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in a dangerous situation. Primates who spend more time grooming each other are more likely to defend each other when attacked. Although it is not clear how this effect is brought about, in all likelihood it is the protective effect that known relationships have: more dominant animals are less likely to attack or harass an individual who is known to have grooming partners who might come to its aid. However, the likelihood of a female going to the aid of another female when the latter is under attack is significantly correlated with the amount of time the two of them spend grooming with each other. A more plausible interpretation is that grooming provides the psychological underpinning for an individual's willingness to offer subsequent support. It does this not by offering a direct exchange of benefits, but rather by creating the psychological environment that allows support to be traded mutually.
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species devote as much as 20% of their day to grooming behaviors, much of which is spent grooming others, rather than themselves. In more social species the amount of time spent in self grooming is much less than the time spent in social grooming. While these behaviors may appear to be for the purpose of hygiene (i.e. removal of parasites, fur cleanliness, etc.), evidence suggests that grooming behaviors perform a unique social function which facilitates bonding. From an evolutionary perspective, the amount of time being devoted to allo-grooming appears to exceed the amount of time in which it would be adaptive, therefore underscoring the idea that grooming must have a purpose beyond hygiene maintenance. Furthermore, there are core grooming partnerships which remain quite stable and do not change frequently, sometimes with the same partners on the timescale of years.
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with the mothers' abdominal wall. In infancy, babies receive significant amounts of touch through being held, cuddled, and breastfed. In addition to necessary functions like breastfeeding, touch is also used to soothe and calm babies or with skin-to-skin contact called "kangaroo care". Vision and auditory senses are limited in infancy and babies are introduced to their world primarily through touch and are able to distinguish between temperature and texture.
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mothers give their infants massages, it benefits both the baby and themselves, increasing growth and development for the babies and leading to increased sensitivity and responsivity of the mothers. There are also biologically beneficial effects of infant massage, with premature infants displaying lower cortisol levels after being held by their mothers. During the holding period, the mothers' cortisol levels also decreased.
748:, whether familial, platonic or romantic, with romantic relationships having increased physical intimacy. Several forms of romantic touch have been noted including holding hands, hugging, kissing, cuddling, as well as caressing and massaging. Physical affection is highly correlated with overall relationship and partner satisfaction.
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to the equator (Mediterranean, central and South
America, Islamic countries) tend to have high-contact social norms, whereas countries further from the equator tend to be lower contact (northern Europe, North America, northeast Asian). The public display of interpersonal touch and intimacy appears to vary across cultures as well.
775:. Massages, stroking and cuddling have furthermore shown that they have widespread beneficial effects on well-being. The most pronounced effects can be found for a reduction of pain as well as feelings of depression and anxiety. However, also blood pressure and momentary mood can be improved through physical touch.
1006:), which was coined to describe the intimacy, or closeness, between a mother and a child. Today, the word is generally used for bonding through physical contact, such as holding hands, hugging, or parents washing their child at a bath. The term has been promoted by pediatrician and developmental psychologist
744:. Physical intimacy can often convey the real meaning or intention of an interaction in a way that accompanying speech cannot do. Physical intimacy can be exchanged between any people but as it is often used to communicate positive and intimate feelings, it most often occurs in people who have a preexisting
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Some animals participate in behaviors similar to physical affection in humans. Called social grooming or allo-grooming, these behaviors are less common outside of primates, while other species do perform these behaviors, primates seem to spend much more time doing this compared to other animals. Some
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Physical affection and intimacy appear to have a profoundly important role during infancy and childhood. The skin is the largest sensory organ and is the first to develop. Humans experience touch as early as fetal development, when the fetus begins receiving sensory information from coming in contact
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Some argue that grooming is something which is exchanged like a service with the expectation that equal amounts of time will be spent or reciprocated by their grooming partner. Primates tend to groom each other equal amounts of time or with the expectation that they will be reciprocated with defense
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The role of touch in interpersonal relationships across development and in different cultures is understudied, however, some observational data suggests that in cultures who engage in more physical intimacy have lower rates of violence, demonstrated in adolescents and children. Peoples living nearer
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On the other hand, most people occasionally desire physical proximity to others, and will at times welcome a familiar and trusted person into their personal space. When a partner or friend is not available at such a time, some people satisfy this need for human contact in a crowded venue, such as a
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Due to the important role that language-based communication plays in humans, the role of touch is often downplayed; however, there is ample evidence that physical touch still plays an important role in everyday human relationships. While humans often communicate verbally, they also participate in
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Beckett, Celia; Maughan, Barbara; Rutter, Michael; Castle, Jenny; Colvert, Emma; Groothues, Christine; Kreppner, Jana; Stevens, Suzanne; O'Connor, Thomas G. (May 2006). "Do the
Effects of Early Severe Deprivation on Cognition Persist Into Early Adolescence? Findings From the English and Romanian
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when somebody encroaches on their personal space without consent. Entering somebody's personal space is normally an indication of familiarity and intimacy. However, in modern society, especially in crowded urban communities, it is at times difficult to maintain personal space, for example, in a
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Decreased amounts of affectionate touch from caregivers (i.e. for infants in institutional settings or infants with depressed mothers) is related to cognitive and neurodevelopmental delays. These delays appear to persist for years and sometimes whole lifetimes. Studies suggest that if depressed
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or street. Many people find the physical proximity within crowded spaces to be psychologically disturbing and uncomfortable. In an impersonal crowded situation, eye contact tends to be avoided. Even in a crowded place, preserving personal space is important. Non-consensual intimate and sexual
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Inducements towards physical intimacy can come from various sources. During colder seasons, humans as well as other animals seek physical intimacy with one another as a means to apportion thermoregulation. Some forms of physical touch among monkeys and apes serve multiple functions, including
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may enter into each other's personal space to make physical contact. These can be indicators of affection and trust. The manner in which people display affection is generally different in a public context to a private one. In private, people in an
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is considered a form of physical intimacy, analogous to touching. When a person enters someone else's personal space for the purpose of being intimate, it is physical intimacy, regardless of the lack of actual physical contact.
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Diezinger, F. T., and J. R. Anderson. "Starting from scratch: A first look at a "displacement activity" in group‐living rhesus monkeys." American
Journal of Primatology 11.2 (1986): 117-124.
1032:' suggests a further explanation. Use of the word "skinship" in English publications seems to focus on the notion of sharing a bath naked, an idea known in Japanese as "naked association"
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Bonding through intimate, non-sexual contact between platonic friends and family members includes, but is not limited to, holding hands, hugging, cuddling, and kissing on the cheeks.
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Field, Tiffany; Hernandez-Reif, Maria; Diego, Miguel (2010-05-04). "Depressed mothers' newborns are less responsive to animate and inanimate stimuli".
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Stabentheiner, Anton, et al. "Endothermic heat production in honeybee winter clusters." Journal of
Experimental Biology 206.2 (2003): 353-358.
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Neu, M.; Laudenslager, M. L.; Robinson, J. (2008-11-17). "Coregulation in
Salivary Cortisol During Maternal Holding of Premature Infants".
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close contact. Physical touch has emotional and social connotations that often far outweigh anything that can be expressed via language.
2010:
Dunbar, R.I.M. (February 2010). "The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms".
1360:
Ferber, Sari
Goldstein; Feldman, Ruth; Makhoul, Imad R. (June 2008). "The development of maternal touch across the first year of life".
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Stein, Nan. "Sexual harassment in school: The public performance of gendered violence." Harvard educational review 65.2 (1995): 145-163.
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Field, Tiffany (January 1999). "Preschoolers in
America are Touched Less and are More Aggressive Than Preschoolers in France".
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Dunbar, R. I. M. (November 1980). "Determinants and evolutionary consequences of dominance among female gelada baboons".
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Packheiser, Julian; Hartmann, Helena; Fredriksen, Kelly; Gazzola, Valeria; Keysers, Christian; Michon, Frédéric (2024).
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or who are familiar with each other may be at ease with physical contact and displays of affection, which may involve:
1206:"A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis of the physical and mental health benefits of touch interventions"
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Noë, Ronald (2001), "Biological markets: partner choice as the driving force behind the evolution of mutualisms",
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Some forms of physical intimacy may be received negatively. This attitude is especially marked amongst those with
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Burgoon, Judee K. (1991). "Relational message interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture".
55:
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Guéguen, Nicolas; Fischer-Lokou, Jacques (February 2003). "Another
Evaluation of Touch and Helping Behavior".
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It is possible to be physically intimate with someone without actually touching them; however, a certain
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Most people partake in physical intimacy, which is a natural part of interpersonal relationships and
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combining "skin" with the last syllable of "friendship". The similarity with the
English word '
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Synnott, Anthony. "Bodily senses." The
International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality (2015).
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In public, however, and depending on the nature of the relationship between the people, a
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Dunbar, R.I.M.; Dunbar, Patsy (August 1988). "Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons".
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MACLEAN, KIM (2003-11-14). "The impact of institutionalization on child development".
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1010:(平井信義), and he mentioned it was taken from a term coined by an American woman at a
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Dunbar, R.I.M. (1991). "Functional Significance of Social Grooming in Primates".
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Parents' cultural belief systems: their origins, expressions, and consequences
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38:"Caress" redirects here. For the American brand of soap named Caress, see
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can be regarded socially and psychologically as analogous to touching.
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cleaning, treatment of a lice influx or infection and social grooming.
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seminar held in 1953. The earliest citation of this word appears in
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or touching. It is an act or reaction, such as an expression of
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Lehmann, J.; Korstjens, A.H.; Dunbar, R.I.M. (December 2007).
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802:. Some jurisdictions may specify this as referring to the
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Young men engage in hugging, a form of physical intimacy.
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in 1971. According to Scott Clark, author of a study of
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1962:"Group size, grooming and social cohesion in primates"
1959:
1920:
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1326:"The Body Map of Acceptable Social Touching - PsyBlog"
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Japanese language and culture for business and travel
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caressing (e.g. head, hands, arms, back and waist),
45:"Caressing" redirects here. For the racehorse, see
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1702:Embodying Culture: Pregnancy in Japan and Israel
798:. Intimacy norms are usually more negative near
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2065:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–118,
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1184:"Human touch may have some healing properties"
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1762:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 218.
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1062:as a part of Korea-related update in 2021.
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1756:Hijirida, Kyoko; Yoshikawa, Muneo (1987).
1726:Harkness, Sara; Super, Charles M. (1996).
682:
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1705:. Rutgers University Press. p. 162.
1231:
1221:
27:For general human touching behavior, see
2012:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1054:into English. This word is also used in
950:and can range from a gesture, such as a
929:(e.g. neck, shoulders, back, thighs), or
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755:is necessary. For instance, a sustained
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1820:. Word Spy. 2003-02-05. Archived from
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2202:NPR: Poet on Call, By Andrei Codrescu
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2191:"American men are embracing The hug"
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2095:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
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1537:. Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier.
24:
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25:
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1898:"Daebak! The OED gets a K-update"
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1647:Early Child Development and Care
1504:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00898.x
1374:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.09.019
228:Passionate and companionate love
3311:LGBT-affirming religious groups
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2024:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001
2003:
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1732:. Guilford Press. p. 186.
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1568:Biological Research for Nursing
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1440:Development and Psychopathology
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1058:. The term is now described in
2475:Sexually transmitted infection
1896:Salazar, Danica (2021-09-06).
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958:in greeting, to an embrace or
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52:Sensuous proximity or touching
31:. For the sense of touch, see
13:
1:
2522:Women who have sex with women
2158:10.1016/s0003-3472(88)80055-1
1981:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.10.025
1257:Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
1100:
771:and in a reduction in stress
2655:History of erotic depictions
2545:Criminal transmission of HIV
2071:10.1017/cbo9780511752421.008
1405:Infant and Child Development
946:is generally constrained by
7:
2640:Counterculture of the 1960s
1843:Japan, a View from the Bath
1688:. Cambridge, Ma: MIT Press.
1078:
1042:
988:
944:public display of affection
10:
3414:
3362:Human sexuality portal
1847:University of Hawaii Press
1223:10.1038/s41562-024-01841-8
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570:Color wheel theory of love
243:Queerplatonic relationship
183:Interpersonal relationship
64:William-Adolphe Bouguereau
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2507:Men who have sex with men
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1904:. Oxford University Press
1878:. NAVER Korean Dictionary
1452:10.1017/s0954579403000415
1060:Oxford English Dictionary
1036:
982:
654:Triangular theory of love
1659:10.1080/0300443991510102
1620:Hall, Edward T. (1966).
1580:10.1177/1099800408327789
1535:Massage therapy research
1146:10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.62
1066:Among non-human primates
1022:Japanese bathing culture
843:Most people value their
580:Biology of romantic love
178:Interpersonal attraction
1680:Field, Tiffany (2001).
1533:Tiffany, Field (2006).
1362:Early Human Development
1186:. USA Today. 2008-09-28
796:second-degree relatives
649:Physical attractiveness
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3388:Intimate relationships
2783:Split attraction model
2773:Sexual objectification
2683:Anarchism and love/sex
2204:commentary on hugs on
1210:Nature Human Behaviour
923:(e.g. back and waist),
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94:Red-outline heart icon
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2743:Sex-positive movement
2396:Reproductive medicine
2391:Obesity and sexuality
2338:Sexual response cycle
1134:Psychological Reports
1017:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten
908:intimate relationship
847:and feel discomfort,
838:
794:members than between
93:
58:
3269:Buddhist monasticism
3259:Christian demonology
3085:Urethral intercourse
2884:Erotic sexual denial
2575:Cybersex trafficking
2448:Erectile dysfunction
1699:Ivry, Tsipy (2009).
1622:The Hidden Dimension
1090:Haptic communication
901:People who are on a
897:Display of affection
873:, are unacceptable.
634:Mere-exposure effect
33:Somatosensory system
29:Haptic communication
3323:Sacred prostitution
3112:Wet T-shirt contest
2976:Non-penetrative sex
2934:Mammary intercourse
2615:Revenge pornography
2386:Masters and Johnson
2348:Vaginal lubrication
2107:1980BEcoS...7..253D
2063:Economics in Nature
1927:Folia Primatologica
1902:Oxford Dictionaries
978:The term "skinship"
203:Love at first sight
3169:Red-light district
3065:Sexual penetration
3053:Sexual intercourse
2971:Nipple stimulation
2650:Golden Age of Porn
2550:Child sexual abuse
2517:Sexual orientation
2443:Sexual dysfunction
2381:Male contraceptive
2343:Sexual stimulation
2292:Nocturnal emission
2115:10.1007/bf00300665
1786:(1986). "スキンシップ".
1269:10.1007/bf00986924
1119:2007-11-18 at the
1085:Emotional intimacy
841:
267:Unconditional love
124:Compassionate love
96:
68:
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3279:Hindu monasticism
3264:Clerical celibacy
3130:Adult video games
2841:Sexual activities
2758:Sexual attraction
2748:Sexual abstinence
2660:Sexual revolution
2645:Feminist sex wars
2600:Sexual misconduct
2595:Sexual harassment
2560:Indecent exposure
2267:Clitoral erection
2196:The Baltimore Sun
1939:10.1159/000156574
1769:978-0-8248-1017-7
1739:978-1-57230-031-6
1712:978-0-8135-4636-0
1631:978-0-385-08476-5
1492:Child Development
1490:Adoptees Study".
1332:. 28 October 2015
1043:hadaka no tsukiai
865:contact, such as
722:sexual attraction
708:(including close
695:Physical intimacy
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47:Caressing (horse)
16:(Redirected from
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3284:Jain monasticism
3048:Sexual fetishism
2966:Mechanics of sex
2849:Conventional sex
2753:Sexual addiction
2688:Extramarital sex
2470:Sexual surrogate
2306:male ejaculation
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1975:(6): 1617–1629.
1969:Animal Behaviour
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1792:. Vol. 12.
1784:Hirai, Nobuyoshi
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1216:(6): 1088–1107.
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996:originated as a
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740:, caressing and
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549:Mamihlapinatapai
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2693:Family planning
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2585:Sex trafficking
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2512:Sexual identity
2502:Gender identity
2479:
2465:Sexual medicine
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2318:Penile erection
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2246:human sexuality
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1121:Wayback Machine
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1008:Nobuyoshi Hirai
1000:Japanese word (
979:
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891:street festival
833:
820:
800:erogenous zones
765:human sexuality
742:sexual activity
688:
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622:Religious views
612:Valentine's Day
600:in Christianity
565:
557:
556:
285:
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272:Unrequited love
151:Falling in love
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3092:
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3062:
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3045:
3043:Sexual fantasy
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3015:
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2993:
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2963:
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2951:
2946:
2944:Anal fingering
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2904:Foot fetishism
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2763:Sexual capital
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2728:Premarital sex
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2590:Sexual assault
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2540:Age of consent
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2453:Hypersexuality
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2185:External links
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2152:(4): 970–980.
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2018:(2): 260–268.
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1841:Clark, Scott.
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2670:Relationships
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2497:Gender binary
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2458:Hyposexuality
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2433:
2432:PLISSIT model
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2423:Sex education
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233:Platonic love
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208:Love triangle
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103:Types of love
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48:
41:
34:
30:
19:
3233:Religion and
3223:Webcam model
3162:Survival sex
3152:Prostitution
3122:Sex industry
3033:Sex in space
2961:Masturbation
2801:Ancient Rome
2778:Sexual slang
2570:Sexual abuse
2277:Insemination
2194:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2098:
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2015:
2011:
2005:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1906:. Retrieved
1901:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1870:
1845:. Honolulu:
1842:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1812:
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1653:(1): 11–17.
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1336:18 September
1334:. Retrieved
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1199:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1140:(1): 62–64.
1137:
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1109:
1073:
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1001:
989:
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948:social norms
941:
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887:rock concert
875:
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762:
750:
746:relationship
694:
693:
639:Sacred Heart
627:love deities
547:
335:Amour-propre
284:Social views
259:Amour de soi
257:
213:Lovesickness
134:Courtly love
119:Broken heart
60:The Proposal
59:
3393:Sexual acts
3306:LGBT people
3252:Tantric sex
3184:Sex tourism
3140:Pornography
3105:Erotic talk
3095:Virtual sex
2996:Cunnilingus
2826:South Korea
2821:Philippines
2733:Promiscuity
2428:Sex therapy
2406:Gynaecology
1056:South Korea
1026:portmanteau
990:sukinshippu
964:eye contact
867:frotteurism
818:Development
810:and female
788:haphephobia
757:eye contact
595:Love of God
585:Love letter
575:Bhakti yoga
530:Portuguese
144:troubadours
3377:Categories
3218:Strip club
3201:Sex worker
3174:Sex museum
3145:Film actor
3013:Paraphilia
2939:Manual sex
2793:By country
2718:Orgasm gap
2635:Blue Movie
2254:Physiology
1908:2021-11-17
1882:2020-05-26
1828:2007-07-03
1818:"Skinship"
1190:2011-01-03
1101:References
1003:wasei-eigo
710:friendship
644:Similarity
617:Philosophy
607:Love magic
302:Patriotism
238:Puppy love
218:Lovestruck
156:Friendship
40:Lux (soap)
3340:Sex magic
3318:Mormonism
3235:sexuality
3090:Urolagnia
3080:Tribadism
3028:Sexercise
3006:Irrumatio
2991:Anilingus
2949:Fingering
2929:Group sex
2924:Gang bang
2894:Fetishism
2869:Child sex
2723:Polyamory
2703:Free love
2565:Obscenity
2489:diversity
2401:Andrology
2363:education
2328:Pregnancy
2166:0003-3472
2123:0340-5443
2032:0149-7634
1989:0003-3472
1947:1421-9980
1667:0300-4430
1588:1099-8004
1553:838720638
1512:0009-3920
1460:0954-5794
1425:1522-7227
1382:0378-3782
1285:144507275
1277:0191-5886
1154:0033-2941
914:cuddling,
883:nightclub
753:proximity
702:proximity
392:Philautia
295:Free love
290:Anarchist
253:Self-love
193:Limerence
161:cross-sex
139:courtship
109:Affection
3247:Hinduism
3243:Buddhism
3179:Sex shop
3100:Cybersex
3075:Swinging
3058:Foreplay
3001:Fellatio
2981:Oral sex
2874:Creampie
2859:Bareback
2854:Anal sex
2708:Marriage
2698:Flirting
2485:Identity
2438:Sexology
2418:Safe sex
2282:Intersex
2174:53203743
2131:28369135
2048:30450770
2040:18662717
1997:14866172
1604:25062122
1596:19028768
1520:16686796
1476:24420625
1468:14984130
1390:17988808
1242:38589702
1233:11199149
1170:30706840
1162:12674258
1117:Archived
1079:See also
921:tickling
862:elevator
856:crowded
808:buttocks
804:genitals
773:hormones
769:oxytocin
706:feelings
699:sensuous
564:Concepts
477:Islamic
306:Chinese
188:Intimacy
166:romantic
75:a series
73:Part of
18:Fondling
3398:Massage
3335:Thelema
3301:Judaism
3206:Sex toy
3135:Erotica
3023:Quickie
3018:Pompoir
2954:Handjob
2909:Footjob
2899:Fisting
2738:Romance
2713:Modesty
2675:society
2627:History
2411:Urology
2259:biology
2242:Outline
2103:Bibcode
1789:大日本百科全書
1095:Consent
1030:kinship
970:Culture
927:massage
893:, etc.
871:groping
853:anxiety
812:breasts
738:kissing
734:hugging
544:Yaghan
536:Saudade
522:Caritas
445:Indian
329:French
321:Yuanfen
248:Romance
223:Passion
114:Bonding
3291:Daoism
3194:Female
3157:Sacred
3070:Sumata
2889:Facial
2879:Edging
2555:Incest
2376:Condom
2358:Health
2302:Female
2297:Orgasm
2287:Libido
2172:
2164:
2129:
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2077:
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1995:
1987:
1945:
1861:
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1168:
1160:
1152:
1037:裸の付き合い
983:スキンシップ
507:Latin
499:Chesed
492:Jewish
469:Maitrī
460:Bhakti
428:Storgḗ
419:Pragma
410:Philos
401:Philia
66:(1872)
3296:Islam
3189:Child
2816:Japan
2811:India
2806:China
2170:S2CID
2127:S2CID
2044:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1965:(PDF)
1876:"스킨십"
1684:Touch
1600:S2CID
1472:S2CID
1281:S2CID
1166:S2CID
858:train
849:anger
720:, or
437:Xenia
383:Mania
374:Ludus
356:Agape
344:Greek
3245:and
3211:Doll
2919:Frot
2864:BDSM
2673:and
2580:Rape
2487:and
2304:and
2257:and
2162:ISSN
2119:ISSN
2075:ISBN
2036:PMID
2028:ISSN
1985:ISSN
1943:ISSN
1859:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1663:ISSN
1626:ISBN
1592:PMID
1584:ISSN
1549:OCLC
1539:ISBN
1516:PMID
1508:ISSN
1464:PMID
1456:ISSN
1421:ISSN
1386:PMID
1378:ISSN
1338:2017
1273:ISSN
1238:PMID
1158:PMID
1150:ISSN
1113:Cf.
952:kiss
869:and
513:Amor
483:Ishq
451:Kama
365:Eros
171:zone
83:Love
2532:Law
2360:and
2244:of
2206:NPR
2154:doi
2111:doi
2067:doi
2020:doi
1977:doi
1935:doi
1794:小学館
1655:doi
1651:151
1576:doi
1500:doi
1448:doi
1413:doi
1370:doi
1265:doi
1228:PMC
1218:doi
1142:doi
1012:WHO
956:hug
954:or
879:bar
851:or
697:is
312:Ren
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