1943:, which does not mean simply increase their reputation but also to show achievements and communicate these achievements to others in order to be more accepted in social circles, especially upper class circles. Chinese consumers tend to believe that if they buy some brands it is easier to be accepted in the social circles of powerful and wealthy people. Connections are particularly important in Chinese culture as people use social connections to achieve their goals.
146:
84:
43:
774:"avoid loss/damage". The country begins to feel that Government consented to arrangements by which China has lost face; the officials have long been conscious that they are becoming ridiculous in the eyes of the people, seeing that where a foreigner is concerned they can neither enforce a Chinese right, nor redress a Chinese grievance, even on Chinese soil.
1148:(面子), which is defined as “the public image people want to present within a given social framework”. More specifically, mentsu can only be established when in social situations where others are present. It is associated with the fulfillment of one’s social role(s) as expected by others. There are two main types of face in Japanese culture:
2352:(1986) extended "face" into theoretical semantics. He postulated it to be an essential element of all language interchanges, and claimed: "A satisfactory theory of linguistic meaning cannot ignore questions of face presentation, nor other politeness phenomena that maintain the co-operative nature of language interchange."
2276:
after one's death as a ghost, or to cause through suicide endless difficulties or even punishment to the other person. But in the
Chinese literature used here, including also the short stories, I did not once find the phrase "losing face"; and there was no clear case of suicide because of shame alone.
2275:
It is mainly in the writings of foreigners that we find the stress upon shame in
Chinese society; it is they who stated that the Chinese were typically afraid of "losing their face". It is they who reported many cases of suicide because of loss of face, or of suicide in order to punish another person
613:
can be borrowed, struggled for, added to, padded, — all terms indicating a gradual increase in volume. It is built up through initial high position, wealth, power, ability, through cleverly establishing social ties to a number of prominent people, as well as through avoidance of acts that would cause
2284:
Given the importance of having face and of being related to those who do, there is a plethora of relationship politics in
Chinese culture. Name dropping, eagerness to associate with the rich and famous, the use of external status symbols, sensitivity to insult, lavish gift-giving, the use of titles,
1228:
in Japan, it was revealed that people generally regard experiences of losing one’s own face as unpleasant. Experiences of face-saving and face-loss can influence one’s mood and self-esteem. Moreover, people’s moods can be influenced by whether the face of those close to them are saved. Findings also
2212:
Among the most troublesome kinds of problems that arise in negotiation are the intangible issues related to loss of face. In some instances, protecting against loss of face becomes so central an issue that it swamps the importance of the tangible issues at stake and generates intense conflicts that
2073:
in
Chinese culture results in the recognition of one’s claim to respect from the community, not freedom of action . Japanese researcher claims the concept of negative face is alien to Japanese culture, and mistakenly assume the basic unit of society is the individual which is incongruent with
1911:
According to Hu, mianzi stands for "the kind of prestige that is emphasized...a reputation achieved through getting on in life, through success and ostentation", while face is "the respect of a group for a man with a good moral reputation: the man who will fulfill his obligations regardless of the
1189:
places emphasis on social roles. A comparative study of
Japanese and Chinese student’s perceptions of face revealed that Japanese students tend to be more concerned about face in situations relating to social status and appropriate treatment of others based on social status, while Chinese students
495:
Interesting as the
Chinese physiological face is, the psychological face makes a still more fascinating study. It is not a face that can be washed or shaved, but a face that can be "granted" and "lost" and "fought for" and "presented as a gift". Here we arrive at the most curious point of Chinese
1193:
The integration of face in
Japanese culture is evident in the language and cultural norms. According to Matsumoto 1988, “To attend to each other’s face in Japanese culture is to recognize each other’s social position and to convey such a recognition through the proper linguistic means, including
1165:
The need for positive self-regard Is culturally variant and
Japanese motivations for positive self-regard differ from those of other cultures in that it is primarily self-critically focused. From a young age, children are encouraged by parents to become socially shared images of the ideal person
773:
for "face" words meaning "prestige; honor" is smaller than the corresponding
Chinese field. English face meaning "prestige; honor, respect, dignity, status, reputation, social acceptance, or good name. The "lose" verb in "lose face" means "fail to maintain", while the "save" in "save face" means
483:
The term "face" keeps cropping up in our conversation, and it seems such a simple expression that I doubt whether many people give it much thought. Recently, however, we have heard this word on the lips of foreigners too, who seem to be studying it. They find it extremely hard to understand, but
1985:
is a cultural concept that relates to the social, emotional and psychological dimension of consumption and has an impact on consumers’ perception of their self and purchase decisions. Purchase and consumption of brands (but also other activities, like choosing a specific university), in
Chinese
1873:
The point is that face is distinctively human. Anyone who does not wish to declare his social bankruptcy must show a regard for face: he must claim for himself, and must extend to others, some degree of compliance, respect, and deference in order to maintain a minimum level of effective social
1216:(よろしくお願いします; I make a request and I hope things go well) highlight the debt-sensitive culture in Japan. By emphasizing the speaker’s debt to giving credit to the listener, one implies the debt will be repaid, this is rooted in the Japanese concept of face. In addition, phrases such as
778:
Several American newspapers from 1874 listed the concept in a column of "Chinese Proverbs" or "Facts & Fancies" stating "The Chinese, be it observed, are great sticklers for propriety and respectability, and are very much afraid of what they term "losing face"."
1874:
functioning. While it is true that the conceptualization of what constitutes face and the rules governing face behavior vary considerably across cultures, the concern for face is invariant. Defined at a high level of generality, the concept of face is a universal.
1360:
meaning both "face" and at the same time "the essence", when being used to describe a person, showing that there is high expectation of "inner self" and "outer self" of a person being in high accord with each other, looking from the framework of Russian culture.
1397:
and the sociological concept of face. Medieval Slavic documents have shown that the word has been used with various meanings, such as form, image, character, person, symbol, face, figure, statue, idol, guise and mask. The languages also have a derived adjective
2245:
the interaction between the degree of threats or considerations one party offers to another party, and the degree of claim for a sense of self-respect (or demand for respect toward one's national image or cultural group) put forth by the other party in a given
1208:
In the politeness-orientated Japanese society, simple sentences in English would have many variations in Japanese where the speaker must make linguistic choices based on their interpersonal relationship with the listener. Common greetings in Japanese such as
1936:
has been used to explain Chinese consumer purchasing behaviour and brand choice and considered it as a quality owned by some brands. Some consumers tend to favour some brands (and their products and services) because of their capacity to enable them to gain
1220:(すみません), originally an expression for apology but encompasses feelings of both gratitude and apology, are used across a variety of contexts, highlighting the use of language to maintain and reinforce smooth face-to-face interactions within Japanese society.
1849:
and the variety of social interaction. People strive to maintain the face they have created in social situations. They are emotionally attached to their faces, so they feel good when their faces are maintained; loss of face results in emotional pain, so in
1822:: the kinds of equality between the people involved, their ages, personal sensibilities, inequality in social status, social relationship, consciousness of personal prestige, presence of a witness, and the particular social value/sanction involved.
2077:
These differences suggest the concept of face according to the Politeness Theory is centered around the ideal individual autonomy. However, the concept of face in Eastern cultures such as the Chinese and Japanese orientate towards social identity.
1223:
A study investigating the conditions that led to feelings of face-loss in Japanese participants revealed that the presence of others and engagement in activities related to social roles led to a stronger face-loss experience. When examining
2098:" describes a desire to appear intelligent, accomplished, and capable. Oetzel et al. (2000) defined "facework" as "the communicative strategies one uses to enact self-face and to uphold, support, or challenge another person's face". In terms of
2065:
However, researchers disagree on the universality of Politeness Theory, arguing it fails to consider the cultural origins of the face and behaviors in non-western cultures where interactions focus on group identity rather than individuality.
1898:
The value of "saving face" has been seen in application of a Confucian form of protest and collective action. Evidence of face saving has been seen in a labor strike by Chinese railroad worker in 1867 in the construction of the
867:... Originally used by the English community in China, with reference to the continual devices among the Chinese to avoid incurring or inflicting disgrace. The exact phrase appears not to occur in Chinese, but ‘to lose face’ (
1082:
The Chinese has supplied a specific "name" for a "thing" embodying qualities not expressed or possibly not fully expressed, by a number of terms in English. The aptness of the figurative extension has probably also played a
692:; 'don't want face') "shameless; selfishly inconsiderate" as "a serious accusation meaning that ego does not care what society thinks of his character, that he is ready to obtain benefits for himself in defiance of
1205: , a commonly understood model of communication whereby individuals put up a polite “front” that hides their real beliefs, emphasize the importance placed on carrying out social responsibility in Japanese society.
1170:” (らしい；similar to). In this way, social roles influence how Japanese identify themselves but also establish the desirable image Japanese people wish to present in front of others. “Japanese competition characterized by
1912:
hardships involved, who under all circumstances shows himself a decent human being". The concept seems to relate to two different meanings, from one side Chinese consumers try to increase or maintain their reputation (
1689:
is that the person who lost face did so through fault of self or through the thoughtless action of another. As in China and other regions where loss of face is important, the Thai version involves sociodynamic status.
1958:. Therefore, some branded products and services, especially those that require conspicuous consumption (e.g. smartphones, bags, shoes), are chosen because they foster feelings of pride and vanity in the owner.
1255:, and in regards to different understanding of the opposites. However, both Russian and Chinese concepts of "face" are close to each other in their focus on person being, first and foremost, part of larger
2062:
In human interactions, people are often forced to threaten either an addressee's positive and/or negative face, and so there are various politeness strategies to mitigate those face-threatening acts.
2074:
the importance placed on interpersonal relationships in Japanese culture. In the case of Japan, individuals obtain face to maintain one’s position in relation to other members of the same community.
2229:
focused upon individuals, face-saving is generally viewed as more important in high context cultures such as China or Japan than in low-context ones such as the United States or Germany.
2188:, face-constituting, face-compensating, face-honoring, face-saving, face-threatening, face-building, face-protecting, face-depreciating, face-giving, face-restoring, and face-neutral.
3912:
Oetzel, John G.; Ting-Toomey, Stella; Yokochi, Yumiko; Masumoto, Tomoko; Takai, Jiro (2000). "A typology of facework behaviors in conflicts with best friends and relative strangers".
2285:
the sedulous avoidance of criticism, all abound, and require considerable readjustment for someone used to organizing social life by impersonal rules, frankness, and greater equality.
2912:"中国人学生と日本人学生の「面子」の概念及びコミュニケーション・ストラテジーに関する比較の一事例研究 [A quantitative analysis of differing perception of mein-tze / mentsu between Chinese and Japanese students: A case study]"
1127:. explains how "face" is a more basic meaning than "status", "dignity", or "honor". "Prestige" appears to be semantically closest to "face", however a person can be said to have
428:
436:
1926:
is not only important to improve the consumer's reputation in front of significant others, but rather it is also associated with feelings of dignity, honor, and pride. In
2892:
Readings in Cross-cultural Psychology; Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology Held in Hong Kong, August 1972
1263:, individuality is much more toned-down in both Russian and Chinese cultures in favour of communality; both Russian and Chinese cultures are lacking in stark Western
2271:" in terms of literary psychology, debunked the persistent myth that "face" is peculiar to the Chinese rather than a force in every human society. Eberhard noted
484:
believe that "face" is the key to the Chinese spirit and that grasping it will be like grabbing a queue twenty-four years ago – everything else will follow.
1952:
has also an emotional facet. Consumers feel proud, special, honoured, even more valuable as individuals if they can afford to buy brands that can enhance their
2086:
Tae-Seop Lim and John Waite Bowers (1991) claim that face is the public image that a person claims for himself. Within this claim there are three dimensions. "
3375:
4222:
1890:) which permits deeper understanding of the various dimensions of experience of face, including moral and social evaluation, and its emotional mechanisms.
3081:"Under What Conditions Do People Feel Face-Loss? Effects of the Presence of Others and Social Roles on the Perception of Losing Face in Japanese Culture"
4228:
1155:(面目) refers to “aspects of the self approved of or respectability given by others”. This encompasses the fulfillment of one’s duty in social settings.
1174:(横並び), emphasizing not on surpassing others, but on not falling behind others”. The continual effort to improve oneself as summarized by the saying
1178:(頑張ります) can be viewed as an expression to secure the esteem of others, illustrating high motivations to maintain public face in Japanese culture.
1750:) translates literally as 'save face' or 'preserve face'. This concept is understood and treated much the same in Cambodia as elsewhere in Asia.
2149:
for other individuals. Facework is a skill of constantly maintaining the face in order to deserve the respect and honor from it. For instance,
1450:
1194:
formulaic expressions, honorifics, verbs of giving and receiving, and other “relation-acknowledging devices”. The Japanese cultural norms of
4276:
163:
56:
541:) "face; side; reputation; self-respect; prestige, honor; social standing." It is similar to the concept of "keeping up with appearances".
3677:"The role of aesthetic, cultural, utilitarian and branding factors in young Chinese consumers' repurchase intention of smartphone brands"
2069:
For instance, the Chinese origins of “face” was not considered by Brown and Levinson. Concerning the concept of negative face, obtaining
4240:
1275:
is much more highly regarded than in Western culture, where in the West ritualism is thought of to be mostly dull and empty of content.
1161:(体面)refers to the projected self or ostentation, which involves “the duty to clear one’s reputation of insult or imputation of failure”.
210:
1483:
concepts of dignity, or "face". For Shia Islam, face is based on the social and family ranking system found in the Treatise of Rights,
3331:"日本文化における「面子」：その概念と心理的・対人的意義(林 純姫) ["Face" in Japanese culture: its concept and psychological and interpersonal significance]"
182:
1059:
meaning "prestige" is technically a loan synonym, owing to semantic overlap between the native English meaning "outward semblance;
496:
social psychology. Abstract and intangible, it is yet the most delicate standard by which Chinese social intercourse is regulated.
4234:
878:
189:
4246:
3951:
4223:
Learning About "Face" – "Subjective Theories" as a Construct in Analysing Intercultural Learning Processes of Germans in Taiwan
1229:
reveal that caring for others through saving face can have a positive impact on one’s interpersonal relationships with others.
4089:
3823:
3757:
3400:
2583:
1918:) in front of socially and culturally significant others (e.g. friends); on the other hand, they try to defend or save face.
1278:
The importance of the concept of face in Russia may be seen imprinted into amassment of proverbs and sayings, where the word
1903:, where Chinese workers protested peacefully and negotiated for an outcome in a way that demonstrated face-saving behavior.
863:
8f. to save one's face: to avoid being disgraced or humiliated. Similarly, to save (another's) face. Hence save-face adj. =
682:; 'without face') "audacious; wanton; shameless" as "the most severe condemnation that can be made of a person" and
4345:
196:
1259:. In contrast to co-existence of personal individualism with their simultaneous participation in community affairs within
3717:"The importance of enhancing, maintaining and saving face in smartphone repurchase intentions of Chinese early adopters"
2460:
4335:
4028:
2890:
Ho, David Yao-fai (1974). "Face, Social Expectations, and Conflict Avoidance". In Dawson, John; Lonner, Walter (eds.).
178:
4169:
3971:
2911:
2740:
1878:
The sociological concept of face has recently been reanalyzed through consideration of the Chinese concepts of face (
247:
229:
127:
70:
17:
4217:
A metalinguistic approach to deconstructing the concepts of 'face' and 'politeness' in Chinese, English and Japanese
1869:
and I. C. Jarvie believe, "because they have face to care for – without it they lose human dignity." Hu elaborates:
109:
1961:
A brand that enables an individual to achieve such goals in life, in branding literature, it is labelled as 'brand
859:(OED) defines Save 8 as: "To keep, protect or guard (a thing) from damage, loss, or destruction", and elaborates,
62:
3248:"Japanese culture specific face and politeness orientation: A pragmatic investigation of yoroshiku onegaishimasu"
2022:
1623:. So Persian speakers use some strategies in saving the face or character of each other while they communicate.
4330:
4325:
2166:
387:
Face is a quality that can be lost, maintained, or enhanced, and must be constantly attended to in interaction.
167:
94:
4270:
2402:"Reconstructing the concept of face in cultural sociology: in Goffman's footsteps, following the Chinese case"
555:; 'face and eyes') "face; appearance; respect; social standing; prestige; honor (only used in ancient
818:
4355:
4340:
2201:
4252:
3676:
927:. Semantic loans extend an indigenous word's meaning in conformity with a foreign model (e.g., the French
2663:
2197:
2099:
1833:
with his 1955 article "On Face-work: An Analysis of Ritual Elements of Social Interaction" and 1967 book
1271:
being foundation for individualism; and instead of it, in both Russian and Chinese cultures ritualism in
4216:
2984:
2280:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong social psychologist Michael Harris Bond observed that in Hong Kong,
4365:
2241:
to explain cultural differences in communication and conflict resolution. Ting-Toomey defines face as:
501:
203:
4188:
1135:, or vice versa. Prestige is not necessary; one can easily live without it, but hardly without "face".
4360:
4350:
3588:
Ryan, Patrick Spaulding. "Saving Face Without Words: A Confucian Perspective on The Strike of 1867".
2763:
2465:
1900:
1838:
855:
101:
4258:
3247:
2966:
4320:
3473:
Strodtbeck, Fred L. (1970). "Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. Erving Goffman".
2599:
2361:
2339:
2134:
3330:
4124:[Two studies on prototype semantics: xiao 'filial piety' and mei mianzi 'loss of face'].
4081:
2768:
2567:
2238:
2213:
can impede progress toward agreement and increase substantially the costs of conflict resolution.
2185:
2150:
1819:
384:
Face is the respectability and/or deference which a person can claim for themself or from others.
156:
105:
3431:
Redfield, Margaret Park (1946). "A Chinese Village: Taitou, Shantung Province. Martin C. Yang".
2184:
There are also exist other facework strategies not always basing on the culture strategies like
4264:
2349:
1619:) are used. In Iranian culture the meaning of linguistic face is much closer to the meaning of
476:
402:
4002:
Brown, Bert (1977). "Face Saving and Face Restoration in Negotiation". In Druckman, D. (ed.).
448:, "face" refers to two distinct concepts, although linked in Chinese social relations. One is
3963:
3628:"A cultural approach to brand equity: The role of brand mianzi and brand popularity in China"
3369:
2776:
2487:
1190:
tend to be more concerned in situations concerning evaluations of competence or performance.
789:(August 3, 1929): "Each wishes to concede only what can be conceded without loss of 'face'".
3793:"The Universality of Face in Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory: A Japanese Perspective"
3080:
2344:
2303:
2222:
1967:', which is the capacity of a brand to provide emotions and self-enhancement to its owner.
802:
291:
2805:
A Study of Lexical Borrowing from Chinese into English with Special Reference to Hong Kong
2208:
explains the importance of both personal and national face in international negotiations:
8:
3535:
Agassi, Joseph; Jarvie, I.C. (1969). "A Study in Westernization". In Jarvie, I.C. (ed.).
2935:"Japanese Folk Concept of Mentsu: An Indigenous Approach from Psychological Perspectives"
2575:
2319:
2226:
2010:
1484:
468:), which are used regularly in everyday language although not so much in formal writing.
4075:
3929:
3898:
3650:
3605:
3567:
3189:
2954:
2872:
2852:
1927:
1851:
1378:
3302:
3030:
294:. This idea with different nuances is observed in many societies and cultures such as
4165:
4085:
4024:
4018:
3967:
3933:
3867:
3863:
3819:
3753:
3654:
3609:
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3267:
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3181:
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2757:
2736:
2579:
2423:
2295:
2103:
2018:
1859:
1238:
1195:
560:
373:
claimed "face cannot be translated or defined", these definitions have been created:
1247:) is different from the Chinese concept of face in regards to different emphasis on
631:) "face; countenance; respect; reputation; prestige" is seen in several face words:
4229:
Facework as a Chinese Conflict-Preventive Mechanism – A Cultural/Discourse Analysis
3959:
3921:
3894:
3859:
3728:
3688:
3642:
3597:
3559:
3513:
3509:
3482:
3440:
3357:
3298:
3259:
3225:
3177:
3173:
3131:
3092:
3042:
3029:
Heine, Steven J.; Lehman, Darrin R.; Markus, Hazel Rose; Kitayama, Shinobu (1999).
2996:
2942:
2864:
2830:
2642:
2413:
2260:
2041:
2037:
1815:
1794:
1496:
1272:
358:
354:
4282:
3792:
3349:
2647:
2630:
2513:
2165:
are standing for the position of protecting the self-face of the individual while
4271:
How Does Culture Influence Conflict Resolution? A Dynamic Constructivist Analysis
4194:
4159:
3747:
3390:
2730:
2264:
2181:
support the idea of maintaining the other-face for self-dignity and self-respect
1789:
1765:
1620:
1438:
1268:
1260:
445:
350:
4293:
4259:
The Concern of a Nation's Face: Evidence in the Chinese Press Coverage of Sports
3286:
3046:
991:
589:
551:
536:
4370:
4020:
Negotiating Across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy
3885:
Lim, T.S.; Bowers, J.W. (1991). "Facework: Solidarity, Approbation, and Tact".
3847:
3119:
2934:
2218:
2107:
2006:
1826:
1374:
770:
343:
295:
3925:
3716:
3692:
3646:
3626:
Filieri, Raffaele; Lin, Zhibin; d'Antone, Simona; Chatzopoulou, Elena (2018).
3287:"'Sorry for your kindness': Japanese interactional ritual in public discourse"
2679:
2418:
2401:
793:
4314:
4289:
3871:
3732:
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3310:
3271:
3214:"Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese"
3185:
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3096:
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2704:
2427:
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2370:
2366:
2335:
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2044:
that this self-image be appreciated and approved of) claimed by interactants"
1866:
1830:
1252:
924:
890:
556:
391:
3000:
2461:"Saving face: What does it mean? | Bias Busters: Cultural competence guides"
2110:
and how that identity is created, reinforced, diminished, and maintained in
3521:
3361:
3062:
1476:
911:
3263:
2600:"These Taiwanese Pineapple Cakes Are the Only Pineapple Cake Worth Eating"
2090:" describes a desire to appear independent, in control, and responsible. "
349:
Face has particularly complex dynamics and meanings within the context of
3627:
3601:
2821:
Carr, Michael (1993). "Chinese 'Face' in Japanese and English (Part 2)".
2553:
2299:
2174:
2055:
1855:
1370:
1071:
905:
886:
521:
395:
331:
605:; 'feelings face') "face; prestige; favor; kindness; partiality"
575:; 'face skin') "facial skin; complexion; feelings; sensitivity;
2256:
2205:
2138:
2130:
2033:
1285:
1060:
488:
370:
299:
287:
3193:
3161:
2834:
1659:). There are basically two main ways of expressing loss of face: One,
1031:
712:) "face; prestige; reputation; honor" occurs in the common expression
4265:
The Chinese Concept of Face: A Perspective for Business Communicators
2946:
2572:
China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
2315:
2146:
2126:
1811:
1354:, but stronger, meaning to "lose reputation or social standing", and
1264:
1256:
979:
974:
785:
593:; 'body face') "face; good looking; honor; dignity; prestige"
303:
272:
31:
3213:
1992:
and different brands can be more or less apt to enhance or maintain
813:
807:
145:
112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4189:
https://newbooksnetwork.com/on-saving-face-brief-history-western-hb
3988:
3486:
3444:
2939:
Perspectives and Progress in Contemporary Cross-Cultural Psychology
2868:
1846:
1267:
of "internal" vs. "external", and also lacking in Western focus on
693:
471:
Two influential Chinese authors explained face. The Chinese writer
335:
311:
264:
3625:
2141:
purposes. This concept is all about presentation of the dignified
2162:
1075:
327:
283:
3911:
2094:" describes a desire to seem cooperative, accepted, and loved. "
973:). The vast majority of English words from Chinese are ordinary
656:; 'face face') "face; self-respect; prestige; influence"
2158:
2051:
2014:
1248:
1012:
923:, meaning "prestige" or "honor", is the only case of a Chinese
899:
826:
472:
339:
282:
Face refers to a sociological concept in general linked to the
276:
268:
4247:
Face Negotiation in Conflict Resolution in the Chinese Context
2665:"These from the land of Sinim." Essays on the Chinese question
1405:
1399:
1388:
1382:
3778:
Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts
2178:
2170:
2142:
1775:
1480:
1426:
1394:
1070:
acquired its Chinese sense of "prestige; honor", it filled a
576:
405:
of words meaning "prestige; dignity; honor; respect; status".
323:
319:
307:
275:
of an individual (or group of individuals), and its image in
4161:
Linguistic Meaning (RLE Linguistics A: General Linguistics)
3590:
International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies
1842:
894:
441:
play an extremely important role in the fabric of society.
378:
315:
3715:
Filieri, Raffaele; Chen, Wenshin; Lal Dey, Bidit (2017).
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3415:
3028:
2789:
Yuan Jia Hua. (1981). "English Words of Chinese Origin,"
2268:
1015:
where a borrowing is blended with native elements (e.g.,
394:
and reflecting concern with the congruence between one's
263:
is a class of behaviors and customs, associated with the
4185:
On Saving Face: A Brief History of Western Appropriation
3848:"Beyond politeness theory: 'Face' revisited and renewed"
2556:; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. pp. 129–132.
2058:—i.e., to freedom of action and freedom from imposition"
2050:
is "the basic claim to territories, personal preserves,
1818:. Martin C. Yang analyzed eight sociological factors in
1063:" and the borrowed Chinese meaning "prestige; dignity".
841:'guard/save face'; when successful, it's called
2985:"Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures"
1976:
affects consumer purchase intentions and brand equity.
644:; 'face on/above') "one's face; honor; respect"
390:
Face is a sense of worth that comes from knowing one's
4046:
A Face Negotiation Perspective Communicating for Peace
4023:. United States Inst of Peace Pr (September 1, 1991).
3661:
3462:(1967 ed.). Kegan Paul Reprint. pp. 167–179.
1865:
Face is sociologically universal. People "are human",
1671:), translates literally as 'lose face.' Another term,
668:; 'face skin') "face; sensitivity; compassion"
4241:
Face in Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. American cultures
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3621:
3619:
3031:"Is there a universal need for positive self-regard?"
2448:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. pp. 199–200.
2302:
stressed the importance of "losing face" in Japanese
1185:
which emphasizes one’s power, the Japanese notion of
1487:, Shia Islam's primary source for social behaviors.
524:; countenance; surface; side" occurs in words like:
4063:. University of California Press. pp. 119–120.
2755:
1893:
1835:
Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior
1091:The nearest English synonyms of the apt figurative
170:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3714:
3699:
3616:
3118:Cocroft, Beth-Ann K.; Ting-Toomey, Stella (1994).
3117:
2756:
1683:) means 'sale of face'. The actual connotation of
381:delineated in terms of approved social attributes.
4077:Beyond the Chinese Face: Insights from Psychology
3374:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2133:to the image he or she represents to society for
1029:
1024:
989:
984:
4312:
3124:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2807:. University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 61–62.
4004:Negotiations: Social-Psychological Perspectives
3539:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 129–163.
2933:Lin, Chun-Chi; Yamaguchi, Susumu (2008-01-01).
2894:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 240–251.
2348:emphasizes "the face for the person" metonymy.
893:translation. Most Anglo-Chinese borrowings are
4119:
3746:Brown, Penelope; Levinson, Stephen C. (1987).
3162:"The Two "Faces" of Self and Society in Japan"
2191:
1479:of social and family behavior is based around
873:), and ‘for the sake of his face’, are common.
759:; 'face face') "face; honor; prestige"
500:The concept of face has a significant role in
30:"Save face" redirects here. For the band, see
4253:Politeness, Face and Facework: Current Issues
4142:
3956:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication
3749:Politeness: Some universals in language usage
3745:
2329:
2323:
1993:
1987:
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1355:
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1311:
1289:
1284:is used as a reference to one's character or
1279:
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3460:A Chinese Village; Taitou, Shantung Province
3078:
2932:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1448:
1442:
928:
747:"thick-skinned; brazen; shameless; impudent"
4043:
4010:
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3549:
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1800:
1745:
1739:
1733:
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996:
934:
836:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3674:
3472:
2232:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1638:
1632:
1393:) is used as a traditional expression for
1144:In Japan, the concept of face is known as
3884:
3816:The presentation of self in everyday life
3797:Working Papers in Educational Linguistics
3771:
3769:
3341:
3211:
3120:"Facework in Japan and the United States"
3079:Lin, Chun-Chi; Yamaguchi, Susumu (2010).
2646:
2417:
1998:, while others can cause a loss of face.
1585:) meaning "ashamed and embarrassed" and "
419:In China, in particular, the concepts of
401:"Face" means "sociodynamic valuation", a
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
4199:, tr. by Ian Cunnison. Cohen & West.
4058:
3989:"an Overview of Face Negotiation Theory"
3949:
3940:
3790:
3500:Goffman, Erving (1955). "On Face-Work".
3430:
3392:Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe
3347:
2982:
2802:
2732:Ethnocentrism and the English Dictionary
2488:"Lu Xun: China's Greatest Modern Writer"
2439:
2437:
2259:of "face" is another field of research.
977:with regular phonemic adaptation (e.g.,
3813:
3675:Filieri, Raffaele; Lin, Zhibin (2017).
3499:
3382:
3328:
3159:
2816:
2814:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2081:
1738:) translates literally as 'lose face'.
14:
4313:
4204:Words and Sounds in English and French
4143:Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1980).
3964:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.165
3775:
3766:
3583:
3581:
3245:
2989:Journal of Asian Pacific Communication
2728:
2547:
2528:
1829:introduced the concept of "face" into
4157:
4107:Losing Face, Status Politics in Japan
4104:
4016:
4001:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3324:
3322:
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3241:
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2978:
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2903:
2901:
2846:
2844:
2566:
2511:
2458:
2434:
2102:, Facework refers to an individual's
1788:
1181:In contrast to the Chinese notion of
491:considered the psychology of "face":
4073:
3457:
3395:. USA: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 48–49.
3350:""ЛИЦО" КИТАЙЦА: СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ"
3085:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology
2820:
2811:
2777:participating institution membership
2662:Hart, Robert (1901). "Appendix II".
2661:
2617:
2518:. Fleming H. Revell. pp. 16–18.
2443:
2289:
2001:
1986:culture, are profoundly affected by
475:referred to the American missionary
290:that a person has in terms of their
168:adding citations to reliable sources
139:
77:
36:
4288:
3845:
3721:Information Technology & People
3578:
3284:
2560:
2294:"Face" has further applications in
2125:represents the transition from the
1693:
1593:
1539:
1507:
398:or appearance and one's real worth.
24:
4273:, Michael W. Morris and Ho-Ying Fu
4061:Guilt and Sin in Traditional China
3899:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1991.tb00239.x
3832:
3739:
3537:Hong Kong: A Society in Transition
3317:
3236:
3200:
3150:
3069:
3015:
2973:
2898:
2889:
2850:
2841:
2668:. Chapman & Hall. p. 225.
2628:
2399:
1337:the absence of a well-defined face
25:
4382:
4210:
4109:. University of California Press.
3986:
2922:(2): 103–111 – via J-Stage.
851:; 'saved/guarded face').
52:This article has multiple issues.
4267:, Qiumin Dong and Yu-Feng L. Lee
3587:
2803:Chan, Mimi; Kwok, Helen (1985).
2631:"The Chinese Concepts of 'Face'"
2512:Smith, Arthur Henderson (1894).
2406:The Journal of Chinese Sociology
1970:Scholars have proved that brand
1894:Face saving in collective action
1862:to maintain each other's faces.
1310:) meaning "to lose reputation",
897:, with a few exceptions such as
179:"Face" sociological concept
144:
82:
41:
4151:
4136:
4113:
4098:
4067:
4052:
4037:
3995:
3980:
3905:
3878:
3807:
3784:
3543:
3528:
3493:
3466:
3451:
3424:
3416:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin.
3409:
3278:
3111:
2926:
2883:
2796:
2783:
2749:
2722:
2697:
2672:
2655:
2021:, which differentiated between
1613:) meaning "proud" (opposite of
1364:
969:, used in the sense of English
879:English words of Chinese origin
155:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
4279:, Conflict Research Consortium
4235:What does our face mean to us?
4219:, Michael Haugh and Carl Hinze
4187:. Hong Kong University Press.
4147:. University of Chicago Press.
4126:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
3752:. Cambridge University Press.
3514:10.1080/00332747.1955.11023008
3274:– via De Gruyter Mouton.
3178:10.1525/eth.1992.20.1.02a00010
2791:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
2592:
2541:
2522:
2505:
2480:
2452:
2393:
1963:
1845:that changes depending on the
1780:
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842:
831:
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756:
733:
689:
679:
665:
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641:
602:
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572:
550:
364:
27:Class of behaviors and customs
13:
1:
4074:Bond, Michael Harris (1991).
3950:Fletcher, Vail (2016-04-05).
3475:American Journal of Sociology
3433:American Journal of Sociology
3303:10.1016/s0378-2166(98)80006-4
2983:Yabuuchi, Akio (2004-01-01).
2857:American Journal of Sociology
2648:10.1525/aa.1944.46.1.02a00040
2386:
2250:
2237:Stella Ting-Toomey developed
2145:which soon will become as an
1342:) denoting a negative trait,
1023:"quick, fast" < Cantonese
409:
4044:Ting-Toomey, Stella (1990).
3887:Human Communication Research
3864:10.1016/0378-2166(94)90025-6
3780:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3550:Xiaoying Qi (2011). "Face".
3389:Stoianovich, Traian (1994).
3230:10.1016/0378-2166(88)90003-3
3136:10.1016/0147-1767(94)90018-3
2548:Lu Xun (1959). "On 'Face'".
2314:Linguists have analyzed the
2309:
2202:cross-cultural communication
2032:is "the positive consistent
1906:
1805:
1793:) is extremely important in
1400:
1383:
1025:
985:
7:
4346:Interpersonal relationships
4249:, Li Xiaoshi and Jia Xuerui
3846:Mao, LuMing Robert (1994).
3681:Computers in Human Behavior
3635:Journal of Brand Management
3356:(in Russian) (3): 191–201.
3212:Matsumoto, Yoshiko (1988).
3047:10.1037/0033-295X.106.4.766
2729:Benson, Phil (2002-01-08).
2718:– via Newspapers.com.
2693:– via Newspapers.com.
2459:Grimm, Joe (May 16, 2019).
2400:Qi, Xiaoying (2017-12-20).
2355:
2330:
2324:
2225:focused upon in-groups and
2198:intercultural communication
2192:Intercultural communication
2117:
2100:interpersonal communication
2040:' (crucially including the
1994:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1932:
1922:
1914:
1886:
1880:
1760:
1740:
1728:
1700:
1698:The Khmer word for face is
1685:
1673:
1661:
1633:
1615:
1587:
1561:
1533:
1501:
1443:
1139:
869:
751:
738:
736:; 'face thick') or
728:
714:
701:
684:
674:
660:
648:
636:
620:
597:
583:
567:
545:
529:
509:
460:
450:
435:
427:
421:
108:the claims made and adding
10:
4387:
4206:. Oxford University Press.
4059:Eberhard, Wolfram (1967).
3776:Miller, Katherine (2005).
3329:Hayashi, Sumihime (2007).
3246:Ohashi, Jun (2003-10-15).
2823:The Review of Liberal Arts
2023:positive and negative face
2013:(1987) expanded Goffman's
1631:The Thai word for face is
1490:
1406:
1389:
1305:to fall face down into mud
1232:
1030:
990:
763:
609:Hsien-chin Hu says “face”
414:
29:
4336:Cross-cultural psychology
4183:Keevak, Michael. (2022).
4164:. Routledge. p. 10.
3926:10.1080/01463370009385606
3693:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.057
3647:10.1057/s41262-018-0137-x
3354:ЗНАНИЕ. ПОНИМАНИЕ. УМЕНИЕ
3348:Prosekov, Sergey (2020).
3160:Bachnik, Jane M. (1992).
2764:Oxford English Dictionary
2550:Selected Works of Lu Hsun
2466:Michigan State University
2419:10.1186/s40711-017-0069-y
1901:Transcontinental Railroad
1839:dramaturgical perspective
1837:. According to Goffman's
1758:The concept of "face" or
1753:
1746:
1734:
1706:
1679:
1667:
1639:
1449:
1432:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1312:
1290:
1280:
1243:
1199:(本音; inner feelings) and
856:Oxford English Dictionary
743:
719:
708:
627:
535:
516:
465:
455:
4121:
4120:Shuanfan Huang (1987).
4105:Pharr, Susan J. (1989).
3814:Goffman, Erving (1959).
3791:Longcope, Peter (1995).
3733:10.1108/ITP-09-2015-0230
3564:10.1177/1440783311407692
3458:Yang, Martin C. (1945).
3097:10.1177/0022022110383423
2853:"On the concept of face"
2535:More mental reservations
2446:My Country and My People
2362:Dignitas (Roman concept)
2263:, who analyzed Chinese "
2151:Individualistic cultures
1801:Academic interpretations
369:Although Chinese writer
4193:Mauss, Marcel. (1954).
4082:Oxford University Press
4017:Cohen, Raymond (1977).
3914:Communication Quarterly
3001:10.1075/japc.14.2.05yab
2769:Oxford University Press
2711:. 1874-12-22. p. 4
2686:. 1874-11-05. p. 4
2635:American Anthropologist
2629:Hu, Hsien Chin (1944).
2515:Chinese Characteristics
2239:Face Negotiation Theory
2233:Face-negotiation theory
1790:[/t͡ɕʰe̞mjʌ̹n/]
1626:
1522:losing the face's water
1078:. Chan and Kwok write,
353:, and its usage in the
3952:"Facework and Culture"
3364:(inactive 2024-09-12).
3362:10.17805/zpu.2020.3.15
2492:afe.easia.columbia.edu
2318:of "face". Huang used
2287:
2278:
2248:
2215:
1876:
1820:losing or gaining face
1203:(建前; presented stance)
1137:
1085:
929:
875:
801:applying the semantic
776:
616:
498:
486:
477:Arthur Henderson Smith
4331:Confucianism in Japan
4326:Confucianism in China
4261:, Karina Lam Wai-ling
4158:Allan, Keith (2014).
3852:Journal of Pragmatics
3291:Journal of Pragmatics
3264:10.1515/mult.2003.013
3232:– via Academia.
3218:Journal of Pragmatics
2494:. Columbia University
2282:
2273:
2243:
2223:high context cultures
2221:'s dichotomy between
2210:
1871:
1860:politeness strategies
1810:"Face" is central to
1466:save the face's water
1425:), used to associate
1089:
1080:
861:
767:
611:
493:
481:
4298:Encyclopædia Iranica
4145:Metaphors We Live By
4006:. Sage. p. 275.
3602:10.2139/ssrn.4067005
3552:Journal of Sociology
3285:Ide, Risako (1998).
3035:Psychological Review
2684:Iowa County Democrat
2444:Yutang, Lin (1935).
2345:Metaphors We Live By
2304:comparative politics
2227:low context cultures
2082:Communication theory
1499:, expressions like "
1351:упасть в грязь лицом
1291:упасть в грязь лицом
1166:through the phrase “
1006:miscellaneous pieces
614:unfavorable comment.
559:. Now it only means
479:'s interpretation.
458:), and the other is
377:Face is an image of
292:social relationships
164:improve this article
4356:Korean Confucianism
4341:Human communication
4202:Orr, John. (1953).
3335:University of Tokyo
2851:Ho, D.Y.F. (1976).
2767:(Online ed.).
2705:"Facts and Fancies"
2576:Bloomsbury Academic
2537:]. p. 129.
2320:prototype semantics
2196:Face is central to
2011:Stephen C. Levinson
1852:social interactions
1527:), is used to mean
1485:Al-Risalah al-Huquq
2910:Sueda, K. (1998).
2680:"Chinese Proverbs"
1928:consumer behaviour
1471:, is used to mean
1444:hafiẓa māʼ al-wajh
93:possibly contains
4366:Culture of Taiwan
4285:, Sarah Rosenberg
4225:, Doris Weidemann
4091:978-0-19-585116-8
3825:978-0-8446-7017-1
3759:978-0-521-31355-1
3402:978-1-56324-032-4
2775:(Subscription or
2606:. 10 October 2018
2585:978-1-350-26724-4
2322:to differentiate
2296:political science
2290:Political science
2169:cultures such as
2019:politeness theory
2017:of face in their
2002:Politeness theory
1441:, the expression
1244:лик, лицо, личина
1241:concept of face (
1121:social acceptance
839:
502:Chinese diplomacy
357:is borrowed from
258:
257:
250:
240:
239:
232:
214:
138:
137:
130:
95:original research
75:
18:Face (self image)
16:(Redirected from
4378:
4361:Culture of Korea
4351:Culture of Japan
4307:
4305:
4304:
4176:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4122:基型意义之研究："孝"与"面子"
4117:
4111:
4110:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3987:Rofiq, Hasniar.
3984:
3978:
3977:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3672:
3659:
3658:
3632:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3418:Risalat al-Huquq
3413:
3407:
3406:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3365:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3026:
3013:
3012:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2947:10.4087/CEZM3471
2930:
2924:
2923:
2907:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2800:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
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2760:
2753:
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2726:
2720:
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2701:
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2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2552:. Translated by
2545:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2397:
2333:
2327:
2298:. For instance,
2261:Wolfram Eberhard
2186:face-negotiating
1997:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1935:
1925:
1917:
1889:
1883:
1825:The sociologist
1816:sociolinguistics
1792:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1694:Khmer (Cambodia)
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1373:, especially in
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1273:public relations
1269:legal frameworks
1246:
1245:
1087:Carr concludes,
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
988:
968:
965:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
932:
872:
849:
844:
840:
837:
833:
824:
797:was coined from
758:
754:
746:
745:
741:
735:
731:
722:
721:
717:
711:
710:
704:
691:
687:
681:
677:
667:
663:
655:
651:
643:
639:
630:
629:
623:
604:
600:
592:
586:
574:
570:
554:
548:
540:
539:
532:
519:
518:
512:
467:
463:
457:
453:
440:
432:
424:
355:English language
253:
246:
235:
228:
224:
221:
215:
213:
172:
148:
140:
133:
126:
122:
119:
113:
110:inline citations
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4321:Chinese culture
4311:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4243:, Akio Yabuuchi
4213:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4156:
4152:
4141:
4137:
4123:
4118:
4114:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4072:
4068:
4057:
4053:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3948:
3941:
3910:
3906:
3883:
3879:
3844:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3789:
3785:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3744:
3740:
3713:
3700:
3673:
3662:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3586:
3579:
3548:
3544:
3533:
3529:
3498:
3494:
3471:
3467:
3456:
3452:
3429:
3425:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3367:
3366:
3346:
3342:
3327:
3318:
3283:
3279:
3244:
3237:
3210:
3201:
3158:
3151:
3116:
3112:
3077:
3070:
3027:
3016:
2981:
2974:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2931:
2927:
2908:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2849:
2842:
2819:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2656:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2565:
2561:
2546:
2542:
2529:Lu Xun (1933).
2527:
2523:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2358:
2312:
2292:
2253:
2235:
2194:
2120:
2096:Competence face
2092:Fellowship face
2084:
2004:
1909:
1896:
1808:
1803:
1785:
1756:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1696:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1629:
1610:
1608:white-facedness
1607:
1604:
1601:
1582:
1580:Black-facedness
1579:
1576:
1573:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1493:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1435:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1367:
1348:, similarly to
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1288:, for instance
1261:Western culture
1235:
1142:
1074:in the English
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
983:< Cantonese
966:
963:
960:
956:
953:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
885:is an uncommon
766:
723:and the words:
694:moral standards
522:personal esteem
446:Chinese culture
417:
412:
403:lexical hyponym
367:
351:Chinese culture
254:
243:
242:
241:
236:
225:
219:
216:
173:
171:
161:
149:
134:
123:
117:
114:
99:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4384:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4309:
4308:
4290:Lincoln, Bruce
4286:
4280:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4255:, Liisa Vilkki
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4212:
4211:External links
4209:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4150:
4135:
4128:(in Chinese).
4112:
4097:
4090:
4084:. p. 59.
4066:
4051:
4036:
4030:978-1878379085
4029:
4009:
3994:
3979:
3972:
3939:
3920:(4): 397–419.
3904:
3893:(3): 415–450.
3877:
3858:(5): 451–486.
3831:
3824:
3806:
3783:
3765:
3758:
3738:
3727:(3): 629–652.
3698:
3660:
3641:(4): 376–394.
3615:
3577:
3558:(3): 279–295.
3542:
3527:
3508:(3): 213–231.
3492:
3487:10.1086/224921
3465:
3450:
3445:10.1086/219875
3423:
3408:
3401:
3381:
3340:
3316:
3297:(5): 509–529.
3277:
3258:(3): 257–274.
3235:
3224:(4): 403–426.
3199:
3149:
3130:(4): 469–506.
3110:
3091:(1): 120–124.
3068:
3041:(4): 766–794.
3014:
2995:(2): 261–297.
2972:
2963:|journal=
2925:
2897:
2882:
2869:10.1086/226145
2863:(4): 867–884.
2840:
2810:
2795:
2782:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2696:
2671:
2654:
2616:
2591:
2584:
2559:
2540:
2531:Zai tan baoliu
2521:
2504:
2479:
2451:
2433:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2311:
2308:
2291:
2288:
2252:
2249:
2234:
2231:
2219:Edward T. Hall
2193:
2190:
2119:
2116:
2114:interactions.
2083:
2080:
2060:
2059:
2045:
2025:(p. 61).
2007:Penelope Brown
2003:
2000:
1908:
1905:
1895:
1892:
1827:Erving Goffman
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:Korean culture
1755:
1752:
1695:
1692:
1628:
1625:
1492:
1489:
1475:. The entire
1434:
1431:
1375:Serbo-Croatian
1366:
1363:
1234:
1231:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1138:
771:semantic field
765:
762:
761:
760:
748:
670:
669:
657:
645:
607:
606:
594:
580:
577:sense of shame
564:
542:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
399:
388:
385:
382:
366:
363:
256:
255:
238:
237:
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4383:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4231:, Wenshan Jia
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4171:9781134742448
4167:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4116:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4070:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3973:9780190228613
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3818:. Doubleday.
3817:
3810:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2968:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2742:9781134599585
2738:
2735:. Routledge.
2734:
2733:
2725:
2710:
2709:Public Ledger
2706:
2700:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2381:Izzat (honor)
2379:
2377:
2376:Honor killing
2374:
2372:
2371:guilt society
2368:
2367:Shame society
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2336:George Lakoff
2332:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:United States
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:communicative
2132:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2112:communicative
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:Autonomy face
2079:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:Negative face
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Positive face
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1867:Joseph Agassi
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:social theory
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1777:
1767:
1762:
1751:
1742:
1730:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1635:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1589:
1568:
1563:
1554:two-facedness
1535:
1530:
1503:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1452:
1451:حفظ ماء الوجه
1445:
1440:
1430:
1429:to a person.
1428:
1402:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1345:потерять лицо
1327:two-facedness
1287:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:individualism
1250:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:onegaishimasu
1212:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1011:). A few are
993:
987:
982:
981:
976:
972:
931:
926:
925:semantic loan
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
892:
891:semantic loan
889:and a unique
888:
884:
880:
874:
871:
866:
860:
858:
857:
852:
850:
848:bǎozhu miànzi
834:
828:
820:
816:
815:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
795:
790:
788:
787:
782:
775:
772:
753:
749:
740:
730:
726:
725:
724:
716:
705:
703:
697:
695:
686:
676:
672:Hu contrasts
662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
634:
633:
632:
624:
622:
615:
610:
599:
595:
591:
585:
581:
578:
569:
565:
562:
558:
557:Chinese prose
553:
547:
543:
538:
531:
527:
526:
525:
523:
513:
511:
505:
503:
497:
492:
490:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
462:
452:
447:
442:
439:
438:
431:
430:
423:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:
380:
376:
375:
374:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
252:
249:
234:
231:
223:
220:November 2016
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181: –
180:
176:
175:Find sources:
169:
165:
159:
158:
153:This article
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
118:November 2016
111:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
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2604:www.vice.com
2603:
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2568:Brown, Kerry
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2340:Mark Johnson
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2279:
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2217:In terms of
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2167:collectivist
2122:
2121:
2108:social world
2095:
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1979:In summary,
1978:
1969:
1960:
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1930:literature,
1920:
1910:
1897:
1877:
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1834:
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1566:
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1477:Arab culture
1472:
1436:
1420:without face
1368:
1365:South Slavic
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912:to brainwash
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780:
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769:The English
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162:Please help
157:verification
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4277:Face Saving
4132:(1): 55–89.
3803:(1): 69–79.
3687:: 139–150.
3481:: 177–179.
3252:Multilingua
3172:(1): 3–32.
2758:"Save face"
2554:Yang Xianyi
2472:October 17,
2350:Keith Allan
2300:Susan Pharr
2175:South Korea
2056:distraction
2038:personality
1778::
1768::
1502:Aab ro rizi
1381:, the word
1371:South Slavs
1176:gambarimasu
1072:lexical gap
906:to Shanghai
887:verb phrase
865:face-saving
675:méiyǒu liǎn
396:performance
365:Definitions
4315:Categories
4303:2016-05-31
3502:Psychiatry
3439:(5): 502.
2835:10252/1585
2793:9:244–286.
2779:required.)
2715:2022-08-26
2690:2022-08-26
2610:2023-05-08
2574:. London:
2498:2018-12-12
2387:References
2257:psychology
2251:Psychology
2246:situation.
2206:Bert Brown
2139:leadership
2131:individual
2034:self-image
1407:безобразан
1401:bezobrazan
1286:reputation
1172:yokonarabi
1117:reputation
1061:effrontery
1017:chopsticks
919:. English
877:Among the
832:bǎo miànzi
803:opposition
783:occurs in
685:bùyào liǎn
561:appearance
489:Lin Yutang
410:By culture
371:Lin Yutang
346:cultures.
342:and other
328:Vietnamese
304:Indonesian
190:newspapers
102:improve it
57:improve it
4237:, Ning Yu
3934:144835800
3872:0378-2166
3655:169153592
3610:248036295
3572:220270450
3311:0378-2166
3272:1613-3684
3186:0091-2131
3144:0147-1767
3105:0022-0221
3055:1939-1471
3009:0957-6851
2965:ignored (
2955:cite book
2877:145513767
2829:: 87–88.
2641:: 45–64.
2428:2198-2635
2412:(1): 19.
2316:semantics
2310:Semantics
2147:authority
2127:real self
1946:However,
1907:Marketing
1858:by using
1856:cooperate
1812:sociology
1806:Sociology
1621:character
1616:Ro seyahi
1588:Ro sepidi
1562:Ro seyahi
1529:save face
1473:save face
1379:Bulgarian
1332: or
1265:dichotomy
1257:community
1249:sacricety
1218:sumimasen
1211:yoroshiku
1125:good name
980:chop suey
975:loanwords
964:construct
959: or
949: or
917:lose face
900:to kowtow
883:lose face
799:lose face
794:Save face
786:The Times
637:liǎnshàng
520:) "face;
312:Malaysian
273:authority
106:verifying
63:talk page
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4196:The Gift
3522:13254953
3063:10560328
2916:社会心理学研究
2570:(2023).
2356:See also
2123:Facework
2118:Facework
2104:identity
1847:audience
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1674:khai naa
1668:เสียหน้า
1508:آبروريزی
1313:двуличие
1239:Orthodox
1237:Russian
1140:Japanese
1133:prestige
1131:but not
1097:prestige
986:tsap-sui
930:realiser
870:diu lien
805:between
649:liǎnmiàn
598:qíngmian
332:Filipino
324:Japanese
288:prestige
279:groups.
265:morality
4048:. Sage.
2267:" and "
2163:Germany
2129:of the
2054:to non-
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1491:Persian
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1233:Russian
1201:tatemae
1153:Menboku
1109:dignity
1105:respect
1076:lexicon
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1013:calques
1000:
971:realize
944:achieve
938:
819:Chinese
764:English
752:yánmiàn
715:diū yán
415:Chinese
359:Chinese
340:Russian
316:Laotian
296:Chinese
284:dignity
204:scholar
100:Please
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2161:, and
2159:Canada
2071:mianzi
2052:rights
2042:desire
2015:theory
1995:mianzi
1989:mianzi
1982:mianzi
1973:mianzi
1964:mianzi
1955:mianzi
1949:mianzi
1940:mianzi
1933:mianzi
1923:Mianzi
1915:mianzi
1881:mianzi
1774:;
1766:Korean
1754:Korean
1747:ទុកមុខ
1540:دورويی
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1433:Arabic
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1357:личина
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1187:mentsu
1183:mianzi
1168:rashii
1159:Taimen
1146:mentsu
1113:status
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915:, and
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530:miànzi
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392:status
344:Slavic
320:Indian
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300:Arabic
277:social
271:, and
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3651:S2CID
3631:(PDF)
3606:S2CID
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3190:JSTOR
3166:Ethos
2873:S2CID
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2171:China
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2106:in a
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1390:образ
1384:obraz
1197:honne
1123:, or
1101:honor
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1046:quick
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269:honor
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