Feminism in Mexico

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were demands that women be defined as citizens. The late nineteenth century saw the explicit development of feminism as an ideology. Liberalism advocated secular education for both girls and boys as part of a modernizing project, and women entered the workforce as teachers. Those women were at the forefront of feminism, forming groups that critiqued existing treatment of women in the realms of legal status, access to education, and economic and political power. More scholarly attention is focused on the Revolutionary period (1915–1925), although women's citizenship and legal equality were not explicitly issues for which the revolution was fought. The Second Wave (1968–1990, peaking in 1975–1985) and the post-1990 period have also received considerable scholarly attention. Feminism has advocated for the equality of men and women, but middle-class women took the lead in the formation of feminist groups, the founding of journals to disseminate feminist thought, and other forms of activism. Working-class women in the modern era could advocate within their unions or political parties. The participants in the

2915:. The scope of the destruction invigorated the dormant women's movement to meet the immediate needs of families. There was a recognition during this time that a short-term disaster relief movement could be turned into an organization focused on implementing long-term political gain. Feminist groups, local grass-roots organizations, and NGOs (non-governmental organizations) stepped in to offer aid that the government or official political organizations were either unable or incapable of providing. Feminists were prominent in many NGOs, and were connected to networks beyond Mexico. In the wake of the fraudulent 1988 elections, women's groups became involved in movements for democratization and organization against the 3510: 3147: 3585:

Those in orders who see their work as allies of the poor and imbued with a mission for social justice have increasingly been characterized as feminists, even from a secular perspective. Mexico's nuns who work along the US/Mexico border with migrants experience difficulties trying to balance strict Catholic doctrine against suffering that they see and some believe the church needs to take a more humanitarian approach. Those religious who work to bring visibility to femicide and halt violence against women see beyond religious beliefs and call attention to the human dignity of victims. An organization called the

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Protesters and activists called attention to widespread harassment and murder, with nearly 70% of Mexican women being victims of sexual assault and around 9 women killed every day, as well as a very low rate of rape reporting due to a lack in trust of the police. Since August 2019 there have been a number of marches and protests centered around stopping violence against women in Mexico in Mexico City with hundreds of participants, notably after The Day of the Dead celebrations (early November 2019) and International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women 2019.

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133 member states, who discussed equality, and governments were forced to evaluate how women fared in their societies. Despite the fact that many Mexican feminists viewed the proceedings as a publicity stunt by the government and that some of the international feminists disparaged the Mexican feminist movement, the conference laid the groundwork for a future path, bringing new issues and concerns into the open and marking the point when frank discussions of sexuality emerged. Spurred by the 1975 conferences, six of the Mexican women's organizations merged into the

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butt of jokes and derision in the mainstream press. Some "Mother's Movements" developed in rural and urban areas and across socio-economic barriers, as mothers protested repeatedly for social ills and inequalities to be addressed by their governments. What began as a voice for their children, soon became demands for other kinds of change, like adequate food, sufficient water, and working utilities. Voices also were raised questioning disappearances in various places in the country, but in this period, those questions met with little success.

3447: 3082:, "infuriated feminist protesters by branding their first mobilisation – which resulted in the glass entrance to the attorney general’s office being smashed – a provocation”, leading to thousands more gathering to protest. Furthermore, President López Obrador himself was elected on a populist left-wing platform, but made alliance with evangelical Christian conservatives, and has also enacted significant budget cuts to programs like women's shelters, which has further contributed to feminist disappointment and dissent with 39: 2325: 2545: 3118:. AMLO insists he has been a strong supporter of women′s rights and of feminism. Although the world was shutting down due to COVID-19, the number of women being murdered continued to increase. There was a 2.7% increase in killings from the year 2022 to 2023. Flashing forwarding to 2024, the femicide in Mexico has steadily increased each year. However, this does not stop the crowds of women who show up each International Women's Day to support a change in women's rights in their country. 9189: 2566:

educated women who acted as couriers of arms and letters, propagandists, and spies. In part, this was due to an order issued on March 18, 1916, which decommissioned all military appointments of women retroactively and declared them null and void. Because of the nature of espionage, many of the women spies worked directly with the leadership of the revolution and thus had at least a semi-protected status as long as the leader they worked with was living. They formed anti-

2530: 3353:), which in a series of ten provisions recognized women's rights regarding children, education, health, marriage, military participation, political participation, protection from violence and work and wages. While not recognized by official state or federal governments, the laws were an important gain for these indigenous women within their native cultures. In 1997 a national meeting of indigenous women titled "Constructing our History" resulted in the formation of the 2295: 2340:

comprised all non-indigenous individuals, including Afro-Mexicans and those of mixed-race. Racial status had a strong determinant on women's legal and social standing. Women were under the authority of men: fathers over daughters, husbands over wives. Widows were able to have fuller control over their lives and property. Women from families of financial means were provided a dowry, which remained the property of the wife. A husband gave his wife at marriage funds

2815:, began a fledgling feminist movement. During the uprising, women used their perceived apolitical status and gender to bypass police barricades. Gaining access to places that men could not go raised women's awareness of their power. Though the protests were suppressed by government forces before political change happened, the dynamic of man-woman relationships changed, as activists realized platonic working relationships could exist without leading to romance. 2439: 2162: 2238: 4271: 4257: 2057: 2684:(First National Women's Congress) in Mexico City was held from which two factions emerged. The radicals, who were part of workers unions and resistance leagues from Yucatán and were aligned with Elena Torres Cuéllar and María "Cuca" del Refugio García. The moderates, who were teachers and women from Christian societies in Mexico City and representatives from the Pan American League and US feminist associations, followed the lead of 2356:, a Jeronymite nun known in her lifetime as the "Tenth Muse," for her literary output of plays and poems. She wrote a remarkable autobiography, in which she recounts her failed attempt to gain a formal education at the University of Mexico, and her decision to become a nun. In the twentieth century, her life and works have become widely known, and there is a vast literature on her life and works. She is celebrated by feminists. 2489:(The emancipation of woman by means of education) (1891), as well as a volume of notable Mexican women. García saw the problem of women's inequality as a legal one within marriage, since the 1884 legal code prevented married women from acting in civil society on their own without the permission of their husbands. His critical stance on the equality of the sexes did not translate into political action. 2453:

roles of women as wives and mothers in Mexican families and to expand the women's freedom as individuals. Equal rights for women was not the primary focus in this period; however, some feminists began forming organizations for women's rights and founding journals to disseminate their ideas. Political and literary journals "were a central forum for the public debate of women's issues in Latin America."

2373: 3485:, Modotti did not. The women were bound by their questioning of women's place in Mexico and society with their art, but they did not formally join with the suffragettes or in feminist organizations. In retrospect these artists have become feminist icons because their actions and work questioned gender restrictions, but in their time, they may not have seen themselves in that way. 2738:(Regulation for the Practice of Prostitution), an ordinance requiring prostitutes to register with authorities and submit to inspection and surveillance, which may have been part of a normal phenomenon which occurs at the end of conflict. Often, at the end of armed conflict, citizens turn to reordering the social and moral codes, regulating sexuality and redefining social roles. 2349:

their lives." Private tutors educated girls from wealthy families, but generally only enough so that they could oversee a household. There were few opportunities for mixed-race boys or girls. "Education was, in short, highly selective as befits a stratified society, and the possibilities of self-realization were a lottery of birth rather than talent."

2274:(Women in the History of Mexico), which was the first comprehensive account of women's historical contributions to Mexico from prehistory through the Twentieth Century. Since that time, extensive studies have shown that women were involved all areas of Mexican life. From the 1990s, gender perspective has increasingly become a focus for academic study. 3170:), demographers, economists, philosophers, physicians, and psychologists. Their findings, in a report issued in 1976, were that criminality of voluntary abortion should cease and that abortion services should be included in the government health package. The recommendations were neither published or implemented. In 1980, feminists convinced the 2979:(PAN). State governorships were earlier taken by the PAN. As a new electoral law went into effect in 1997 the PRI lost control of the lower house followed by the PRI's historic loss of the presidency in 2000. The impact that end of the virtual one-party-rule would have on women in Mexico was an open question. The year 1990 saw the launch of 3247:” — an originally-Argentinian movement that seeks reproductive rights — was popularized by different feminist groups in Mexico. This movement uses mobilization (such as campaigns and protests) to demand bodily autonomy and protection for women in Latin America, and has continued to rise in popularity in Mexico during the early 2020s. 2390:(1810-1821), and also were employed as spies, provocateurs, and seductresses. Newspapers in 1812 harangued women to take part in the independence effort as they owed their countrymen a debt for submitting to conquest and subordinating Mexico to Spanish rule. The most prominent female hero of the independence movement is 2879:(1970-1976), the Mexican government launched a program to encourage family planning in Mexico. With gains in the sphere of public health and the drop in child mortality, overpopulation was seen as national problem. The government initiated a campaign to lower the national birthrate by reaching women directly, though 2628:

higher wages); the preliminary steps to land reform; and a social, as well as political structure. While the Constitution did not prohibit women's enfranchisement, the 1918 National Election Law limited voting rights to males. Women continued to be outside the definition of "citizen." Women did not attain the

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of Teotitlán del Valle are not considered homosexual but instead a separate category, with male physiology and, typically, the skills and aesthetics of women. According to Lynn Stephen in her study of Zapotec societies, muxe and biza'ah are sometimes disparaged by other men, but generally accepted by

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Indigenous women began demanding rights beginning in 1990. Because many indigenous women had been forced into the workplace, their concerns had similarities with urban workers, as were their concerns with violence, lack of political representation, education, family planning choices, and other issues

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The fight for abortion rights in other states continues, since many state laws criminalize miscarriage in a crime characterized as "aggravated homicide of a family member" and activists have worked to have excessively harsh sentences of up to 30 years reduced. In 2010, Veronica Cruz was successful in

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for the first time into the realm of activism with educated middle-class women. In the early 1970s, feminists were overwhelmingly middle-class, university-educated, Marxist-influenced women, who participated in left-wing politics. They did not have much larger influence at the time and were often the

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There were feminist gains between 1821 and 1910, but they were typically individual gains and not a formalized movement. In the late nineteenth century, feminism as a term came into the language. Rooted in liberalism, feminism in Mexico saw secular education as a means to means to give dignity to the

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perceptions of body and its imagery in new ways, they did not typically champion social change. It was the feminists who came after, looking back at their work, who began to characterize it as revolutionary in sparking social change. In the 1950s, a group of Mexican writers called "Generation of '50"

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Women's depictions of themselves in art, novels, and photography were in opposition to their objectification and portrayal as subjects of art. By creating their own art, in the post-Revolutionary period, artists could claim their own identity and interpretation of femininity. While the female artists

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the cultural symbol became an indigenous Indian, usually a mestizo female, who represented a break with colonialism and Western imperialism. While men's definitions of women and their sphere remained the "official" and predominant cultural model, beginning in the 1920s women demanded that they define

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wrote against patriarchy, the church's policy of denying education to women, and women's intellectual equality to men. She has been called one of Mexico's first feminists. Several women came out of the Mexican Revolution and refused to return to gender "normalty". These are typically isolated cases,

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implemented female advisory boards, with the goals of educating, training and politically organizing garment workers. Feminists serving on advisory boards made workers aware that they could change the environment and attitude of their places of employment and demand changes in areas other than wages

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An economic crisis, which began in 1976, brought women together across class lines for the first time. Social issues gave women a new political voice as they demanded solutions to address problems created by the rural-to-urban migration which was taking place. Women formed neighborhood coalitions to

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depicted her as a traitor to her race and to Mexico. There are many colonial-era depictions of Malinche in indigenous manuscripts, showing her as the central figure, often larger than Cortés. In recent years, feminist scholars and writers have re-evaluated her role, showing sympathy for the choices

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were educated women who understood the legal and political aspects of organized labor. What they realized was that to form a sustained movement and attract working-class women to what was a largely middle-class movement, they needed to utilize workers' expertise and knowledge of their jobs to meld a

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in Mexico can be divided chronologically into a number of periods with issues. For the conquest and colonial eras, some figures have been re-evaluated in the modern era and can be considered part of the history of feminism in Mexico. At the time of independence in the early nineteenth century, there

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and the media picked up the story. In a first for Mexico's feminist movement, feminists published a notice in response to the situation, and obtained 283 signatories with different political alliances and gained 427 endorsements. For the first time, feminists and political parties spoke in harmony.

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In addition to the more practical Mother's Movements, Mexican feminism, called "New Feminism" in this era, became more intellectual and began questioning gender roles and inequalities. Between June and July 1975, the UN World Conference on Women was held in Mexico City. Mexico hosted delegates from

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created by the reformist movement contained many of the ideas discussed in the Feminist Congress — free, mandatory, state-sponsored secular education; "equal pay for equal work" (though the delegates were not attempting to protect women, but rather protecting male workers from foreigners being paid

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was one of the first to bring attention to the complicity of middle-class women in their own oppression and stated, "with the disappearance of the last servant will the first angry rebel appear". Castellanos sought to question caste and privilege, oppression, racism, and sexism through her writing.

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is at the other. These stereotypes are further reinforced in popular culture via literature, art, theater, dance, film, television and commercials. Regardless of whether these portrayals are accurate, historically based, or were manipulated to serve vested interests, they have promoted three of the

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declared her lesbianism on national television, activism increased, but mostly in small private gatherings. She founded the first gay organization in Mexico, organized the first Pride Parade, and both lectured and participated in media events, seminars, and congresses on feminism and sexuality. As

3206:, angered many women by proclaiming feminism "as the source of many moral and social ills, such as 'so-called free love, homosexuality, prostitution, promiscuity, abortion, and the destruction of the family'." In reaction, feminists staged protests and demanded political protection. In Guanajuato, 2700:

had also gained the right to vote. Villa de Buentello organized the League of Iberian and Latin American Women to promote civil code reform in 1925. The group adopted a series of resolutions, primarily dealing with gender relations and behavior, which also contained provisions on the right to vote

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Up until the 1980s, most discussion of feminism centered on the relationships between men and women, child-centric spheres, and wages. After that time period, bodies, personal needs, and sexuality emerged. Some feminist scholars since the 1980s have evaluated the historic record on women and shown

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In colonial Mexico, the vast majority of population was illiterate and entirely unschooled, and there was no priority for the education of girls. A few girls in cities attended schools run by cloistered nuns. Some entered convent schools at around age eight, "to remain cloistered for the rest of

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In Mexico, where 6.34% of the female population has a child between the age of 15 and 19, there are some who make a conscious choice against motherhood. For some, becoming a nun offers a way out domesticity, machismo, and a lack of educational opportunity toward a more socially responsible path.

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that were under her control, protected from his bankruptcy or other financial difficulty. A widow received a specified share of her husband's estate. Wealthy women were expected to uphold their family's honor by chaste and modest behavior. Despite restrictions, women were active in the economy,

3022:(GIRE) (Information Group on Reproductive Choice). Transforming the discussion from whether one was for or against abortion to focus on who should decide was a pivotal change in forward-progress of the abortion debate in Mexico. In order the gauge the public perception, GIRE in conjunction with 2565:

As they had in the War for Independence, many Mexican women served during the Mexican Revolution as soldiers and even troop leaders, as well as in more traditional camp-follower roles as cooks, laundresses, and nurses. However, those who gained recognition as veterans of the war were typically

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There were customary practices and legal structures that regulated society and women's roles in colonial Mexico. The Spanish crown divided the colonial population into two legal categories, the Republic of Indians (República de indios) and Republic of Spaniards (Republica de españoles), that

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declared the federal decriminalization of abortion in Mexico. Before this, 28 states had restrictive abortion laws that only allowed people to terminate their pregnancy if they met certain criteria (such as rape, fetal malformations, and health risks for the pregnant person) and punished them

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taking a leftist position. Leftists saw the economic situation being at the root of women's oppression, including problems of working-class women, while Villa de Buentello was concerned with moral and judicial issues. Villa de Buentello supported the political equality of men and women, but

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The late nineteenth century had seen the emergence of educated women who pursued careers as novelists, journalists, and political activists. In Latin America generally and in Mexico in particular, a shared feminist consciousness was developing. Some legal gains for women were made during the

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and his ally Sheinbaum. Protesters and feminist activists called for an increase in police accountability, better media reporting and respect for the privacy of rape victims, and policy at the local and federal level for increased security and action against domestic violence and femicide.

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typically addressed by feminists. However, indigenous women also faced an ethnic discrimination and cultural orientation that was different from feminists, and particularly those from urban areas. In some of their cultures, early marriage, as young as 13 or 14 prevailed; in other cultures,

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Until the latter part of the 19th century, the predominant images of women, whether in the arts or society as a whole, were those dictated by men and men's perceptions of women. After the Revolution the state created a new image of who was Mexican. Largely through the efforts of President

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commissioned a sculpture of the first mixed-race family, Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mixed-race son Martín, which when he left office was removed from in front of Cortés house in Coyoacan, to an obscure location, the Jardín Xicoténcatl, Barrio de San Diego Churubusco, Mexico City.

3393:, and Veracruz. The purpose of the organization is to strengthen from a gender perspective the leadership opportunities, networking potential and skills of indigenous women, within their communities and nationally, and sensitize indigenous peoples on indigenous women's human rights. 2764:

Throughout the 1930s FUPDM concentrated on social programs that would benefit lower-class women, advocating for rent reductions of market stalls, and lowered taxes and utility rates. These programs earned the group a large following and their pressure, with the support of President

2620:, and discussed topics of education, including sexual education; the problem of religious fanaticism; legal rights and reforms; equal employment opportunity; and intellectual equality among others, but without any real challenge to defining women in terms of motherhood. 3808:(1890–1985) – was a pioneering feminist and educator and nationalist thinker in post-revolutionary Mexico who was one of the first females to work in the field of Mexican archeology. She was a Mexican delegate to the Pan-American women's conference in Baltimore, MD. 3006:. A major reform established freedom of religious belief, granted open practice of all religions, and was an opening for the Catholic Church to participate in politics. For the first time in the 20th century, established diplomatic relations between Mexico and the 3222:

decriminalized abortions in Mexico City which occur by 12 weeks of gestation. GIRE lawyers assisted in drafting legislation and in coordinating defense of the law when lawsuits alleged it was unconstitutional. Marta Lamas testified during the Supreme Court trial.

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deal with lack of housing, sanitation, transportation, utilities, and water. As more people moved into cities to find work, lack of investment in those areas, as well as education and health facilities, became challenges that united women's efforts. Though these

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In Mexico, some demands for women's equality stem from women's struggle between household commitments and underpaid jobs. Upper and middle-class families employ domestic help, allowing some women of means to be more accepting of traditional gender roles.

3952:(1893–1970) – was a leading Mexican revolutionary, feminist, progressive educator and writer, and, as a member of the communist party, in 1917 she was the only woman to participate on behalf of the Liga Central de Resistencia at the first meeting of the 3326:) allowed rape and abuse of women with impunity for their attackers, while in others, organized violence against women had been used to both punish activism and send a message to their men that women's demands would not be tolerated. Similar to other 2470:, one of the first feminist societies in Mexico. The society founded a secondary school, which Cetina directed from 1886 to 1902, educating generations of young teaching women. and inspired others to open schools for women. In 1887, 5906: 2753:(National Anti-Reelectionist Party (PNA)) included a women's platform in their agendas, but the most significant gains in this period were regarding practical matters of economic and social concerns. In 1931, 1933 and 1934 the 3465:(The Unique Woman) she speaks of violence against women, misogyny and lack of citizenship for women, but also feminine and homosexual desires. She presented publicly the understanding that sexuality has a political component. 3239:

began hearings on a case from Veracruz, which is the first case in Mexico to ask the court to consider whether women have a constitutional right to abortion and whether criminalization should be eliminated across the nation.

2896:(neighborhood movements) were making "demands for genuine representation and state accountability as well as social citizenship rights" they did not ask for systemic changes to improve women's societal positions. As the 3481:'s dedication to the rights and status of Mexican women, without challenging sexual inequality, represented a more humanist rather than feminist approach to their art. Whereas Michel explored feminism and politics with 2632:

until 1953 in Mexico. The Law of Family Relations of 1917 expanded the previous divorce provisions, giving women the right to alimony and child custody, as well as the ability to own property and take part in lawsuits.

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counterpart. In a particularly Mexican context, the traditional views of women have resided at polar opposite positions, wherein the pure, chaste, submissive, docile, giver-of-life marianistic woman, in the guise of

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ideologies. A postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)," which plays out in the Mexican social perception, where the paternalistic

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to table a bill for voluntary motherhood, but it never moved forward. In 1983, a proposal was made to modify the penal code, but the strong reactions from conservative factions dissuaded the government from action.

3784:(1886–1954) – was a Mexican feminist and writer who was one of the first feminists to state the Catholicism in Mexico was thwarting feminist efforts and she was the first woman to run for elected office in Mexico. 2883:, ("soap operas"). Story lines portrayed families with fewer families as being more prosperous. The Catholic Church was adamantly against family planning and the government's way of promoting it was innovative. 5413:"Elena Poniatowska: Between the Lines of the Forgotten: Acclaimed for Her Powerful Journalism Revealing Social Injustices, This Contemporary Mexican Writer Is Also Known for Her Poignant and Disturbing Fiction" 9166: 3073:

In early August 2019, around 300 women in Mexico City gathered to protest two incidents of accused rape of a teenage girl by policemen, which had occurred within a few days of each other. Mexico City Mayor

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celebrated its 20-year anniversary and their efforts in decreasing HIV/AIDs and gender-based violence, as well as its campaigns against discrimination for people living with HIV and against homophobia.

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became the first woman to be elected in any political capacity in Mexico, when she won a seat that same year on the Mérida Municipal Council. The following year, 1923, Carrillo Puerto's younger sister,

2398:. Her remains were moved to the Monument to Independence in Mexico City, there are statues of her in her honor, and her face has appeared on Mexican currency. Other distinguished women of the era are 2282:

Women have played a pivotal role in Mexico's political struggles throughout its history, yet their service to the country did not result in political rights until the middle of the twentieth century,

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Level of education has played a large part in Mexican feminism because schoolteachers were some of the first women to enter the work-force in Mexico. Many of the early feminists who emerged from the

2846:, to discuss inequalities within Mexican society, violence and how violence should be treated as a public rather than a private concern, and to explore women's lives. In 1975, Foppa co-founded with 3847:(1848–1925) – was a Mexican schoolteacher and revolutionary who rose to prominence during the Mexican Revolution as a Socialist activist and reformer and as a supporter and associate of General 3457:

The countercultural artists movement of the post-Revolutionary period, beginning in the 1920s, was clearly political and aimed at allowing other voices in the development of a modern Mexico. In

9245: 3976:– was a Mexican feminist who worked in the first wave of the suffrage movement in Mexico and was one of the first women to analyze the legal equality of men and women before the law. She wrote 2481:

In this period, the question of women's roles and the need for emancipation was taken up by men as well, most notably Genero García, who wrote two works on the problem of women's inequality,

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As early as 1824, some women in Zacatecas petitioned the state government, "Women also wish the title of citizen...to see themselves counted in the census as 'La ciudadana' (woman citizen)."

3946:(1896-1954) – was a Mexican feminist and suffragette who was one of the most vocal proponents for Mexican women's enfranchisement during the 1930s and 1940s and often seen as controversial. 9129: 234: 7158: 5913: 9156: 3571:) was a small women's NGO operating in the area for 2-years when the muxe approached them and joined in the effort to promote safe sex and protect their community. On November 4, 2014, 3026:, completed national surveys in 1992, 1993 and 1994, which confirmed that over 75% of the population felt that the decision of family planning should belong to a woman and her partner. 3218:(PRD) led efforts in Mexico City to expand abortion rights in cases when the health of the mother or child is jeopardized. After 38 years of work by the feminist movement, in 2007 the 2136: 8325: 146: 3903:(1883–1964) – was a Mexican writer and an activist during the Mexican Revolution who is remembered for establishing the first Mexican institution for training social workers in 1936. 9090: 7020:

Vargas, Jorge A. "Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995." 25 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 497-559 (1996).

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supporting feminism, women's rights to life and health, their quest for social justice and their rights to make their own choices regarding sexuality, reproduction and abortion.

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refused to formally recognize the ratification or proclaim that the change was in effect. The years from 1940 to 1968 were predominantly a period of inactivity for feminists as

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clashes who went on to form that generation's feminist movement were predominantly students and educators. The advisers who established themselves within the unions after the

7369: 9197: 8299: 7351: 5117: 3091: 3010:. Almost immediately, the Catholic church launched a campaign opposing family planning and a condom distribution program the Mexican government was sponsoring as part of an 3923: 7497: 3154:

In the middle of the Second Wave, there was hope by activists that gains would be made in the area of contraception and a woman's right to her own body choices. President

9301: 9263: 6379: 3702:(1902-1986) was married to a prominent scholar, Luis Castillo Ledó. She was president of the Inter-American Commission of Women, and the first woman diplomat in Mexico. 9171: 9215: 9161: 9149: 9102: 229: 2345:

buying, selling property, and bequeathing property. Women also participated in the workforce, often forced by circumstances such as poverty or widowhood to do so.

9210: 7882: 2904:, wages decreased while the cost of living escalated, causing more and more women to enter the workforce. Companies began hiring women because they could pay them 2777:

shifted the focus to other concerns. There were scattered gains, most specifically, women finally acquired the right to vote. In 1952, the FUPDM had organized the

9117: 2761:(Congress Against Prostitution). One important development that these groups secured in this time frame was the legalization of abortion in case of rape in 1931. 9333: 9230: 9220: 161: 8434: 9323: 9291: 9124: 9107: 2935:

Feminism and gender as fields of academic study emerged in the 1980s, with courses as Mexican universities offered for the first time. Under the editorship of

2419: 2262:, whose journalism, novels and short stories philosophically analyzed and evaluated the roles of women, those who had no empowerment, and the greater society. 7942: 6573: 9328: 9296: 9144: 9134: 3916:– 1970) – became well known as a radical speaker from an early age, and was an important figure in the early struggle for women's rights in Mexico. who with 2680:

In 1923 the First Feminist Congress of the Pan American League of Women was held in Mexico and demanded a wide range of political rights. That same year the

2521:(Anti-Reelectionist Women's Club of the Daughters of Cuauhtémoc) led a protest against election fraud and demanded women's right to political participation. 9308: 9235: 9205: 3689: 151: 6148:(1. ed.). México, D.F.: PUEG, Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género, Universidad Autónoma de México, Coordinación de Humanidades. p. 52. 9095: 9058: 7721: 3178:

In 1989, a scandal broke when police raided a private abortion clinic, detaining doctors, nurses and patients. They were jailed without a court order in

2769:, resulted in the ratification in 1939 by all 28 Mexican states of an amendment to Article 34 of the Constitution granting enfranchisement to women. The 8800: 4040: 3255:

otherwise. Now, given the SCJN’s decision, even if these states have penalties for abortion stipulated in their laws, they cannot legally enforce them.

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Morgan, Tabitha Adams, "A 'Living Art': Working-Class, Transcultural, and Feminist Aesthetics in the United States, Mexico, and Algeria, 1930s" (2012).

2944: 268: 3861:(ITAM). She is one of Mexico's leading feminists and has written many books aimed at reducing discrimination by opening public discourse on feminism, 3606:(1872–1946) – a Mexican anarchist and educator, feminist and journalist, revolutionary and leader of the Mexican Cultural Missions against illiteracy. 8460: 4656:

Cassidy, Laurie M. (editor); O'Connell, Maureen H.; Rodriguez, Jeanette (2012). "Theological Aesthetics and the Encounter with Tonantzin Guadalupe".

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was making arguments that biology did not dictate gender roles. By the mid-90s, almost half of the membership in feminist organizations was lesbian.

7297: 3182:, subjected to extortion demands, and some of the women reported they were tortured. After her release, one of the victims filed a lawsuit alleging 8739: 7706: 6222: 3699: 1586: 3858: 3110:

demonstrations were smaller and generally more peaceful than those of previous years. Much of the women′s ire was directed at AMLO personally and

3041:. Success in the state legislature led to a similar law at the national level, which also aimed at investigating and prosecution of Dirty War and 6864: 2834:(Submission, an insane virtue) denounced women's lack of rights. Gabriela Cano calls Castellanos "the lucid voice of the new feminism." In 1972, 3345:), indigenous women in Chiapas advocated for gender equality with the leaders of the uprising. On January 1, 1994, the Zapatistas announced the 9051: 7792: 5784: 2660:, governor of the Yucatán, proposed legislation giving women the right to vote and urged women to run for political offices. Heeding his call, 1417: 2932:, covering child and health care, improving job training and education, raising workers' awareness, and changing the actual work conditions. 965: 8408: 8381: 8329: 4006:(1876–1955) – was a political activist, teacher, and journalist who founded a brigade of the international Mexican American relief service, 4939:

Villegas, Jorge; Lemanski, Jennifer; Valdéz, Carlos (2010). "Marianismo and Machismo: The Portrayal of Females in Mexican TV Commercials".

3712:, Yucatán. She was one of the first feminists and influenced the generation of young women who fueled the first wave of feminism in Mexico. 3658:– is a Mexican poet, novelist and playwright whose work focuses on the issues of feminism and gender roles within a Latin American context. 2496:

regime increased after 1900, activist women were brought together in anti-reelectionist liberal clubs, including supporters of the radical

3857:– is a Mexican anthropologist and political science professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and lecturer at the 2403: 3824:– is a Mexican photographer whose work has been exhibited internationally and is included in many major museum collections such as the 3057:

audiences to refer to abductions, death and disappearances of women and girls which is allowed by the state and happens with impunity.

2640:(Mexican Feminist Council) was created with the goals of attaining the right to vote and social and economic liberty and co-founded by 2085: 7007:

Vargas, Jorge A. "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters."

6952: 5412: 9016: 8725: 7970:

Seminário-Taller de História de las Mentalidades y los Imaginarios", Realizado Na Pontíficia Universidad Javerina de Bogotá, Colômbia

251: 246: 2701:

and hold public office. In 1925, the Liga de Mujeres Ibéricas e Hispanoamericanas (League of Spain and Spanish-American Women) with

2113:

came into use in late nineteenth-century Mexico and in common parlance among elites in the early twentieth century. The history of

6765:"Chapter 10—Cold War Conflicts and Cheap Cabaret: Sexual Politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women's Year Conference" 6572:

Gökay, Bülent (editor); Xypolia, Ilia (editor); Xypolia, Ilia (2013). "Turmoils and Economic Miracles: Turkey '13 and Mexico '68".

3815: 3003: 2596:, leader of the winning Constitutionalist faction of the Revolution. Also in 1915, in October, the newly appointed governor of the 910: 263: 5125: 7264: 5823: 2101:

is the philosophy and activity aimed at creating, defining, and protecting political, economic, cultural, and social equality in

8186: 7501: 7187: 2592:(The Modern Woman) which discussed both politics and feminist ideas, including suffrage. Galindo became an important adviser to 2332:(1648-1695), the "Tenth Muse" in her convent cell with her extensive library. Posthumous portrait by eighteenth-century painter 2311:

she faced. However, the attempt to rescue her historical image from that as a traitor has not found popular support. President

5380:

Feminism: Transmissions and Tetransmissions / Marta Lamas ; translated by John Pluecker ; introduction by Jean Franco

3986:(1881–1963) – was a Mexican revolutionary, journalist and feminist who was often referred to in the press as the Mexican 3664:(1934–1994) – was a Mexican actor and playwright who was one of the first Mexican people to publicly declare her homosexuality. 3251: 3236: 3219: 1395: 78: 6982: 6387: 3978:

La mujer y la ley: Estudio importantísmo para la mujer que desee su emancipación y para el hombre amante del bieny la justicia

3291: 9026: 8941: 8914: 8782: 8570: 8139: 8105: 7915: 7859: 7681: 7422:"Using Anticipatory Experimentation to Explore and Create Futures of Safety for Women in Mexico * Journal of Futures Studies" 6776: 6499: 6465: 6310: 6256: 6199: 6153: 6110: 6059: 6025: 5873: 5760: 5512: 5453: 5388: 5354: 5256: 5207: 5170: 5082: 4985: 4881: 4812: 4778: 4721: 4667: 4633: 4606: 4581: 4556: 3787: 3631: 3342: 2653: 2128: 2034: 1880: 1082: 73: 9390: 8486: 5541:

Foppa, Alaide; de Aguilar, Helene F. (Autumn 1979). "Women in Latin America: The First Feminist Congress in Mexico, 1916".

5476:

Fernández-Aceves, María Teresa (Spring 2007). "Imagined Communities: Women's History and the History of Gender in Mexico".

3115: 2003: 1933: 1243: 216: 3635: 3477:'s move away from portraiture and toward images of social change through the lens of realism and revolutionary action and 8870: 8655: 2999: 2013: 2008: 1703: 1427: 1028: 8603: 8010: 7648: 2127:

practical, working system. In the 1990s, women's rights in indigenous communities became an issue, particularly in the

8850: 3825: 3215: 3158:

had convened the Interdisciplinary Group for the Study of Abortion, which included anthropologists, attorneys, clergy (

2709:(Congress of Hispanic Women). Factional disputes emerged almost immediately, with Villa taking a moderate position and 1228: 241: 221: 8044:

A 'Living Art': Working-Class, Transcultural, and Feminist Aesthetics in the United States, Mexico, and Algeria, 1930s

7326: 5939: 4745: 386: 8999: 8974: 8825: 8708: 5733: 2916: 2746: 2039: 2018: 1953: 1921: 903: 726: 8156: 7421: 5286:""Take off That Streetwalker's Dress" Concha Michel and the Cultural Politics of Gender in Postrevolutionary Mexico" 3875:– is a Mexican feminist, politician, and a founder, former president and 2006 presidential candidate of the extinct 2911:

Mobilization, popular demonstration, and social movements came together in a new way in response to the devastating

683: 7946: 6590: 4322: 3708:(1846–1908) – was a Mexican teacher, poet and feminist who promoted secular education in the nineteenth century in 3350: 3146: 3083: 3079: 2872:, (National Front in the Struggle for Women's Liberation and Rights). Both groups had withered by the early 1980s. 1358: 920: 186: 8351: 3203: 9178: 4433:

Recreating the Image of Women in Mexico: A Genealogy of Resistance in Mexican Narrative Set During the Revolution

3002:

with the U.S. and Canada. The 1917 Constitution had strong anticlerical measures that restricted the role of the

2818:

The uprising mobilized students and mothers. Seeing their children slain brought some lower class and poor women

2506: 196: 141: 7212: 5984:"En 1884 En La Revista Femenina Violetas Del Anáhuac, Se Demanda Por Primera Vez El Sufragio Femenino En México" 2811:

Between July and October 1968, a group of women participants in the student protests that would become known as

3111: 2976: 2078: 1870: 1525: 1491: 1400: 868: 181: 7395: 5824:"The Normal School for Women and Liberal Feminism in Mexico City, Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century" 3973: 3509: 2987:, which aimed at connecting academic feminist theory with the practices of activists in the women's movement. 2702: 2685: 2656:, who became the first president of the Council and was an advocate of miner's rights and education. In 1922, 8797: 8535: 7600: 3906: 2795:

delivered the signatures and as promised, women were granted the right to vote in federal elections in 1953.

2710: 2645: 2629: 2283: 1983: 1973: 1875: 1405: 1223: 310: 211: 191: 9188: 8066: 7470: 3287: 2787:

that they would support his presidential bid in exchange for suffrage. Ruiz consented to the arrangement if

479: 320: 9375: 8509:

A Labor of Love, a Publishing Marathon: Professor Norma Alarcon's Berkeley-Based Third Woman Press Turns 20

4195:

Emergence of the Modern Mexican Women: Her Participation in Revolution and Struggle for Equality, 1910-1940

3244: 3199: 3107: 3018:

in France and the United States, to analyze how to direct the discourse in Mexico. In 1992 they formed the

2963:

Members of the Women's Human Rights Centre in Ciudad Chihuahua, Mexico call for justice for the murders of

2779: 2471: 2442: 1963: 1938: 1763: 1032: 982: 975: 256: 206: 201: 8464: 6893: 6491:

Compromised positions : prostitution, public health, and gender politics in revolutionary Mexico City

4003: 3799: 2391: 2376: 462: 9370: 7883:"The Caracoles de Chiapas (Mexico): 20 years of Zapatista struggle – 10 years of self-organized autonomy" 7305: 4304: 3943: 3099: 2901: 2791:

could secure 500,000 women's signatures on a petition asking for enfranchisement. When Ruiz was elected,

2387: 1968: 1958: 1928: 1810: 1795: 1785: 1373: 1238: 1233: 925: 498: 88: 7104:"The Mexican anthropologist and feminist Marcela Lagarde, creator of the term 'femicide', visits the UV" 5648: 3996:(1883–died, date unknown) – was an active revolutionary labor and feminist organizer, who supported the 3920:

advocated leftist positions at the Congreso de Mujeres de la Raza (Congress for Hispanic Women) in 1925.

3900: 3470: 3274:

In 1987 feminists from the organization Comaletzin A.C. began working with indigenous women in Chiapas,

2726:

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s a series of conferences, congresses and meetings were held, dealing with

2504:. Women's rights including suffrage were not an integral part of the anti- Díaz movements. In 1904, the 9385: 9380: 3837:– was a Mexican professor, feminist, suffragist and women's rights activist who directed the newspaper 3743: 3469:'s work, blending both masculine and feminine gender perceptions, challenged false perceptions, as did 3207: 2897: 1911: 1498: 786: 83: 7524: 6689: 4211:, Patricia Churchryk, and Sonia E. Alvarez. "Feminism in Latin America: From Bogotá to san Bernardo." 3894: 3818:(UNAM), originally planning to major in political science and journalism but then changing to theatre. 2847: 2670: 288: 9082: 7547: 5983: 4436:(MA thesis). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. pp. 12, 24–29. 4364:"Definition of feminism noun from Cambridge Dictionary Online: Free English Dictionary and Thesaurus" 4284: 3015: 2071: 1723: 1503: 940: 744: 690: 7983: 7039:"The feminist movement and the development of political discourse on voluntary motherhood in Mexico" 6632: 5788: 4070:

Cano, Gabriela. "Una ciudadanía igualitaria: El presidente Lázaro Cárdenas y el sufragio feminino."

3844: 3834: 3997: 3098:, to protest and raise awareness of the increasing violence faced by women across the country. The 2612:

feminist theory and socialism, called for a feminist congress to be convened. In January 1916, the

2312: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1945: 1825: 1621: 1383: 1037: 829: 705: 678: 591: 491: 3893:– is a contemporary painter from Mexico and is well known in Mexico for her work dealing with the 3705: 3434: 3286:

for the first time. In 1989 the Center for Research and Action for Women and the Women's Group of

2864:(Coalition of Feminist Women), hoping to make headway on abortion, rape and violence in 1976. The 2457: 2456:

A way to disseminate feminist thought was the founding of publications by and for women. In 1870,

2353: 2329: 8508: 3933: 3171: 3127: 3029:

After 1997, when PRI lost control of the legislature, female activists and victims' relatives in

2964: 2959: 2267: 1830: 1790: 1481: 1474: 1432: 661: 403: 7622: 7038: 5752:

Notable Latin American Women: Twenty-nine Leaders, Rebels, Poets, Battlers, and Spies, 1500-1900

3949: 3536: 2641: 2411: 8042: 7627:

Información y datos sobre aborto legal en México, violencia obstétrica, muerte materna y otros.

6737: 3876: 3747: 3473:

insistence on her right to be independent of any state or cultural attempts to define her art.

3227:

leading the effort to free seven women serving prison sentences for abortion or miscarriage in

3060: 2657: 2624: 2174: 1978: 1638: 1545: 1368: 1329: 1218: 1208: 1184: 1162: 1152: 1127: 1117: 776: 532: 420: 344: 9043: 8966: 8931: 8772: 8696: 6621: 6285: 4696: 4469:"Defining the Space of Mexico '68:Heroic Masculinity in the Prison and "Women" in the Streets" 4363: 3540: 2830:

presented her critique of the current situation of women at a government-sponsored gathering.

2661: 9271: 8904: 6807: 4289: 3917: 3667: 3641: 3357:(CNMI) (National Coordinating Committee of Indigenous Women) among communities from Chiapas, 2714: 2666: 2548: 2497: 2192: 1728: 1688: 1678: 1633: 1464: 1439: 1348: 1213: 970: 930: 410: 327: 8740:"Graciela Iturbide talks about going viral, L.A. cholos and shooting Frida Kahlo's bathroom" 2575: 2533: 9313: 9225: 6956: 4053: 3957: 3829: 3709: 3263: 3131: 3034: 2975:

which would open up Mexican democracy and see the presidency won in 2000 by the opposition

2803: 2784: 2766: 2510:(The Society for the Protection of Women) formed and began publishing a feminist magazine, 2415: 2248:

of the immediate period following the revolution tried in their own ways to redefine their

2106: 1850: 1805: 1775: 1758: 1748: 1596: 1508: 1486: 1378: 1353: 1288: 1132: 1112: 1062: 915: 851: 824: 564: 398: 123: 113: 6523: 3330:

and minorities in other feminist movements indigenous women in Mexico have struggled with

2597: 8: 9344: 9276: 7298:"Planned mass women's strike in Mexico like 'Cinderella' dream come true, organizer says" 6710: 4431: 4077: 4072:

Desdeldiez Boletín del Centro de Estudios de la Revolución Mexicana Lázaro Cárdenas, A.C.

3685: 3645: 3426: 2827: 2649: 2593: 2537: 2501: 2399: 2254: 2221: 2132: 1668: 1658: 1628: 1616: 1611: 1513: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1107: 1042: 1022: 955: 898: 856: 834: 800: 734: 486: 391: 170: 118: 108: 63: 7238: 7128: 5036: 4904:

Rivadeneyra, Rocío (2011). "Gender and Race Portrayals on Spanish-Language Television".

4155: 3764:, who has been on the front lines of the fight for reproductive rights of Mexican women. 3760:– is a journalist, publicist, theoretical scholar, professor and feminist activist from 3696:

and others), and was one of Mexico's most important literary voices in the last century.

3430: 3311: 9281: 8629: 8269: 8261: 8214: 7968:

Mott, Luiz (22–26 August 1994). "Etno-História Da Homossexualidade Na América Latina".

7078: 6609: 6273: 6216: 5566: 5558: 5493: 5315: 4956: 4921: 4852: 4684: 4488: 4158:. "De resistencia y últimos recursos: Notas para una crónica del feminismo en México." 4017: 3751: 3560: 3520: 3103: 3042: 3011: 2972: 2868:

dominated women's efforts until 1979, when some of its more leftist members formed the

2674: 2555: 2361: 2307: 2213: 2153:

Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical fields.

1855: 1845: 1835: 1820: 1815: 1800: 1733: 1708: 1673: 1663: 1643: 1540: 1422: 1412: 1313: 1067: 893: 759: 641: 354: 315: 68: 7055: 6020:(Sixth paperback printing. ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 121. 5679:

Lipsett-Rivera, Sonya, "Women's Status and Occupation: Spanish Women in New Spain" in

5009: 4977:

Our Lady of Guadalupe: The Origins and Sources of a Mexican National Symbol, 1531-1797

4020:. She was the first female candidate to the presidency. She was also the president of 3953: 3688:(1925–1974) – was a Mexican poet and author, who, along with the other members of the 3458: 3405:, ethno-linguistic and historical studies of pre-contact include tribes of Albardaos, 3386: 3155: 3033:

convinced the state government to create special law enforcement divisions to address

2876: 2697: 2669:

was one of three women delegates elected to the state legislature. The other two were

2467: 9286: 9139: 9022: 8995: 8970: 8959: 8937: 8910: 8878: 8846: 8821: 8778: 8747: 8704: 8667: 8566: 8273: 8222: 8218: 8135: 8101: 7911: 7855: 7823: 7758: 7700: 7656: 7272: 6922: 6918: 6832: 6810:, "'Let's Become Fewer': Soap Operas, The Pill and Population Campaigns, 1976-1986." 6772: 6738:"Fem publicación feminista pionera en América Latina se convierte en revista virtual" 6582: 6495: 6461: 6306: 6252: 6195: 6149: 6106: 6055: 6021: 5869: 5756: 5729: 5653: 5570: 5497: 5449: 5384: 5350: 5319: 5252: 5203: 5166: 5078: 4981: 4960: 4925: 4877: 4808: 4774: 4717: 4663: 4629: 4602: 4577: 4552: 4492: 4341: 4294: 3993: 3983: 3821: 3715: 3617: 3568: 3323: 3299: 3268: 3075: 3030: 2929: 2601: 2567: 2259: 2241: 2102: 1916: 1780: 1743: 1738: 1718: 1713: 1683: 1648: 1601: 1591: 1555: 1550: 1535: 1530: 1444: 1179: 1172: 1147: 1137: 1122: 987: 960: 846: 805: 781: 656: 636: 623: 584: 579: 574: 547: 447: 22: 7574: 4442: 3805: 3661: 3489: 3446: 2998:

In 1991, there were a number of constitutional changes as Mexico sought to join the

2718:

condemned divorce. Such factional splits characterized later meetings of feminists.

2617: 2485:(The erroneous education of woman and the practical means to correct it) (1891) and 9112: 8253: 8204: 8194: 7050: 6986: 5550: 5485: 5305: 5297: 4948: 4913: 4844: 4480: 4437: 4299: 4220:

Patriarchy on the Line: Labor, Gender, and Ideology in the Mexican Maquila Industry

3890: 3880: 3872: 3795: 3757: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3634:, a Mexican non-profit association of mothers whose daughters have been victims of 3621: 3498: 3183: 3023: 2912: 2770: 2588: 2306:, whose role in the conquest of Mexico as cultural translator of Spanish conqueror 2123: 1865: 1860: 1770: 1698: 1693: 1653: 1606: 1581: 1518: 1390: 1318: 1167: 1052: 1017: 935: 841: 795: 771: 695: 668: 631: 474: 467: 457: 437: 381: 364: 305: 58: 8073:. Seattle, Washington: Feminist Art Archive, University of Washington. Autumn 2012 6188:

Camín, Héctor Aguilar; Meyer, Lorenzo; translated by Luis Alberto Fierro (1996).

4188:

Gender and the Mexican Revolution: Yucatecan Women and the Realities of Patriarchy

3774:

1980) – was a poet, writer, feminist, art critic, teacher and translator. Born in

3693: 3609: 3045:

disappearances. By 2004 the violence toward women had escalated to the point that

2493: 8804: 8692: 8585: 8129: 8093: 7905: 7849: 6764: 6489: 6455: 6300: 6246: 6189: 6143: 6100: 6049: 6015: 5863: 5750: 5445:

Latin American writers on gay and lesbian themes : a bio-critical sourcebook

5443: 5378: 5344: 5246: 5197: 5160: 5072: 4975: 4952: 4871: 4802: 4768: 4711: 4657: 4623: 4309: 4262: 3963: 3928:

Mujer: Periódico independiente para la evaluación intelectual y moral de la mujer

3848: 3781: 3655: 3528: 3514: 3451: 3362: 3327: 3295: 3046: 2583: 2478:(Violets of Anáhuac), which demanded equality of the sexes and women's suffrage. 2195:, is at one end of the spectrum and the sinful, scheming, traitorous, deceptive, 2170: 2148: 2061: 1469: 1278: 1266: 1072: 1012: 992: 950: 888: 810: 700: 646: 604: 542: 537: 503: 415: 369: 8818:

Confronting change, challenging tradition : women in Latin American history

7722:"La Jornada - La SCJN reconoció el derecho de la mujer sobre su cuerpo: experto" 6380:"A Policy Window for Successful Social Activism: Abortion Reform in Mexico City" 6191:

In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910-1989

5912:. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University. pp. 4–5. Archived from 5666:

Schroeder, Susan, "Women's Status and Occupation: Indian Women in New Spain" in

3767: 3210:

coordinated protests over numerous weeks which eventually defeated the measure.

2835: 8866: 8257: 4208: 4087: 4063:

Cano, Gabriela. "Revolución, feminismo y ciudadanía en México (1915-1920)". In

4013: 4007: 3494: 3418: 3211: 3198:

attempted to ban abortion even in the case of rape. In a speech to commemorate

3054: 2905: 2852: 2692:(United Front for Women‟s Rights). By 1925, women in two other Mexican states, 2462: 2438: 2407: 2333: 2266:

that they were participants in shaping in the history of the country. In 1987,

1840: 1283: 1248: 1057: 863: 815: 609: 569: 452: 8047:(PhD dissertation). University of Massachusetts Amherst. p. vi. Paper 590 4917: 4484: 3802:, Mexico. She was active in the Frente Unico Pro Derechos de la Mujer (FUPDM). 3603: 3497:

to address feminist expression in Mexican art, psychologist and art historian

2558:

were teachers either before or after the war, as were the participants of the

2324: 9364: 8882: 8751: 8671: 8607: 8182: 7827: 7660: 7327:"What would a world without women look like? On March 9, Mexico may find out" 7276: 6586: 6494:. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 12–13. 6245:

Olcott, Jocelyn (editor); Vaughan, Mary Kay (editor); Cano, Gabriela (2006).

4315: 4276: 3627: 3616:

author, professor, and publisher in the United States. She is the founder of

3482: 3478: 3331: 3167: 3038: 2992: 2727: 2609: 2445:, considered the most brilliant and radical defender of women's emancipation. 2427: 1142: 1102: 1097: 1007: 749: 712: 337: 332: 8820:(1. publ. ed.). Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources. pp. 40–41. 8777:(in Spanish) (1 ed.). Mexicali, B.C.: Secretaría de Educación Pública. 4234:

Mujeres que se organizan: El Frente Unico Pro-Derechos de la Mujer 1935-1938

3243:

In 2019, during a surge of feminist protests happening in the country, the “

38: 8933:

Persistencia y cambio: acercamientos a la historia de las mujeres en México

8199: 5489: 5448:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. u.a.: Greenwood Press. p. xxvii. 3866: 3814:– is a well-known Mexican actress and performance artist. She attended the 3811: 3719: 3590: 3544: 3474: 3422: 3414: 2856:, a magazine for scholarly analysis of issues from a feminist perspective. 2774: 2731: 2139:

was no longer constitutionally restricted from being involved in politics.

1363: 1293: 1157: 1092: 1087: 1047: 997: 754: 673: 651: 552: 427: 300: 8131:

De-centring sexualities politics and representations beyond the metropolis

5285: 4574:

Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity

4241:

Confronting change, challenging tradition: women in Latin American history

3382: 3370: 3314:

women, also began helping indigenous women in their struggles for rights.

3307: 2529: 8244:

Stephen, Lynn (March 2002). "Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca".

8160: 7396:"Mexican president defends 10-foot barriers to wall off women protesters" 4342:"Feminism – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 3987: 3854: 3761: 3589:(Latin American Catholic Network) has gone so far as to send a letter to 3466: 3410: 3191: 3159: 3095: 2984: 2936: 2924: 2544: 2303: 2294: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2187: 766: 557: 7239:"Violence against women: 'Day of the dead women' protest in Mexico City" 7213:"Machista Media Get it Wrong on Feminist Protests in Mexico (Interview)" 5626:. Eds. Susan Schroeder et al. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1996. 5301: 2908:, male unemployment soared, and feminist activity came to a standstill. 2870:

Frente Nacional de Lucha por la Liberacion y los Derechos de las Mujeres

2352:

The one major exception to this picture of marginalization of women is

8633: 8265: 8209: 5562: 4856: 4835:

Robb, J. D. (April 1961). "The Matachines Dance: A Ritual Folk Dance".

4655: 3970:

and founder of an early feminist society named "Admiradoras de Juárez."

3967: 3692:(the poets who wrote following the Second World War, was influenced by 3675: 3402: 3228: 3195: 3179: 3138:, is ranked 33rd on gender equality; the United States is ranked 43rd. 2880: 2183: 2161: 1323: 1308: 1002: 8871:"Entre ambas fronteras: tras la igualdad de derechos para las mujeres" 7649:"Lo que la Marea Verde nos ha enseñado a las mujeres latinoamericanas" 6194:(1st ed.). Austin (Tex.): University of Texas press. p. 63. 5310: 5248:

The Contemporáneos Group: Rewriting Mexico in the Thirties and Forties

4067:, vol. 5, eds. Georges Duby and Michelle Perrot. Madrid: Taurus: 1991. 3682:, who advocated free love at the First Pan-American Feminist Congress. 3014:

prevention program. In reaction, the feminist movement began studying

2433: 5981: 4713:

Devouring Frida: The Art History and Popular Celebrity of Frida Kahlo

4202:

The U.S.-Mexico Border: Transcending Divisions, Contesting Identities

4035: 3937: 3791: 3778:, Spain she held Guatemalan citizenship and lived in exile in Mexico. 3775: 3671: 2812: 2119: 1303: 1298: 376: 8774:

Del Grijalva al Colorado : recuerdos y vivencias de un político

8701:

Moctezuma's Table: Rolando Briseño's Mexican and Chicano Tablescapes

7910:(1. ed.). Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press. p. 178. 5037:"Oh What A Difference a Difference Makes: Gender in the Visual Arts" 4848: 2734:. Much of this attention was in response to the 1926 passage of the 2372: 2237: 8994:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 78–80. 7815: 7682:"México despenaliza el aborto tras una decisión judicial histórica" 6923:"Hard Times for Citizenship: Women's Movements in Chile and Mexico" 5554: 5251:(1. ed.). Austin, TX: Univ. of Texas Press. pp. 100–103. 4807:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 24–29. 4417:, ed. José C. Moya. New York: Oxford University Press 2011, p. 369. 3679: 3547:, which has been accepted in their society since pre-conquest. The 3358: 3303: 3232: 3187:

The period marked slow, but steady gains for women in the country.

3007: 2179: 2114: 2110: 1077: 945: 508: 30: 8539: 8382:"On US-Mexico border, Catholic nuns offer migrants rare sanctuary" 8326:"Cumple Gunaxhi Guendanabani 20 años de concientizar sobre el VIH" 6865:"Mexico's Ruling Party Concedes First Defeat in a Governor's Race" 4496: 8606:(in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Cimac Noticias. Archived from 5624:

Indian Women: Gender Differentiation and Identity in Early Mexico

3613: 3401:

Mexico has a long history of "gender rebels" which according to

3374: 3366: 3275: 2693: 2582:

Revolution, with the right to divorce attained in 1914. In 1915,

2474:

established a literary feminist group that published a magazine,

2196: 739: 8903:

Mitchell, Stephanie Evaline; Schell, Patience Alexandra (2007).

8656:"Eulalia Guzmán y la imposibilidad de excavar en suelo nacional" 8409:"A New Inquisition The Vatican's Investigation of American Nuns" 8128:

Phillips, Richard; Watt, Diane; Shuttleton, David, eds. (2000).

6386:. Oxford, Ohio: Miami University. pp. 29–30. Archived from 6102:

Gender and identity formation in contemporary Mexican literature

5809:

quoted in Miller, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations", p. 549.

4174:

With Our Heads Bowed: The Dynamics of Gender in a Maya Community

4092:

Gender Politics in Latin America: Debates in Theory and Practice

3841:(Us) and was a leader in the development of the Communist Party. 2919:, which had been in power since 1929. One such organization was 2757:(National Congress of Women Workers and Peasants) sponsored the 2483:

Educación errónea de la mujer y medios prácticas para corregirla

9073: 8726:"Rebel performer: Mexico's Astrid Hadad skewers the status quo" 6248:

Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico

4167:

Sex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico

3936:(1900–1931) – was a Mexican intellectual, writer, feminist and 3862: 3732:– is a librarian, writer, and influential activist of both the 3532: 3390: 3378: 3283: 3279: 3163: 3150:

Women campaigning for the decriminalisation of abortion in 2011

3135: 3064:

Femicide Protest at Zocalo in 2019 in front of Palacio National

2807:

Armored cars at protests at the "Zócalo" in Mexico City in 1968

2605: 2302:

The most famous indigenous woman is Doña Marina, also known as

2253:

were influential in questioning the values of Mexican society.

7793:"The Zapatista Women's Revolutionary Law as it is lived today" 7188:"'Pink Glitter' Feminist Movement Pushes For Change In Mexico" 7159:"Mexico's 'glitter revolution' targets violence against women" 6671: 6669: 5442:

Foster, David William; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath, eds. (1994).

3897:, the mass murder of young women along the U.S.-Mexico border. 7907:

Plaza of Sacrifices: Gender, Power, and Terror in 1968 Mexico

7752: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7265:"'Not My Fault': Women in Mexico Fight Back Against Violence" 6894:"Mexico's Ruling Party Loses Presidency in Historic Election" 5868:(1. publ. ed.). Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 287. 5649:"It is time to stop vilifying the 'Spanish father of Mexico'" 4576:. New York, New York: New York University Press. p. 15. 3406: 3106:

put a damper on the growing movement, and the March 8, 2021,

7439: 6953:"Mexico: Activism and Reflection: Feminist journal turns 15" 6440: 6438: 5907:"The Involvement of Women in Mexican Politics and Economics" 4876:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 22–24. 4601:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 149. 4404:, vol 2, pp. 549-50. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 4400:

Miller, Francesca, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations" in

4319:, memorial-like works installed by feminist groups in Mexico 3930:(1923–26), and who advocated that domestic work be salaried. 3563:

caused the coming together of the Muxe and feminist groups.

8961:

Triumphs and tragedy : a history of the Mexican people

7575:"Ordena SCJN la inmediata liberación de Adriana Manzanares" 7471:"A Victory of Sorts for Abortion Rights in a Mexican State" 6666: 5785:"Feminine Wiles a Weapon in Mexico's Independence Struggle" 4773:. Lewisburg : Bucknell University Press. pp. 125–131. 4243:(1. publ. ed.). Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources 1994. 4165:

Olcott, Jocelyn, Mary Kay Vaughan, and Gabriela Cano, eds.

3648:

during the Mexican Revolution, later edited the periodical

3548: 3290:

initiated programs for indigenous women in Chiapas and the

2135:

remain an ongoing issue, particularly since 1991, when the

7854:(1. publ. ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 100–101. 7739: 7453: 7451: 6080: 6078: 6048:

Mitchell, Stephanie E.; Schell, Patience A., eds. (2006).

5228: 5226: 2923:(Women's Struggle for Democracy). Simultaneously, several 2783:(Mexican Women's Alliance) and made a deal with candidate 8435:"A More Incisive Female Presence in the Church Is Needed" 8100:(1. ed.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. 7370:"No llenaron el Zócalo, dice AMLO sobre la marcha del 8M" 6571: 6435: 6054:. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Pub. pp. 15–16. 5755:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. pp. 133–137. 5383:(1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 3. 4873:

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4544: 4227:

Celsa's World: Conversations with a Mexican Peasant Woman

4133:

Against All Odds: The Feminist Movement in Mexico to 1940

8628:

Foppa, A., & Franco, J. (1981). . Signs, 7(1), 4-4.

8560: 7766:

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7489: 7129:"Mexicans march to vent anger at police over rape cases" 7096: 5199:

The Other Mirror: Women's Narrative in Mexico, 1980-1995

4126:

Dolor Y Alegria: Women and Social Change in Urban Mexico

2741:

Near the end of the decade, political parties, like the

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Reclaiming the archive : feminism and film history

6075: 5982:

Secretaría de Asuntos Internacionales (22 April 2014).

5469: 5338: 5336: 5223: 4716:. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press. p. 34. 4413:

Guy, Donna. "Gender and Sexuality in Latin America" in

4200:

Staudt, Kathleen, David Spencer and Lynne Rienner, ed.

4190:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2009. 2928:

and hours. They expanded demands to include addressing

8845:. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO. pp. 249–250. 8127: 7106:. Valencia, Spain: Universitat de València. 5 May 2014 6460:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 334. 6017:"Soldaderas" in the Mexican Military: Myth and History 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5776: 4938: 4625:

La Malinche in Mexican literature from history to myth

4545:

Abbot, Pamela; Wallace, Claire; Melissa Tyler (1996).

4140:

Latin American Women and the Search for Social Justice

3750:

to be awarded the Defender of Human Rights award from

3438:

and not indicative of a social or political movement.

8647: 7680:

Barragán, Carmen Morán Breña, Almudena (2021-09-07).

6930:

Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting

5852:

Miller, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations" p. 549.

5609:

Karttunen, Frances. "La Malinche and Malinchismo" in

5346:

Prospero's Daughter: The Prose of Rosario Castellanos

5202:. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. pp. 62–65. 4770:

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2900:

intensified and Mexico devalued its currency to gain

2652:, including protection of their lands and wages; and 2298:

Modern statue of Cortés, Marina, and their son Martín

8923: 7936: 7934: 7759:"Zapatismo and the Emergence of Indigenous Feminism" 6917: 6575:

Reflections on Taksim – Gezi Park Protests in Turkey

6132:

Miller, "Feminism and Feminist Organizations" p. 550

5787:. Latin American Herald Tribune. Efe. Archived from 5333: 5077:. Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers. pp. 156–157. 4804:

José Limón and La Malinche: The Dancer and the Dance

4252: 2826:

The visibility of feminists increased in the 1970s.

2519:

Club Femenil Antirreeleccionista Hijas de Cuauhtémoc

2500:(PLM) and supporters of the presidency candidacy of 2358:

The Answer/La Respuesta by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

8896: 8809: 7263:Villegas, Paulina; Malkin, Elisabeth (2019-12-26). 6976: 6974: 6911: 6887: 6885: 6524:"Mexico City to Legalize Abortion Despite Protests" 6235:

Miller,"Feminism and Feminist Organizations" p. 550

5889: 5822:Jimenez, Rosa Maria Gonzalez (Spring–Summer 2012). 5726:

The Answer/LaRespuesta by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

5639:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006 5349:(1. ed.). Austin, Tex.: Univ. of Texas Press. 4628:(1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 4599:

Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies

4548:

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Women's liberation movement in North America#Mexico

3798:activist, typographer, journalist and poet born in 3543:are home to a non-binary gender sometimes called a 3310:, Women in Solidarity Action (EMAS), who work with 3094:was held in Mexico on March 9, partly organized by 2995:, printing articles written by both women and men. 2971:The period beginning in 1990 marked a shift in the 2578:, using their gender to disguise their activities. 2434:

Early national period and the Porfiriato, 1821-1911

2204:underlying themes of the female Mexican identity — 8958: 8590:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 8487:"Rede de Católicas enviam carta ao Papa Francisco" 8187:"Feminist Disruptions in Mexican Art, 1975 - 1987" 7756: 6767:. In Murphy, Kevin P.; Spear, Jennifer M. (eds.). 6683: 6681: 6094: 6092: 6090: 5124:. Cox News Service. March 13, 1994. Archived from 5118:"Gay Women Face Taboo In Mexico, Keep Low Profile" 5112: 5110: 4897: 4425: 4423: 2540:, defender of Mexico City in the coup against him. 2524: 9015:de Magnón, Leonor Villegas; Lomas, Clara (1994). 8990:Acosta, Teresa Palomo; Winegarten, Ruthe (2003). 8148: 8011:"My Favorite Feminist: Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" 7931: 7539: 7498:"Global Feminist Profiles: Marta Lamas of Mexico" 6305:. 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Bluffton, Ohio: Bluffton University. p. 2 4649: 4551:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 380. 4462: 4460: 4328: 3114:′s support of accused rapist Felix Salgado as a 2182:culture is neither clearly juxtaposed against a 8929: 8764: 8703:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 125. 8400: 8237: 8085: 8008: 7592: 7070: 6944: 6762: 6678: 6515: 6447: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6371: 6183: 6181: 6087: 6041: 5959: 5957: 5782: 5724:Arenal, Electa; Powell, Amanda (June 1, 2009). 5683:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 1619-1621 5540: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5513:"The more colorful aspects of Mexico's history" 5404: 5191: 5189: 5158: 5107: 5028: 4932: 4746:"La Virgen de Guadalupe - Mother of all Mexico" 4590: 4420: 2736:Reglamento para el Ejercicio de la Prostitución 2386:Some women distinguished themselves during the 2105:and opportunities for Mexican women. Rooted in 9014: 8902: 8175: 8034: 7784: 7262: 6856: 6756: 6565: 6047: 5812: 5728:(2nd ed.). New York: The Feminist Press. 5235: 5149: 5070: 4615: 4565: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4383: 4381: 4145:Mitchell, Stephanie and Patience Schell, eds. 4016:– was an activist and prominent figure in the 2367: 9059: 8834: 8653: 8561:Boles, Janet K.; Diane Long Hoeveler (2004). 8426: 8370: 8317: 8059: 7943:"La homosexualidad en América antes de Colón" 7897: 7841: 7757:Hernández Castillo, R. Aída (May–June 2002). 7601:"Busca la SCJN que aborto sea constitucional" 7023: 6251:. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 14. 6238: 6135: 6105:. New York : Garland Publishing. p. 17. 5865:Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives 5855: 5435: 5342: 5272: 5001: 4662:. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. 4457: 4415:The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History 4236:. Mexico City: Miguel Angel Porrúa-UNAM 1992. 4105:Women in Pain: Gender and Morbidity in Mexico 2798: 2721: 2690:Frente Unico Pro Derechos de la Mujer (FUPDM) 2079: 8536:"Nancy Cárdenas a 10 diez años de su muerte" 7961: 7705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6812:Sexuality Research and Social Policy Journal 6735: 6481: 6411: 6221:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6178: 6007: 5954: 5931: 5904: 5742: 5723: 5705:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 435-37 5622:Karttunen, Frances. "Rethinking Maliche" in 5613:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 775-78 5523: 5441: 5370: 5186: 5071:Foweraker, Joe; Craig, Ann L., eds. (1990). 4967: 4466: 4024:("The Eureka Committee of the Disappeared"). 3433:peoples. During the colonial period, Sister 3258: 3020:Grupo de Information en Reproduction Elegida 2983:(Feminist Debate), a publication founded by 2886: 2169:In Mexico, most of these theories stem from 2142: 9352:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics. 9075:Feminism in Latin America and the Caribbean 8906:The Women's Revolution in Mexico, 1910-1953 8527: 7875: 7181: 7179: 6771:(. ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 6378:Schnaith, Marisa Caitlin Weiss (May 2009). 6051:The Women's Revolution in Mexico, 1910-1953 5905:Bauermeister, Jennifer L. (December 1999). 4980:. 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Institute of Mesoamerican Studies, 1993. 4147:The Women's Revolutionin Mexico, 1910-1953 4124:Levine, Sarah and Clara Sundeland Correa. 3724:Zapatista Army of National Liberation Army 3596: 3450:Frida photographed in 1932 by her father, 3355:Coordinadora Nacional de Mujeres Indígenas 2574:(Women's Loyalty Club) founded in 1913 by 2319: 2156: 2086: 2072: 966:African-American women's suffrage movement 8930:Melgar-Palacios, Lucía (1 January 2008). 8840: 8798:25 Mexicans: Patrica Mercado, alternative 8601: 8380:Grant, Kevin Douglas (21 December 2012). 8208: 8198: 8154: 7940: 7545: 7185: 7054: 6298: 5510: 5309: 5159:Chicago, Judy; Borzello, Frances (2010). 4441: 4429: 4391:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 480. 3966:– was an early twentieth century Mexican 3493:early as 1975, at a seminar organized by 3339:Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional 3231:and in 2011 secured a similar release in 2562:, the first feminist congress in Mexico. 8936:. El Colegio de Mexico AC. p. 172. 8909:. 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New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 4709: 4703: 4596: 3859:Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México 3816:National Autonomous University of Mexico 3508: 3445: 3262: 3145: 3059: 2958: 2947:launched the gender studies publication 2802: 2543: 2528: 2437: 2371: 2323: 2293: 2289: 2236: 2160: 911:Discrimination against transgender women 9008: 8983: 8770: 8452: 8406: 8352:"Global Gender Gap Report 2014: Mexico" 8344: 8243: 8091: 8067:"The Revolutionary Artist: Frida Kahlo" 7851:Anti-Muslim Prejudice: Past and Present 7820:The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7598: 7573:Gandaría, Manrique (January 22, 2014). 7500:. Gender Across Borders. Archived from 7076: 6950: 5821: 5714:Aizpuru, "Education: Colonial," p. 438. 5511:Wilkinson, Tracy (September 13, 2010). 5244: 4571: 4065:Historia de las mujeres en el Occidente 2842:(Women's Forum) which was broadcast on 2232: 9363: 8865: 8843:Encyclopedia of women social reformers 8595: 8287:Caparrós, Martín (22 September 2008). 8181: 8040: 7790: 7152: 7150: 7123: 7121: 7011:Vol. 1998, issue 2, article 6, p. 433. 6862: 6692:. New America Media. Frontera NorteSur 6141: 5861: 5283: 5007: 4621: 4098:Fem: Diez años de periodismo feminista 3441: 3220:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 3194:'s 2000 election, the PAN governor of 3141: 2943:was launched in 1990. In Guadalajara, 2875:In the 1970s during the presidency of 2616:(First Feminist Congress) was held in 9047: 8950: 8723: 8489:. catolicas.org.br. 28 September 2014 8432: 8379: 8323: 8296:Periodismo Narrativo en Latinoamérica 7903: 7847: 7646: 7546:Stevenson, Mark (September 7, 2010). 7186:Cervantes, Rodrigo (20 August 2019). 7036: 6985:. El Universal Nacion. Archived from 6983:"Marta Lamas y la libertad de elegir" 6526:. Banderas News. Agence France Presse 6487: 6013: 5937: 5748: 5376: 5195: 4973: 4169:. Durham: Duke University Press 2006. 4121:. Palgrave Macmillan: New York, 2011. 3632:Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C. 3343:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 2688:. 1923 also saw the formation of the 8956: 8771:Everado, Milton Castellanos (1994). 7967: 7941:Hernandez, Diego (13 October 2013). 7720:Demos, Editorial; Murillo, Eduardo. 7599:Miranda, Miguel (28 November 2014). 7077:Shulman, Aaron (December 29, 2010). 6981:Salmerón, Cristina (22 April 2007). 6713:. 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London: Routledge. p. 163. 6769:Historicising Gender and Sexuality 6522:Peyrille, Alexandre (April 2007). 6099:Mendiola, Marina Pérez de (1998). 5596:Manzanera del Campo, Maria Elena. 4046: 3826:San Francisco Museum of Modern Art 3216:Party of the Democratic Revolution 3116:candidate for governor of Guerrero 14: 9402: 8965:. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 8563:Historical Dictionary of Feminism 8324:Manzo, Diana (November 5, 2014). 7523:Carbajal, Mariana (7 July 2014). 7352:"For Mexico, a day without women" 5598:La igualdad de derechos políticos 4622:Cypess, Sandra Messinger (1991). 4128:. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, 1993. 3636:female homicides in Ciudad Juárez 3587:Rede Latinoamericana de Católicas 3334:from mainstream feminist groups. 2917:Institutional Revolutionary Party 9187: 9167:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 8791: 8732: 8717: 8685: 8638: 8622: 8579: 8518: 8501: 8433:Green, Emma (16 December 2014). 8098:Anita Brenner: A Mind of Her Own 8025: 7713: 7673: 7640: 7615: 7414: 7388: 7362: 7344: 7319: 7289: 7256: 7231: 7205: 7157:Plillips, Tom (26 August 2019). 7037:Lamas, Marta (1 November 1997). 7014: 7001: 6847: 6838: 6826: 6817: 6801: 6792: 6720: 6488:Bliss, Katherine Elaine (2001). 4323:Violence against women in mexico 4269: 4255: 4010:, during the Mexican revolution. 3788:Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza 3396: 3130:measurement of countries by the 2832:"La abnegación, una virtud loca" 2654:Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza 2586:founded a feminist publication, 2272:Mujeres en la historia de México 2055: 1587:Democratic Republic of the Congo 921:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 37: 8816:ed, Gertrude M. Yeager (1994). 8565:. Scarecrow Press. p. 70. 8159:. Cimacnoticias. Archived from 8092:Glusker, Susannah Joel (1998). 7791:Marcos, Sylvia (22 July 2014). 6951:Navarro, Marysa (Spring 2005). 6704: 6688:Paterson, Kent (May 10, 2012). 6657: 6648: 6639: 6556: 6547: 6538: 6402: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6335: 6326: 6229: 6169: 6126: 5998: 5966: 5846: 5828:Resources for Feminist Research 5803: 5717: 5708: 5695: 5686: 5673: 5660: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5603: 5590: 5577: 5140: 5098: 5055: 4538: 4443:10.31390/gradschool_theses.1481 4430:Schneider, Julia Maria (2010). 4229:. Univ. of Arizona Press, 1991. 3337:With the 1994 formation of the 2862:Coalicion de Mujeres Feministas 2759:Congreso Contra la Prostitución 2743:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 2705:taking the lead organizing the 2646:María "Cuca" del Refugio García 2525:Revolutionary period: 1911–1925 2507:Sociedad Protectora de la Mujer 8328:. El Imparcial. Archived from 8041:Morgan, Tabitha Adams (2012). 6955:. Ms. Magazine. 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Monthly Review Press, 1997. 3910: 3734:Chicano Civil Rights Movement 3488:Beginning in the 1970s, when 3347:Ley Revolucionaria de Mujeres 8957:Ruiz, Ramón Eduardo (1992). 8877:(in Spanish) (31): 235–255. 8407:Sennott, Charles M. (2014). 7885:. Înfo Welat. April 28, 2014 7647:Casas, Ximena (2021-11-02). 7304:(in Spanish). Archived from 6853:Foweraker (1990), pp 222-227 6444:Mitchell (2006)," pp 133-137 6341:Rappaport (2001), pp 282-283 4953:10.1080/08961530.2010.505884 4801:Seed, Patricia, ed. (2008). 4100:. Mexico City: Planeta 1988. 3686:Rosario Castellanos Figueroa 3644:(1884-1949), founder of the 3306:, Women for Dialogue and in 2954: 2780:Alianza de Mujeres Mexicanas 2472:Laureana Wright de Kleinhans 2443:Laureana Wright de Kleinhans 2004:Suffragists and suffragettes 1934:American feminist literature 7: 8699:. In Norma E. Cantú (ed.). 8246:Latin American Perspectives 7984:"Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz" 7043:Reproductive Health Matters 6921:; Macdonald, Laura (2003). 5692:Lipsett-Rivera, pp. 1620-21 5035:Sullivan, Mary Ann (2002). 4870:de la Mora, Sergio (2006). 4305:Gender inequality in Mexico 4248: 4222:. Temple Univ. Press, 1994. 4207:Steinbach, Nancy Sapporta, 4204:. Lynne Rienner Pub., 1998. 3974:G. Sofía Villa de Buentello 3944:Margarita Robles de Mendoza 3531:cultures of the Isthmus of 3100:COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico 3080:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2703:G. Sofía Villa de Buentello 2686:G. Sofía Villa de Buentello 2388:Mexican War of Independence 2368:Independence era, 1810-1821 1244:Views on transgender topics 1234:Views on sexual orientation 10: 9407: 8258:10.1177/0094582x0202900203 7426:Journal of Futures Studies 6368:Mitchell (2006)," pp 56-57 5600:. Mexico DF: 1953, p. 143. 5478:Journal of Women's History 5417:Americas (English Edition) 5343:O'Connell, Joanna (1995). 5290:Journal of Women's History 4366:. dictionary.cambridge.org 3288:San Cristóbal de las Casas 3267:Poster commemorating EZLN 3250:On September 7, 2021, the 3202:Fox's Secretary of Labor, 2939:, a biannual publication, 2838:created the radio program 2799:The Second Wave: 1968–1974 2722:Post-revolution: 1926–1967 2638:Consejo Feminista Mexicano 2277: 2146: 9342: 9262: 9244: 9196: 9185: 9081: 8841:Rappaport, Helen (2001). 8524:Cano, "Feminism" p.482-83 7376:. 24 Horas. March 9, 2021 6844:Bauermeister (1999), p 13 6299:Rappaport, Helen (2001). 6084:Mitchell (2006), pp 21-24 6014:Salas, Elizabeth (2006). 6004:Mitchell (2006), pp 21-28 5963:Cano, "Feminism", p. 481. 5938:Erlij, David (May 2005). 5749:Adams, Jerome R. (1995). 5232:Morgan (2012), pp 141-143 5162:Frida Kahlo: Face to Face 4918:10.1007/s11199-011-0010-9 4485:10.1215/00182168-83-4-617 4285:Feminism in Latin America 4239:Yeager, Gertrude M., ed. 4232:Tuñon Pablos, Esperanza. 4004:Leonor Villegas de Magnón 3800:San Juan del Río, Durango 3738:Chicana Feminist movement 3351:Women's Revolutionary Law 3259:Indigenous women's rights 3200:International Women's Day 3121: 3108:International Women's Day 3004:Catholic Church in Mexico 2887:Second wave: 1975 to 1989 2650:indigenous women's rights 2648:, who was a proponent of 2614:Primer Congreso Feminista 2560:Primer Congreso Feminista 2392:Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez 2377:Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez 2143:Feminist theory in Mexico 2137:Catholic Church in Mexico 2035:Women's rights by country 941:Female genital mutilation 9391:Women's rights in Mexico 9349: 8644:Cano, "Feminism" p. 483. 8388:. Minneapolis, Minnesota 7402:. Reuters. March 6, 2021 6763:Olcott, Jocelyn (2011). 6726:Cano, "Feminism" p. 484. 6553:Bauermeister (1999), p 8 6544:Bauermeister (1999), p 6 6454:Callahan, Vicki (2010). 5585:Woman Suffrage in Mexico 5284:Olcott, Jocelyn (2009). 4974:Poole, Stafford (1995). 3998:Partido Liberal Mexicano 3907:María del Refugio García 3901:Julia Nava de Ruisánchez 3746:– was the first Mexican 3324:right of the first night 3235:. In November 2014, the 2711:María del Refugio García 2258:Her voice was joined by 2040:Feminists by nationality 2014:Women's studies journals 2009:Women's rights activists 727:Movements and ideologies 8289:"The Muxes of Juchitán" 8031:Olcott (2006), pp 36-39 7848:Malik, Maleiha (2010). 6663:Cano, "Feminism" p. 484 6432:Cano, "Feminism" p. 482 6332:Rappaport (2001), p 249 5657:, accessed 10 June 2019 4767:Day, Stuart A. (2004). 4597:Allatson, Paul (2007). 4517:Foweraker (1990), p 220 4209:Marysa Navarro-Araguren 3934:Antonieta Rivas Mercado 3895:deaths in Ciudad Juárez 3885:Partido Socialdemócrata 3740:of the 1960s and 1970s. 3650:Feminismo internacional 3597:List of notable figures 3579: 3504: 3128:Global Gender Gap Index 3092:National Women’s Strike 3037:and deaths of women in 2848:Margarita García Flores 2671:Beatríz Peniche Barrera 2604:, who had studied both 2320:Colonial era, 1521-1810 2157:Traditional stereotypes 1428:International relations 289:Intersectional variants 9021:. Arte Publico Press. 8358:. World Economic Forum 8200:10.4000/artelogie.5103 8071:courses.washington.edu 7904:Carey, Elaine (2005). 7079:"The Rise of Femicide" 6808:Soto Laveaga, Gabriela 6408:Mitchell (2006)," p 59 6359:Mitchell (2006)," p 28 5703:Encyclopedia of Mexico 5681:Encyclopedia of Mexico 5668:Encyclopedia of Mexico 5611:Encyclopedia of Mexico 5490:10.1353/jowh.2007.0010 4572:Hurtado, Aída (2003). 4535:Cano, "Feminism" p.485 4389:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4058:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3877:Socialdemocratic Party 3845:Dolores Jiménez y Muro 3835:Estela Jiménez Esponda 3620:and a major figure in 3524: 3454: 3271: 3151: 3065: 2968: 2808: 2658:Felipe Carrillo Puerto 2625:Constitution of Mexico 2551: 2541: 2446: 2383: 2336: 2299: 2244: 2175:social constructionist 2166: 1954:Conservative feminisms 1209:Bicycling and feminism 1185:Women in the workforce 1153:Violence against women 1128:Sexual objectification 1088:Opposition to feminism 345:Vegetarian ecofeminism 9157:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8298:: 5–6. Archived from 7629:(in European Spanish) 6654:Frazier (2003), p 652 6562:Schnaith (2009), p 31 6175:Mitchell (2006), p 27 6145:Contra viento y marea 6142:Macías, Anna (2002). 5377:Lamas, Marta (2011). 5061:Morgan (2012) p 5, 10 5008:Gilboa, Anat (2005). 4344:. merriam-webster.com 4290:Feminism in Argentina 4162:71:8 (May–June 1987). 3918:Elvia Carrillo Puerto 3790:(1875–1942) – was an 3748:human rights activist 3744:Verónica Cruz Sánchez 3706:Rita Cetina Gutiérrez 3668:Elvia Carrillo Puerto 3512: 3449: 3435:Juana Inés de la Cruz 3429:, Tahus, Tlasca, and 3266: 3208:Verónica Cruz Sánchez 3149: 3063: 2977:National Action Party 2962: 2806: 2715:Elvia Carrillo Puerto 2667:Elvia Carrillo Puerto 2549:Elvia Carrillo Puerto 2547: 2532: 2514:(The Mexican Woman). 2498:Mexican Liberal Party 2492:As opposition to the 2476:"Violetas de Anáhuac" 2466:(The Everlasting) in 2458:Rita Cetina Gutiérrez 2441: 2375: 2354:Juana Inés de la Cruz 2330:Juana Inés de la Cruz 2327: 2297: 2290:Conquest era, 1519-21 2240: 2193:Our Lady of Guadalupe 2165:Our Lady of Guadalupe 2164: 2131:uprising in Chiapas. 1984:Feminist rhetoricians 1974:Feminist philosophers 1526:Revisionist mythology 1229:Views on prostitution 1214:Criticism of marriage 904:Children's literature 8013:. Ms. Magazine blogs 6711:Castellanos, Rosario 6645:Xypolia (2013), p 45 6596:on 21 September 2013 6350:Lavrin (1978), p 290 5146:Morgan (2012), p 148 4197:. Arden Press, 1990. 4193:Soto, Shirlene Ann. 4181:Literatura Feminista 4078:Castellanos, Rosario 3950:Elena Torres Cuéllar 3573:Gunaxhi Guendanabani 3567:(Loves Life, in the 3565:Gunaxhi Guendanabani 3537:Juchitán de Zaragoza 3132:World Economic Forum 3078:, ally to President 3049:introduced the term 3016:pro-choice movements 2785:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 2642:Elena Torres Cuéllar 2572:Club Femenil Lealtad 2416:Maria Fermina Rivera 2412:Rita Pérez de Moreno 2233:Changing perceptions 1964:Feminist art critics 1939:Feminist comic books 1896:Lists and categories 1575:By continent/country 1406:Pathways perspective 1289:Gender mainstreaming 1224:Views on pornography 1133:Substantive equality 1113:Reproductive justice 1063:Matriarchal religion 916:Diversity (politics) 852:Political lesbianism 162:Other women's rights 9376:Feminism by country 9179:Trinidad and Tobago 9091:Antigua and Barbuda 7814:Elkholy, Sharin N. 7504:on 14 February 2016 6989:on 25 February 2015 6717:6:3 September 1992. 5637:Malintzin's Choices 5635:Townsend, Camilla. 5302:10.1353/jowh.0.0098 5165:. Munich: Prestel. 5104:Morgan (2012), p 12 4499:on 27 December 2019 4172:Rosenbaum, Brenda. 4138:Miller, Francesca. 4084:6:3 September 1992. 3956:Socialist Party in 3924:María Ríos Cárdenas 3646:Neutral White Cross 3541:Teotitlán del Valle 3442:Artists and writers 3142:Reproductive rights 2902:international loans 2828:Rosario Castellanos 2662:Rosa Torre González 2594:Venustiano Carranza 2538:Francisco I. Madero 2512:"La Mujer Mexicana" 2502:Francisco I. Madero 2400:Gertrudis Bocanegra 2313:José López Portillo 2255:Rosario Castellanos 2133:Reproductive rights 2062:Feminism portal 1969:Feminist economists 1959:Ecofeminist authors 1764:Trinidad and Tobago 1704:Republic of Ireland 1396:Composition studies 1163:Women's empowerment 1118:Sex workers' rights 1043:Feminist capitalism 1023:Internalized sexism 956:Feminism in culture 64:History of feminism 9371:Feminism in Mexico 9130:Dominican Republic 8875:Política y Cultura 8803:2011-08-18 at the 8225:on 26 October 2014 7726:www.jornada.com.mx 7653:The New York Times 7603:. Periódico Correo 7554:. Associated Press 7475:The New York Times 7269:The New York Times 6919:Franceschet, Susan 6620:has generic name ( 6284:has generic name ( 5972:Olcott (2006), p 3 4695:has generic name ( 4225:Tirado, Thomas C. 4186:Smith, Stephanie. 4018:politics of Mexico 3752:Human Rights Watch 3690:Generation of 1950 3556:women in society. 3525: 3521:performance artist 3513:Lukas Avendano, a 3455: 3320:derecho de pernada 3294:community against 3292:Guatemalan refugee 3272: 3152: 3126:As of 2023 in the 3066: 2973:politics of Mexico 2969: 2894:colonias populares 2840:"Foro de la Mujer" 2809: 2745:(the precursor to 2675:Raquel Dzib Cicero 2576:María Arias Bernal 2552: 2542: 2534:María Arias Bernal 2447: 2384: 2362:The Feminist Press 2337: 2300: 2268:Julia Tuñón Pablos 2245: 2225:their own sphere. 2167: 2109:thought, the term 2099:Feminism in Mexico 1374:Literary criticism 1239:Views on sexuality 926:Effects on society 894:Complementarianism 869:Women's liberation 624:Religious variants 598:trans-exclusionary 316:Radical lesbianism 9386:Society of Mexico 9381:Mexican feminists 9358: 9357: 9028:978-1-55885-056-9 8943:978-968-12-1365-7 8916:978-0-7425-3731-6 8784:978-9-687-32622-1 8744:Los Angeles Times 8572:978-0-8108-4946-4 8507:Cathy Cockrell, " 8141:978-0-203-98063-7 8107:978-0-292-72810-3 7917:978-0-8263-3544-9 7861:978-0-415-54987-5 7477:. August 29, 2000 7331:Los Angeles Times 6959:on 3 January 2015 6898:Los Angeles Times 6778:978-1-444-34395-3 6501:978-0-271-02126-3 6467:978-0-8143-3300-6 6312:978-1-57607-101-4 6258:978-0-822-33899-4 6201:978-0-292-70451-0 6155:978-968-36-8506-3 6112:978-0-815-33194-0 6061:978-0-7425-3730-9 6027:978-0-292-77638-8 5875:978-0-313-20309-1 5762:978-0-7864-0022-5 5654:Los Angeles Times 5517:Los Angeles Times 5455:978-0-313-28479-3 5390:978-0-230-10508-9 5356:978-0-292-76041-7 5258:978-0-292-76057-8 5209:978-0-313-30180-3 5172:978-3-791-34360-0 5084:978-1-55587-211-3 4987:978-0-8165-1526-4 4883:978-0-292-71296-6 4814:978-0-292-71735-0 4780:978-0-8387-5587-7 4723:978-0-8195-6347-7 4669:978-0-8146-8027-8 4635:978-0-292-75131-6 4608:978-1-405-10251-3 4583:978-0-814-73574-9 4558:978-1-134-38245-3 4295:Feminism in Chile 4156:Monsiváis, Carlos 3994:Teresa Villarreal 3984:Andrea Villarreal 3822:Graciela Iturbide 3722:commander in the 3716:Comandanta Ramona 3618:Third Woman Press 3569:Zapotec languages 3471:Maria Izquierdo's 3300:domestic violence 3269:Comandanta Ramona 3102:and accompanying 3076:Claudia Sheinbaum 3043:narco-trafficking 2965:Rubi and Marisela 2930:sexual harassment 2844:Radio Universidad 2602:Salvador Alvarado 2360:was published by 2260:Elena Poniatowska 2242:Elena Poniatowska 2096: 2095: 2047: 2046: 1566: 1565: 1556:womanist theology 1499:Political ecology 1330:Écriture féminine 1257: 1256: 1148:Triple oppression 1138:Toxic masculinity 1123:Sexual harassment 983:Feminist stripper 961:Feminist movement 517: 516: 448:Africana womanism 279: 278: 9398: 9350: 9191: 9068: 9061: 9054: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9035: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8964: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8869:(January 2009). 8863: 8857: 8856: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8813: 8807: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8693:Cisneros, Sandra 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8651: 8645: 8642: 8636: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8610:on 8 August 2015 8599: 8593: 8586:Camp, Roderic Ai 8583: 8577: 8576: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8538:. 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In Oaxaca and 3184:police brutality 3069:2019-Present Day 2981:Debate Feminista 2945:Cristina Palomar 2941:Debate feminista 2913:1985 earthquakes 2850:the publication 2771:Mexican Congress 2728:sexual education 2570:clubs, like the 2124:1985 earthquakes 2088: 2081: 2074: 2060: 2059: 2058: 1999:Feminist parties 1994:Muslim feminists 1989:Jewish feminists 1900: 1899: 1881:History of women 1504:Political theory 1272: 1271: 1202: 1201: 1175: 1168:Women-only space 1053:Likeability trap 1018:Invisible labour 936:Female education 745:Anti-pornography 600: 599: 595: 311:Lesbian of color 294: 293: 171:Women's suffrage 147:Muslim countries 142:Women's suffrage 59:Feminist history 52: 51: 41: 18: 17: 9406: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9338: 9258: 9240: 9198:Central America 9192: 9183: 9077: 9072: 9042: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8867:Jaiven, Ana Lau 8864: 8860: 8853: 8839: 8835: 8828: 8814: 8810: 8805:Wayback Machine 8796: 8792: 8785: 8769: 8765: 8756: 8754: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8652: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8627: 8623: 8613: 8611: 8600: 8596: 8584: 8580: 8573: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8542:on 3 March 2009 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8506: 8502: 8492: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8468: 8467:on 2 April 2015 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8405: 8401: 8391: 8389: 8378: 8371: 8361: 8359: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8305:on 2 April 2015 8302: 8291: 8285: 8281: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8226: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8163:on 2 April 2015 8153: 8149: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8090: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8065: 8064: 8060: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7966: 7962: 7952: 7950: 7939: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7795:. openDemocracy 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7761: 7755: 7740: 7731: 7729: 7718: 7714: 7698: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7678: 7674: 7665: 7663: 7645: 7641: 7632: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7597: 7593: 7583: 7581: 7571: 7567: 7557: 7555: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7431: 7429: 7420: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7403: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7379: 7377: 7368: 7367: 7363: 7356:Washington Post 7350: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7334: 7325: 7324: 7320: 7311: 7309: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7279: 7261: 7257: 7248: 7246: 7237: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7184: 7177: 7167: 7165: 7155: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7102: 7101: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7035: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7006: 7002: 6992: 6990: 6979: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6925: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6890: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6761: 6757: 6747: 6745: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6721: 6709: 6705: 6695: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6628: 6627: 6617: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6543: 6539: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6516: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6486: 6482: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6452: 6448: 6443: 6436: 6431: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6390:on 2 April 2015 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6354: 6349: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6315: 6313: 6297: 6293: 6281: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6186: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6097: 6088: 6083: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5942:. Letras Libres 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5919:on 2 April 2015 5916: 5909: 5903: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5791:on 2 April 2015 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5661: 5647: 5643: 5634: 5630: 5621: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5595: 5591: 5582: 5578: 5539: 5524: 5509: 5505: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5440: 5436: 5426: 5424: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5341: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5282: 5273: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5243: 5236: 5231: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5194: 5187: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5010:"Gender in Art" 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4972: 4968: 4937: 4933: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4868: 4864: 4849:10.2307/1495977 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4465: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4428: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4310:Women in Mexico 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263:Feminism portal 4261: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4160:Casa del tiempo 4103:Finkler, Kaja. 4088:Dore, Elizabeth 4049: 4047:Further reading 4032: 4027: 3964:Laura N. Torres 3913: 3849:Emiliano Zapata 3782:Hermila Galindo 3678:, and feminist 3656:Carmen Boullosa 3642:Elena Arizmendi 3599: 3582: 3507: 3459:Guadalupe Marín 3444: 3399: 3387:San Luis Potosí 3369:, Mexico City, 3261: 3190:Within a month 3172:Communist Party 3156:Luis Echeverría 3144: 3124: 3071: 2957: 2925:worker's unions 2889: 2877:Luis Echeverría 2801: 2767:Lázaro Cárdenas 2724: 2698:San Luis Potosí 2584:Hermila Galindo 2536:, supporter of 2527: 2436: 2424:Güera Rodríguez 2422:, known as the 2379:, known as the 2370: 2322: 2292: 2280: 2235: 2171:postcolonialism 2159: 2151: 2149:Feminist theory 2145: 2092: 2056: 2054: 2049: 2048: 1950: 1897: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1796:Northern Cyprus 1576: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1384:Science fiction 1335: 1314:Women's studies 1279:Feminist method 1269: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1173: 1083:Oedipus complex 1073:Men in feminism 1038:Language reform 1013:Ideal womanhood 993:Gender equality 988:Formal equality 951:Feminationalism 889:Cognitive labor 883: 875: 874: 873: 830:Post-structural 729: 719: 718: 717: 626: 616: 615: 614: 597: 594:Gender-critical 593: 592: 543:Femonationalism 527: 519: 518: 513: 492:Native American 432: 387:Critical theory 349: 291: 281: 280: 275: 230:Second Republic 158: 128: 95: 69:Women's history 49: 12: 11: 5: 9404: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9356: 9355: 9343: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9246:Middle America 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9184: 9182: 9181: 9176: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9041: 9040: 9027: 9007: 9000: 8982: 8975: 8949: 8942: 8922: 8915: 8895: 8858: 8852:978-1576071014 8851: 8833: 8826: 8808: 8790: 8783: 8763: 8731: 8716: 8709: 8684: 8662:(in Spanish). 8646: 8637: 8621: 8594: 8578: 8571: 8553: 8526: 8517: 8515:, May 12, 1999 8513:The Berkeleyan 8500: 8478: 8459:Stokan, Jean. 8451: 8425: 8399: 8369: 8343: 8316: 8279: 8236: 8183:Giunta, Andrea 8174: 8147: 8140: 8120: 8106: 8084: 8058: 8033: 8024: 8001: 7975: 7960: 7930: 7916: 7896: 7874: 7860: 7840: 7806: 7783: 7738: 7712: 7686:El País México 7672: 7655:(in Spanish). 7639: 7614: 7591: 7565: 7538: 7515: 7488: 7462: 7447: 7438: 7413: 7400:news.yahoo.com 7387: 7361: 7343: 7318: 7288: 7255: 7230: 7204: 7192:KJZZ Fronteras 7175: 7146: 7117: 7095: 7069: 7022: 7013: 7009:BYU Law Review 7000: 6970: 6943: 6910: 6881: 6869:New York Times 6855: 6846: 6837: 6825: 6816: 6800: 6791: 6777: 6755: 6728: 6719: 6703: 6677: 6665: 6656: 6647: 6638: 6629:|journal= 6581:. p. 33. 6564: 6555: 6546: 6537: 6514: 6500: 6480: 6466: 6446: 6434: 6410: 6401: 6370: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6334: 6325: 6311: 6291: 6257: 6237: 6228: 6200: 6177: 6168: 6154: 6134: 6125: 6111: 6086: 6074: 6060: 6040: 6026: 6006: 5997: 5986:. PRI Nacional 5974: 5965: 5953: 5930: 5888: 5874: 5854: 5845: 5811: 5802: 5775: 5761: 5741: 5734: 5716: 5707: 5694: 5685: 5672: 5659: 5641: 5628: 5615: 5602: 5589: 5576: 5555:10.1086/493701 5549:(1): 192–199. 5522: 5503: 5484:(1): 200–205. 5468: 5454: 5434: 5403: 5389: 5369: 5355: 5332: 5271: 5257: 5234: 5222: 5208: 5185: 5171: 5148: 5139: 5106: 5097: 5083: 5063: 5054: 5027: 5000: 4986: 4966: 4947:(4): 327–346. 4931: 4896: 4882: 4862: 4827: 4813: 4793: 4779: 4759: 4736: 4722: 4702: 4668: 4648: 4634: 4614: 4607: 4589: 4582: 4564: 4557: 4537: 4519: 4510: 4479:(4): 646–649. 4456: 4419: 4406: 4393: 4377: 4355: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4266: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4223: 4218:Tiano, Susan. 4216: 4205: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4179:Salas, Angel. 4177: 4170: 4163: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4129: 4122: 4117:Lamas, Marta. 4115: 4110:Franco, Jean. 4108: 4101: 4095: 4085: 4075: 4074:December 1995. 4068: 4061: 4054:Cano, Gabriela 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4014:Rosario Ibarra 4011: 4008:La Cruz Blanca 4001: 3991: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3947: 3941: 3931: 3921: 3904: 3898: 3888: 3870: 3852: 3842: 3832: 3819: 3809: 3806:Eulalia Guzmán 3803: 3785: 3779: 3770:(1914 – 3765: 3755: 3741: 3727: 3713: 3703: 3697: 3683: 3665: 3662:Nancy Cárdenas 3659: 3653: 3639: 3625: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3581: 3578: 3506: 3503: 3495:Carla Stellweg 3490:Nancy Cárdenas 3443: 3440: 3403:archaeological 3398: 3395: 3328:women of color 3260: 3257: 3212:Rosario Robles 3204:Carlos Abascal 3143: 3140: 3123: 3120: 3070: 3067: 3055:Latin American 3035:disappearances 3024:Gallup polling 2956: 2953: 2888: 2885: 2800: 2797: 2723: 2720: 2618:Mérida, Mexico 2526: 2523: 2463:La Siempreviva 2435: 2432: 2408:Manuela Medina 2396:La Corregidora 2369: 2366: 2334:Miguel Cabrera 2321: 2318: 2291: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2234: 2231: 2222:Álvaro Obregón 2158: 2155: 2147:Main article: 2144: 2141: 2103:women's rights 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 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1457: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1433:Constructivism 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1340:Areas of study 1337: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:Gender studies 1281: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1249:SCUM Manifesto 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1180:Women's rights 1177: 1174:Women's health 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058:Male privilege 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1027:International 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 979: 978: 973: 968: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 907: 906: 896: 891: 885: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 866: 864:Technofeminism 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 839: 838: 837: 827: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 808: 803: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 774: 769: 764: 763: 762: 757: 747: 742: 737: 731: 730: 725: 724: 721: 720: 716: 715: 710: 709: 708: 698: 693: 688: 687: 686: 681: 676: 666: 665: 664: 659: 654: 649: 639: 634: 628: 627: 622: 621: 618: 617: 613: 612: 607: 602: 589: 588: 587: 582: 577: 567: 562: 561: 560: 550: 545: 540: 535: 529: 528: 526:Other variants 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 514: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 495: 494: 484: 483: 482: 472: 471: 470: 465: 460: 450: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 431: 430: 425: 424: 423: 418: 408: 407: 406: 396: 395: 394: 389: 379: 374: 373: 372: 361: 358: 357: 351: 350: 348: 347: 342: 341: 340: 330: 325: 324: 323: 318: 313: 303: 297: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 276: 274: 273: 272: 271: 261: 260: 259: 254: 252:Cayman Islands 247:United Kingdom 244: 239: 238: 237: 232: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 167: 166: 165: 164: 157: 156: 155: 154: 149: 138: 135: 134: 130: 129: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 102: 101: 97: 96: 94: 93: 92: 91: 86: 81: 76: 66: 61: 55: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9403: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9353: 9347:not included. 9346: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9303:French Guiana 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9265: 9264:South America 9261: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9190: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9098: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9011: 9003: 9001:9780292747104 8997: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8976:9780393310665 8972: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8953: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8827:9780842024792 8823: 8819: 8812: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8794: 8786: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8767: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8735: 8727: 8720: 8712: 8710:9781603443135 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8650: 8641: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8609: 8605: 8604:"Anilú Elías" 8598: 8591: 8587: 8582: 8574: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8521: 8514: 8510: 8504: 8488: 8482: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8414: 8410: 8403: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8374: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8332:on 2015-04-02 8331: 8327: 8320: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8028: 8012: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7971: 7964: 7949:on 2015-02-23 7948: 7944: 7937: 7935: 7919: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7900: 7884: 7878: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7844: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7794: 7787: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7702: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7602: 7595: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7492: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7459: 7454: 7452: 7442: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7401: 7397: 7391: 7375: 7371: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7308:on 2020-10-11 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7218: 7214: 7208: 7193: 7189: 7182: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7151: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7122: 7105: 7099: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7057: 7052: 7049:(10): 58–67. 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7017: 7010: 7004: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6975: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6931: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6820: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6795: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6691: 6684: 6682: 6672: 6670: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6634: 6623: 6618:|first1= 6611: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6577: 6576: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6525: 6518: 6503: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6484: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6458: 6450: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6405: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6314: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6287: 6282:|first1= 6275: 6260: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6241: 6232: 6224: 6218: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6184: 6182: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6129: 6114: 6108: 6104: 6103: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6001: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5960: 5958: 5941: 5934: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5858: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5816: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5735:9781558615984 5731: 5727: 5720: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5472: 5457: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5438: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5337: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5260: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5192: 5190: 5174: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5155: 5153: 5143: 5128:on 2015-04-02 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4885: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4843:(2): 87–101. 4842: 4838: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4763: 4747: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4693:|first1= 4686: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4637: 4631: 4627: 4626: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4461: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4382: 4365: 4359: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316:Antimonumenta 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4277:Mexico portal 4267: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4131:Macías, Ann. 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3869:and abortion. 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718:(1959-2006), 3717: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3694:César Vallejo 3691: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3628:Norma Andrade 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:Norma Alarcón 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3561:AIDs pandemic 3557: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3483:Anita Brenner 3480: 3479:Concha Michel 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3439: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3409:, Cipacingo, 3408: 3404: 3397:Gender rebels 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3332:ethnocentrism 3329: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3084:López Obrador 3081: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039:Ciudad Juarez 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2993:Latin America 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636:In 1919, the 2634: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:United States 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2589:Mujer Moderna 2585: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2517:In 1910, the 2515: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494:Porfirio Díaz 2490: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2428:Leona Vicario 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2308:Hernán Cortés 2305: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2053: 2052: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1892: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876:United States 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724:Latin America 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1546:Technoscience 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:Art criticism 1367: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1319:Men's studies 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1219:Views on BDSM 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1195: 1194: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Transmisogyny 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Purplewashing 1101: 1099: 1098:Protofeminism 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1008:Honor killing 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 963: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 905: 902: 901: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 879: 878: 870: 867: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 843: 840: 836: 833: 832: 831: 828: 826: 823: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 794: 788: 785: 784: 783: 780: 779: 778: 777:Individualist 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 751: 750:Cyberfeminism 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 723: 722: 714: 711: 707: 704: 703: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 670: 667: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 625: 620: 619: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 590: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 566: 563: 559: 556: 555: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 533:Anti-abortion 531: 530: 523: 522: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 493: 490: 489: 488: 485: 481: 478: 477: 476: 473: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 443: 442: 439: 438:Multicultural 436: 435: 429: 426: 422: 421:Transnational 419: 417: 414: 413: 412: 409: 405: 402: 401: 400: 397: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 380: 378: 375: 371: 368: 367: 366: 363: 362: 360: 359: 356: 353: 352: 346: 343: 339: 338:Postgenderism 336: 335: 334: 333:Transfeminism 331: 329: 326: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 285: 284: 270: 267: 266: 265: 264:United States 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 248: 245: 243: 240: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 225: 223: 220: 218: 217:Liechtenstein 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 172: 169: 168: 163: 160: 159: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 137: 136: 132: 131: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 104: 103: 99: 98: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 70: 67: 65: 62: 60: 57: 56: 54: 53: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 9351: 9345:Dependencies 9302: 9253: 9173:Sint Maarten 9172: 9150: 9118: 9096: 9032:. 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