
18:
522:Bioversity International
412:"Germplasm Conservation"
175:Forest genetic resources
19:Not to be confused with
185:Plant genetic resources
35:
30:Germplasm bank of the
562:Developmental biology
29:
567:Conservation biology
165:Conservation biology
126:Conservation efforts
144:biodiversity crisis
495:has generic name (
292:has generic name (
248:has generic name (
36:
133:genetic diversity
43:genetic resources
584:
501:
500:
494:
490:
488:
480:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
416:encyclopedia.pub
408:
397:
396:
394:
393:
378:
369:
368:
367:
366:
360:
349:
343:
342:
340:
339:
333:www.ars-grin.gov
325:
304:
297:
291:
287:
285:
277:
253:
247:
243:
241:
233:
231:
230:
116:cryopreservation
592:
591:
587:
586:
585:
583:
582:
581:
577:Biorepositories
552:
551:
509:
504:
492:
491:
482:
481:
433:
429:
420:
418:
410:
409:
400:
391:
389:
380:
379:
372:
364:
362:
358:
350:
346:
337:
335:
329:"USDA ARS GRIN"
327:
326:
322:
318:
298:
289:
288:
279:
278:
245:
244:
235:
234:
228:
226:
203:
156:
128:
112:botanic gardens
94:
92:Storage methods
71:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
590:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
508:
507:External links
505:
503:
502:
469:10.1086/673370
453:10.1086/673370
427:
398:
370:
352:Kinard, Gary,
344:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
306:
276:on 2007-05-25.
263:
255:
212:
202:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
155:
152:
148:climate change
137:plant breeding
127:
124:
93:
90:
70:
67:
51:plant breeding
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
589:
578:
575:
573:
572:Food security
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
557:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
510:
498:
493:|first6=
486:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
417:
413:
407:
405:
403:
388:on 2016-10-18
387:
383:
377:
375:
357:
356:
348:
334:
330:
324:
320:
311:
307:
302:
295:
290:|author=
283:
275:
271:
270:
264:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:|author=
239:
225:on 2008-05-03
224:
220:
219:
213:
211:
210:
205:
204:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
123:
121:
117:
114:, or through
113:
109:
105:
104:
99:
89:
85:
83:
78:
76:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
485:cite journal
447:(1): 46–58.
444:
440:
430:
419:. Retrieved
415:
390:. Retrieved
386:the original
363:, retrieved
354:
347:
336:. Retrieved
332:
323:
274:the original
268:
258:
227:. Retrieved
223:the original
217:
207:
141:
129:
102:
95:
86:
79:
72:
65:production.
63:
38:
37:
190:Seed saving
556:Categories
421:2023-03-12
392:2023-03-22
365:2023-02-08
361:, USDA NAL
338:2023-02-08
316:References
308:SeedQuest
229:2007-12-12
201:References
195:Germ plasm
108:seed banks
98:accessions
69:Regulation
59:gene banks
55:seed banks
41:refers to
21:germ plasm
461:1058-5893
282:cite book
238:cite book
39:Germplasm
513:USDA-ARS
477:53319038
154:See also
120:in situ
103:ex situ
518:(GRIN)
475:
467:
459:
305:174 p.
47:animal
473:S2CID
465:JSTOR
359:(PDF)
254:63 p.
497:help
457:ISSN
301:link
294:help
250:help
49:and
449:doi
445:175
106:in
558::
489::
487:}}
483:{{
471:.
463:.
455:.
443:.
439:.
414:.
401:^
373:^
331:.
286::
284:}}
280:{{
242::
240:}}
236:{{
110:,
499:)
479:.
451::
424:.
395:.
341:.
303:)
296:)
252:)
232:.
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.