646:
1922:) that reconfirmed the Government's dual role as the country's supreme administrative and supreme legislative authority. It also "temporarily" readopted a number of province border changes made by Nazi Germany and ostensibly nullified by the Government just minutes earlier. Most notably, the Provisional Constitution confirmed that the provinces were "states" but denied them the authority to form their own provincial legislatures. Even this second act was mostly symbolic. Austria was in the process of being occupied by the Allies; it was obvious to all concerned that for the foreseeable future any act of government would be subject to approval by the Allied occupation administration.
291:
349:
33:
1840:, Austria greatly enhanced both the formal powers and the prestige of the office in a reform enacted in 1929 and in force starting in 1930. From now on, the President would be elected directly by the people. The term of office was increased from four to six years. The President would appoint the cabinet. While the National Council would be able to force the President to dismiss the cabinet, this ability would be a reserve power, to be used only in emergencies. At the same time, the President would now have the reciprocal reserve power to dismiss the National Council.
595:
371:
619:
753:
897:
1794:, who fought for a federation devolving significant authority to regional governments. Unable to reach consensus, the parties chose to defer the decision. The new constitution, passed on 1 October and formally published on 5 October 1920, stipulated that Austria was to be a parliamentary federal republic consisting of eight (at the time) federal states, but did not state which powers and duties would lie with the national government and which ones with the states.
1412:, a comptrolling office supervising the administration, has a chapter all by itself. Another office that has a chapter to itself is the Ombudsman Board, a powerless bureau of public advocates that mainly serves as a sinecure for aging party loyalists. Wedged between the Court of Audit and the Ombudsman Board is a chapter of provisions regarding the administrative and constitutional courts that were omitted from the Executive chapter for reasons lost to time.
128:
541:
825:
682:
1023:
789:
965:
404:
568:
933:
861:
717:
1214:. The president's term of office is six years (Art. 60). In theory, it is the president who chooses the cabinet (Art. 70). As a practical matter, a cabinet that does not command the confidence of the National Council is effectively unable to govern; the National Council controls the budget and has extensive monitoring and supervisory rights (Art. 51–55).
1251:, striking laws and regulations it deems unconstitutional (Art. 137). The Constitutional Court also resolves demarcation conflicts between other courts, between courts and the executive branch, or between the national government and the states (Art. 138). A system of Administrative Courts reviews executive acts (Art. 129).
1918:) reestablishing the Federal Constitutional Law in its 1929 revision. The Act explicitly rescinded all constitutional law proclaimed by both the Austrofascist and the Nazi regime. For the time being, the Act was largely symbolic, however: in the same breath, the Government enacted a Provisional Constitution (
1222:
The
National Council can submit parliamentary inquiries that cabinet members are required to answer; its standing committees can summon cabinet members or bureaucrats for questioning and demand to inspect executive branch paperwork (Art. 52). It can form special parliamentary investigation committees
1828:
to dissolve the
National Council. The National Council chose the cabinet on a motion from its principal committee. The drafters of the original Act chose this system of government with the stated intent of preventing the President from becoming an "ersatz emperor." In fact, the mere existence of the
1941:
and stipulated that the
Provisional Constitution would become void as soon as the two Councils had convened for their first sessions, chosen their presiding officers, and installed a President. By December 20, these conditions had been met, and the Federal Constitutional Law had thus gone back into
1415:
The act's articles used to be numbered sequentially, but frequent deletions and insertions have thrown the numbering into disarray. For example, there are currently only three articles between articles 106 and 115, but there are ten articles between articles 148 and 149: articles 148a through 148j.
1811:
were transformed from "federal" to "state" institutions. District offices are the primary point of contact between resident and government for most matters exceeding municipal purview, meaning that the executive branches of the province governments are carrying out a large fraction of the tasks of
1906:
In April 1945, the German Reich in the final stages of collapse and
Fascism in both its German and its Austrian incarnation thoroughly discredited, Austria's pre-1933 political parties began reconstituting themselves. On April 27, leaders of the three major factions issued a Proclamation on the
1806:
The question of how to distribute responsibilities between national government and provincial governments was resolved in 1925. As a consequence, the
Federal Constitutional Law underwent its first material revision. The 1925 version stipulates that legislative authority is concentrated with the
1858:
movement bent on disestablishing multi-party democracy. On 4 March 1933, a contested
National Council vote precipitated a series of quarrels that caused all three presidents of the chamber to resign their offices, one by one. The code of parliamentary procedure made no provision for a National
1305:
The provinces have some limited ability to collect their own taxes and could in theory issue their own bonds, but these powers are severely circumscribed and do not result in meaningful fiscal autonomy. Only the national government can raise payroll taxes, capital gains taxes, corporate taxes,
1945:
Up until June 1946, bills passed by the
National Council still needed the unanimous assent of the occupation administration to become law. In an agreement signed on June 28, the Allies eased this restriction; Austria was now allowed to proclaim laws that had not been vetoed by all four Allied
1302:, which are "state" rather than "federal" institutions according to the Federal Constitutional Law. The national government decides who can apply for a marriage permit, for example, but when actually applying for one the resident is interacting with a province employee in a province facility.
1867:
had the color of law due to a 1917 act granting certain legislative powers to the then-Imperial cabinet. Originally meant as a temporary measure to help the nation deal with wartime economic trouble, the act was never formally repealed. Police prevented the
National Council from reconvening.
1337:
The
Republic of Austria originally continued to rely on the 1867 Imperial Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals as its main charter of civil liberties and procedural guarantees, the framers of the new constitution being unable to agree on anything to replace it. The situation first
1773:
had abdicated. On 12 November, the
Assembly passed a proclamation establishing Austria as a republic, de facto sovereign for the time being but de jure part of Germany. Since Austria was going to join Germany, promulgating a comprehensive new constitution was not a priority.
1736:
By 30 October, the Provisional National Assembly had proclaimed a provisional constitution for their emerging rump state. The provisional constitution did little more than establish the Assembly as a provisional parliament, establish the parliament's three-member
1797:
Another thing the Assembly could not reach consensus on was a new bill of rights. The 1867 Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals, part of the Imperial December Constitution, remained on the books as a core part of Austria's corpus of constitutional law.
1749:
did not undertake to create any administrative subdivisions, define any permanent branches of government, or even stipulate the electoral rules pursuant to which it was to be replaced. Most notably, it also did not define Austria to be either a monarchy or a
1781:
prohibited the union of Germany and Austria, Austria had to go to work on a permanent constitution in earnest, but was deeply divided on numerous issues. General elections on 16 February 1919 replaced the Provisional Assembly with a Constitutional Assembly
1283:) but have neither their own judiciaries (Art. 82) nor their own law enforcement structures in general (Art 78a). They also do not have any significant legislative authority. All courts are "federal" courts. All police departments answer to the "federal"
1961:
In early 1994, Austria and the European Union concluded negotiations regarding accession of the former to the latter. The accession would make Austria subject to a complex network of international treaties that would deprive it,
1223:
with sweeping powers (Art. 53). As a matter of simple law, the National Council can also make acts of government subject to National Council assent that the constitution places in the executive purview (Art. 55).
1306:
value-added taxes, or inheritance taxes, or tax real estate and other forms of property. The provinces, accordingly, depend on money doled out to them by the national government to meet even basic obligations.
1230:(Art. 74). In concert with the Federal Council, it can also impeach the President before the Constitutional Court (Art. 142) or call for a referendum to have the President removed by the electorate (Art. 60).
1907:
Independence of Austria. In Article 1, the Proclamation stated that Austria was to be rebuilt "in the spirit of the constitution of 1920." On the same day, the parties formed a Provisional Government (
1381:
The National Council can enact constitutional law provided that at least half of the members are present and that at least two thirds of those present vote in favor. A "fundamental" change (
1177:(Article 24). Law is created by the National Council. The Federal Council has certain veto powers, but can be overruled by a National Council supermajority on most matters (Art. 41, 42).
1887:
in February 1934 that ultimately resulted in a Heimwehr victory. On 24 April 1934, his power secured, Dolfuss drafted a new constitution that replaced the Republic of Austria with the
1820:
The republic established by the original 1920 B-VG was radically parliamentarian in nature. The President was elected by and answerable to the National Assembly and was essentially a
1937:
pursuant to the provisions of the 1920 version of the Federal Constitutional Act. On December 13, the Provisional Government passed a second Transition Act that reestablished the
1721:. The monarchy collapsed in October 1918 as a result of long-standing disaffection between the ethnicities that made up the multi-national empire, exacerbated by the outcome of
1366:
and thus commitments under international law, these promises cannot be rescinded by simple acts of parliament and are therefore implicitly part of the supreme law of the land.
1974:), it would also require approval by the electorate. The National Council passed the necessary act on May 5, 1994 and the people approved the act in a plebiscite on June 12.
1338:
fundamentally changed in 1955. As a condition of having the allied occupation lifted and being restored to full sovereignty, Austria had to commit itself to upholding
1745:
did not include any catalogue of basic rights, although it was followed on the same day by a resolution abolishing censorship and establishing freedom of the press.
1859:
Council with no presidents; the session disbanded without having been properly closed and with no clear way forward. Seeing his chance, Christian Social Chancellor
1128:
and was promulgated in 1920. It underwent significant revisions in 1925 and 1929, the latter reform changing the system of government from purely parliamentary to
1898:. The constitution was affirmed in a specially convened assembly of the Christian Social members of the National Council on April 30 and went into force on May 1.
1291:. Most legislation of everyday relevance, from family law to trade regulation and from education to the criminal code, is in the "federal" purview (Art. 10–15).
555:
583:
1911:), a committee that would act as both cabinet and legislature until constitutional structures would haven been reestablished and elections could be held.
1729:. On 21 October 1918, parliamentarians from the German-speaking regions of the exploding empire assembled to form a Provisional National Assembly (
2137:
Beschluss der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich vom 30. Oktober 1918 über die grundlegenden Einrichtungen der Staatsgewalt
1970:, of part of its independence. The accession would therefore require a change to the country's constitution; this being a "fundamental" change (
1063:
2227:
2160:
244:
1180:
Members of the National Council are chosen in nationwide free elections with universal suffrage. The Law does not prescribe any particular
1144:. It was reestablished when the nation regained independence from Germany in 1945. The Law was fully restored to force with the end of the
520:
514:
509:
1879:
and enacting other repressive measures. The Constitutional Court was crippled to the point that it was in no position to intervene. The
1199:
Members of the Federal Council are chosen by the federal states, seats being apportioned to the states according to population (Art. 34).
17:
1284:
1807:"federal" parliament but that "state" governments have significant roles to play in the administration of the country. In particular,
1829:
office of President was a compromise; the Social Democrats would have preferred to have the president of the National Council act as
148:
634:
2330:
2124:
2112:
2100:
1983:
93:
1863:
declared that the National Council had rendered itself inoperative and that the cabinet would assume its responsibilities. His
1778:
1185:
626:
433:
1946:
commissioners within 31 days of having been passed. Only changes to constitutional law remained subject to stricter scrutiny.
1036:
2057:
2043:
2029:
2014:
804:
2172:
1334:, however, nor does it demand any kind of equality before the law extending to visitors and residents who are not citizens.
534:
2295:
Verfassungsgesetz vom 1. Mai 1945 ĂĽber das neuerliche Wirksamwerden des Bundes-Verfassungsgesetzes in der Fassung von 1929
2185:
1929:. Since a separate presidential election was not yet considered feasible, it was decided that the first President of the
1370:
497:
492:
487:
2148:
2136:
645:
2318:
2215:
1787:
1226:
The National Council can force the president to dismiss the cabinet, or specific individual cabinet members, through a
912:
768:
575:
473:
468:
463:
421:
2306:
2294:
2071:
1056:
2216:
Verordnung des Bundeskanzlers vom 1. Jänner 1930, betreffend die Wiederverlautbarung des Bundes-Verfassungsgesetzes
1791:
1298:
responsibilities, however. Much of the nation's executive powers and duties are discharged through its system of
1244:
980:
696:
1330:
regardless of class, gender, or confession for Austrian nationals (Art. 7). It does not include a comprehensive
2173:
Verordnung des Bundeskanzlers vom 26. September 1925, betreffende die Wiederverlautbarung des Ăśbergangsgesetzes
1987:
732:
409:
223:
1288:
202:
2349:
1049:
83:
1236:
Acting on the advice of his or her cabinet, the President can also dissolve state legislatures (Art. 100)
189:
1541:
1207:
956:
916:
840:
38:
2240:
1934:
1926:
1766:
1491:
1469:
1351:
1193:
1170:
876:
653:
547:
378:
297:
239:
1188:, but nothing in the Federal Constitutional Law prevents the legislature from moving, for example, to
1992:
1938:
1480:
1174:
356:
171:
2273:
2261:
290:
1930:
1888:
1135:
1129:
948:
796:
602:
210:
1389:; the bill does not become law unless supported by a simple majority of the electorate. (Art. 44)
348:
2354:
1718:
1327:
1145:
1108:
176:
166:
144:
1295:
1189:
1118:
1006:
1883:, a reactionary paramilitary force that supported Dolfuss, provoked the Social Democrats into
1950:
1710:
1363:
1323:
1248:
1227:
868:
808:
662:
336:
218:
161:
1725:. Breaking away from the empire, its former provinces were in the process of forming modern
2228:
Kundmachung der Bundesregierung vom 1. Mai 1934, womit die Verfassung 1934 verlautbart wird
1808:
1770:
1530:
1347:
1319:
1299:
1203:
772:
451:
397:
197:
8:
2307:
Verfassungsgesetz vom 1. Mai 1945 über die vorläufige Einrichtung der Republik Österreich
1837:
1343:
844:
700:
312:
284:
260:
156:
119:
55:
1758:
dynasty, some were in favor of an independent republic; some were in favor of a joining
1401:, an archaic word for "chapters"), most of which are divided into two or more sections.
32:
1884:
1860:
1100:
1001:
271:
267:
2161:
Gesetz vom 12. November 1918 über die Staats- und Regierungsform von Deutschösterreich
304:
2101:
Staatsgrundgesetz vom 21. December 1867, ĂĽber die allgemeinen Rechte der StaatsbĂĽrger
2067:
2053:
2039:
2025:
2010:
675:
1701:
Between 1867 and 1918, the territories that make up modern Austria were part of the
1892:
1855:
1271:
The republic established by the Federal Constitutional Law is an unusual hybrid of
1211:
594:
1895:
1871:
The cabinet spent the next months abolishing freedom of the press, bringing back
1706:
1408:) covers both the executive and the judicial branches of government, whereas the
1362:
minorities, which had historically been discriminated against. Stipulated in the
1314:
The Federal Constitutional Law demands that Austria be governed according to the
1240:
1210:(Art. 19). The president is elected in a nationwide free election using a simple
1125:
1081:
1196:. National Council elections are held at least once every five years. (Art. 26)
781:
370:
1876:
1641:
1435:
1409:
1331:
1027:
984:
587:
137:
70:
1914:
On May 1, the Provisional Government enacted the Constitution Transition Act (
1373:; in 1964, the Convention became part of Austrian constitutional law as well.
2343:
1849:
1825:
1404:
The structure has a few quirks. For example, the chapter called "Executive" (
1276:
1272:
1181:
904:
760:
638:
611:
559:
328:
320:
252:
231:
2331:
Bundesverfassungsgesetz über den Beitritt Österreichs zur Europäischen Union
752:
618:
1726:
1702:
1339:
1162:
880:
736:
1872:
1722:
1315:
1166:
1097:
896:
103:
1790:, who favored a unitary state with a strong central government, and the
1821:
1386:
1115:
972:
745:
709:
688:
540:
1385:) to the country's body of constitutional law additionally requires a
127:
2149:
Beschluss der Provisorischen Nationalversammlung vom 30. Oktober 1918
1864:
1738:
1141:
1112:
889:
724:
2274:
Kundmachung ĂĽber die Einsetzung einer provisorischen Staatsregierung
2050:
Grundriss des österreichischen Bundesverfassungsrechts. 10. Auflage.
1741:
as the provisional head of state, and set up a provisional cabinet.
1350:. It also had to guarantee modern forms of equality, including full
824:
681:
1880:
1755:
1751:
1359:
1279:
state. The country's provinces are defined to be "federal states" (
817:
1754:, or even a sovereign state: some members were still loyal to the
788:
1759:
1733:) to manage this transition for their collective constituencies.
1260:
1239:
Legislative and administrative acts of government are subject to
1104:
993:
964:
403:
932:
860:
567:
1607:
1355:
940:
832:
716:
2080:
Verlag der Wiener Volksbuchhandlung. Vienna, Austria. No ISBN.
2113:
Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten
1769:
had been ousted, Germany had declared itself a republic, the
1140:
constitution in 1934, which itself became void with the 1938
16:
This article is about the Austrian law. For other uses, see
1836:
Pressured by authoritarian movements demanding a move to a
925:
853:
1824:; the president neither appointed the cabinet nor had the
1233:
The President can dissolve the National Council (Art. 29)
2036:
Das politische System Ă–sterreichs und die EU. 3. Auflage.
1993:
Full text as of 1 January 2014, with English translation
2064:Ă–sterreichisches Bundesstaatsrecht. Lehr- und Handbuch.
1953:, Austria regained full sovereignty on July 25, 1955.
2007:
Hans Kelsen: Biographie eines Rechtswissenschaftlers
1124:The Law was drafted following the 1918 collapse of
1956:
1854:By 1933, the Christian Social Party had become an
2262:Proklamation über die Selbständigkeit Österreichs
1812:the executive branch of the national government.
2341:
1709:. As such, they were governed according to the
1342:, including but not limited to modern forms of
2096:
2094:
1765:The question was resolved by 11 November: the
1148:in 1955 and has remained in force ever since.
1132:. The Law was superseded by the authoritarian
1057:
2022:Verfassungsrecht. 9., ĂĽberarbeitete Auflage.
2020:Ă–hlinger, Theo and Eberhard, Harald (2014):
1161:The Federal Constitutional Law stipulates a
1133:
1090:
2091:
1984:Full text of the Federal Constitutional Law
1509:E. Administrative roles of the legislature
1453:B. Austria as a part of the European Union
18:Federal constitutional law (disambiguation)
2034:Ucakar, Karl and Gschiedl, Stefan (2011):
1320:separation of judiciary and administration
1142:incorporation of Austria into Nazi Germany
1064:
1050:
31:
2125:Bundesverfassungsgesetz vom 4. März 1964
2078:Zwischen Demokratie und Volksdemokratie.
1591:4. State Legislature and Administration
37:Promulgation of the Constitution in the
2319:Verfassungsgesetz vom 13. Dezember 1945
1786:). The new parliament was dominated by
1156:
114:This article is part of a series on the
2342:
2009:. Mohr Siebeck. TĂĽbingen, Germany.
1925:On November 25, Austria elected a new
1217:
1186:party-list proportional representation
1184:. Austria has consistently been using
2066:Verlag Ă–sterreich. Vienna, Austria.
1762:, should Germany become a republic.
1397:The Law is divided into nine parts (
1266:
1809:district administrative authorities
1784:Konstituierende Nationalversammlung
1717:) characterizing Cisleithania as a
1371:European Convention on Human Rights
1300:district administrative authorities
1287:, all prosecutors to the "federal"
1190:single-member legislative districts
13:
2186:"Bezirkshauptmannschaft (english)"
1949:Following the ratification of the
1901:
1294:The provinces do have substantial
14:
2366:
1731:Provisorische Nationalversammlung
1309:
1815:
1021:
963:
931:
895:
859:
823:
787:
751:
715:
680:
644:
617:
593:
566:
539:
402:
369:
347:
289:
126:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:. Austria-Forum. March 28, 2014
2233:
2221:
2209:
2188:. Austria-Forum. March 27, 2014
1977:
1957:Accession to the European Union
1801:
1376:
2200:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2106:
1916:Verfassungs-Ăśberleitungsgesetz
1713:, a set of five "Basic Laws" (
1369:In 1958, Austria ratified the
1326:(Art. 87). It also prescribes
1202:Executive power lies with the
1111:. It establishes Austria as a
1107:serving as the centerpiece of
1:
2084:
1999:
1909:Provisorische Staatsregierung
1843:
1617:5. Local self-administration
1169:, the two chambers being the
94:Constituent National Assembly
2048:Mayer, Heinz et al. (2007).
2005:Olechowski, Thomas (2020):
1392:
434:Supreme Administrative Court
386:Joint session of both houses
7:
2038:Facultas. Vienna, Austria.
2024:Facultas. Vienna, Austria.
1995:on the Chancellery web site
10:
2371:
2062:Pernthaler, Peter (2004):
1847:
1696:
1691:
1517:3. Federal Administration
1322:(Art. 94), and guarantees
1318:(Art. 18), prescribes the
1254:
1194:first-past-the-post voting
1151:
1078:Federal Constitutional Law
440:(administrative law cases)
428:(civil and criminal cases)
26:Federal Constitutional Law
15:
1658:A. Administrative courts
1651:7. Procedural guarantees
1501:D. Legislative procedure
364:Upper house of parliament
99:
89:
79:
69:
61:
51:
46:
30:
25:
1933:would be elected by the
1931:Second Austrian Republic
1889:Federal State of Austria
1666:B. Constitutional court
1285:ministry of the interior
1086:Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz
422:Supreme Court of Justice
211:Alexander Van der Bellen
2206:Ucakar, Gschiegl (2011)
1986:on the web site of the
1885:four days of skirmishes
1779:Treaty of Saint Germain
1719:constitutional monarchy
1461:2. Federal Legislature
1259:The Austrian army is a
576:Social Democratic Party
84:State Archives Building
2076:Schärf, Adolf (1950).
1792:Christian Social Party
1598:A. General provisions
1445:A. General provisions
1134:
1119:parliamentary republic
1091:
1085:
2052:Manz. Wien, Austria.
1951:Austrian State Treaty
1920:Vorläufige Verfassung
1711:December Constitution
1364:Austrian State Treaty
1324:judicial independence
1249:secondary legislation
1247:reviews statutes and
1228:vote of no confidence
663:Beate Meinl-Reisinger
1682:9. Final provisions
1632:B. Other structures
1438:-related provisions
1348:freedom of the press
1245:Constitutional Court
1163:bicameral parliament
1157:System of government
410:Constitutional Court
90:Commissioned by
2350:Politics of Austria
1966:if not immediately
1838:presidential system
1674:8. Ombudsman board
1344:freedom of religion
1289:ministry of justice
1218:Checks and balances
261:Nehammer government
120:Politics of Austria
71:Date effective
56:Republic of Austria
39:Federal Law Gazette
1861:Engelbert Dollfuss
1715:Staatsgrundgesetze
1624:A. Municipalities
1524:A. Administration
1101:constitutional law
1028:Austria portal
949:Mayor and Governor
2058:978-3-214-08888-0
2044:978-3-7089-0838-0
2030:978-3-7089-0844-1
2017:. pages 271-305.
2015:978-3-16-159292-8
1689:
1688:
1267:Regional autonomy
1146:Allied occupation
1130:semi-presidential
1074:
1073:
535:Political parties
416:(judicial review)
109:
108:
2362:
2334:
2333:; BGBl. 744/1994
2328:
2322:
2321:; SBGl. 232/1945
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:; BGBl. 368/1925
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2115:; BGBl. 210/1958
2110:
2104:
2103:; RGBl. 142/1867
2098:
1935:Federal Assembly
1927:National Council
1788:Social Democrats
1771:Austrian Emperor
1748:
1744:
1575:6. Universities
1492:Federal Assembly
1470:National Council
1419:
1418:
1212:two-round system
1171:National Council
1165:as the national
1139:
1109:the Constitution
1094:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
967:
935:
899:
863:
827:
791:
755:
719:
684:
648:
621:
597:
570:
543:
406:
379:Federal Assembly
373:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
298:National Council
293:
130:
111:
110:
75:10 November 1920
35:
23:
22:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:; SGBl. 1/1945.
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2241:"Maiverfassung"
2239:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2127:; BGBl. 59/1964
2123:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2002:
1980:
1959:
1939:Federal Council
1904:
1902:Reestablishment
1896:one-party state
1893:clerico-fascist
1852:
1846:
1833:head of state.
1818:
1804:
1746:
1742:
1707:Austria-Hungary
1699:
1694:
1481:Federal Council
1434:1. General and
1395:
1379:
1312:
1269:
1257:
1241:judicial review
1220:
1175:Federal Council
1159:
1154:
1126:Austria-Hungary
1070:
1041:
1037:Other countries
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
998:
678:
668:
667:
537:
527:
526:
454:
444:
443:
400:
390:
389:
367:
357:Federal Council
345:
339:
337:Meinl-Reisinger
331:
323:
315:
307:
287:
277:
276:
257:
240:Vice Chancellor
192:
182:
181:
140:
42:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2355:Law of Austria
2352:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2309:; SGBl. 5/1945
2299:
2297:; SGBl. 4/1945
2287:
2278:
2276:; SBGl. 2/1945
2266:
2254:
2232:
2230:; BGBl. 1/1934
2220:
2218:; BGBl. 1/1930
2208:
2199:
2177:
2165:
2163:; SGBl. 5/1918
2153:
2151:; SGBl. 3/1918
2141:
2139:; SGBl. 1/1918
2129:
2117:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2046:
2032:
2018:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1972:Gesamtänderung
1958:
1955:
1903:
1900:
1877:state religion
1848:Main article:
1845:
1842:
1817:
1814:
1803:
1800:
1777:When the 1919
1767:German Emperor
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:Court of Audit
1637:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1595:
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1592:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
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1576:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:European Union
1431:
1430:
1425:
1410:Court of Audit
1394:
1391:
1383:Gesamtänderung
1378:
1375:
1332:bill of rights
1311:
1310:Bill of rights
1308:
1268:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1219:
1216:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1088:, abbreviated
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:Municipalities
1004:
997:
996:
989:
988:
977:
976:
961:
960:
957:Michael Ludwig
953:
952:
945:
944:
929:
928:
921:
920:
909:
908:
893:
892:
885:
884:
873:
872:
857:
856:
849:
848:
837:
836:
821:
820:
813:
812:
801:
800:
785:
784:
777:
776:
765:
764:
749:
748:
741:
740:
729:
728:
713:
712:
705:
704:
693:
692:
679:
676:Federal states
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
658:
657:
642:
641:
631:
630:
615:
614:
607:
606:
591:
590:
588:Andreas Babler
580:
579:
564:
563:
552:
551:
548:People's Party
538:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
517:
512:
506:
505:
501:
500:
495:
490:
484:
483:
479:
478:
471:
466:
460:
459:
455:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
437:
436:
430:
429:
425:
424:
418:
417:
413:
412:
401:
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
366:
365:
361:
360:
302:
301:
288:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
264:
263:
256:
255:
249:
248:
235:
234:
228:
227:
214:
213:
207:
206:
193:
188:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
177:Supreme organs
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
152:
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
123:
122:
116:
115:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
65:1 October 1920
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
36:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2367:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2285:Schärf (1950)
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2203:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2072:3-7046-4361-0
2069:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1856:authoritarian
1851:
1850:Austrofascism
1841:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1827:
1826:reserve power
1823:
1816:Second reform
1813:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:nation states
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:Cisleithanian
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:B. Judiciary
1582:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:voting system
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
975:
974:
970:
969:
968:
966:
958:
955:
954:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
934:
927:
923:
922:
918:
914:
911:
910:
907:
906:
905:Upper Austria
902:
901:
900:
898:
891:
887:
886:
882:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
866:
865:
864:
862:
855:
851:
850:
846:
842:
839:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
828:
826:
819:
815:
814:
810:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
794:
793:
792:
790:
783:
779:
778:
774:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
761:Lower Austria
758:
757:
756:
754:
747:
743:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
718:
711:
707:
706:
702:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
686:
685:
683:
677:
672:
671:
664:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
649:
647:
640:
639:Werner Kogler
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
622:
620:
613:
612:Herbert Kickl
609:
608:
605:
604:
603:Freedom Party
600:
599:
598:
596:
589:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
571:
569:
561:
560:Karl Nehammer
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
545:
544:
542:
536:
531:
530:
523:
522:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
482:Presidential:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
448:
447:
439:
438:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
423:
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
405:
399:
394:
393:
385:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
372:
363:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
352:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
299:
295:
294:
292:
286:
281:
280:
273:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:Werner Kogler
251:
250:
246:
242:
241:
237:
236:
233:
232:Karl Nehammer
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
212:
209:
208:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
186:
185:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
129:
125:
124:
121:
118:
117:
113:
112:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
40:
34:
29:
24:
19:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2235:
2223:
2211:
2202:
2192:November 24,
2190:. Retrieved
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2077:
2063:
2049:
2035:
2021:
2006:
1978:Source texts
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1942:full force.
1924:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1870:
1853:
1835:
1830:
1819:
1805:
1802:First reform
1796:
1783:
1776:
1764:
1735:
1730:
1714:
1700:
1427:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1380:
1377:Entrenchment
1368:
1352:civil rights
1340:human rights
1336:
1313:
1304:
1293:
1281:Bundesländer
1280:
1270:
1258:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1201:
1198:
1179:
1160:
1123:
1089:
1077:
1075:
971:
962:
939:
930:
903:
894:
867:
858:
831:
822:
795:
786:
782:Sankt Pölten
773:Mikl-Leitner
759:
750:
723:
714:
687:
661:Chairwoman:
652:
643:
625:
616:
601:
592:
574:
565:
546:
519:
474:
458:Legislative:
377:
368:
355:
346:
340:
332:
324:
316:
313:Rendi-Wagner
308:
303:
296:
238:
217:
196:
167:Human rights
162:State Treaty
145:Constitution
52:Jurisdiction
2247:December 2,
1988:Chancellery
1873:Catholicism
1723:World War I
1567:5. Schools
1406:Vollziehung
1399:HauptstĂĽcke
1316:rule of law
1263:(Art. 79).
1167:legislature
1136:Ständestaat
627:Green Party
285:Legislature
104:Hans Kelsen
2344:Categories
2085:References
2000:Literature
1844:Abrogation
1831:ex officio
1822:figurehead
1677:148a–148j
1635:120a–120c
1551:3. Police
1387:plebiscite
1113:democratic
973:Vorarlberg
746:Klagenfurt
710:Eisenstadt
689:Burgenland
610:Chairman:
219:Chancellor
172:Neutrality
1865:self-coup
1739:presidium
1531:President
1393:Structure
1360:Slovenian
1296:executive
1204:President
1002:Districts
992:Capital:
924:Capital:
890:Innsbruck
888:Capital:
852:Capital:
816:Capital:
780:Capital:
744:Capital:
725:Carinthia
708:Capital:
635:Spokesman
504:European:
452:Elections
398:Judiciary
272:Ministers
198:President
190:Executive
100:Author(s)
1964:de facto
1881:Heimwehr
1756:Habsburg
1752:republic
1705:half of
1685:149–152
1669:137–148
1661:129–136
1646:121–128
1627:115–120
1612:108–112
1570:81a–81b
1559:4. Army
1554:78a–78d
1456:23a–23k
1428:Articles
1354:for its
1328:equality
1206:and the
1173:and the
981:Governor
913:Governor
877:Governor
841:Governor
818:Salzburg
809:Haslauer
805:Governor
797:Salzburg
769:Governor
733:Governor
701:Doskozil
697:Governor
584:Chairman
562:(acting)
556:Chairman
305:Wöginger
157:Taxation
80:Location
47:Overview
1968:de jure
1875:as the
1760:Germany
1747:It also
1743:The act
1697:Genesis
1692:History
1601:95–106
1542:Cabinet
1512:50–59b
1504:41–49a
1277:unitary
1273:federal
1261:militia
1255:Defense
1208:cabinet
1152:Content
1116:federal
1105:Austria
1098:federal
1096:) is a
994:Bregenz
985:Wallner
917:Stelzer
845:Drexler
268:Cabinet
62:Created
2070:
2056:
2042:
2028:
2013:
1608:Vienna
1586:82-94
1562:79–81
1546:69–78
1535:60–68
1496:38–40
1485:34–37
1474:24–33
1243:. The
1082:German
941:Vienna
881:Mattle
833:Styria
737:Kaiser
329:Maurer
41:(1920)
1448:1–23
1356:Croat
1192:with
987:(Ă–VP)
959:(SPĂ–)
919:(Ă–VP)
883:(Ă–VP)
869:Tyrol
847:(Ă–VP)
811:(Ă–VP)
775:(Ă–VP)
739:(SPĂ–)
703:(SPĂ–)
321:Kickl
2249:2014
2194:2014
2068:ISBN
2054:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2026:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1891:, a
1578:81c
1423:Part
1358:and
1346:and
1275:and
1092:B-VG
1076:The
926:Linz
854:Graz
654:NEOS
521:2024
515:2019
510:2014
498:2022
493:2016
488:2010
475:2024
469:2019
464:2017
245:list
224:list
203:list
149:B-VG
1640:6.
1606:B.
1540:2.
1529:1.
1490:C.
1479:B.
1468:A.
1103:in
558::
138:Law
2346::
2093:^
1121:.
1084::
983::
915::
879::
843::
807::
771::
735::
699::
637::
586::
270:·
2251:.
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