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The kinetic energy is transformed into thermal energy at or near the surface of the material. The resulting heating causes the material to melt and then evaporate. Temperatures in excess of 3500 degrees
Celsius can be reached. The vapor from the source condenses onto a substrate, creating a thin film of high-purity material. Film thicknesses from a single atomic layer to many micrometers can be achieved. This technique is used in
216:, texturing, and polishing (with argon gas present). If the electron beam is used to cut a shallow trough in the surface, repeatedly moving it horizontally along the trough at high speeds creates a small pile of ejected melted metal. With repetition, spike structures of up to a millimeter in height can be created. These structures can aid bonding between different materials and modify the surface roughness of the metal.
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172:, the electron beam provides a source of heat that can melt or modify any material. This source of heat or phase transformation is absolutely sterile due to the vacuum and scull of solidified metal around the cold copper crucible walls. This ensures that the purest materials can be produced and refined in electron-beam vacuum furnaces. Rare and
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by depositing thin layers of metals onto a backing structure. Electron-beam evaporation uses thermionics emission to create a stream of electrons that are accelerated by a high-voltage cathode and anode arrangement. Electrostatic and magnetic fields focus and direct the electrons to strike a target.
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Electron-beam machining is a process in which high-velocity electrons are concentrated into a narrow beam with a very high planar power density. The beam cross-section is then focused and directed toward the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Electron-beam machining can be used to
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Electron beams impinging on metal produce X-rays. The X-rays may be diagnostic, e.g., dental or limb images. Often in these X-ray tubes the metal is a spinning disk so that it doesn't melt; the disk is spun in vacuum via a magnetic motor. The X-rays may also be used to kill cancerous tissue. The
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The rapid increase of temperature at the location of impact can quickly melt a target material. In extreme working conditions, the rapid temperature increase can even lead to evaporation, making an electron beam an excellent tool in heating applications, such as welding. Electron beam technology is
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Since the beginning of electron-beam welding on an industrial scale at the end of the 1950s, countless electron-beam welders have been designed and are being used worldwide. These welders feature working vacuum chambers ranging from a few liters up to hundreds of cubic meters, with electron guns
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and inks without the need for traditional solvent. Electron-beam curing produces a finish similar to that of traditional solvent-evaporation processes, but achieves that finish through a polymerization process. E-beam processing is also used to cross-link polymers to make them more resistant to
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is the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually by melting powder material layer upon layer. Melting in a vacuum by using a computer-controlled scanning electron beam is highly precise. Electron-beam direct manufacturing (DM) is the first commercially available,
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Modern electron-beam welders are usually designed with a computer-controlled deflection system that can traverse the beam rapidly and accurately over a selected area of the work piece. Thanks to the rapid heating, only a thin surface layer of the material is heated. Applications include
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accurately cut or bore a wide variety of metals. The resulting surface finish is better and kerf width is narrower than what can be produced by other thermal cutting processes. However, due to high equipment costs, the use of this technology is limited to high-value products.
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Nemtanu, M. R., Brasoveanu, M., Ed., Practical
Aspects and applications of Electron Beam Irradiation, Transworld Research Network, 37/661(2), Fort P.O., Trivandrum-695 023, Kerala, India
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of medical products and aseptic packaging materials for foods, as well as disinfestation, the elimination of live insects from grain, tobacco, and other unprocessed bulk crops.
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An electron lithograph is produced by a very finely focused electron beam, which creates micro-structures in the resist that can subsequently be transferred to the
154:
for electron-beam curing of color printing and for the fabrication and modification of polymers, including liquid-crystal films, among many other applications.
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The source billet metal is melted by an electron beam while being spun vigorously. Powder is produced as the metal cools when flying off the metal bar.
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uses electron beams with diameters ranging from two nanometers up to hundreds of nanometers. The electron lithograph is also used to produce
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An electron microscope uses a controlled beam of electrons to illuminate a specimen and produce a magnified image. Two common types are the
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141:. This concentration of energy in a small volume of matter can be precisely controlled electronically, which brings many advantages.
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can be produced or refined in small-volume vacuum furnaces. For mass production of steels, large furnaces with capacity measured in
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Visser, A.: Werkstoffabtrag durch
Elektronen-und Photonenstrahlen; Verlag <Technische Rundschau>, Blaue Reihe, Heft 104
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material, often by etching. It was originally developed for manufacturing integrated circuits and is also used for creating
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to form a fine beam. Where the beam collides with solid-state matter, electrons are converted into
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Von
Dobeneck, D.: Electron Beam Welding – Examples of 30 Years of Job-Shop Experience
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has provided the basis for a variety of novel and specialized applications in
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large-scale, fully programmable means of achieving near net shape parts.
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and electron-beam power in megawatts exist in industrialized countries.
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Klein, J., Ed., Welding: Processes, Quality and
Applications,
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Schultz, H.: Electron beam welding, Abington
Publishing
417:"Development of Electron Beam Systems and Technologies"
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components, and research and development activities.
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takes place in a vacuum and produces a thin film of
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303:Physical-vapor-deposition solar-cell production
885:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
588:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
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333:Electron-beam curing is a method of curing
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338:thermal, mechanical or chemical stresses.
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77:Learn how and when to remove this message
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380:machine is an infamous example of this.
341:E-beam processing has been used for the
40:This article includes a list of general
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195:carrying power of up to 100 kW.
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230:Electron-beam freeform fabrication
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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521:Timeline of microscope technology
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365:transmission electron microscope
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880:Precession electron diffraction
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99:microelectromechanical systems
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447:Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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103:nanoelectromechanical systems
361:scanning electron microscope
289:computer-generated holograms
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89:Since the mid-20th century,
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295:, low-volume production of
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865:Immune electron microscopy
783:Annular dark-field imaging
598:Everhart–Thornley detector
397:Electron Beam Applications
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371:Medical Radiation Therapy
308:Physical vapor deposition
271:Electron-beam lithography
1044:Thermo Fisher Scientific
870:Geometric phase analysis
758:Aberration-Corrected TEM
329:Electron-beam processing
323:Curing and sterilization
91:electron-beam technology
18:Electron beam technology
793:Charge contrast imaging
603:Field electron emission
256:Electron-beam machining
242:Metal powder production
61:more precise citations.
983:Thomas Eugene Everhart
235:Additive manufacturing
220:Additive manufacturing
125:can be manipulated by
988:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
808:Dark-field microscopy
226:Electron-beam melting
190:Electron-beam welding
164:Electron-beam furnace
993:Vladimir K. Zworykin
643:Correlative light EM
552:Electron diffraction
349:Electron microscopes
285:Electron lithographs
958:Manfred von Ardenne
943:Gerasimos Danilatos
850:Electron tomography
845:Electron holography
788:Cathodoluminescence
567:Secondary electrons
557:Electron scattering
501:Electron microscopy
487:Electron microscopy
355:Electron microscope
1080:Digital Micrograph
686:Environmental SEM
608:Field emission gun
572:X-ray fluorescence
402:2016-10-22 at the
199:Surface treatments
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968:Maximilian Haider
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1070:EM Data Bank
1034:Nion Company
928:Dennis Gabor
918:Albert Crewe
696:Confocal SEM
593:Electron gun
542:Auger effect
428:Bibliography
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1014:FEI Company
948:Harald Rose
938:Ernst Ruska
627:Microscopes
535:with matter
533:interaction
312:solar cells
265:Lithography
178:metric tons
59:introducing
1095:Multislice
911:Developers
771:Techniques
516:Microscope
511:Micrograph
384:References
107:microscopy
42:references
963:Max Knoll
618:Stigmator
378:Therac-25
277:substrate
250:Machining
214:tempering
210:annealing
206:hardening
119:electrons
113:Mechanism
1146:Category
1118:Category
1065:CrysTBox
1053:Software
724:Cryo-TEM
531:Electron
400:Archived
158:Furnaces
127:electric
1130:Commons
778:4D STEM
751:4D STEM
729:Cryo-ET
701:SEM-XRF
691:CryoSEM
648:Cryo-EM
506:History
367:(TEM).
184:Welding
55:improve
1075:EMsoft
1060:CASINO
1039:TESCAN
904:Others
803:cryoEM
494:Basics
335:paints
170:vacuum
123:vacuum
105:, and
44:, but
1029:Leica
875:PINEM
741:HRTEM
736:EFTEM
168:In a
121:in a
117:Free
1090:IUCr
1024:JEOL
895:WBDF
890:WDXS
840:EBIC
835:EELS
830:ECCI
818:EBSD
798:CBED
746:STEM
228:and
135:heat
129:and
860:FEM
855:FIB
823:TKD
813:EDS
716:TEM
678:SEM
653:EMP
137:or
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