526:
186:
545:
503:–1540) is characterized by increasing warfare, political turmoil, and population movement. The population of Cahokia dispersed early in this period (1350–1400), perhaps migrating to other rising political centers. More defensive structures are often seen at sites, and sometimes a decline in mound-building and large-scale, public ceremonialism. Although some areas continued an essentially Middle Mississippian culture until the first significant contact with Europeans, the population of most areas had dispersed or were experiencing severe social stress by 1500. Along with the contemporaneous
776:
231:
43:
171:
896:
565:
100:
212:
704:
554:
511:. The Little Ice Age led to a period of cold-season-like conditions which reduced effective moisture from 1200 to 1800, consistent with the population decline of Cahokia from 1200 and its abandonment from 1350 to 1400. Scholars theorize drought and the reduction of maize agriculture, together with possible deforestation and overhunting by the concentrated populations, forced them to move away from major sites. This period ended with European contact in the 16th century.
1337:. Expedition documentation and archaeological evidence of the fort and Native American culture both exist. The soldiers were at the fort about 18 months (1567–1568) before the natives killed them and destroyed the fort. (They killed soldiers stationed at five other forts as well; only one man of 120 survived.) Sixteenth-century Spanish artifacts have been recovered from the site, marking the first European colonization in the interior of what became the United States.
1258:
196:
1026:
252:
784:
741:
to describe the evolving understanding of the peoples of the
Southeast. South Appalachian Mississippian area sites are distributed across a contiguous area including Alabama, Georgia, northern Florida, South Carolina, central and western North Carolina, and Tennessee. Chronologically this area became
1285:
De Soto's later encounters left about half of the
Spaniards and perhaps many hundreds of Native Americans dead. The chronicles of de Soto are among the first documents written about Mississippian peoples and are an invaluable source of information on their cultural practices. The chronicles of the
579:
is also used to describe the core of the classic
Mississippian culture area. This area covers the central Mississippi River Valley, the lower Ohio River Valley, and most of the Mid-South area, including western and central Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi. Sites in
606:(fl. 1050–1350 CE): The largest and most complex Mississippian site and the largest Pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico, Cahokia is considered to have been the most influential of the Mississippian culture centers. Discoveries found at the massive site include evidence of copper working (
443:
The
Mississippian stage is usually divided into three or more chronological periods. Each period is an arbitrary historical distinction varying regionally. At a particular site, each period may be considered to begin earlier or later, depending on the speed of adoption or development of given
1293:
After the destruction and flight of the de Soto expedition, the
Mississippian peoples continued their way of life with little direct European influence. Indirectly, however, European introductions dramatically changed these native societies. Because the natives lacked
1122:
Mississippian peoples were ancestral to the majority of the
American Indian nations living in this region when European trade began. The historic and modern day American Indian nations believed to have descended from the overarching Mississippian culture include: the
725:
in 1903 to describe a regional ceramic style in the southeast involving surface decorations applied with a carved wooden paddle. By the late 1960s, archaeological investigations had shown the similarity of the culture that produced the pottery and the midwestern
304:
A number of cultural traits are recognized as being characteristic of the
Mississippians. Although not all Mississippian peoples practiced all of the following activities, they were distinct from their ancestors in the adoption of some or all of these traits.
846:
fortifications often found in the major Middle
Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoans may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Their societies may also have had a somewhat lower level of
444:
Mississippian traits. The "Mississippian period" should not be confused with the "Mississippian culture". The
Mississippian period is the chronological stage, while Mississippian culture refers to the cultural similarities that characterize this society.
548:
A mound diagram of the
Mississippian cultural period showing the multiple layers of mound construction, mound structures such as temples or mortuaries, ramps with log stairs, and prior structures under later layers, multiple terraces, and intrusive
1273:
chronicles those villages. Some encounters were violent, while others were relatively peaceful. In some cases, de Soto seems to have been used as a tool or ally in long-standing native feuds. In one example, de Soto negotiated a truce between the
825:
The climate in this area was drier than areas in the eastern woodlands, hindering maize production, and the lower population on the plains to the west may have meant fewer neighboring competing chiefdoms to contend with. Major sites such as
756:
Villages with single platform mounds were more typical of the river valley settlements throughout the mountainous area of southwest North and South Carolina and southeastern Tennessee that were known as the historic Cherokee homelands. In
742:
influenced by Mississippian culture later than the Middle Mississippian area (about 1000 as compared to 800) to its northwest. It is believed that the peoples of this area adopted Mississippian traits from their northwestern neighbors.
1011:
Although the Mississippian culture was heavily disrupted before a complete understanding of the political landscape was written down, many Mississippian political bodies were documented and others have been discovered by research.
327:-based agriculture. In most places, the development of Mississippian culture coincided with the adoption of comparatively large-scale, intensive maize agriculture, which supported larger populations and craft specialization.
1340:
By the time more documentary accounts were being written, the Mississippian way of life had changed irrevocably. Some groups maintained an oral tradition link to their mound-building past, such as the late 19th-century
1345:. Other Native American groups, having migrated many hundreds of miles and lost their elders to diseases, did not know their ancestors had built the mounds dotting the landscape. This contributed to the myth of the
2353:
467:
lifeways for increasing complexity, sedentism, centralization, and agriculture. Production of surplus corn and attractions of the regional chiefdoms led to rapid population concentrations in major centers.
1269:'s expedition of 1539–1543 to learn of his contacts with Mississippians, as he traveled through their villages of the Southeast. He visited many villages, in some cases staying for a month or longer. The
2021:
761:
for example, some 50 such mound sites in the eleven westernmost counties have been identified since the late 20th century, following increased research in this area of the Cherokee homeland.
4021:
1270:
866:
2333:
489:, and the spread and development of SECC art and symbolism are characteristic changes of this period. The Mississippian traits listed above came to be widespread throughout the region.
842:
Valleys, the largest and most fertile of the waterways in the Caddoan region, where maize agriculture would have been the most productive. The sites generally lacked wooden
2628:
2321:
753:
in Georgia are both prominent examples of major South Appalachian Mississippian settlements. Both include multiple large earthwork mounds serving a variety of functions.
1468:
1514:
Chastain, Matthew L.; Deymier-Black, Alix C.; Kelly, John E.; Brown, James A.; Dunand, David C. (July 2011). "Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia".
5155:
5185:
3197:
1647:
5140:
5028:
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associated with Cahokia, have been found far outside of the Middle Mississippian area. These items, especially the pottery, were also copied by local artists.
391:(SECC), also called the Southern Cult. This is the belief system of the Mississippians as we know it. SECC items are found in Mississippian-culture sites from
5099:
4054:
5180:
1828:
2759:
745:
Typical settlements were located on riverine floodplains and included villages with defensive palisades enclosing platform mounds and residential areas.
1446:
2083:
5135:
4011:
2474:
235:
3217:
2603:
2314:
1715:
858:. These languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include Caddo and
1648:
Pompeani, D.P., Bird, B.W., Wilson, J.J., William P. Gilhooly III, Aubrey L. Hillman, Matthew S. Finkenbinder & Mark B. Abbott (5 July 2021).
1310:, epidemics caused so many fatalities that they undermined the social order of many chiefdoms. Some groups adopted European horses and changed to
3059:
810:. Archaeological evidence has led to a scholarly consensus that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present, and that the
154:
Valley may have also begun to develop Mississippian characteristics at this point. Almost all dated Mississippian sites predate 1539–1540 (when
4076:
3774:
982:. The site dates from the period between 1200 and 1730. The platform mound is the second-largest Pre-Columbian earthwork in the country, after
1906:
5175:
4597:
3207:
2279:
2208:
2224:
1931:
580:
this area often contain large ceremonial platform mounds, residential complexes and are often encircled by earthen ditches and ramparts or
794:
The Caddoan Mississippian area, a regional variant of the Mississippian culture, covered a large territory, including what is now eastern
5073:
3250:
2307:
1397:
17:
5013:
4702:
1367:
5150:
4772:
4562:
4047:
3260:
1090:
4667:
1372:
1062:
4462:
2881:
2877:
5190:
4537:
4472:
4452:
1043:
269:
1476:
596:
384:) has clear influence or control over a number of lesser communities, which may or may not possess a smaller number of mounds.
4677:
2522:
2444:
2188:
2055:
2030:
1986:
1775:
1069:
220:
112:
5170:
4040:
2721:
690:
for the "Parkin phase", an expression of Late Mississippian culture, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of
5058:
5033:
4983:
4447:
3895:
2899:
2711:
2686:
2618:
2464:
592:
200:
4807:
4587:
4412:
3019:
2648:
2623:
2527:
2242:
2234:
1076:
928:
655:
568:
1290:
were written before the de Soto expedition; the Narváez expedition informed the Court of de Soto about the New World.
2170:
2149:
2124:
1811:
1635:
1109:
525:
291:
86:
64:
676:: Ranked with Cahokia as one of the two most important sites at the core of the Mississippian culture, located near
57:
5145:
4552:
3464:
2701:
1650:"Severe Little Ice Age drought in the midcontinental United States during the Mississippian abandonment of Cahokia"
1058:
947:
sites located in Mississippi. Plaquemine culture was contemporaneous with the Middle Mississippian culture at the
869:
now thought to have been Caddoan. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the
5053:
5018:
4822:
4692:
4542:
4497:
3971:
2809:
2542:
2046:
Mahon, John K.; Weisman, Brent R. (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (ed.).
1377:
683:
388:
1837:
623:
317:. Such mounds were usually square, rectangular, or occasionally circular. Structures (domestic houses, temples,
5125:
4963:
4757:
4732:
4652:
4344:
4088:
3484:
3049:
2434:
2424:
2260:
1047:
673:
273:
3801:
3568:
3553:
3429:
3192:
3004:
2552:
2489:
2469:
1979:
From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715
770:
481:–1400) is the apex of the Mississippian era. The expansion of the great metropolis and ceremonial complex at
334:
1454:
4968:
4517:
3832:
3811:
3370:
3330:
3114:
2736:
2691:
2598:
2567:
2080:
989:
707:
5160:
5063:
4832:
4417:
4402:
4276:
3764:
3738:
3563:
3499:
3449:
2774:
2741:
2348:
1803:
1767:
1362:
1006:
538:
428:
189:
179:
5165:
4672:
4427:
3360:
3245:
3227:
3079:
3014:
2137:
1791:
1513:
1252:
750:
124:
1910:
4890:
4842:
3119:
2449:
1836:. Thirty First Southeastern Archaeological Conference. Atlanta, Georgia. pp. 8–9. Archived from
1322:
185:
4364:
4777:
4632:
4602:
4161:
4063:
3523:
3295:
3265:
2999:
1083:
819:
818:
speakers in prehistoric times and at first European contact are the direct ancestors of the modern
588:
544:
504:
310:
116:
51:
2276:
1855:
170:
5130:
5068:
4802:
4792:
4752:
4627:
4359:
4294:
3981:
3791:
3671:
3618:
3479:
3154:
3149:
3109:
2288:
2221:
1935:
1738:
1036:
373:
A centralization of control of combined political and religious power in the hands of few or one.
262:
4737:
4457:
4304:
4247:
4181:
4166:
3964:
3646:
3212:
2944:
2804:
2696:
2681:
2608:
1856:"Revisiting Platform Mounds and Townhouses in the Cherokee Heartland: A Collaborative Approach"
1346:
904:
839:
758:
645:
424:
330:
239:
68:
31:
1405:
775:
131:, and often other shaped mounds as well. It was composed of a series of urban settlements and
4931:
4865:
4812:
4707:
4607:
4374:
4339:
4329:
2939:
2904:
2547:
2299:
2212:
1742:
1709:
1334:
1330:
1152:
975:
848:
734:
423:
or stone architecture. They worked naturally occurring metal deposits, such as hammering and
127:
from approximately 800 to 1600, varying regionally. It was known for building large, earthen
120:
1287:
4502:
4354:
4226:
3934:
3129:
2964:
2494:
2439:
1661:
1549:
Pauketat, Timothy R. (2003). "Resettled Farmers and the Making of a Mississippian Polity".
1523:
979:
746:
711:
619:
377:
230:
8:
4993:
4289:
4216:
4191:
4156:
4136:
3939:
3900:
3847:
3598:
3548:
3533:
3469:
3454:
3407:
3169:
2889:
2789:
2676:
1956:
1299:
899:
Map showing the geographical extent of the Plaquemine culture and some of its major sites
878:
677:
641:
333:. The adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shells as tempering agents in
1665:
1527:
211:
5078:
4622:
4617:
4477:
4324:
4260:
4241:
4176:
4171:
4103:
3986:
3628:
3543:
3444:
3397:
3300:
3280:
3187:
3104:
3039:
2974:
2382:
1878:
1692:
1649:
1609:
1574:
1566:
1295:
996:, with three mounds. The only mound site to be used and maintained into historic times.
971:
967:
936:
890:
530:
396:
318:
4196:
1497:
1428:
162:
communities. These maintained Mississippian cultural practices into the 18th century.
5104:
4905:
4612:
4369:
4349:
4131:
3837:
3827:
3733:
3588:
3474:
3439:
3387:
3355:
3320:
3315:
3255:
3237:
3202:
3144:
3094:
3054:
2969:
2764:
2726:
2671:
2454:
2417:
2267:
2184:
2166:
2145:
2120:
2051:
2026:
1982:
1882:
1807:
1771:
1697:
1631:
1613:
1578:
908:
855:
831:
815:
667:
611:
367:
147:
132:
2165:
University Press of Florida, Florida A & M University, Gainesville, Fla., 1995.
2019:
DuVal, Kathleen (2006). "Table 1. Indian Peoples of the Mid-Continent 1670s–1750s".
5048:
4885:
4837:
4787:
4727:
4642:
4567:
4557:
4532:
4487:
4334:
4284:
4265:
4255:
4206:
4201:
3869:
3864:
3852:
3796:
3786:
3613:
3417:
3335:
3270:
2979:
2826:
2799:
2769:
2572:
2562:
2216:
2176:
2155:
1874:
1870:
1687:
1677:
1669:
1601:
1558:
1531:
1266:
944:
940:
895:
615:
591:, were very influential on neighboring societies. High-status artifacts, including
564:
155:
99:
139:, believed to be a major religious center located in what is present-day southern
4941:
4895:
4647:
4592:
4582:
4442:
4221:
4151:
4146:
4126:
4093:
3976:
3917:
3874:
3857:
3842:
3603:
3573:
3305:
3069:
3034:
3024:
2984:
2706:
2653:
2613:
2537:
2499:
2372:
2283:
2246:
2228:
2087:
1796:
859:
460:
341:
216:
175:
151:
128:
2181:
The Ascent of Chiefs: Cahokia and Mississippian Politics in Native North America
2025:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 66–67.
5023:
5008:
4998:
4637:
4467:
4422:
4319:
4231:
4186:
4016:
3949:
3944:
3912:
3879:
3661:
3528:
3375:
3099:
2949:
2924:
2914:
2429:
1673:
1192:
1144:
1124:
993:
956:
835:
508:
420:
353:
349:
314:
159:
4900:
4032:
2294:
1605:
1592:
Pauketat, Timothy R. (1998). "Refiguring the Archaeology of Greater Cahokia".
1535:
5119:
4880:
4875:
4767:
4717:
4712:
4697:
4687:
4682:
4432:
4309:
4121:
4098:
3959:
3779:
3708:
3666:
3623:
3583:
3558:
3412:
3345:
3340:
3310:
3159:
3134:
3044:
2994:
2909:
2846:
2779:
2532:
2479:
2387:
1764:
Caborn-Welborn - Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom Collapse
1349:
as a people distinct from Native Americans, which was rigorously debunked by
1228:
1208:
2239:
5083:
5038:
4988:
4978:
4958:
4926:
4827:
4782:
4762:
4547:
4527:
4492:
4407:
4392:
4211:
4083:
4006:
3806:
3769:
3638:
3538:
3489:
3392:
3350:
3124:
3089:
2954:
2929:
2856:
2841:
2831:
2819:
2731:
2716:
2633:
2588:
2332:
1701:
1350:
1200:
1168:
827:
787:
722:
703:
633:
553:
529:
Replica of a Mississippian house from over 1000 years ago excavated at the
587:
Middle Mississippian cultures, especially the Cahokia polity located near
507:, these cultural collapses coincide with the global climate change of the
4936:
4817:
4797:
4662:
4522:
4512:
4397:
4141:
3907:
3759:
3703:
3651:
3365:
3222:
3009:
2919:
2863:
2814:
2593:
2484:
2459:
2412:
2397:
2117:
Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: Paleoindian to World War I
1172:
983:
920:
912:
874:
783:
649:
345:
865:
Hernando de Soto led an expedition into the area in the early 1540s, he
4973:
4870:
4742:
4657:
4482:
3656:
3608:
3578:
3518:
3325:
3084:
2894:
2836:
2794:
2784:
2638:
2517:
2251:
2194:
Pauketat, Timothy R.; "The Forgotten History of the Mississippians" in
1570:
1257:
1176:
1050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
803:
663:
432:
276: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
195:
4572:
2022:
The Native Ground: Indians and Colonists in the Heart of the Continent
1827:
Ferguson, Leland G. (October 25–26, 1974). Drexel A., Peterson (ed.).
1682:
4747:
4577:
3728:
3718:
3698:
3593:
3402:
3290:
3182:
2959:
2643:
2557:
1184:
1140:
1128:
952:
932:
924:
916:
807:
687:
392:
1562:
1271:
list of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
1025:
251:
234:
Shell tempered ceramic effigy jug with swirls painted in clay slip,
4946:
4910:
4860:
4722:
4507:
3954:
3922:
3139:
3064:
2407:
2402:
1981:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1739:"Southeastern Prehistory:Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period"
1342:
1311:
1307:
1220:
1164:
1160:
843:
799:
795:
659:
644:. It is thought by some archaeologists that the Late Mississippian
627:
607:
581:
486:
408:
404:
360:
140:
4953:
4437:
4314:
4236:
3929:
3743:
3723:
3177:
3074:
2392:
2295:
Animation: Towns and Temples of the Mississippian Culture-5 Sites
2271:
1303:
1232:
1224:
1148:
1132:
948:
870:
637:
603:
557:
482:
431:
and other decorations, but did not smelt iron or practice bronze
412:
411:. The SECC was frequently tied into ritual game-playing, as with
400:
224:
204:
136:
1325:, Native Americans of the Mississippian culture interacted with
135:
linked together by loose trading networks. The largest city was
4299:
3510:
3380:
3029:
2934:
1949:
1279:
1275:
1236:
1216:
1188:
1180:
960:
691:
103:
Approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures
2329:
2050:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. pp. 183–187.
1830:
South Appalachian Mississippian: A Definition and Introduction
5043:
3713:
3459:
2989:
2851:
1326:
1318:
1240:
1212:
1196:
1156:
1136:
811:
464:
381:
324:
2263:
5003:
1204:
485:(in present-day Illinois), the formation of other complex
463:
period way of life (500–1000). Different groups abandoned
150:
Valley (for which it is named). Cultures in the tributary
2158:
Prehistoric Man in Iowa. Palimpsest 8(6):185–229. (1927).
27:
Native American culture in the United States (800 - 1600)
1907:"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddoan Languages and Peoples"
340:
Widespread trade networks extending as far west as the
2252:
Indian Mounds of Mississippi, a National Park Service
321:, or other) were usually constructed atop such mounds.
146:
The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the
1261:
A map showing the de Soto route through the Southeast
571:, showing its platform mounds and encircling palisade
881:, which were all linked by their similar languages.
854:
The Caddoan people were speakers of one of the many
730:
defined in 1937 by the Midwestern Taxonomic System.
1901:
1899:
2144:. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, 1976.
1795:
1790:
1333:expedition, who built a base there in 1567 called
1000:
698:
174:A priest with a ceremonial flint mace and severed
158:explored the area), with notable exceptions being
1314:. Political structures collapsed in many places.
658:: A major Mississippian mound center in southern
5156:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
5117:
1896:
652:people around 1400 and lasted to around 1700 CE.
115:civilization that flourished in what is now the
5186:16th-century disestablishments in North America
4062:
363:or complex chiefdom level of social complexity.
5141:History of indigenous peoples of North America
1932:"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Mississippian World"
1302:unknowingly carried by the Europeans, such as
955:, Missouri. It is considered ancestral to the
4048:
2315:
2215:Southeastern Archaeology Center, archived at
2209:The Mississippian and Late Prehistoric Period
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1761:
2045:
1714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5181:8th-century establishments in North America
1469:"Mississippian Period Archaeological Sites"
884:
4055:
4041:
2322:
2308:
1995:
1368:List of burial mounds in the United States
974:period archaeological site located on the
4563:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1691:
1681:
1426:
1395:
1246:
1110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1015:
387:The adoption of the paraphernalia of the
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
5136:Archaeological cultures of North America
2240:Etowah Indian Mounds State Historic Site
2132:Towns and Temples along the Mississippi.
2130:Cheryl Anne Cox; and David H. Dye, eds;
1976:
1826:
1820:
1628:Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands
1591:
1548:
1373:Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park
1256:
919:. Good examples of this culture are the
894:
782:
779:Map of the Caddoan Mississippian culture
774:
764:
702:
563:
560:, the largest Mississippian culture site
552:
543:
524:
229:
210:
194:
184:
169:
98:
50:This article includes a list of general
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
520:
14:
5118:
1853:
1847:
1630:, University of Tennessee Press, 2001
1447:"Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi"
515:
459:–1200) had just transitioned from the
4036:
2303:
2183:. University of Alabama Press, 1994,
2163:Lost Cities of the Ancient Southeast.
2018:
1924:
1798:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun
1265:Scholars have studied the records of
366:The development of institutionalized
309:The construction of large, truncated
5176:Post-Archaic period in North America
1722:
1048:adding citations to reliable sources
1019:
694:visited by Hernando de Soto in 1542.
274:adding citations to reliable sources
245:
36:
5034:Norse colonization of North America
2094:, Spring 2004, accessed 26 Jun 2008
24:
2338:Mississippian and related cultures
2119:. Academic Press, New York, 1994.
1977:Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn (2010).
1957:"The Plaquemine Culture, A.D 1000"
1594:Journal of Archaeological Research
929:West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana
427:copper for ritual objects such as
380:, in which one major center (with
242:, U.S., 1400–1600, 8" (20 cm) high
165:
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5202:
2202:
2134:University of Alabama Press, 1990
1516:Journal of Archaeological Science
867:encountered several native groups
5151:Formative period in the Americas
2331:
2198:Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005.
1435:. Alabama Humanities Foundation.
1398:"Mississippian Period: Overview"
1024:
250:
41:
5054:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
3972:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2097:
2073:
2070:Bense pp. 256–257, 275–279
2064:
2039:
1970:
1784:
1755:
1641:
1378:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1035:needs additional citations for
1001:Known Mississippian settlements
927:for the culture and period) in
739:South Appalachian Mississippian
699:South Appalachian Mississippian
389:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
261:needs additional citations for
2354:Timeline of Mississippi valley
2261:Moundville Archaeological Park
1875:10.1179/2168472315Y.0000000001
1620:
1585:
1542:
1507:
1490:
1461:
1439:
1420:
1389:
903:The Plaquemine culture was an
399:) to the Gulf Coast, and from
13:
1:
5191:Pyramids in the United States
3554:Grand Village of the Illinois
2109:
771:Caddoan Mississippian culture
497:
475:
453:
438:
5019:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
4969:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3331:Grand Village of the Natchez
2254:Discover Our Shared Heritage
1854:Steere, Benjamin A. (2015).
990:Grand Village of the Natchez
537:region in an exhibit at the
7:
5171:Pre-Columbian civilizations
4403:Bandelier National Monument
4277:List of Mississippian sites
4064:Pre-Columbian North America
2349:List of Mississippian sites
2196:North American Archaeology.
1804:University of Georgia Press
1768:University of Alabama Press
1363:List of Mississippian sites
1356:
1007:List of Mississippian sites
539:Wisconsin Historical Museum
472:Middle Mississippian period
429:Mississippian copper plates
190:Mississippian copper plates
18:Early Mississippian culture
10:
5207:
4823:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4428:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4137:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
2161:O'Connor, Mallory McCane.
2048:The New History of Florida
1674:10.1038/s41598-021-92900-x
1253:Mississippian shatter zone
1250:
1004:
992:: The main village of the
888:
768:
719:South Appalachian Province
616:maximum southern moon rise
450:Early Mississippian period
419:The Mississippians had no
125:Southeastern United States
29:
5092:
5064:Three Sisters agriculture
4919:
4851:
4383:
4112:
4070:
3999:
3888:
3820:
3752:
3691:
3684:
3637:
3509:
3498:
3428:
3279:
3236:
3168:
2876:
2750:
2662:
2581:
2508:
2371:
2362:
2344:
1536:10.1016/j.jas.2011.03.004
1323:Morganton, North Carolina
636:: A chiefdom in southern
494:Late Mississippian period
4603:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4162:Buttermilk Creek complex
3266:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
2142:The Southeastern Indians
2079:Constance E. Richards, "
1863:Southeastern Archaeology
1502:Mississippi History Now.
1402:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1383:
972:Plaquemine Mississippian
885:Plaquemine Mississippian
820:Caddo Nation of Oklahoma
589:East St. Louis, Illinois
505:Ancestral Pueblo peoples
30:Not to be confused with
5146:Native American history
4803:Town Creek Indian Mound
4773:Sierra de San Francisco
4628:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3896:Ballgame (Southeastern)
3792:Long-nosed god maskette
3672:SunWatch Indian Village
3619:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3480:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
2289:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1606:10.1023/A:1022839329522
1433:Encyclopedia of Alabama
1059:"Mississippian culture"
721:was originally used by
624:ritual retainer burials
359:The development of the
71:more precise citations.
4458:Coso Rock Art District
4345:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4248:List of Hopewell sites
3647:Alligator Effigy Mound
3261:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3213:Leon-Jefferson culture
2609:Caborn-Welborn culture
2231:, Texas Beyond History
2092:American Archaeologist
1762:David Pollack (2004).
1429:"Mississippian Period"
1262:
1247:Contact with Europeans
1016:Related modern nations
905:archaeological culture
900:
791:
780:
759:Western North Carolina
714:
646:Caborn-Welborn culture
572:
561:
550:
541:
331:Shell-tempered pottery
243:
240:Cross County, Arkansas
227:
208:
199:Reconstruction of the
192:
182:
104:
32:Culture of Mississippi
5126:Mississippian culture
4866:Arlington Springs Man
4708:Portsmouth Earthworks
2376:and Upper Mississippi
2213:National Park Service
1743:National Park Service
1504:Retrieved 1 Oct 2013.
1498:"The Natchez Indians"
1260:
976:Natchez Trace Parkway
898:
849:social stratification
790:, in eastern Oklahoma
786:
778:
765:Caddoan Mississippian
728:Mississippian pattern
706:
567:
556:
547:
528:
233:
214:
198:
188:
180:repoussé copper plate
173:
109:Mississippian culture
102:
5074:Transoceanic contact
4964:Container Revolution
4538:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4503:Etowah Indian Mounds
3935:Earth/fertility cult
3639:Fort Ancient culture
2523:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2509:Lower Ohio River and
2495:Steed-Kisker culture
2277:Mississippian Period
2177:Pauketat, Timothy R.
2081:Contact and Conflict
1959:. Cedar Mesa Project
1626:Sullivan, Lynne P.,
1044:improve this article
980:Stanton, Mississippi
620:Rattlesnake Causeway
577:Middle Mississippian
521:Middle Mississippian
378:settlement hierarchy
376:The beginnings of a
270:improve this article
4994:Green Corn Ceremony
4808:Turkey River Mounds
4598:Lake Jackson Mounds
4418:Blue Spring Shelter
3940:Green Corn Ceremony
3500:Upper Mississippian
3450:Blue Spring Shelter
3170:Fort Walton culture
2624:Hovey Lake District
2272:Archaeological site
2222:Mississippian World
2103:Hudson pp. 334
1666:2021NatSR..1113829P
1528:2011JArSc..38.1727C
1473:About.com Education
1300:infectious diseases
806:, and northwestern
678:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
648:developed from the
516:Regional variations
313:pyramid mounds, or
5161:Great Lakes tribes
5079:Underwater panther
4753:Rosenstock Village
4623:Marmes Rockshelter
4608:L'Anse aux Meadows
4022:de Soto Expedition
3987:Underwater panther
3833:Central Algonquian
3544:Fisher Mound Group
3188:Apalachee Province
3155:Waddells Mill Pond
2282:2014-12-18 at the
2245:2005-12-15 at the
2227:2010-01-21 at the
2086:2009-06-24 at the
1792:Hudson, Charles M.
1551:American Antiquity
1396:Adam King (2002).
1329:colonizers of the
1288:Narváez expedition
1263:
911:Valley in western
901:
891:Plaquemine culture
792:
781:
715:
573:
562:
551:
542:
397:Aztalan State Park
352:, and east to the
244:
228:
209:
193:
183:
133:satellite villages
105:
5166:Mississippi River
5113:
5112:
5105:Pre-Columbian era
4906:Spirit Cave mummy
4703:Plum Bayou Mounds
4613:Lynch Quarry Site
4132:Ancient Beringian
4030:
4029:
3995:
3994:
3680:
3679:
3296:Atchafalaya Basin
3238:Pensacola culture
3203:Fort Walton Mound
3095:Punk Rock Shelter
3055:Mouse Creek phase
2878:South Appalachian
2872:
2871:
2751:Central and Lower
2692:Castalian Springs
2682:Brentwood Library
2582:Middle Ohio River
2435:Emerald Acropolis
2268:Chucalissa Museum
2189:978-0-8173-0728-8
2156:Keyes, Charles R.
2115:Bense, Judith A.
2057:978-0-8130-1415-9
2032:978-0-8122-0182-6
1988:978-0-8078-9933-5
1777:978-0-8173-5126-7
1223:(broad origins),
1120:
1119:
1112:
1094:
909:Mississippi River
856:Caddoan languages
832:Battle Mound Site
668:Paducah, Kentucky
614:and the symbolic
612:Cahokia Woodhenge
368:social inequality
302:
301:
294:
148:Mississippi River
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
5198:
5049:Projectile point
4886:Leanderthal Lady
4813:Upward Sun River
4788:Stallings Island
4778:Shell ring sites
4728:Recapture Canyon
4643:Moorehead Circle
4488:El Fin del Mundo
4473:Cueva de la Olla
4279:
4266:Maritime Archaic
4250:
4080:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4033:
3797:Mill Creek chert
3787:Duck River cache
3689:
3688:
3507:
3506:
3271:Pensacola people
3065:Muscogee (Creek)
2905:Bell Field Mound
2619:Hovey Lake-Klein
2573:Wickliffe Mounds
2548:Rowlandton Mound
2465:Lunsford-Pulcher
2369:
2368:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2256:Travel Itinerary
2217:Internet Archive
2104:
2101:
2095:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
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2037:
2036:
2016:
1993:
1992:
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1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1934:. Archived from
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1918:
1909:. Archived from
1903:
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1660:(13829): 13829.
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1540:
1539:
1522:(7): 1727–1736.
1511:
1505:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1475:. Archived from
1465:
1459:
1458:
1453:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1404:. Archived from
1393:
1267:Hernando de Soto
1115:
1108:
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1101:
1095:
1093:
1052:
1028:
1020:
735:James B. Griffin
502:
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319:burial buildings
297:
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286:
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176:sacrificial head
156:Hernando de Soto
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5199:
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5196:
5195:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5100:Genetic history
5088:
4942:Ceremonial pipe
4915:
4896:Minnesota Woman
4853:
4847:
4668:Ocmulgee Mounds
4648:Morrison Mounds
4593:Kolomoki Mounds
4583:Kimball Village
4443:Candelaria Cave
4385:
4379:
4360:Suwannee Valley
4295:Old Cordilleran
4275:
4246:
4114:
4108:
4074:
4066:
4061:
4031:
4026:
4012:Clarksdale bell
3991:
3977:Stone box grave
3918:Ceremonial pipe
3884:
3843:Mobilian Jargon
3816:
3748:
3676:
3633:
3501:
3494:
3431:
3424:
3282:
3275:
3232:
3164:
3110:Rucker's Bottom
2900:Beaverdam Creek
2880:
2868:
2752:
2746:
2707:Hiwassee Island
2664:
2658:
2649:Welborn Village
2577:
2538:Millstone Bluff
2511:Confluence area
2510:
2504:
2500:Sugarloaf Mound
2440:Emmons Cemetery
2375:
2373:American Bottom
2364:
2358:
2340:
2330:
2328:
2284:Wayback Machine
2247:Wayback Machine
2229:Wayback Machine
2205:
2138:Hudson, Charles
2112:
2107:
2102:
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2088:Wayback Machine
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1427:John H. Blitz.
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773:
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684:The Parkin site
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478:
456:
441:
348:, south to the
344:, north to the
342:Rocky Mountains
315:platform mounds
298:
287:
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267:
255:
221:Native American
219:of fifty-three
217:human sacrifice
168:
166:Cultural traits
152:Tennessee River
129:platform mounds
113:Native American
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5131:Mound Builders
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5024:Mound Builders
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5009:Medicine wheel
5006:
5001:
4999:Horned Serpent
4996:
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4755:
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4738:Roberts Island
4735:
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4725:
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4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4673:Old Stone Fort
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
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4645:
4640:
4638:Moaning Cavern
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
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4605:
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4595:
4590:
4588:Kincaid Mounds
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4468:Cuarenta Casas
4465:
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4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Bluefish Caves
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4384:Archaeological
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4380:
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4204:
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4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Caloosahatchee
4179:
4174:
4169:
4167:Caborn-Welborn
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4113:Archaeological
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4019:
4017:Mound Builders
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:Related topics
4000:
3997:
3996:
3993:
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3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:Village bundle
3957:
3952:
3950:Platform mound
3947:
3945:Horned Serpent
3942:
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3812:Stone statuary
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3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3599:Moccasin Bluff
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Gentleman Farm
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Carcajou Point
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Caddoan Mounds
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Dauphin Island
3248:
3242:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Bussell Island
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Beasley Mounds
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Kincaid Mounds
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2445:Horseshoe Lake
2442:
2437:
2432:
2430:Dickson Mounds
2427:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2237:
2235:Cahokia Mounds
2232:
2219:
2204:
2203:External links
2201:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2135:
2128:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2038:
2031:
1994:
1987:
1969:
1948:
1923:
1895:
1869:(3): 196–219.
1846:
1843:on 2012-03-14.
1819:
1812:
1783:
1776:
1770:. p. 24.
1754:
1721:
1640:
1619:
1584:
1541:
1506:
1496:Barnett, Jim.
1489:
1460:
1457:on 2010-01-15.
1438:
1419:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1347:Mound Builders
1248:
1245:
1153:Muscogee Creek
1118:
1117:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
994:Natchez people
987:
889:Main article:
886:
883:
836:Arkansas River
816:Caddo language
769:Main article:
766:
763:
708:Stone effigies
700:
697:
696:
695:
681:
671:
653:
631:
610:), astronomy (
593:stone statuary
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:Little Ice Age
490:
468:
440:
437:
421:writing system
417:
416:
385:
374:
371:
364:
357:
354:Atlantic Ocean
350:Gulf of Mexico
338:
328:
322:
300:
299:
282:September 2023
258:
256:
249:
167:
164:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5203:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Falcon dancer
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:Miscellaneous
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Melbourne Man
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4881:La Brea Woman
4879:
4877:
4876:Kennewick Man
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:Serpent Mound
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Pueblo Bonito
4716:
4714:
4713:Poverty Point
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Pinson Mounds
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Painted Bluff
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Horr's Island
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Effigy Mounds
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:Crystal River
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4375:Weeden Island
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Safety Harbor
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Poverty Point
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:Paleo-Indians
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4271:Mississippian
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4046:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:Sacred bundle
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3780:Wulfing cache
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:Copper plates
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Three Sisters
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Little barley
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Serpent Mound
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3629:Summer Island
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3432:Mississippian
3427:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3283:Mississippian
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Corbin–Tucker
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Roods Landing
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3045:Moccasin Bend
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Hoojah Branch
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2882:Mississippian
2879:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Menard-Hodges
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2742:Swallow Bluff
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2663:Tennessee and
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Marshall Site
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:Mississippian
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2269:
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2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:0-8130-1350-X
2168:
2164:
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2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:0-87049-248-9
2147:
2143:
2139:
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2126:
2125:0-12-089060-7
2122:
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2100:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2067:
2059:
2053:
2049:
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2034:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1952:
1938:on 2010-01-21
1937:
1933:
1927:
1913:on 2020-06-14
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1813:9780820318882
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1651:
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1637:
1636:1-57233-142-9
1633:
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1499:
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1479:on 2016-12-20
1478:
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1336:
1335:Fort San Juan
1332:
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1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
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1301:
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1071:
1068:
1064:
1061: –
1060:
1056:
1055:Find sources:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1033:This section
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1008:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
968:Emerald Mound
966:
965:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:Emerald Mound
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:in the lower
906:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
852:
850:
845:
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813:
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772:
762:
760:
754:
752:
748:
743:
740:
736:
731:
729:
724:
720:
713:
710:found at the
709:
705:
693:
689:
685:
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
665:
661:
657:
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651:
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643:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
602:
601:
600:
598:
597:elite pottery
594:
590:
585:
583:
578:
570:
566:
559:
555:
546:
540:
536:
532:
527:
510:
506:
495:
491:
488:
484:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:Late Woodland
451:
447:
446:
445:
436:
434:
430:
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422:
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402:
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326:
323:
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271:
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264:
259:This section
257:
253:
248:
247:
241:
237:
232:
226:
222:
218:
213:
206:
202:
197:
191:
187:
181:
178:, based on a
177:
172:
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161:
157:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
101:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5084:Water glyphs
5039:Oasisamerica
5029:N.A.G.P.R.A.
4989:Folsom point
4979:Effigy mound
4959:Clovis point
4927:Aridoamerica
4828:Wickiup Hill
4783:Spiro Mounds
4763:Salmon Ruins
4758:Russell Cave
4553:Helen Blazes
4548:Grimes Point
4528:Fort Juelson
4518:Fort Ancient
4493:El Vallecito
4453:Chaco Canyon
4393:Angel Mounds
4355:Steed-Kisker
4305:Paleo-Arctic
4270:
4227:Glacial Kame
4212:Fort Ancient
4104:Post-Classic
4075:
4007:Chevron bead
3913:Burial mound
3807:Shell gorget
3775:Spiro plates
3770:Rogan plates
3589:Knoll Spring
3564:Hartley Fort
3524:Beattie Park
3408:Transylvania
3246:Bottle Creek
3208:Lake Jackson
3090:Pisgah phase
3020:Little Egypt
2970:Garden Creek
2955:Dallas phase
2842:Tipton phase
2820:Nodena phase
2717:Mound Bottom
2702:Fewkes Group
2687:Brick Church
2589:Angel Mounds
2455:Kuhn Station
2450:John Chapman
2337:
2287:
2253:
2195:
2180:
2162:
2141:
2131:
2116:
2099:
2091:
2075:
2066:
2047:
2041:
2020:
1978:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1951:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:the original
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1886:. Retrieved
1866:
1862:
1849:
1838:the original
1829:
1822:
1797:
1786:
1763:
1757:
1746:. Retrieved
1710:cite journal
1657:
1653:
1643:
1627:
1622:
1600:(1): 45–89.
1597:
1593:
1587:
1557:(1): 39–66.
1554:
1550:
1544:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1472:
1463:
1455:the original
1450:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1401:
1391:
1351:Cyrus Thomas
1339:
1316:
1292:
1284:
1264:
1219:(possibly),
1203:(possibly),
1121:
1106:
1097:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1054:
1042:Please help
1037:verification
1034:
1010:
915:and eastern
902:
879:Natchitoches
864:
853:
824:
814:and related
793:
755:
744:
738:
732:
727:
723:W. H. Holmes
718:
716:
656:Kincaid site
634:Angel Mounds
586:
576:
574:
534:
533:site of the
493:
471:
449:
442:
418:
303:
288:
279:
268:Please help
263:verification
260:
145:
108:
106:
83:
77:October 2019
74:
55:
5069:Thunderbird
4937:Black drink
4901:Peñon woman
4838:Winterville
4818:Velda Mound
4798:Taos Pueblo
4693:Parkin Park
4678:Orwell site
4663:Nodena site
4558:Holly Bluff
4533:Four Mounds
4523:Fort Center
4448:Casa Grande
4398:Anzick site
4290:Monongahela
4217:Fort Walton
4192:Coles Creek
4157:Belle Glade
4142:Anishinaabe
3982:Thunderbird
3908:Black drink
3760:Emmons mask
3704:Chenopodium
3692:Agriculture
3614:Plum Island
3569:Hotel Plaza
3418:Winterville
3398:Scott Place
3336:Holly Bluff
3256:Fort Walton
3010:Lamar phase
2864:Walls phase
2760:Belle Meade
2753:Mississippi
2697:Dunbar Cave
2599:Annis Mound
2594:Angel phase
2568:Ware Mounds
2563:Twin Mounds
2413:Ramey state
2398:Monks Mound
986:at Cahokia.
984:Monks Mound
945:Holly Bluff
941:Winterville
921:Medora site
913:Mississippi
875:Kadohadacho
834:are in the
712:Etowah site
662:across the
650:Angel phase
501: 1400
479: 1200
457: 1000
346:Great Lakes
69:introducing
5120:Categories
5014:Metallurgy
4974:Eden point
4871:Buhl Woman
4743:Rock Eagle
4733:River Styx
4658:Mummy Cave
4653:Moundville
4633:Mesa Verde
4618:Marksville
4365:Tchefuncte
4325:Plaquemine
4261:Las Palmas
4177:Calf Creek
4172:Cades Pond
3719:Marshelder
3604:Oak Forest
3574:Hoxie Farm
3388:Pocahontas
3281:Plaquemine
3218:Letchworth
3150:Town Creek
3085:Park Mound
3050:Moundville
3035:Mandeville
3025:Long Swamp
2985:Jere Shine
2837:Quigualtam
2785:Chucalissa
2672:Backusburg
2665:Cumberland
2654:Yankeetown
2639:Slack Farm
2614:Ellerbusch
2518:Adams site
2425:Cloverdale
2110:References
1963:2013-10-02
1942:2010-02-04
1917:2010-02-04
1748:2011-06-16
1683:1805/29952
1483:2016-12-13
1331:Juan Pardo
1251:See also:
1100:April 2023
1070:newspapers
951:site near
931:, and the
798:, western
674:Moundville
664:Ohio River
642:Evansville
439:Chronology
433:metallurgy
236:Rose Mound
203:burial at
117:Midwestern
52:references
5059:Stickball
4748:Rock Hawk
4578:Key Marco
4370:Troyville
4350:St. Johns
4335:Red Ocher
4094:Formative
3848:Muskogean
3821:Languages
3734:Sunflower
3594:Mero site
3529:Blood Run
3183:Apalachee
3130:Summerour
3070:Nacoochee
2827:Owl Creek
2722:Riverview
2712:Link Farm
2604:Bone Bank
2558:Turk Site
2553:Towosahgy
2418:Woodhenge
1883:155444628
1614:195219118
1579:163856087
1353:in 1894.
1185:Missouria
1141:Chickasaw
1129:Apalachee
963:Peoples.
953:St. Louis
925:type site
917:Louisiana
840:Red River
808:Louisiana
733:In 1967,
717:The term
688:type site
582:palisades
575:The term
487:chiefdoms
425:annealing
393:Wisconsin
311:earthwork
223:women at
4947:Chanunpa
4932:Ballgame
4911:Vero man
4861:Anzick-1
4833:Windover
4793:SunWatch
4723:Rassawek
4543:Glenwood
4433:Brewster
4285:Mogollon
4256:La Jolla
4242:Hopewell
4202:Deptford
4115:cultures
3955:Red Horn
3923:Chanunpa
3901:Northern
3889:Religion
3870:Timucuan
3838:Cherokee
3624:Schwerdt
3584:Juntunen
3559:Griesmer
3502:cultures
3455:Bluffton
3341:Jaketown
3306:Fitzhugh
3160:Wilbanks
3140:Tomotley
3115:Savannah
3080:Ocmulgee
3060:Mulberry
2995:Joe Bell
2915:Biltmore
2910:Bessemer
2775:Campbell
2737:Old Town
2543:Orr-Herl
2480:Orendorf
2475:Mitchell
2408:Mound 72
2403:Mound 34
2388:Big Eddy
2280:Archived
2243:Archived
2225:Archived
2084:Archived
1794:(1997).
1702:34226591
1357:See also
1343:Cherokee
1312:nomadism
1308:smallpox
1296:immunity
1278:and the
1221:Seminole
1189:Mobilian
1165:Ho-Chunk
1161:Hitchiti
844:palisade
830:and the
800:Arkansas
796:Oklahoma
751:Ocmulgee
660:Illinois
628:Mound 72
618:aligned
608:Mound 34
549:burials.
409:Oklahoma
405:Arkansas
361:chiefdom
335:ceramics
141:Illinois
5096:Related
4954:Chunkey
4854:remains
4843:Wupatki
4683:Paquime
4573:Huápoca
4438:Cahokia
4408:Bastian
4315:Patayan
4237:Hohokam
4222:Fremont
4197:ComondĂş
4152:Baytown
4147:Avonlea
4127:Alachua
4099:Classic
4089:Archaic
4077:Periods
3930:Chunkey
3875:Tunican
3853:Natchez
3828:Caddoan
3802:Pottery
3753:Artwork
3744:Tobacco
3724:Pumpkin
3685:Culture
3539:Fifield
3470:Gahagan
3445:Belcher
3430:Caddoan
3413:Venable
3376:Natchez
3361:Mazique
3316:Fosters
3311:Flowery
3301:Emerald
3178:Anhaica
3135:Taskigi
3100:Rembert
3075:Nikwasi
3040:McMahan
3015:Liddell
2890:Adamson
2800:Janet's
2790:Denmark
2765:Boone's
2727:Sellars
2634:Prather
2393:Cahokia
2383:Aztalan
1693:8257696
1662:Bibcode
1654:Sci Rep
1571:3557032
1524:Bibcode
1327:Spanish
1321:, near
1304:measles
1233:Yamasee
1229:Tunicas
1225:Taensas
1193:Natchez
1149:Choctaw
1145:Catawba
1133:Arikara
1125:Alabama
1084:scholar
957:Natchez
949:Cahokia
871:Hasinai
737:coined
638:Indiana
622:), and
604:Cahokia
569:Kincaid
558:Cahokia
531:Aztalan
483:Cahokia
413:chunkey
401:Florida
225:Cahokia
205:Cahokia
201:Birdman
160:Natchez
137:Cahokia
121:Eastern
65:improve
4513:Folsom
4478:Cutler
4413:Benson
4300:Oneota
4232:Glades
4207:Folsom
4187:Clovis
4084:Lithic
3865:Siouan
3858:Taensa
3729:Squash
3652:Clover
3511:Oneota
3485:Keller
3475:Hughes
3440:Battle
3381:Taensa
3366:Medora
3356:Mangum
3351:Julice
3346:Jordan
3193:Cayson
3125:Sixtoe
3120:Shiloh
3030:Mabila
2965:Etowah
2945:Citico
2935:Chiaha
2930:Chauga
2847:Tunica
2832:Parkin
2815:Nodena
2810:Murphy
2780:Carson
2629:Murphy
2485:Sleeth
2470:McCune
2460:Larson
2363:Middle
2187:
2169:
2148:
2123:
2054:
2029:
1985:
1888:15 Dec
1881:
1810:
1774:
1700:
1690:
1634:
1612:
1577:
1569:
1412:15 Nov
1280:Casqui
1276:Pacaha
1239:, and
1237:Yazoos
1217:Quapaw
1209:Pawnee
1181:Koroas
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1057:
961:Taensa
877:, and
860:Pawnee
747:Etowah
692:Casqui
686:: The
535:Oneota
465:tribal
382:mounds
123:, and
111:was a
54:, but
5044:Piasa
4852:Human
4483:Eaker
4386:sites
4320:Plano
4122:Adena
3880:Yuchi
3714:Maize
3699:Beans
3657:Dodge
3609:Palos
3579:Huber
3519:Anker
3490:Spiro
3460:Caddo
3393:Routh
3326:Glass
3321:Ghost
3223:Velda
3145:Toqua
3005:Lamar
2990:Joara
2980:Irene
2950:Coosa
2940:Chota
2920:Blair
2895:Avery
2857:Yazoo
2852:Koroa
2795:Eaker
2732:Obion
2490:Starr
1879:S2CID
1859:(PDF)
1841:(PDF)
1834:(PDF)
1610:S2CID
1575:S2CID
1567:JSTOR
1384:Notes
1319:Joara
1241:Yuchi
1213:Ponca
1201:Osage
1197:Omaha
1177:Kansa
1169:Houma
1157:Guale
1137:Caddo
1091:JSTOR
1077:books
978:near
923:(the
828:Spiro
812:Caddo
804:Texas
788:Spiro
666:from
640:near
395:(see
325:Maize
5004:Kiva
3403:Sims
3371:Mott
3291:Anna
3000:King
2960:Dyar
2770:Boyd
2644:Tolu
2270:and
2185:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2027:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1890:2020
1808:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1716:link
1698:PMID
1632:ISBN
1414:2009
1306:and
1205:Otoe
1173:Iowa
1063:news
970:: A
959:and
943:and
933:Anna
838:and
749:and
595:and
492:The
470:The
448:The
407:and
107:The
4508:Eva
3228:Yon
2286:in
2090:",
1871:doi
1688:PMC
1678:hdl
1670:doi
1602:doi
1559:doi
1532:doi
1317:At
1298:to
1046:by
403:to
272:by
5122::
2211:,
2179:;
2140:;
1997:^
1898:^
1877:.
1867:34
1865:.
1861:.
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1766:.
1741:.
1724:^
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1708:{{
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1686:.
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