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719:, many related projects have used their design for inspiration, creating an ecosystem of related or derivative 3D printers, most of which are also open source designs. The availability of these open source designs means that variants of 3D printers are easy to invent. The quality and complexity of printer designs, however, as well as the quality of kit or finished products, varies greatly from project to project. This rapid development of open source 3D printers is gaining interest in many spheres as it enables hyper-customization and the use of
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572:), where it melts and is then extruded. Flow geometry of the extruder, heating method and the melt flow behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid are of main consideration in the part. The rollers are the only drive mechanism in the material delivery system, therefore filament is under tensile stress upstream to the roller and under compression at the downstream side acting as a plunger. Therefore, compressive stress is the driving force behind the extrusion process.
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by products like RepRap. E3D and BondTech are the most known extruder manufacturers currently on the market. Consistent improvements are seen in the form of increased heating temperature of liquefiers, better control and precision of prints, and improved support for a wide variety of materials. Besides the improved hardware, the ability to calibrate the extruder according to the hardware setup has come a long way.
1194:
200:
326:—all of which are viscous suspension of solid powder particles in a liquid medium, which is dried after deposition. In this case, the material is generally pushed towards the nozzle by the action of a piston, and the nozzle is not heated. Paste-like materials such as ceramics and chocolate can be extruded using the fused filament process and a specialized paste extruder.
382:
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also used in prototyping scaffolds for medical tissue engineering applications. Moreover, EAM with multi extrusion have become very popular to fabricate biomimetic composites. FFF is also applied in manufacturing within other sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, electronics, energy, pharmaceuticals, sports, textiles, and toys.
238:(AM), involves manufacturing a part by depositing material layer by layer. There is a wide array of different AM technologies that can do this, including material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting and directed energy deposition. These processes have varied types of extruders and extrude different materials to achieve the final product.
75:
the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections. "Fused filament fabrication" was coined by the members of the
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336:, i.e. small granules of thermoplastic material or mixtures of thermoplastic binder with powder fillers. The material is pushed towards the nozzle by the action of a piston or a rotating screw, which are contained by an extrusion barrel. In this case the whole extrusion barrel is heated, along with the nozzle.
422:
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material. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time;
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Customer-driven product customization and demand for cost and time savings have increased interest in agility of manufacturing process. This has led to improvements in rapid prototyping technologies. The development of extruders is going rapidly because of the open source 3-D printer movement caused
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FFF and the other technologies of additive manufacturing by material extrusion (EAM) techniques are commonly used for prototyping and rapid manufacturing. Rapid prototyping facilitates iterative testing, and for very short runs, rapid manufacturing can be a relatively inexpensive alternative. EAM is
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The force required to extrude the melt must be sufficient to overcome the pressure drop across the system, which strictly depends on the viscous properties of the melted material and the flow geometry of the liquefier and nozzle. The melted material is subjected to shear deformation during the flow.
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mechanism. These have a large open print volume with a three-armed delta robot mounted at the top. This design of robot is noted for its low inertia and ability for fast movement over a large volume. Stability and freedom from vibration when moving a heavy print head on the end of spindly arms is a
1257:, now use box-like semi-enclosed frames of either laser-cut plywood, plastic, pressed steel sheet and more recently aluminum extrusions. These are cheap, rigid and can also be used as the basis for an enclosed print volume, allowing temperature control within it to control warping of the print job.
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The majority of fused filament printers follow the same basic design. A flat bed is used as the starting point for the print workpiece. A gantry above this carries the moving print head. The gantry design is optimized for movement mostly in the horizontal X & Y directions, with a slow climb in
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Filaments used for printing with FDM printers are also substantially more cost-effective than their SLA resin counterparts. If we use 3DBenchy as a benchmark for comparing both technologies, it would cost roughly $ 0.20 to print such a model with an FDM machine, whereas the same object would cost
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As the nozzle is moved over the table in a prescribed geometry, it deposits a thin bead of extruded plastic, called a ‘‘road’’ which solidifies quickly upon contact with the substrate and/or roads deposited earlier. Solid layers are generated by following a rasterizing motion where the roads are
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The ways extruders are mounted on the rest of the machine have evolved over time into informal mounting standards. Such factor standards allow new extruder designs to be tested on existing printer frames, and new printer frame designs to use existing extruders. These informal standards include:
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project has developed printers for general use with anything that can be extruded through a nozzle, from chocolate to silicone sealant and chemical reactants. Printers following the project's designs have been available from suppliers in kits or in pre-assembled form since 2012 at prices in the
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A handful of machines use polar coordinates instead, usually machines optimized to print objects with circular symmetry. These have a radial gantry movement and a rotating bed. Although there are some potential mechanical advantages to this design for printing hollow cylinders, their different
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poly lactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate (PC), nylon alloys, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and co-polyesters; and flexible materials including: flexible PLA, thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane filaments
419:
308:- In these types of 3d printing machines, the feedstock is in form of a rod instead of a filament. Since the rod is thicker than the filament, it can be pushed towards the hot end by means of a piston or rollers, applying a greater force and/or velocity compared to conventional FFF.
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General purpose. These materials have varying physical properties, such as heat resistance, UV resistance, storage requirements, ease of printing, cost, and chemical tolerance. They are available in a variety of formulations to fine tune them to the specific applications (such as
803:
As of
September 2018 RepRap style printers are readily available in kit form through online retailers. These kits come complete with all parts needed to make a functioning printer, often including electronic files for test printing as well as a small quantity of PLA filament.
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to form a thin, tacky bead of plastic that will adhere to the material it is laid on. The nozzle will usually have a diameter of between 0.3 mm and 1.0 mm. Different types of nozzles and heating methods are used depending upon the material to be printed.
1915:
Bose, Animesh; Schuh, Christopher A.; Tobia, Jay C.; Tuncer, Nihan; Mykulowycz, Nicholas M.; Preston, Aaron; Barbati, Alexander C.; Kernan, Brian; Gibson, Michael A. (2018-06-01). "Traditional and additive manufacturing of a new
Tungsten heavy alloy alternative".
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The temperature is regulated by heat input from electrical coil heaters. The system continuously adjusts the power supplied to the coils according to the temperature difference between the desired value and the value detected by the thermocouple, forming a
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287:. The cold end pushes feedstock into the hot end. The hot end consists of a heating chamber and a nozzle. The heating chamber hosts the liquefier, which melts the feedstock to transform it into a liquid. It allows the molten material to exit from the small
383:
1834:
Conner, Brett P.; Manogharan, Guha P.; Martof, Ashley N.; Rodomsky, Lauren M.; Rodomsky, Caitlyn M.; Jordan, Dakesha C.; Limperos, James W. (2014). "Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services".
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Although as a printing technology FFF is very flexible, and it is capable of dealing with small overhangs by the support from lower layers, FFF generally has some restrictions on the slope of the overhang, and cannot produce unsupported
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drives. It is common, owing to the differences in movement speed, to use toothed belts for the X, Y drives and a leadscrew for Z. Some machines also have X axis movement on the gantry, but move the bed (and print job) for Y. As, unlike
481:
For successful bonding of the roads in the process, thermal control of the deposited material is necessary. The system can be kept inside a chamber, maintained at a temperature below the melting point of the material being deposited.
851:
The many different variants of EAM, i.e. of material
Extrusion based Additive Manufacturing allow dealing with many additional material types, summarised in the table below. Several material classes can be extruded and 3d printed:
386:
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Different types of nozzles have different ways of replacing them. The most common used nozzles are the V6 nozzles made popular by E3D and MK8 nozzles. Changing the nozzle must be done while hot, to avoid plastic leaks.
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As the print head moves the distance of its filament from storage coil to head also changes, the tension created on the filament is another technical challenge to overcome to avoid affecting the print quality.
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are another example of an open-source application of fused deposition modeling technology. The flagship model in the LulzBot line, the TAZ printer takes inspiration for its design from the RepRap Mendel90 and
109:
The 3D printer head or 3D printer extruder is a part in material extrusion additive manufacturing responsible for raw material melting or softening and forming it into a continuous profile. A wide variety of
2295:
Melchels, Ferry; Severin
Wiggenhauser, Paul; Warne, David; Barry, Mark; Ong, Fook Rhu; Chong, Woon Shin; Werner Hutmacher, Dietmar; Schantz, Jan-Thorsten (2011). "CAD/CAM-assisted breast reconstruction".
632:
417:
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Ning, Fuda; Cong, Weilong; Qiu, Jingjing; Wei, Junhua; Wang, Shiren (2015-10-01). "Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling".
1659:
2020:
Volpato, N.; Kretschek, D.; Foggiatto, J. A.; Gomez da Silva Cruz, C. M. (2015-12-01). "Experimental analysis of an extrusion system for additive manufacturing based on polymer pellets".
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to convert from
Cartesian to polar coordinates, gaining any advantage from this design also requires the print slicing algorithms to be aware of the rotational symmetry from the outset.
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870:
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The 3D printer liquefier is the component predominantly used in this type of printing. Extruders for these printers have a cold end and a hot end. The cold end pulls material from the
438:, orienting the model for the build process and mathematically slicing the model according to the processing parameters selected. If required, support structures may be generated.
178:, in 1988. With the 2009 expiration of the patent on this technology, people could use this type of printing without paying Stratasys for the right to do so, opening up commercial,
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1230:
project, make extensive use of 3D printed components in their own construction. These are typically printed connector blocks with a variety of angled holes, joined by cheap steel
270:
to print items, where a feedstock material is pushed through an extruder. In most fused filament fabrication 3D printing machines, the feedstock material comes in the form of a
544:
can significantly increase the layer adhesion and leads to improved mechanical properties of the 3D printed objects. An inert gas is routinely used to prevent oxidation during
2066:
Rane, Kedarnath; Di Landro, Luca; Strano, Matteo (2019-01-06). "Processability of SS316L powder - binder mixtures for vertical extrusion and deposition on table tests".
1234:. This makes a construction that is cheap and easy to assemble, easily allows non-perpendicular framing joints, but does require access to a 3D printer. The notion of '
186:) 3D printer applications. This has led to a two-orders-of-magnitude price drop since this technology's creation. Stratasys still owns the trademark on the term "FDM".
2951:
Liu, Wanjun; Zhang, Yu Shrike; Heinrich, Marcel A.; Ferrari, Fabio De; Jang, Hae Lin; Bakht, Syeda
Mahwish; Alvarez, Mario Moisés; Yang, Jingzhou; Li, Yi-Chen (2017).
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696:, and which is capable of replicating itself by printing many of its own (plastic) parts to create more machines. RepRaps have already been shown to be able to print
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material may affect the strength of the printed object. Recently a German company demonstrated for the first time the technical possibility of processing granular
259:
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Several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at
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geometry and the resulting non-mainstream approach to print planning still keeps them from being popular as yet. Although it is an easy task for a robot's
848:
tubing are used in the process due to the material's ability to withstand high temperatures. This ability is especially useful in transferring filaments.
2890:, Proceeding of Euro PM 2019 Congress & Exhibition, Maastricht 13.-16. October 2019,, European Powder Metallurgy Association EPMA, Shrewsbury, 2019,
1180:
2908:
Sun, Jie; Zhou, Weibiao; Huang, Dejian; Fuh, Jerry Y. H.; Hong, Geok Soon (2015-08-01). "An
Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication".
467:
are typically employed to move the extrusion head. The mechanism used is often an X-Y-Z rectilinear design, although other mechanical designs such as
1667:
580:
behavior is observed in most of the materials used in this type of 3-D printing. This is modeled using power law for generalized
Newtonian fluids.
1579:"The effects of printing orientation on the electrochemical behaviour of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/carbon black electrodes"
1985:
Wang, Jiwen; Shaw, Leon L.; Cameron, Thomas B. (2006). "Solid
Freeform Fabrication of Permanent Dental Restorations via Slurry Micro-Extrusion".
1288:
1238:' 3D printers like this has been something of a dogmatic theme within the RepRap designs. The lack of stiffness in the rod also requires either
796:
models. The LulzBot 3D printer is currently the only printer on the market to have received the "Respects Your
Freedom" certification from the
1313:
technical challenge though. This design has mostly been favored as a means of gaining a large print volume without a large and heavy gantry.
3159:
2537:
Pearce, Joshua M.; et al. (2010). "3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development".
2672:
2582:
17:
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The nozzle can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions, and is mounted to a mechanical stage, which can be moved in the
521:, among many others, with different trade-offs between strength and temperature properties. In addition, even the color of a given
844:(HIPS). In general, the polymer is in the form of a filament fabricated from virgin resins. Additionally, fluoropolymers such as
3402:
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3322:
2895:
3016:
Schouten, Martijn; Wolterink, Gerjan; Dijkshoorn, Alexander; Kosmas, Dimitrios; Stramigioli, Stefano; Krijnen, Gijs (2020).
816:
Plastic is the most common material for 3d printing via FFF and other EAM variants. Various polymers may be used, including
1172:
3557:
2237:"Improved mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts by fused deposition modeling processed under the exclusion of oxygen"
3459:
1478:
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heat exchangers, heat sinks, scaffoldings for bone tissue growth, chemical/ gas filters and custom scientific hardware
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lowers after each layer is deposited. For this kind of 3D printing technology additional vertical support structures
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Lederle, Felix; Meyer, Frederick; Brunotte, Gabriella-Paula; Kaldun, Christian; Hübner, Eike G. (2016-04-19).
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into filament. These involve machines used to shred and extrude the plastic material into filament such as
478:
in order to start the next layer. This process continues until the fabrication of the object is completed.
2852:
Grida, Imen; Evans, Julian R. G. (2003-04-01). "Extrusion freeforming of ceramics through fine nozzles".
3350:
1242:, or gives the risk of a gantry structure that flexes and vibrates in service, reducing print quality.
833:
693:
142:
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2382:"Comparative property analysis of fused filament fabrication PLA using fresh and recycled feedstocks"
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The cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about 2010, with machines that used to cost
688:
is one of the longest running projects in the desktop category. The RepRap project aims to produce a
545:
452:
Process: 1 – 3D Printer Extruder, 2 – deposited material (modeled part), 3 – controlled movable table
91:
2151:
Bellini, Anna; Güçeri, Selçuk; Bertoldi, Maurizio (2014). "Liquefier Dynamics in Fused Deposition".
3485:
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since technologies are easily and economically made from resources available to local communities.
3018:"A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro-and Biomechanical Sensors"
2422:
1184:
Metallographic section of printed and sintered filament layer (iron-tricalciumphosphate-composite)
560:
3D Printer Extruder Driving Force. Where D_f is Diameter of Filament and L_f is Length of filament
3511:
3417:
1479:"3D printable conductive materials for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors: A mini review"
841:
756:. For instance, as of 2017, several companies and individuals are selling parts to build various
728:
283:, using gear- or roller-based torque to the material and controlling the feed rate by means of a
2738:
1219:, head movement speeds are low, stepper motors are universally used and there is no need to use
3464:
2546:
2504:
Anzalone, Gerald C.; Zhang, Chenlong; Wijnen, Bas; Sanders, Paul G.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2013).
2209:
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391:
235:
102:
2758:"Polyformer is an open-source machine that recycles plastic bottles into 3D printing filament"
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31:
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There are multiple projects in the open-sourced community aimed at processing post-consumer
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111:
36:
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Jones, R.; Haufe, P.; Sells, E.; Iravani, P.; Olliver, V.; Palmer, C.; Bowyer, A. (2011).
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During FFF, the hot molten polymer is exposed to air. Operating the FFF process within an
529:
into filament form and 3D printing parts from the filament material using FFF technology.
8:
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Hamzah, Hairul Hisham; Saiful, Arifin Shafiee; Aya, Abdalla; Patel, Bhavik Anil (2018).
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Islam, Muhammed Kamrul; Hazell, Paul J.; Escobedo, Juan P.; Wang, Hongxu (July 2021).
1811:
Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing
1577:
Bin Hamzah, Hairul Hisham; Keattch, Oliver; Covill, Derek; Patel, Bhavik Anil (2018).
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A different approach is taken with 'Rostock' or 'Kossel' pattern printers, based on a
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Stephens, Brent; Azimia, Parham; El Orcha, Zeineb; Ramos, Tiffanie (November 2013).
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Fused filament printing is now the most popular process (by number of machines) for
3490:
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To make SiOC(N) first the printed polymer is dipped in PDC, absorbed then sintered
1138:
Composites with Carbon Black, Graphene, Carbon Nano tubes or Copper Nanoparticles
357:
that melts and extrudes it depositing it, layer after layer, in the desired shape
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project to give an acronym (FFF) that would be legally unconstrained in its use.
3090:
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3065:"Polymer-derived SiOC replica of material extrusion-based 3-D printed plastics"
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Dash, Aparna; Kabra, Shruti; Misra, Sidhant; G, Hrishikeshan (November 2022).
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2719:"SLA vs FDM printers for miniatures: pros and cons of each type – 3D Solved"
2019:
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2325:
2180:"The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components"
1634:
1620:
1447:
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1211:
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319:
314:- In these types of 3D printing machines, the feedstock comes in form of a
2349:"Biomimetic armour design strategies for additive manufacturing: A review"
869:
Green mixtures of ceramic or metal powders and polymeric binders, used in
568:
is introduced by mechanical pressure from rollers, into the liquefier (or
3381:
3331:
3063:
Kulkarni, Apoorv; Sorarù, Gian Domenico; Pearce, Joshua M. (2020-03-01).
2830:
2088:
1960:"Universal Paste extruder – Ceramic, Food and Real Chocolate 3D Printing"
1786:"Trademark Status Document Retrieval (TSDR): Registration Number 4325106"
1327:
1309:
863:
510:
395:
67:
3270:"RepRap project's complete list of G-code used by 3D printer's firmware"
2560:
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Composite materials with polymeric matrix and short or long hard fibers;
332:- In these types of 3d printing machines the feedstock comes in form of
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2271:
Fifth National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping and Manufacture
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about post-processing (solvent smoothing, annealing/remelting, etc.).
175:
2268:
Jacobson, David; Rennie, Allan; Bocking, Chris (29 September 2004).
2179:
692:(FOSH) 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the
97:
3081:
2605:"Extruder Calibration Guide (with Calculator) - E Step Calibration"
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40:
3175:"Evaluation Protocol for Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout"
2888:
Fused Filament Fabrication of Biodegradable Materials for Implants
1627:
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FFF printed and sintered components made of stainless steel (316L)
856:
Thermoplastic polymers, it is the most typical application of FDM;
3015:
1412:
1347:
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784:
373:
162:
199:
2817:
Cesarano, Joseph (1998). "A Review of Robocasting Technology".
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Ceramic slurries and clays, often used in combination with the
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2022:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
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1918:
International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
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deposited side by side within an enveloping domain boundary.
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526:
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Many machines, especially commercial machines such as the
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Once a layer is completed, the platform is lowered in the
2739:"Which 3D printer filament emits the most nanoparticles?"
889:
Additive Manufacturing technologies by material Extrusion
179:
94:
may offer better results, but they are much more costly.
2631:"Disruptions: On the Fast Track to Routine 3-D Printing"
430:) being printed using FFF on a RepRapPro Fisher printer.
410:"Prusa Mendel" 3D printer for molten polymer deposition.
353:
of plastic material is fed through a heated moving head
3196:"Ultrafine Particle Emissions from Desktop 3D Printers"
2950:
2346:
2953:"Rapid Continuous Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting"
1689:
Chua, Chee Kai; Leong, Kah Fai; Lim, Chu Sing (2003).
1553:"A Comprehensive List of All 3D Printing Technologies"
1518:
678:
communities, with additional ties to the academic and
434:
FFF begins with a software process which processes an
3160:"Results of Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout"
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loop. This is similar to ambient heating of a room.
2673:"Desktop fabricator may kick-start home revolution"
2065:
1860:
1858:
1020:Insulation, consumers objects, dental applications
3250:"3D Printing process and How FDM technology works"
1808:
1226:Many printers, originally those influenced by the
1088:, tricalciumphosphate, yttria-stabilized zirconia
2120:"Xomerty Design Guide: Fused Deposition Modeling"
1570:
1545:
727:. This technology can also assist initiatives in
3549:
2202:
2178:Wittbrodt, Ben; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015-10-01).
2153:Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering
1855:
1682:
644:3D printer during Mozilla Maker party, Bangalore
2907:
2379:
2177:
1984:
114:are extruded, including thermoplastics such as
2781:
1692:Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications
1041:structural ceramics, piezoelectric components
962:blends, or the addition of flame retardants).
3316:
2487:"An Inexpensive Way to Print Out Metal Parts"
2439:
2423:"A Space For DIY People To Do Their Business"
2146:
2144:
86:-grade 3D printing. Other techniques such as
70:process that uses a continuous filament of a
3330:
2575:
1827:
1752:
1695:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 124.
1688:
426:A timelapse video of a robot model (logo of
2641:
2622:
2530:
2478:
1784:United States Patent and Trademark Office.
1521:"Reprap-- the replicating rapid prototyper"
887:Materials that can be 3d printed with EAM (
170:Fused deposition modeling was developed by
3323:
3309:
2851:
2141:
1809:Gibson, I; Rosen, D W; Stucker, B (2010).
1514:
1512:
596:
349:In fused filament fabrication, a filament
299:
3219:
3080:
2992:
2665:
2550:
2521:
2506:"Low-Cost Open-Source 3-D Metal Printing"
2405:
2364:
2252:
2087:
2061:
2059:
1952:
1721:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1610:
1536:
1202:the Z direction as the piece is printed.
551:
266:Fused filament fabrication uses material
2816:
1299:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1171:
647:
628:
617:
609:
555:
493:Myriad materials are available, such as
447:
413:
380:
372:
344:
253:
245:
166:A desktop FFF printer made by Stratasys.
161:
96:
35:
2886:S.B. Hein, L. Reineke, V. Reinkemeyer:
2854:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
2460:
2449:. Computerworld New Zealand. 2008-04-07
1987:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1889:
1509:
1304:Printing by a large delta robot printer
1295:
760:designs, with prices starting at about
369:are needed to sustain overhanging parts
14:
3550:
3403:Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing
3356:Continuous liquid interface production
2819:MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive
2755:
2628:
2536:
2484:
2447:"Open source 3D printer copies itself"
2420:
2056:
1892:"How To Change The 3D Printer Nozzle?"
1738:. South Melbourne, VIC: Affirm Press.
1733:
1652:
1091:support removal, debinding, sintering
1066:support removal, debinding, sintering
1038:support removal, debinding, sintering
3304:
3230:"How Fused Deposition Modeling Works"
2485:Bhanoo, Sindya N. (9 December 2013).
1777:
1758:
743:
241:
2497:
1069:Tooling, fixtures, mechanical parts
1014:support removal, furnace drying and
808:almost $ 1.00 if created with resin.
605:
193:
2689:
2414:
24:
3460:Electron beam freeform fabrication
3152:
2539:Journal of Sustainable Development
2241:Progress in Additive Manufacturing
1206:drive the movement through either
1076:Green metal/ceramic/binder mixture
725:open source appropriate technology
25:
3569:
2796:10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.013
2716:
2421:Kalish, Jon (November 28, 2010).
1458:Von Neumann universal constructor
1269:Extruder mount to rest of machine
1141:Annealing for lower conductivity
250:Filament production with extruder
234:3D printing, also referred to as
128:polyethylene terephthalate glycol
43:, a simple fused filament printer
3517:Digital modeling and fabrication
1999:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00672.x
1660:"FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling)"
1128:bioprinted organs and scaffolds
198:
3131:
3113:
3056:
3009:
2944:
2901:
2880:
2845:
2810:
2775:
2749:
2731:
2710:
2698:. Free Software Foundation, Inc
2683:
2597:
2373:
2340:
2288:
2261:
2228:
2171:
2112:
2013:
1978:
1908:
1883:
1802:
1483:Electrochemistry Communications
818:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
591:
495:Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
117:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
3439:Laminated object manufacturing
3221:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050
2910:Food and Bioprocess Technology
2784:Composites Part B: Engineering
2649:"3D printers list with prices"
1727:
1709:
734:
58:(with the trademarked acronym
13:
1:
2866:10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00163-2
1761:"Stratasys Legal Information"
1464:
1134:Conductive polymer composites
902:Post-processing requirements
690:free and open source hardware
64:filament freeform fabrication
3470:Laser engineered net shaping
3286:"FDM Technology Made Simple"
3232:. THRE3D.com. Archived from
2366:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109730
2318:10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034114
2080:10.1016/j.powtec.2019.01.010
1930:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.01.019
1495:10.1016/j.elecom.2018.09.006
1343:Direct metal laser sintering
1027:Green ceramic/binder mixture
811:
787:3D printers manufactured by
715:Because of the FOSH aims of
7:
3091:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100988
2756:Morris, Ali (26 May 2022).
2690:Gay, Joshua (29 Apr 2013).
2629:Bilton, Nick (2013-02-17).
2523:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2293018
2196:10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006
1849:10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.005
1320:
1094:Mechanical parts, implants
879:Biological pastes, used in
640:Printing in progress in an
614:RepRap version 2.0 (Mendel)
340:
10:
3574:
3558:Fused filament fabrication
3453:Directed energy deposition
3387:EAM of metals and ceramics
3377:Fused filament fabrication
3351:Computed axial lithography
2386:Materials Research Express
1736:A Revolution in the Making
1603:10.1038/s41598-018-27188-5
1048:Green metal/binder mixture
996:Ceramic slurries and clays
871:EAM of metals and ceramics
834:polyethylene terephthalate
694:GNU General Public License
312:Cold extrusion of slurries
189:
157:
143:thermoplastic polyurethane
133:polyethylene terephthalate
48:Fused filament fabrication
29:
3522:Distributed manufacturing
3499:
3478:
3452:
3431:
3423:Selective laser sintering
3396:Powder bed binding/fusion
3395:
3369:
3339:Resin photopolymerization
3338:
3034:10.1109/JSEN.2020.3042436
2922:10.1007/s11947-015-1528-6
2468:"First RepRapped circuit"
2284:– via Google Books.
2274:. John Wiley & Sons.
2254:10.1007/s40964-016-0010-y
2034:10.1007/s00170-015-7300-2
1635:"Category:Thermoplastics"
1538:10.1017/S026357471000069X
1418:Selective laser sintering
969:Polymer matrix composites
830:high-density polyethylene
546:selective laser sintering
56:fused deposition modeling
18:Fused deposition modeling
3486:Construction 3D printing
3444:Ultrasonic consolidation
3413:Selective heat sintering
3332:3D printing technologies
2407:10.1088/2053-1591/ac96d4
1813:. Boston, MA: Springer.
1284:Quick-fit extruder mount
1279:Vertical X Axis Standard
1152:polymer derived ceramics
989:Structural applications
798:Free Software Foundation
377:Example of a 3D printer.
330:Hot extrusion of pellets
3512:3D printing marketplace
3418:Selective laser melting
3288:. chizel.io. 2018-07-16
3200:Atmospheric Environment
2210:"PEEK being 3D-printed"
842:high impact polystyrene
729:sustainable development
597:Commercial applications
300:Variants of the process
3465:Laser metal deposition
3254:homeshop3dprinting.com
3069:Additive Manufacturing
2977:10.1002/adma.201604630
2353:Materials & Design
2184:Additive Manufacturing
1890:Ciprian (4 May 2020).
1305:
1198:
1185:
1177:
752:now costing less than
656:
645:
626:
615:
566:thermoplastic filament
561:
552:Physics of the process
453:
431:
411:
378:
370:
263:
251:
236:additive manufacturing
209:is missing information
167:
106:
44:
3507:3D printing processes
3408:Electron beam melting
1717:"Patent#:US005121329"
1303:
1196:
1189:Print head kinematics
1183:
1175:
905:Typical applications
723:designs to fabricate
651:
639:
621:
613:
564:During extrusion the
559:
451:
425:
390:
376:
348:
306:Hot extrusion of rods
260:direct drive extruder
257:
249:
165:
103:direct drive extruder
100:
39:
32:3D printing processes
3236:on February 21, 2014
3022:IEEE Sensors Journal
2831:10.1557/PROC-542-133
1964:Richrap.blogspot.com
1734:Rundle, Guy (2014).
1296:Delta robot printers
1118:Biological materials
951:, recycled plastics
471:have been employed.
398:object (designed by
361:. A moving platform
276:wound onto a spool.
148:aliphatic polyamides
3361:Solid ground curing
3212:2013AtmEn..79..334S
3028:(11): 12900–12912.
2969:2017AdM....2904630L
2561:10.5539/jsd.v3n4p17
2398:2022MRE.....9k5303D
2310:2011BioFa...3c4114M
1595:2018NatSR...8.9135B
1368:MakerBot Industries
1333:3D printer extruder
1197:RepRap-type printer
892:
706:opensource hardware
536:atmosphere such as
182:, and open-source (
136:(PET), high-impact
88:photopolymerisation
27:3D printing process
3370:Material extrusion
2957:Advanced Materials
2491:The New York Times
1670:on August 12, 2013
1583:Scientific Reports
1383:Plastics extrusion
1306:
1251:Ultimaker S Series
1199:
1186:
1178:
886:
744:Cost of 3D printer
657:
646:
627:
616:
562:
454:
432:
412:
379:
371:
264:
252:
242:Material extrusion
168:
112:filament materials
107:
101:Illustration of a
45:
3545:
3544:
3527:Rapid prototyping
3479:Building printing
3346:Stereolithography
2896:978-1-899072-51-4
2679:. 9 January 2007.
2609:3D Print Beginner
2474:. April 19, 2009.
2165:10.1115/1.1688377
2068:Powder Technology
1896:3D Print Beginner
1438:Stereolithography
1403:Rapid prototyping
1373:Marlin (firmware)
1170:
1169:
1106:chocolate, sugar
1034:Calcium phosphate
983:support removal,
838:polyphenylsulfone
700:and metal parts.
637:
606:Free applications
586:negative feedback
423:
388:
232:
231:
54:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
3565:
3491:Contour crafting
3432:Sheet lamination
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3225:
3223:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3084:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2916:(8): 1605–1615.
2905:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2745:. 25 April 2023.
2735:
2729:
2728:
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2725:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2669:
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2660:
2659:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2589:. Archived from
2587:TechForTrade.org
2583:"3D4D Challenge"
2579:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2482:
2476:
2475:
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2433:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2377:
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2368:
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2286:
2285:
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2259:
2258:
2256:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2216:. March 21, 2015
2206:
2200:
2199:
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2134:
2124:
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2110:
2109:
2091:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2028:(9): 1519–1531.
2017:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1912:
1906:
1905:
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1749:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:. Archived from
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1474:
1109:support removal
954:support removal
893:
885:
832:(HDPE), PC/ABS,
779:
771:The open source
767:
763:
755:
751:
655:AW3D v.4 (Prusa)
638:
424:
389:
227:
224:
218:
202:
194:
174:, co-founder of
92:powder sintering
21:
3573:
3572:
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3566:
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3562:
3548:
3547:
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3248:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3184:
3182:
3173:
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3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:Further reading
3150:
3137:
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3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
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3057:
3014:
3010:
2949:
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2811:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2717:Mayer, Martin.
2715:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2692:"Aleph Objects"
2688:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2642:
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2603:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2535:
2531:
2502:
2498:
2483:
2479:
2472:blog.reprap.org
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2445:
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2440:
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2419:
2415:
2378:
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2057:
2018:
2014:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1866:"FDM Extruders"
1864:
1863:
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1832:
1828:
1821:
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1794:
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1510:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1323:
1298:
1271:
1263:motion planning
1191:
1082:Stainless steel
1054:Stainless steel
896:Material class
826:polylactic acid
814:
777:
765:
761:
753:
749:
746:
737:
629:
608:
599:
594:
554:
499:Polylactic acid
414:
381:
343:
302:
244:
228:
222:
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123:polylactic acid
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3537:3D bioprinting
3534:
3532:RepRap project
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3500:Related topics
3497:
3496:
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3298:
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3226:
3191:
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3154:
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3149:
3148:
3130:
3112:
3055:
3008:
2963:(3): 1604630.
2943:
2900:
2879:
2860:(5): 629–635.
2844:
2809:
2774:
2748:
2730:
2709:
2682:
2664:
2640:
2635:New York Times
2621:
2596:
2593:on 2014-12-27.
2574:
2552:10.1.1.678.781
2529:
2496:
2477:
2459:
2438:
2413:
2372:
2339:
2298:Biofabrication
2287:
2280:
2260:
2227:
2201:
2170:
2140:
2111:
2055:
2012:
1993:(1): 346–349.
1977:
1951:
1907:
1882:
1854:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1776:
1751:
1744:
1726:
1708:
1701:
1681:
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1626:
1569:
1544:
1531:(1): 177–191.
1508:
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1445:
1440:
1435:
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1415:
1410:
1408:RepRap Project
1405:
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1204:Stepper motors
1190:
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733:
698:circuit boards
625:Model 2 (2009)
607:
604:
598:
595:
593:
590:
578:Shear thinning
553:
550:
461:Stepper motors
400:George W. Hart
342:
339:
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337:
327:
309:
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243:
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197:
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188:
172:S. Scott Crump
159:
156:
105:and its parts.
30:Main article:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1433:Stepper motor
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1237:
1236:bootstrapping
1233:
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1217:laser cutters
1213:
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913:Thermoplastic
909:
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865:
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822:polycarbonate
819:
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795:
790:
789:Aleph Objects
786:
781:
774:
769:
759:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:public domain
718:
713:
712:3D printers.
711:
707:
704:is the other
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:communities.
681:
677:
676:early adopter
673:
668:
666:
662:
661:plastic waste
654:
650:
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581:
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558:
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523:thermoplastic
520:
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508:
504:
503:Polycarbonate
500:
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479:
477:
472:
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428:Make magazine
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297:
293:
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286:
285:stepper motor
282:
277:
275:
274:
269:
261:
258:Diagram of a
256:
248:
239:
237:
226:
223:December 2020
216:
210:
207:This section
205:
201:
196:
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187:
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85:
80:
78:
73:
72:thermoplastic
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
33:
19:
3376:
3290:. Retrieved
3274:. Retrieved
3272:. RepRap.org
3258:. Retrieved
3253:
3238:. Retrieved
3234:the original
3203:
3199:
3183:. Retrieved
3181:. 2014-11-07
3179:makezine.com
3178:
3163:. Retrieved
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3025:
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3011:
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2887:
2882:
2857:
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2818:
2812:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2767:26 September
2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2742:
2733:
2722:. Retrieved
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2695:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2634:
2624:
2613:. Retrieved
2611:. 2020-04-14
2608:
2599:
2591:the original
2586:
2577:
2545:(4): 17–29.
2542:
2538:
2532:
2513:
2509:
2499:
2490:
2480:
2471:
2462:
2451:. Retrieved
2441:
2430:. Retrieved
2426:
2416:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2270:
2263:
2247:(1–2): 3–7.
2244:
2240:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2156:
2152:
2133:December 12,
2131:. Retrieved
2126:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2025:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1966:. 2012-04-06
1963:
1954:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1810:
1804:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1779:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:
1754:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1691:
1684:
1674:December 27,
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1663:
1654:
1642:. Retrieved
1638:
1629:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1559:. 2018-11-05
1557:MANUFACTUR3D
1556:
1547:
1528:
1524:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1448:Thermocouple
1378:Methacrylate
1338:Ball bearing
1315:
1307:
1272:
1259:
1244:
1232:threaded rod
1225:
1212:toothed belt
1200:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1117:
1116:
1100:
1099:
1075:
1074:
1047:
1046:
1026:
1025:
995:
994:
968:
967:
960:ESD material
911:
910:
888:
881:bioprinting.
876:Food pastes;
850:
815:
806:
802:
782:
770:
747:
738:
714:
708:project for
684:
674:/enthusiast/
669:
658:
600:
592:Applications
582:
574:
563:
531:
492:
484:
480:
475:
473:
465:servo motors
459:
455:
442:
440:
433:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
329:
311:
305:
294:
278:
272:
265:
233:
220:
208:
169:
147:
141:
137:
131:
127:
121:
115:
108:
81:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
3382:Robocasting
3206:: 334–339.
2790:: 369–378.
2516:: 803–810.
2510:IEEE Access
2214:3dprint.com
2190:: 110–116.
2127:Hubspot.net
2074:: 553–562.
1870:RepRap wiki
1837:Addit Manuf
1759:Stratasys.
1664:rpworld.net
1639:RepRap Wiki
1589:(1): 9135.
1328:3D printing
1310:delta robot
1255:Creality K2
1221:servomotors
1101:Food pastes
864:robocasting
840:(PPSU) and
735:Development
665:recyclebots
511:Polystyrene
488:stalactites
476:z direction
396:hyperboloid
394:video of a
138:polystyrene
68:3D printing
3240:7 February
3082:1909.02442
3075:: 100988.
2724:2022-06-15
2658:2013-10-30
2615:2020-05-24
2453:2013-10-30
2432:2012-01-31
2359:: 109730.
2159:(2): 237.
1970:2 November
1901:2020-05-24
1875:24 October
1795:2017-08-20
1770:2016-07-20
1644:2 November
1563:2018-11-06
1489:: 27–371.
1465:References
1443:Thermistor
1208:leadscrews
1032:Zirconia,
866:technique;
750:US$ 20,000
653:Airwolf 3D
402:) made of
146:(TPU) and
3276:26 August
3121:"Rostock"
3107:202537657
3099:2214-8604
3050:229660718
3042:1530-437X
2985:1521-4095
2930:1935-5149
2874:0955-2219
2839:1946-4274
2804:1359-8368
2653:3ders.org
2547:CiteSeerX
2334:206108959
2220:March 26,
2129:. Xometry
2106:104453792
2098:0032-5910
2050:110866375
2042:1433-3015
2007:1551-2916
1946:139180552
1938:0263-4368
1924:: 22–28.
1843:: 64–76.
1790:uspto.gov
1503:105586826
1453:Ultimaker
1388:Printrbot
1223:instead.
1016:sintering
899:examples
812:Materials
778:US$ 2,000
754:US$ 1,000
642:Ultimaker
534:inert gas
507:Polyamide
392:Timelapse
268:extrusion
215:talk page
176:Stratasys
3552:Category
3139:"Kossel"
3003:27859710
2938:20446103
2633:. Bits.
2569:42030603
2326:21900731
1621:29904165
1525:Robotica
1393:Prusa i3
1363:Hyrel 3D
1353:Fab@Home
1321:See also
1247:Bambu X1
1144:Sensors
1058:Titanium
1006:Zirconia
939:, PPSF,
915:polymers
836:(PETG),
794:Prusa i3
773:Fab@Home
702:Fab@Home
623:Fab@Home
538:nitrogen
469:deltabot
436:STL file
406:using a
341:Printing
273:filament
140:(HIPS),
130:(PETG),
84:hobbyist
41:Prusa i3
3292:10 July
3256:(Video)
3208:Bibcode
2994:5235978
2965:Bibcode
2743:alveo3D
2702:2 April
2696:fsf.org
2427:NPR.org
2394:Bibcode
2306:Bibcode
1612:6002470
1591:Bibcode
1428:Spindle
1413:Robo 3D
1348:Fab lab
1123:bioink
1062:Inconel
1002:Alumina
828:(PLA),
820:(ABS),
785:LulzBot
780:range.
766:US$ 100
501:(PLA),
497:(ABS),
445:plane.
334:pellets
190:Process
158:History
126:(PLA),
120:(ABS),
66:, is a
3260:4 June
3185:1 June
3165:1 June
3143:RepRap
3125:RepRap
3105:
3097:
3048:
3040:
3001:
2991:
2983:
2936:
2928:
2894:
2872:
2837:
2802:
2762:Dezeen
2567:
2549:
2392:(11).
2332:
2324:
2278:
2104:
2096:
2048:
2040:
2005:
1944:
1936:
1817:
1742:
1699:
1619:
1609:
1501:
1423:Sindoh
1358:G-code
1228:RepRap
1154:(PDCs)
1010:Kaolin
985:curing
947:9085,
824:(PC),
758:RepRap
717:RepRap
686:RepRap
680:hacker
570:hotend
519:rubber
515:lignin
513:(PS),
509:(PA),
505:(PC),
408:RepRap
316:slurry
289:nozzle
184:RepRap
77:RepRap
62:), or
3103:S2CID
3077:arXiv
3046:S2CID
2934:S2CID
2565:S2CID
2330:S2CID
2123:(PDF)
2102:S2CID
2046:S2CID
1942:S2CID
1499:S2CID
1398:RAMPS
1291:mount
1289:OpenX
945:Ultem
542:argon
322:or a
320:paste
281:spool
152:nylon
3294:2019
3278:2015
3262:2014
3242:2014
3187:2015
3167:2015
3095:ISSN
3038:ISSN
2999:PMID
2981:ISSN
2926:ISSN
2892:ISBN
2870:ISSN
2835:ISSN
2800:ISSN
2769:2022
2704:2015
2322:PMID
2276:ISBN
2222:2015
2135:2018
2094:ISSN
2038:ISSN
2003:ISSN
1972:2014
1934:ISSN
1877:2014
1815:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1697:ISBN
1676:2017
1646:2014
1617:PMID
1253:and
1086:Iron
979:CFRP
975:GFRP
949:PEEK
937:HDPE
925:PETG
846:PTFE
783:The
527:PEEK
324:clay
318:, a
90:and
3216:doi
3087:doi
3030:doi
2989:PMC
2973:doi
2918:doi
2862:doi
2827:doi
2823:542
2792:doi
2557:doi
2518:doi
2402:doi
2361:doi
2357:205
2314:doi
2249:doi
2192:doi
2161:doi
2157:126
2084:hdl
2076:doi
2072:345
2030:doi
1995:doi
1926:doi
1845:doi
1841:1–4
1607:PMC
1599:doi
1533:doi
1491:doi
1210:or
933:ASA
929:ABS
921:PLA
762:£99
710:DIY
672:DIY
540:or
463:or
404:PLA
180:DIY
154:).
60:FDM
52:FFF
3554::
3252:.
3214:.
3204:79
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3198:.
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3141:.
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3044:.
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3026:21
3024:.
3020:.
2997:.
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2979:.
2971:.
2961:29
2959:.
2955:.
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2924:.
2912:.
2868:.
2858:23
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2833:.
2825:.
2821:.
2798:.
2788:80
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2470:.
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2388:.
2384:.
2355:.
2351:.
2328:.
2320:.
2312:.
2300:.
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2186:.
2182:.
2155:.
2143:^
2125:.
2100:.
2092:.
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2070:.
2058:^
2044:.
2036:.
2026:81
2024:.
2001:.
1991:89
1989:.
1962:.
1940:.
1932:.
1922:73
1920:.
1894:.
1868:.
1857:^
1839:.
1788:.
1763:.
1719:.
1662:.
1637:.
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1581:.
1555:.
1529:29
1527:.
1523:.
1511:^
1497:.
1487:96
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