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because the uniform colour of the structures makes it difficult to differentiate between the different chromosomes. Therefore, techniques like G‑banding were developed that made "bands" appear on the chromosomes. These bands were the same in appearance on the
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The less condensed the chromosomes are, the more bands appear when G-banding. This means that the different chromosomes are more distinct in
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Speicher, Michael R. and Nigel P. Carter. "The New
Cytogenetics: Blurring the Boundaries with Molecular Biology."
142:(AT-rich) DNA and relatively gene-poor, stain more darkly in G-banding. In contrast, less condensed chromatin (
166:, and these regions appear as light bands in G-banding. The pattern of bands are numbered on each arm of the
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190:. Staining with Giemsa confers a purple color to chromosomes, but micrographs are often converted to
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Mouse
Genetics, Concepts and Applications. Chapter 5.2: KARYOTYPES, CHROMOSOMES, AND TRANSLOCATIONS
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to facilitate data presentation and make comparisons of results from different laboratories.
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Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa stain, followed by sorting and
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to be identified and described precisely. The reverse of G‑bands is obtained in
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106:) through the photographic representation of the entire chromosome complement.
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Micrograph of human male chromosomes using Giemsa staining for G banding.
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chromosome pairs, both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two
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417:"Analytical Biases Associated with GC-Content in Molecular Evolution"
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It is difficult to identify and group chromosomes based on simple
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Nussbaum, Robert; McInnes, Roderick; Willard, Huntington (2015).
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42:. It is a graphical representation of the idealized human
248:, thus, identification became easier and more accurate.
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470:(Eighth ed.). Canada: Elsevier Inc. p. 58.
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256:Other types of cytogenic banding are listed below:
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38:of a human as seen on G banding, with annotated
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468:Thompson & Thompson, Genetics in Medicine
46:karyotype. Each row is vertically aligned at
533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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509:Nussbaum, McInnes, Willard (21 May 2015).
387:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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355:Maloy, Stanley R.; Hughes, Kelly (2013).
122:(to partially digest the chromosome) and
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326:Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
134:regions, which tend to be rich with
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178:. This numbering system allows any
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405:Reviews Genetics, Vol 6. Oct 2005.
357:Brenner's encyclopedia of genetics
336:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
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499:Revised August 2004, January 2008
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146:)—which tends to be rich with
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118:chromosomes are treated with
513:. Elsevier. pp. 57–73.
415:Romiguier J, Roux C (2017).
274:Constitutive heterochromatin
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201:than they are in metaphase.
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497:. Oxford University Press.
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162:active—incorporates less
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104:chromosomal abnormalities
434:10.3389/fgene.2017.00016
303:Reverse Giemsa staining
86:is a technique used in
491:Lee M. Silver (1995).
246:homologous chromosomes
94:by staining condensed
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90:to produce a visible
67:Further information:
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27:Technique in genetics
511:Genetics in Medicine
63:mitochondrial genome
50:level. It shows 22
40:bands and sub-bands
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65:(at bottom left).
520:978-1-4377-0696-3
477:978-1-4377-0696-3
366:978-0-08-096156-9
359:. San Diego, CA.
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160:transcriptionally
61:, as well as the
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265:Staining method
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252:Types of banding
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100:genetic diseases
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331:Gene mapping
284:Giemsa stain
262:Banding type
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164:Giemsa stain
128:Giemsa stain
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88:cytogenetics
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555:Chromosomes
421:Front Genet
227:grayscaling
158:) and more
144:Euchromatin
96:chromosomes
549:Categories
342:References
294:Quinacrine
184:chromosome
172:centromere
168:chromosome
52:homologous
48:centromere
34:Schematic
529:cite book
383:cite book
375:836404630
312:Telomeric
308:T-banding
300:R-banding
290:Q-banding
280:G-banding
270:C-banding
235:Advantage
192:grayscale
188:R‑banding
170:from the
116:metaphase
92:karyotype
80:G banding
76:G-banding
69:Karyotype
55:autosomal
36:karyogram
18:G-banding
560:Staining
453:28261263
320:See also
241:staining
199:prophase
176:telomere
152:cytosine
102:(mainly
444:5309256
182:on the
174:to the
156:GC-rich
148:guanine
140:thymine
136:adenine
124:stained
120:trypsin
44:diploid
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427:: 16.
403:Nature
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110:Method
126:with
535:link
515:ISBN
472:ISBN
449:PMID
389:link
371:OCLC
361:ISBN
180:band
150:and
138:and
114:The
439:PMC
429:doi
82:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
