Electricity sector in Nicaragua

65: 24: 931:. According to press reports the project will be carried out by a state-owned Iranian company with financing from the Iranian Export Bank under an agreement with the Nicaraguan Ministry of Energy and Mines. Micro hydropower also continues to be a popular sustainable energy resource, particularly in isolated rural regions of Nicaragua which are currently not electrified 1391:. The objective of this program is to assist the Government in the design, evaluation and implementation of energy efficiency measures, including the implementation of pilot projects, identification of the information needs and preparation of the loan proposals for implementation of additional energy efficiency measures. 565:

the World Bank and the Swiss Fund for Rural Electrification (FCOSER), have led to an increase in electricity access to 55% (68% according to the Census estimates, which also consider illegal connections) by 2006. However, this coverage is still among the lowest in the region and well below the 94.6 average for

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on liquid fuels, making the country more vulnerable to rising oil prices. In addition, as mentioned, distribution losses have remained at very high levels (28%). The reform also aimed at implementing gradual changes in electricity tariffs that would reflect costs, which proved to be politically unfeasible.

614:, whose average was 16.2%. This is one of the most acute problems faced by the sector in Nicaragua, as it leads to very large economic losses. This problem is partially caused by the widespread existence of illegal connections, altered metering systems and low bill collection capacity in certain areas. 1260:

Electricity generation, transmission and distribution, previously in the hands of state-owned ENEL, were unbundled in 1998. Today, there are 10 generation companies in the National Interconnected system, 8 of which are in private hands. 100% of the hydroelectric capacity is in the hands of the public

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Financing sources for rural electrification are limited. The National Fund for the Development of the Electricity Industry (FODIEN) receives its resources from the concessions and licenses granted by the Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE). However, funds have been insufficient. The World Bank (through

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took office, a new law created the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), which replaced the CNE. The new Ministry inherited CNE's responsibilities together with some additional competencies from the INE. Also, in August 2007, an agreement was reached between Unión Fenosa and Nicaragua's new government.

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In 2006, the electricity sector in Nicaragua suffered a serious crisis, with 4- to 12-hour blackouts that affected virtually the whole country. The distribution company owned by Unión Fenosa, was blamed and the concession was temporarily cancelled by the government, which called for arbitration. This

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is the country in Central America with the lowest electricity generation, as well as the lowest percentage of population with access to electricity. The unbundling and privatization process of the 1990s did not achieve the expected objectives, resulting in very little generation capacity added to the

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Electricity tariffs in Nicaragua had increased only slightly between 1998 and 2005 (in fact, industrial tariffs decrease in that period). However, in 2006 electricity tariffs experienced a high increase relative to 2005: 12% for residential, 26% for commercial and 23% for industrial tariffs. Average

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The privatization process that started in 2000 with a public offering of the four generation companies was complicated due both to legal problems and to lack of interest by investors. As a result, ENEL maintained a more relevant role than initially expected. Hidrogesa remained in public hands as the

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project. This project aims at the electric integration of the region. Feasibility studies showed that the creation of a regional transmission system would be very positive for the region and lead to a reduction in electricity costs and to improvements in the continuity and reliability of supply. In

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The reforms of the 1990s did not achieve their objectives. It had been expected that privatization would bring investment in new generation, but very little capacity was added in the years that followed the reform. Moreover, the generation capacity added in the last decade has been mainly dependent

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The larger of two operating geothermal plants is the Momotombo geothermal project, whose commercial exploitation started in 1983, when the first geothermal unit of 35 MW was put in operation. The second unit of 35 MW was installed in 1989. However, mismanagement of the exploitation led to

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In 2001, only 47% of the population in Nicaragua had access to electricity. The electrification programs developed by the former National Electricity Commission (CNE) with resources from the National Fund for the Development of the Electricity Industry (FODIEN), the Inter-American Development Bank,

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Although nominal installed capacity has increased by 113 MW since 2001, effective capacity has only increased by 53 MW, remaining as low as 589 MW in 2006. The large difference between nominal and effective capacity is due to the existence of old thermal plants that do not operate properly and that

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project under implementation in Nicaragua. The US$ 19 million project will receive US$ 12 million funding from the Bank in the period 2003-2008. The main objective of the project is to support the sustainable provision of electricity services and associated social and economic benefits in selected

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started the reform of the electricity sector aiming to ensure efficient demand coverage, to promote economic efficiency and to attract resources for infrastructure expansion. In 1992, INE was allowed, by law, to negotiate contracts and concessions with private investors. The Nicaraguan Electricity

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In 2007, new “emergency” generation (60 MW) has been financed by the Venezuelan government. On the other hand, the new hydroelectric projects will receive both public and private financing, while the ongoing Amayo wind development and the new San Jacinto Tizate geothermal plant are privately

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Currently, there are cross-subsidies in the tariff structure. Medium voltage consumers pay higher tariffs that serve to subsidize lower tariffs for low voltage consumers. Users that consume less than 150 kWh per month receive transfers from the rest of the consumers. The lowest-consumption users

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The Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), created in January 2007, replaced the National Energy Commission (CNE). The MEM is in charge of producing the development strategies for the national electricity sector. In 2003, the CNE elaborated the “Indicative plan for the generation in the electricity

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In 2004, the National Energy Commission (CNE) developed the National Plan for Rural Electrification (PLANER), which established goals and investment figures for the period 2004-2013. Its objective is to bring power to 90% of the country's rural areas by the end of 2012. The Rural Electrification

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The reform process was consolidated in 1998 with Law 272 (Electricity Industry Law - LIE) and Law 271 (INE Reform Law). The reform of the INE led to the creation of the National Energy Commission (CNE), which assumed the policy making and planning responsibilities. Law 272 established the basic

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In February 2009, the Wind Consortium Amayo successfully connected its new 40 MW Wind Park to the SIN making it the country"s first operational wind park. During late 2009 - early 2010 the Amayo wind farm was expanded with additional 23 MW, total capacity now amounting 60 MW. The

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The Nicaraguan electricity system comprises the National Interconnected System (SIN), which covers more than 90% of the territory where the population of the country lives (the entire Pacific, Central and North zone of the country). The remaining regions are covered by small isolated generation

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Nicaragua is a country endowed with large geothermal potential thanks to the presence of volcanoes of the Marribios range along the Pacific Coast. However, the country is still very far from exploiting this natural resource extensively and efficiently. Law No. 443 regulates the exploration and

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increased from 2002 onwards, the regulator failed to approve electricity tariff increases, because they were expected to have been very unpopular. The financial burden of the higher generation costs was thus passed on to the privatized distribution company, which has, partly as a result, been

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The design of the Regional Electricity Market (MER) was done in 1997 and approved in 2000. MER is an additional market superimposed on the existing six national markets, with a regional regulation, in which the agents authorized by the Regional Operational Body (EOR) carry out international

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project. The objective of this project is to ensure that the Nicaraguan transmission system is adapted for the interconnection with the SIEPAC line. It is necessary to ensure that energy can then be commercialized according to the safety and reliability criteria established by the Regional

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Until the early 1990s, the electricity sector in Nicaragua was characterized by the presence of the State, through the Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE), in all its activities. Created in 1979, INE had Ministry status and was a vertically integrated state monopoly responsible for planning,

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Company (ENEL) was created in 1994 as the state company in charge of electricity generation, transmission, distribution, commercialization and coordination of the operations previously assigned to INE. INE kept its planning, policy making, regulatory, and taxation functions.

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Maximum demand has increased in Nicaragua at an annual rate of about 4% since 2001, which has led to a low reserve margin (6% in 2006). Furthermore, demand is expected to increase by 6% per year for the next 10 years, which increases the need for new generation capacity.

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were unbundled and companies were prohibited to have interests in more than one of the three activities. ENEL was restructured in four generation companies (Hidrogesa, GEOSA, GECSA and GEMOSA); two distribution companies (DISNORTE and DISSUR), both acquired by

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The “Indicative plan for the generation in the electricity sector in Nicaragua, 2003-2014” does not set any target or legal obligation for the development of renewable resources in the country. However, in April 2005, the government approved Law No. 532., the

1108:(MIGA) guarantee. The crisis was further aggravated by the inability of INE and CNE to cooperate in a constructive manner. The emergency situation improved in 2007 due to the installation of 60 MW of diesel generation capacity financed by Venezuela. 1332:, which corresponds to 39% of total emissions from the energy sector. This high contribution to emissions from electricity production in comparison with other countries in the region is due to the high share of thermal generation. 904:

As a response to the recent (and still unresolved) energy crisis linked to Nicaragua's overdependence on oil products for the generation of electricity, there are plans for the construction of new hydroelectric plants. In 2006 the

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regulation, policy making, development and operation of the country's energy resources. During that decade, the sector faced serious financial and operational problems as a result of the currency devaluation, war, a trade

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declines in output levels down to 10 MW. It is expected that with the implementation of a reinjection program and the exploitation of a deeper reservoir, production will increase from the current 20 MW to 75 MW.

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only player in hydroelectric generation while its profits serve to finance the losses of GECSA, which owns the thermal plants that did not attract private interest, and the rural electrification plans in isolated areas.

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NPR reported in 2015 that Nicaragua was increasing its renewable energy capacity. The report said that renewables generated nearly half the country's electricity, and that this could rise to 80% in the near future.

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In 2006, total electricity sold in Nicaragua increased 5.5%, up to 2,052 GWh, which corresponds to 366kWh annual per capita consumption. The consumption share for the different economic sectors was as follows:

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The Regional Commission for Electric Interconnection (CRIE) is the regulatory body for the Regional Electricity Market (MER) created by the 1996 Framework Treaty for the Electricity Market in Central America.

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These tariffs are not low; they are in fact among the highest in the Central American region. Residential prices are close to the regional average while industrial prices are the highest in the region.

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In March 2008 the government of Iran approved a US$ 230 million credit for the construction of a 70 MW hydropower plant by the name of Bodoke on the Tuma River in the northern department of

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system. This, together with its high dependence on oil for electricity generation (the highest in the region), led to an energy crisis in 2006 from which the country has not fully recovered yet.

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In 2006, there were 10 generation companies in the National Interconnected System, eight of which were in private hands. The number and type of plants operated by each company was as follows:

2965: 1797: 2960: 375:(SIEPAC) project will integrate the electricity network of the country with the rest of the Central American countries, which is expected to improve reliability of supply and reduce costs. 2970: 1310:

The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is the institution in charge of the conservation, protection and sustainable use of the natural resources and the environment.

2940: 2850: 2760: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2780: 2915: 909:(BCIE) and the Government reached an agreement by which the BCIE will provide US$ 120 million in the next five years (2007–2012) in order to finance several hydroelectric projects: 877: 2920: 2810: 2885: 2790: 2765: 2900: 2895: 2825: 2805: 1765: 901:

plants account only for 10% of the electricity produced in Nicaragua. The public company Hidrogesa owns and operates the two existing plants (Centroamérica and Santa Bárbara).

2840: 2770: 1209:(0-50kWh/month) benefit from reductions between 45% and 63% in their average tariff. Consumers above the 50kWh limit also benefit from the subsidy scheme to a smaller extent. 1121:

The government committed to pass a law to combat fraud, which will help reduce distribution losses and Unión Fenosa will develop an investment plan for the period up to 2012.

1150:) is in charge of the design, engineering, and construction of about 1,800 km of 230kV transmission lines. The project is expected to be operational by the end of 2011. 2890: 1416: 594:

for LAC in 2005 was 14). However, the situation worsened during the energy crisis in 2006, when large sections of the country suffered continuous and lengthy blackouts (See

1252:

the PERZA project) and the Swiss government (through FCOSER) have also contributed funds and assistance to advance the objectives of rural electrification in the country.

961:. Preliminary construction (roads, bridges and foundation) began in 2011 and main works are expected to begin in February 2015. Completion is scheduled for 2019. Brazil's 642:

The National Dispatch Center (CNDC) is the operational body in charge of administering the Wholesale Electricity Market (MEN)and the National Interconnected System (SIN).

969:(BOT) agreement. The project is being developed by Centrales Hidroelectricas de Nicaragua (CHN). The power station located at the base of the dam will house three 84.33 1142:

1996, the six countries (Panama, Honduras, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and El Salvador) signed the Framework Treaty for the Electricity Market in Central America.

1015:

below), with two phases of expansion underway, the first to start operations in the autumn of 2010. The second phase was scheduled to be in operation by December 2012.

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Currently (November 2007), there are only two registered CDM projects in the electricity sector in Nicaragua, with overall estimated emission reductions of 336,723 tCO

411:. The remaining 1% corresponds to the electricity generated in the “isolated” systems. The detailed breakdown of generation among the different sources is as follows: 632:

sector in Nicaragua, 2003-2014”, which aims to provide useful insight for private investors to orient their decisions on technologies to implement in the country.

1868: 880:. This law declared the development and exploitation of renewable resources to be in the national interest and established tax incentives for renewables. 1823: 1846: 916:

US$ 37 million for the design, construction and initial operation of the 17 MW Larreynaga hydroelectric plant, to be located 161 km North of

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Nicaragua's wind potential is still largely unexploited. However, steps are being taken, partially thanks to the new framework created by Law No.532.

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of nominal installed capacity, of which 74.5% was thermal, 14% hydroelectric and 11.5% geothermal. 70% of the total capacity were in private hands.

1930: 1261:

company Hidrogesa. As for transmission, it is handled solely by state-owned ENATREL, while distribution is 95% controlled by Spanish Unión Fenosa.

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The Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE) applies the policies defined by the government (i.e. by MEM). It is in charge of regulation and taxation.

2734: 1905: 1497: 1154: 1666: 2795: 1727: 1457:: Ticuantepe, León I, El Viejo, Nandaime, Boaco and Las Banderas, which have entered into operation between January 2006 and December 2007. 1420:

rural sites in Nicaragua, and strengthen the Government's institutional capacity to implement its national rural electrification strategy.

1654: 1232: 3006: 2512: 2206: 1973: 2179: 2102: 1772: 1487: 2077: 2597: 1516: 1105: 2052: 2865: 2360: 950: 2438: 1957: 923:

US$ 42–45 million for the design, construction and initial operation of the 21 MW Sirena-Los Calpules hydroelectric plant.

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imposed by the United States and the lack of resources for investment in operation and maintenance of the electricity system.

2260: 3001: 2278: 2270: 2283: 2680: 2577: 2250: 2219: 1007:

Ram Power, previously Polaris Geothermal, currently operates the 10 MW San Jacinto Tizate geothermal plant, a registered

1439:

has provided financing to several transmission projects in recent years. One of those projects, the construction of the

2411: 2245: 957:. It is located about 35 km (22 mi) east of San Pedro del Norte, where the Río Grande de Matagalpa meets the 365: 2800: 2727: 2453: 1615: 2310: 2164: 388:

Nicaragua is largely dependent on oil for electricity generation: 75% dependence compared to a 43% average for the

1697: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1380: 1373: 1345: 867:, controls 95% of the distribution. Other companies with minor contributions are Bluefields, Wiwilí and ATDER-BL. 2522: 2335: 2315: 1365: 1189: 1176: 1134: 566: 218: 204: 154: 81: 2134: 855:

In Nicaragua, 100% of the transmission is handled by ENATREL, which is also in charge of the system's dispatch.

2820: 2401: 2355: 2199: 2025: 966: 1752: 1428:

Several countries have provided financial support for the expansion of the transmission network in Nicaragua:

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principles for the operation of a competitive wholesale market with the participation of private companies.

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In 1995, after almost a decade of preliminary studies, the Central American governments, the government of

2815: 2350: 2340: 2305: 1008: 399:

Gross electricity generation was 3,140 GWh, of which 69% came from traditional thermal sources, 10% from

338: 330: 1934: 1596:

Benchmarking data of the electricity distribution sector in Latin America and Caribbean Region 1995-2005

2785: 946: 2687: 2567: 2489: 2391: 2192: 1567: 1464: 1349: 342: 1634: 1467:(ICO) and the Fund for Development Assistance (FAD) have provided funds for the construction of the 2620: 2479: 2416: 2386: 2149: 1071: 1067: 1954: 1909: 1453:

has also provided funds in recent years for the expansion of the transmission system with several

1243:

In August 2007, Unión Fenosa committed to elaborate an investment plan for the period up to 2012.

2635: 2562: 2428: 2406: 1670: 1731: 1595: 2582: 2572: 2532: 2448: 2396: 2293: 1394:

In December 2005, two wind-related technical cooperation activities were approved, one for the

1063: 1751:

La Prensa, Panama, March 14, 2008, p. 50A, quoting an Associated Press news release; see also

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of Ticuantepe and the supply of materials for the transmission system in the period 2003-2008.

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Electricity System, avoiding service interruptions both at the national and regional levels.

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and then merged into a single company; and one transmission company (ENTRESA, now ENATREL).

913:

Modernization of the Centroamérica and Santa Bárbara plants, which generate 50 MW each.

2673: 2607: 2527: 2484: 2467: 2227: 1977: 1511: 2106: 1581: 1482: 573:

Policy was approved in September 2006 as the main guide for implementation of the PLANER.

8: 2587: 2081: 928: 1368:(IDB) has several projects under implementation in the electricity sector in Nicaragua: 37:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2696: 2630: 2615: 2330: 2320: 2056: 1096: 2712: 590:

for LAC in 2005 was 13), while duration of interruptions per subscriber was 25 hours (

2235: 1847:"Mixing Water with Oil: Nicaragua Adds Hydroelectric Capacity to Its Power Portfolio" 1798:"Brazilian companies to build a US$ 1.1 billion dam in Nicaragua as of next February" 1443:

Las Colinas and its associated transmission line is to be finalized in December 2007.

988:

windfarm comprises 30 turbines type S88 2.1 MW, from Suzlon Wind Energy, India.

569:(LAC) Coverage in the rural areas is below 40%, while in urban areas it reaches 92%. 2169: 1450: 366:

https://web.archive.org/web/20130726102527/http://ine.gob.ni/DGE/serieHistorica.html

2701: 1054: 898: 408: 404: 112: 2040: 2029: 1961: 1491: 1090: 607: 389: 1076: 864: 2255: 973: 123: 938: 2995: 2265: 1255: 1192: 1179: 1117: 591: 587: 101: 1030: 991:

Amayo is currently the largest operating wind facility in Central America.

1328:

emissions from electricity production in 2003 were 1.52 million tons of CO

1387:

In June 2006, the IDB also approved a technical cooperation activity for

942: 1146:

electricity transactions in the region. As for the infrastructure, EPR (

1824:"Nicaragua set to break ground on 253-MW Tumarin hydroelectric project" 1412: 1233:

plan for transmission infrastructure expansion for the period 2007-2016

962: 958: 2215: 2184: 2144: 954: 878:“Law on Promotion of Electricity Generation with Renewable Resources” 627:

The regulatory entities for the electricity sector in Nicaragua are:

606:

In 2006, distribution losses in Nicaragua were 28.8%, the highest in

393: 356: 56: 2022: 1499:

Nicaragua: Opciones de Política para la Reforma del Sector Eléctrico

1235:. However, financing has not been ensured for all the projects yet. 1027:

feeds 10% of electricity generation in thermal plants in Nicaragua.

586:

In 2003, the average number of interruptions per subscriber was 4 (

93: 2273: 1042: 1024: 917: 400: 863:

In Nicaragua, the company Dissur-Disnorte, owned by the Spanish

1138: 372: 1091:

Oil price increase, financial stress and blackouts (2002-2006)

2129: 1130: 617: 2000: 1313:

The National Climate Change Commission was created in 1999.

1111: 1484:

Istmo Centroamericano: Estadísticas del Subsector Eléctrico

1124: 1053:

At the beginning of the 1990s, the government of President

970: 2150:

Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA)

1771:(in Spanish). Ministerio deEnergía y Minas. Archived from 1381:

National Transmission Strengthening for Integration SIEPAC

1256:

Summary of private participation in the electricity sector

2154: 1436: 1379:

In June 2007, a US$ 12 million loan was approved for the

1031:

History of the electricity sector and recent developments

142: 2139: 1710:"Nicaragua's Renewable Energy Revolution Picks up Steam" 1396:

Development of Wind Power Generation in Isolated Systems

1035: 284:

10 (generation), 1 (transmission), 1 main (distribution)

2742: 2165:

Regional Commission for Electric Interconnection (CRIE)

1321: 1372:

In October 2007, the IDB approved US$ 350,500 for the

581: 2180:

Inter-American Development Bank projects in Nicaragua

1324:(Latin American Energy Association) estimated that CO 1305: 965:

will fund the US$ 1.1 billion under a 20 to 30 year

329: 308:

Environment and Natural Resources Ministry (MARENA)

1359: 1300: 1153:(For a map of the regional transmission line, see 373:Central American Electrical Interconnection System 976:-generators for an installed capacity of 253 MW. 127:emissions from electricity generation (2003) 2993: 1400:Wind Power Park Feasibility Study in Corn Island 1012: 378: 2251:Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838) 1844: 1800:. Trade News. 12 November 2014. Archived from 1591: 1589: 1563: 1561: 1335: 907:Central American Bank for Economic Integration 334:transactions related to the electricity sector 2728: 2200: 1048: 870: 1996: 1994: 949:just upstream of the town of Tumarín in the 883: 1586: 1568:Monte Rosa Bagasse Cogeneration Project PDD 1558: 1316: 1212: 2735: 2721: 2207: 2193: 1551: 1389:Energy Efficiency Development in Nicaragua 1374:Support to Power Sector Investment Program 618:Responsibilities in the electricity sector 524:should be either refurbished or replaced. 392:countries. In 2006, the country had 751.2 1991: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1116:In January 2007, shortly after President 1112:Creation of the Ministry of Energy (2007) 945:, is currently under construction on the 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1517:Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua 1246: 1160: 1125:Regional integration, the SIEPAC project 1106:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 622: 595: 559: 80:55% (total), 40% (rural), 90% (urban); ( 2130:National Transmission Company (ENATREL) 1766:"Perfil Central Hidroeléctrica Tumarín" 1577: 1575: 1350:Monte Rosa Bagasse Cogeneration Project 951:South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region 550: 265:Competitive supply to residential users 2994: 2214: 2034: 1893: 1875: 1528: 1496:Inter-American Development Bank, 2004 1417:Off-grid Rural Electrification (PERZA) 1354: 1171:tariffs for each of the sectors were: 1000:exploitation of geothermal resources. 601: 122: 2716: 2188: 2170:FAO: Nicaragua, facing climate change 1684: 1625: 1623: 1346:San Jacinto Tizate geothermal project 1036:Integrated state monopoly (1979-1992) 383: 364:The recent figures are available at: 249:Share of private sector in generation 2743:Electricity sector in North America 2261:United States occupation (1912–1933) 1572: 17: 2155:Ministerio de Energia y Minas (MEM) 1631:"Energy Information Administration" 892: 582:Interruption frequency and duration 138:Average electricity use (2006) 13: 1620: 1306:Responsibility for the environment 1148:Empresa Propietaria de la Red S.A. 576: 305:Responsibility for the environment 14: 3023: 3007:Electric power in Central America 2140:Nicaraguan Energy Institute (INE) 2123: 1845:Kaften, Cheryl (24 August 2011). 1698:San Jacinto Tizate geothermal PDD 1238: 1226: 297:Responsibility for policy-setting 257:Competitive supply to large users 2856:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2175:World Bank projects in Nicaragua 1175:Residential: US$ 0.137 per kWh ( 920:, in the Department of Jinotega. 483:Gas turbines (private) – diesel 300:MEM-Ministry of Energy and Mines 77:Electricity coverage (2006) 63: 22: 2135:National Dispatch Center (CNDC) 2095: 2070: 2045: 2016: 2005: 1966: 1948: 1923: 1861: 1838: 1816: 1790: 1758: 1745: 1720: 1702: 1366:Inter-American Development Bank 1360:Inter-American Development Bank 1344:e per year. One of them is the 1301:Electricity and the environment 1217: 1188:Industrial: US$ 0.101 per kWh ( 1137:agreed to the execution of the 1135:Inter-American Development Bank 858: 850: 567:Latin America and the Caribbean 472:Gas turbines (public) – diesel 292:INE-Nicaraguan Energy Institute 150:Distribution losses (2006) 2284:Post-Sandinista period (1990–) 1826:. Hydro World. 29 January 2014 1659: 1648: 1609: 1600: 278: 89:Installed capacity (2006) 1: 2279:Sandinista period (1979–1990) 1522: 1406: 1185:Commercial: US$ 0.187 per kWh 1104:led Union Fenosa to call its 994: 645: 450:Thermal (private) – fuel oil 379:Electricity supply and demand 289:Responsibility for regulation 2981:United States Virgin Islands 1753:International Herald Tribune 1203: 461:Thermal (private) – bagasse 439:Thermal (public) – fuel oil 316:Yes (1998, modified in 1997) 117:25% (hydro & geothermal) 7: 3002:Electric power in Nicaragua 2598:Water supply and sanitation 1505: 1336:CDM projects in electricity 1013:CDM projects in electricity 1009:Clean Development Mechanism 349:annual emissions reductions 84:total average in 2005: 92%) 10: 3028: 1475: 1278:70% of installed capacity 1270:Private participation (%) 1165: 1049:Sector reforms (1992-2002) 1018: 871:Renewable energy resources 198:Average residential tariff 2956:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2874: 2748: 2667: 2606: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2475: 2466: 2382: 2373: 2301: 2292: 2266:Somoza Family (1936–1979) 2226: 1465:Official Credit Institute 1348:and the other one is the 1231:Entresa has elaborated a 1100:suffering severe losses. 884:Renewable energy advances 527: 403:thermal plants, 10% from 328: 320: 312: 304: 296: 288: 277: 272: 264: 256: 248: 240: 235: 226:Average commercial tariff 225: 212:Average industrial tariff 211: 197: 192: 184: 176: 168: 161: 149: 137: 121: 110: 99: 88: 76: 71: 62: 31:This article needs to be 2976:Turks and Caicos Islands 2387:Administrative divisions 2246:Mexican rule (1822–1823) 1423: 1317:Greenhouse gas emissions 1213:Investment and financing 665:Installed capacity (MW) 979: 947:Río Grande de Matagalpa 428:Hydroelectric (public) 221:average in 2005: 0.107) 207:average in 2005: 0.115) 157:average in 2005: 13.6%) 2906:British Virgin Islands 1849:. GreenTechnologyWorld 1455:electrical substations 1398:and another one for a 1064:Electricity generation 967:build–operate–transfer 313:Electricity sector law 228:(US$ /kW·h, 2006) 214:(US$ /kW·h, 2006) 200:(US$ /kW·h, 2006) 55:Electricity sector of 2846:Saint Kitts and Nevis 2145:Disnorte & Dissur 1906:"El Nuevo Diario (2)" 1728:"El Nuevo Diario (1)" 1469:electrical substation 1441:electrical substation 1247:Rural electrification 1161:Tariffs and subsidies 623:Policy and regulation 560:Access to electricity 193:Tariffs and financing 162:Consumption by sector 2454:Territorial disputes 1512:Economy of Nicaragua 551:Demand versus supply 321:Renewable energy law 281:of service providers 3012:Energy in Nicaragua 2861:Trinidad and Tobago 2756:Antigua and Barbuda 1435:: The German bank 1355:External assistance 1011:(CDM) project (see 602:Distribution losses 596:Recent developments 341:project; 336,723 t 59: 2796:Dominican Republic 2523:Telecommunications 2078:"Enatrel-Eximbank" 2028:2007-09-28 at the 1960:2007-07-15 at the 1804:on 2 December 2014 1655:Decree No. 61-2005 1490:2011-07-20 at the 1415:has currently one 409:geothermal sources 384:Installed capacity 54: 2989: 2988: 2878:other territories 2710: 2709: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2541: 2540: 2462: 2461: 2439:Political parties 2434:National Assembly 2402:Foreign relations 2369: 2368: 1974:"Disnorte-Dissur" 1298: 1297: 842: 841: 520:: INE Statistics 515: 514: 505:Isolated systems 420:Generation (GWh) 353: 352: 241:Sector unbundling 52: 51: 3019: 2946:Saint Barthélemy 2876:Dependencies and 2749:Sovereign states 2737: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2646:National symbols 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2503:Economic history 2498: 2473: 2472: 2380: 2379: 2299: 2298: 2241:Spanish conquest 2209: 2202: 2195: 2186: 2185: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2105:. Archived from 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2080:. Archived from 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2055:. Archived from 2049: 2043: 2038: 2032: 2020: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1985: 1976:. Archived from 1970: 1964: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1933:. Archived from 1931:"LaRepublica.es" 1927: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1908:. Archived from 1902: 1891: 1888: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1778:on 30 April 2014 1777: 1770: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1730:. Archived from 1724: 1718: 1717: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1669:. Archived from 1663: 1657: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1633:. Archived from 1627: 1618: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1264: 1263: 1193:weighted average 1180:weighted average 1055:Violeta Chamorro 893:Hydroelectricity 653: 652: 592:weighted average 588:weighted average 537:Residential: 34% 414: 413: 405:hydroelectricity 390:Central American 333: 280: 126: 113:renewable energy 67: 60: 53: 47: 44: 38: 26: 25: 18: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3016: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2879: 2877: 2870: 2744: 2741: 2711: 2706: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2655: 2651:Public holidays 2602: 2537: 2513:Nicaragua Canal 2496: 2458: 2424:Law enforcement 2365: 2361:Water resources 2346:Protected areas 2288: 2222: 2213: 2126: 2121: 2112: 2110: 2103:"Enatrel-Spain" 2101: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2051: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2035: 2030:Wayback Machine 2021: 2017: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1962:Wayback Machine 1953: 1949: 1940: 1938: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1894: 1889: 1876: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1796: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1685: 1676: 1674: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1616:HLSP Consulting 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1529: 1525: 1508: 1492:Wayback Machine 1478: 1426: 1409: 1362: 1357: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1308: 1303: 1258: 1249: 1241: 1229: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1168: 1163: 1127: 1114: 1093: 1051: 1038: 1033: 1021: 997: 982: 895: 886: 873: 861: 853: 648: 625: 620: 608:Central America 604: 584: 579: 577:Service quality 562: 553: 543:Industrial: 20% 540:Commercial: 31% 530: 423:Generation (%) 407:, and 10% from 386: 381: 346: 227: 213: 199: 163: 133: 48: 42: 39: 36: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 3025: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2966:Sint Eustatius 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2911:Cayman Islands 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2559: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2518:Stock Exchange 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2341:Municipalities 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2306:Climate change 2302: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2256:Mosquito Coast 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2125: 2124:External links 2122: 2120: 2119: 2094: 2069: 2044: 2033: 2015: 2004: 2001:SIEPAC project 1990: 1965: 1947: 1922: 1892: 1874: 1860: 1837: 1815: 1789: 1757: 1744: 1719: 1701: 1683: 1658: 1647: 1619: 1608: 1599: 1585: 1582:INE Statistics 1571: 1557: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1494: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1463:: The Spanish 1458: 1444: 1425: 1422: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1392: 1385: 1377: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1183: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1126: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1092: 1089: 1050: 1047: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1020: 1017: 996: 993: 981: 978: 974:Kaplan turbine 925: 924: 921: 914: 894: 891: 885: 882: 872: 869: 860: 857: 852: 849: 840: 839: 836: 833: 831: 827: 826: 823: 820: 817: 814: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 800: 797: 794: 791: 788: 787: 784: 781: 778: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 734: 731: 728: 725: 721: 720: 717: 714: 712: 708: 707: 704: 701: 698: 694: 693: 690: 687: 684: 683:Hydroelectric 680: 679: 676: 673: 671: 667: 666: 663: 662:No. of plants 660: 657: 647: 644: 640: 639: 636: 633: 624: 621: 619: 616: 610:together with 603: 600: 583: 580: 578: 575: 561: 558: 552: 549: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 529: 526: 513: 512: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 480: 479: 476: 473: 469: 468: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 451: 447: 446: 443: 440: 436: 435: 432: 429: 425: 424: 421: 418: 385: 382: 380: 377: 351: 350: 344: 335: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 282: 275: 274: 270: 269: 266: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 233: 232: 229: 223: 222: 215: 209: 208: 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 166: 165: 159: 158: 151: 147: 146: 139: 135: 134: 131: 128: 119: 118: 115: 108: 107: 104: 97: 96: 90: 86: 85: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 50: 49: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3024: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2867: 2866:United States 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2578:Ethnic groups 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2109:on 2007-08-26 2108: 2104: 2098: 2084:on 2007-08-26 2083: 2079: 2073: 2059:on 2007-08-26 2058: 2054: 2053:"Enatrel-kfW" 2048: 2042: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1980:on 2007-11-09 1979: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1937:on 2011-07-20 1936: 1932: 1926: 1912:on 2007-11-25 1911: 1907: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1870: 1864: 1848: 1841: 1825: 1819: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1774: 1767: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1734:on 2009-09-05 1733: 1729: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1673:on 2007-12-13 1672: 1668: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1637:on 2007-12-15 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1603: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481:CEPAL, 2007. 1480: 1479: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1333: 1323: 1314: 1311: 1293: 1291:Distribution 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283:Transmission 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1253: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1224: 1210: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1158: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1122: 1119: 1118:Daniel Ortega 1109: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1028: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1001: 992: 989: 985: 977: 975: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 930: 922: 919: 915: 912: 911: 910: 908: 902: 900: 899:hydroelectric 890: 881: 879: 868: 866: 856: 848: 847:: CEPAL 2007 846: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 824: 821: 818: 816: 815: 811: 808: 805: 803: 802: 798: 795: 792: 790: 789: 785: 782: 779: 777: 776: 772: 769: 766: 764: 763: 759: 756: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 739: 737: 736: 732: 729: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 713: 710: 709: 705: 702: 699: 696: 695: 691: 688: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 661: 659:Company name 658: 655: 654: 651: 643: 637: 634: 630: 629: 628: 615: 613: 609: 599: 597: 593: 589: 574: 570: 568: 557: 545: 542: 539: 536: 535: 534: 525: 521: 519: 510: 507: 504: 503: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 481: 477: 474: 471: 470: 466: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 449: 448: 444: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 416: 415: 412: 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 376: 374: 371:systems. The 368: 367: 362: 359: 358: 348: 340: 337:2 registered 336: 332: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 276: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 230: 224: 220: 216: 210: 206: 202: 196: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 129: 125: 120: 116: 114: 109: 105: 103: 102:fossil energy 98: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 58: 46: 34: 29: 20: 19: 16: 2971:Sint Maarten 2951:Saint Martin 2835: 2688:Bibliography 2568:Demographics 2507: 2490:Central Bank 2429:Armed Forces 2412:Human rights 2392:Constitution 2111:. Retrieved 2107:the original 2097: 2086:. Retrieved 2082:the original 2072: 2061:. Retrieved 2057:the original 2047: 2036: 2018: 2007: 1982:. Retrieved 1978:the original 1968: 1950: 1939:. Retrieved 1935:the original 1925: 1914:. Retrieved 1910:the original 1863: 1851:. Retrieved 1840: 1828:. Retrieved 1818: 1806:. Retrieved 1802:the original 1792: 1780:. Retrieved 1773:the original 1760: 1747: 1736:. Retrieved 1732:the original 1722: 1713: 1704: 1675:. Retrieved 1671:the original 1661: 1650: 1639:. Retrieved 1635:the original 1611: 1602: 1498: 1483: 1460: 1446: 1432: 1427: 1410: 1363: 1339: 1320: 1312: 1309: 1259: 1250: 1242: 1239:Distribution 1230: 1227:Transmission 1221: 1207: 1198: 1195:: US$ 0.107) 1182:: US$ 0.115) 1169: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1128: 1115: 1102: 1094: 1085: 1081: 1077:Unión Fenosa 1072:distribution 1068:transmission 1060: 1052: 1039: 1022: 1006: 1002: 998: 990: 986: 983: 936: 926: 903: 896: 887: 874: 865:Unión Fenosa 862: 859:Distribution 854: 851:Transmission 844: 843: 649: 641: 626: 605: 585: 571: 563: 554: 531: 522: 517: 516: 398: 387: 369: 363: 355: 354: 273:Institutions 164:(% of total) 40: 32: 15: 2941:Puerto Rico 2851:Saint Lucia 2801:El Salvador 2480:Agriculture 2417:LGBT rights 2311:Earthquakes 2271:Sandinistas 1869:"Ram Power" 1808:22 November 1606:Census 2005 1275:Generation 943:gravity dam 939:Tumarín Dam 897:Currently, 793:Monte Rosa 724:Geothermal 494:Geothermal 169:Residential 43:August 2014 2996:Categories 2936:Montserrat 2931:Martinique 2926:Guadeloupe 2781:Costa Rica 2636:Mass media 2626:Literature 2563:Corruption 2497:(currency) 2407:Government 2316:Ecoregions 2274:v. Contras 2113:2007-08-26 2088:2007-08-26 2063:2007-08-26 1984:2007-11-09 1941:2008-07-28 1916:2007-11-14 1738:2007-11-14 1677:2007-12-13 1641:2007-12-15 1555:CEPAL 2007 1523:References 1449:: Korea's 1413:World Bank 1407:World Bank 1218:Generation 1097:oil prices 1023:Sugarcane 995:Geothermal 963:Eletrobras 959:Tuma River 686:Hidrogesa 646:Generation 546:Other: 15% 324:Yes (2005) 185:Commercial 177:Industrial 145:per capita 2921:Greenland 2836:Nicaragua 2811:Guatemala 2583:Languages 2573:Education 2533:Transport 2449:President 2397:Elections 2356:Volcanoes 2336:Mountains 2294:Geography 2216:Nicaragua 1890:IADB 2004 1267:Activity 1204:Subsidies 955:Nicaragua 819:Tipitapa 357:Nicaragua 130:1.52 MtCO 111:Share of 100:Share of 57:Nicaragua 2886:Anguilla 2821:Honduras 2791:Dominica 2766:Barbados 2697:Category 2593:Religion 2495:Córdoba 2444:Politics 2375:Politics 2220:articles 2026:Archived 1958:Archived 1853:29 April 1830:29 April 1782:29 April 1506:See also 1488:Archived 1451:Eximbank 1223:funded. 1133:and the 929:Jinotega 751:Thermal 711:Private 697:Thermal 612:Honduras 598:below). 236:Services 217:0.101; ( 203:0.137; ( 153:28.8%; ( 2916:Curaçao 2901:Bonaire 2896:Bermuda 2826:Jamaica 2806:Grenada 2761:Bahamas 2674:Outline 2641:Museums 2616:Cuisine 2608:Culture 2547:Society 2528:Tourism 2485:Banking 2468:Economy 2326:Islands 2236:Nicarao 2228:History 1714:NPR.org 1476:Sources 1433:Germany 1166:Tariffs 1043:embargo 1025:bagasse 1019:Biomass 918:Managua 727:Gemosa 670:Public 417:Source 401:bagasse 33:updated 2841:Panama 2831:Mexico 2776:Canada 2771:Belize 2702:Portal 2588:Health 2508:Energy 2351:Rivers 2218: 2160:SIEPAC 2041:UNFCCC 1955:Adital 1667:"CNDC" 1155:SIEPAC 1139:SIEPAC 845:Source 838:751.2 830:TOTAL 780:GEOSA 754:CENSA 719:524.4 706:122.4 700:GECSA 692:104.4 678:226.8 528:Demand 518:Source 489:0.02% 467:10.3% 453:1,883 2891:Aruba 2816:Haiti 2681:Index 2631:Music 2331:Lakes 2321:Fauna 2023:OLADE 1776:(PDF) 1769:(PDF) 1461:Spain 1447:Korea 1424:Other 1322:OLADE 1294:100% 1131:Spain 1095:When 825:52.2 812:59.3 806:NSEL 799:67.5 760:63.9 733:77.5 656:Type 511:1.3% 500:9.9% 486:0.82 478:2.3% 445:6.3% 434:9.8% 231:0.137 2961:Saba 2786:Cuba 2621:Film 1855:2014 1832:2014 1810:2014 1784:2014 1411:The 1364:The 1070:and 980:Wind 941:, a 937:The 786:120 767:EEC 740:SJP 497:311 464:323 456:60% 442:199 431:307 141:366 92:751 72:Data 2012:FAO 1437:KfW 1286:0% 1190:LAC 1177:LAC 835:13 773:47 746:10 508:42 475:71 339:CDM 331:CDM 279:No. 252:70% 244:Yes 219:LAC 205:LAC 188:31% 180:20% 172:34% 155:LAC 143:kWh 124:GHG 106:75% 82:LAC 2998:: 1993:^ 1895:^ 1877:^ 1712:. 1686:^ 1622:^ 1588:^ 1574:^ 1560:^ 1530:^ 1157:) 1066:, 971:MW 953:, 934:. 822:1 809:1 796:1 783:2 770:1 757:1 743:1 730:1 716:9 703:2 689:2 675:4 394:MW 343:CO 268:No 260:No 94:MW 2736:e 2729:t 2722:v 2208:e 2201:t 2194:v 2116:. 2091:. 2066:. 1987:. 1944:. 1919:. 1871:. 1857:. 1834:. 1812:. 1786:. 1755:. 1741:. 1716:. 1680:. 1644:. 1402:. 1376:. 1342:2 1330:2 1326:2 347:e 345:2 132:2 45:) 41:( 35:.

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