328:
71:
856:
2777:
activities. More precisely, its own package was established within the scope of the
Resilience Framework, the Trade Facilitation Programme and the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme etc. In 2020 alone, it has invested €11 billion as part of 411 projects which corresponds to a 10% raison compared to 2019. 72% of its investments were received by the private sector. Moreover, because of this specific context, the EBRD focused some of its operations in sectors other than green investment meaning that it only focused 29% of its investment in this domain (compared to 46% in 2019).
58:
245:
99:
613:
2426:
2606:
385:. The bank’s structure has changed over time, because of concerns about competition within the institution. In fact, in the beginning of the 90s, there were two different banking divisions (on one side, the merchant banking related to the private sector and on the other side the development banking side working mostly with the public sector). Consequently, the two divisions came to be merged into a single one, substituting this structure with another one instead dividing the bank with seven policy and country regional sub-divisions.
763:
823:
733:
946:
365:
agreement (for reasons relating to the situation in
Eastern Europe and to a wave of privatization across Europe) leading to its creation was signed on 29 May 1990 by actors such as 40 states as well as two European organizations and by March 1991 took its first effects as the bank was inaugurated. The creation of the EBRD has led to the financing of various projects in the years following its first operations, for instance there were twenty projects in 1992 in which the EBRD provided financing worth
2636:
2030:
1970:
2669:
352:. The reception of this proposition was mitigated depending on the country, for instance it received hostility from the British whereas the French were important proponents of the project and influenced the process. In January 1990, negotiations about the EBRD objectives, its lending policy regarding the public and private sectors, started and involved all the EU countries at the time, as well as various other European countries, non-European countries and representatives from the
1700:
2546:
3351:
2000:
2333:
2702:
2456:
1910:
1580:
1520:
673:
2213:
1760:
1730:
2303:
1880:
793:
2273:
2120:
1118:
2576:
2486:
1850:
1364:
1304:
1274:
886:
703:
583:
2150:
1940:
1640:
1181:
1036:
976:
643:
553:
523:
2516:
2243:
1610:
1490:
1394:
916:
2060:
1820:
1550:
1244:
1088:
1790:
1670:
1006:
1211:
2396:
2090:
2180:
1148:
1424:
3006:, EBRD has been operating since 1986, investing over €2 billion in over 200 projects. More than 90% of these investments have been made in private enterprises. The bank's key areas of investment include the financial sector, SMEs, and sustainable infrastructure. They invest, engage in policy-making, and offer technical assistance in order to encourage these areas locally. The EBRD invests around €150 million in
2363:
1457:
1334:
2999:
transition has taken place within the EBRD and has impacted the activities of the bank. Furthermore, the concept of transition was reviewed in 2015. In fact, it led to the idea that the ideal market economy is made of a greatly competitive, resilient and integrated market and is complemented by a good governance system conducted by a well-functioning state which has to be environmental friendly and inclusive.
5367:
2759:
authorities aren't majority shareholders. Public banks were particularly involved in the economic transition of the former Soviet
Republics and Central and Eastern European countries as private banks and other sources of financing didn't want to invest for reasons such as those countries’ macroeconomic difficulties as well as political reasons regarding the country’s stability for instance.
3279:
hypermarket chain. Two
Russian projects were awaiting funding from the EBRD: a €300 million plan for promoting energy efficiency, and a $ 180 million loan to lease agricultural and forestry equipment. The bank stated that it will continue to manage ongoing projects in Russia. Despite denying Russia new funds, the EBRD continues to insist on its 6.1% of ownership in the
2931:, to dedicate above 40 per cent of its financing to green investment by 2020. This goal was accomplished for the first time in 2017. With Russia actually being the biggest donor to an NDEP Support Fund for the environments inside the bank, with total contributions amounting to €60 million. €5 million was donated by Russia in the same year of 2015.
344:
time. Furthermore, its recipient countries had to ensure that they would work towards "multi-party democracy and political pluralism" in which was considered as one of the main particularity of the EBRD distinguishing the latter from other financial institutions. Firstly, notably advocated by
European political actors such as the French President
2967:
EBRD has managed to involve other actors such as businesses and
Chambers of Commerce among others. Moreover, a regional forum on commercial mediation was established by the bank as part of its work, which has managed to involve various representatives from countries in Europe and Asia, such as judges and experts for instance.
3257:
Even though, its major objectives is to push for democracy and respect of human rights, the EBRD has been accused of not working towards those goals by not applying enough pressure and even "holding its annual meetings in dictator-run countries". Furthermore, reports have highlighted the fact that an
3121:
According to an economist named Branko
Milanović, the analysis of global distribution of incomes has shown that the positive globalisation impact has mainly favoured the super-rich part of the population, thus deepening the inequalities of wealth concentration within the population. Furthermore, this
3067:
Linked to its objective of contributing to political transformation in the EBRD's country targets in which projects are financed, this institution contributes to political transformation in these same states. From the beginning of the negotiations that led to the creation of the EBRD, the question of
424:
The EBRD is composed of many members with voting powers, from
European and non-European states to the membership of other institutions such as the European Investment Bank, however depending on the geographical location of each member, voting rights differ. More precisely, European and other creditor
3244:
with an A3 express road, which would have required certain zones of protection in the national park to be downgraded. Scientists from North
Macedonia and across the world signed a declaration in opposition to this and other projects proposed for the Ohrid-Prespa region, a message that was reinforced
2776:
More recently, since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, public banks have had their influence and role increased as they have become important actors of the economic recovery response. As for the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it has committed €21 billion between 2020 and 2021 of
2966:
in Europe, for instance in Moldova in 2013 and even in the Central Asian region (most notably in countries such as the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan for instance) by intervening as a third party in commercial disputes which has become one of its major areas of activities. As a mediating actor, the
3071:
The EBRD is devoted to strengthen its approach to human-rights and also to gender-based issues. For instance, it posted a 14.8 percent year-on-year increase in the number of projects it supports that promote gender inclusion. Moreover, the EBRD established a cross-departmental Human Rights Working
2989:
Since the 90s, recipients of EBRD financing have diversified, in fact, from mainly targeting EEC countries, the bank has moved to the Asian continent and increasingly focused on other countries such as China. More generally, Suma Chakrabarti, the EBRD president from 2012 to 2020, has pushed in the
2767:
In the context of the EU’s investment banking, the EBRD and the EIB have been involved in a rivalry regarding the status of the “EU’s premier development bank”. Major criticism about the EBRD in this situation is related to the fact that non-EU countries are also important shareholders whereas the
3141:
Inequality of the lending : most projects were related to the Visegrad countries that were the ones with the most developed private sectors meaning that the ERBD was underinvesting in the countries that were the most supposed to receive its participation. For instance, those countries (Czech
3125:
In contrast to the highlighted inclusion objective, concerns regarding inclusion, which notably involves gender equality, have been rather absent from the bank's attributions until recently. For instance, a Strategic Gender Initiative was validated by the EBRD President in 2013 as well as various
343:
by investing in the private sector, mainly banks, industries and businesses, and by promoting policies that would favor them. It was created as a result of the end of the Cold War because of particular issues regarding the international system in place, the historical and political context at the
364:
was represented by its own delegation in the process and thus participated in the negotiations as well as the USA. Later on, because of dissensions on the political and economic objectives of the institution, the inclusion of the Soviet Union was threatened. Considered as short negotiations, the
2944:
Not only involving the European institutions, the EBRD financed projects also implicate private actors such as firms as well as foreign investors in the process. As part of its lending policies, the EBRD mostly lends capital to the private sector as lending to the public sector is capped at 40%
2835:
The EBRD is unique among development banks for two reasons. First, it was the first multilateral development bank to have an explicit environmental mandate in its charter (since 1995), and second, in that it will not finance thermal coal mining and coal-fired electricity generation due to their
2998:
Since the 2000s, the focus has shifted towards the issue over sustainable market economies, notably in the context of the financial crisis of 2007 which harshly impacted population and their trust in financial institutions, democracy and free market. As a result, a rethinking of the concept of
2975:
It is notable that one of the main objectives of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development was to become a link between the European Union, its institutions and the countries it would focus on. As the recipients were previously centrally planned economies, the ERBD centered through
2817:
According to the EBRD, the bank provides different direct financial instruments such as loans, equity investments and guarantees. It also works on the assistance of SMEs through the intermediary of other banks or investment and venture capital funds which are linked to the EBRD’s investments.
291:
it expanded to support development in more than 30 countries from Central Europe to Central Asia. Similar to other multilateral development banks, the EBRD has members from all over the world (North America, Africa, Asia and Australia, see below), with the biggest single shareholder being the
3018:
Gradually, climate change and sustainable development became the focus point of the European Union, then consequently found its importance as one of the main challenges that the EBRD has to tackle. It became linked to the objective of forming sustainable market economies. In 2021, Anastassia
2990:
beginning of the 2010s for modernizing the bank. Reforms encompassed the bank's structure in itself, for instance by changing the management team, and its processes (for instance about policy dialogue or methodology regarding the concept of transition) in order for them to be more efficient.
2980:
on working with the private sector, which was the principal target of central planning. Focusing on the integration and modernisation process, as part of its projects, the EBRD has notably invested in important sectors such as telecommunications in the Central and Eastern European countries.
2826:
Each project is analysed, first by the EBRD management with the negotiations and the subsequent signing of a mandate letter drafting the important information about the project plan, the expected expenses as well as the responsibilities. Secondly, the project is to be finally reviewed by the
2758:
The EBRD is a public bank, meaning that public institutions such as states are shareholders in those institutions. More precisely, public financial institutions are controlled major predominantly by public authorities (more than 50%) whereas in institutions with public participations, public
3278:
has been the biggest funding recipient of all countries. In 2013, the Russian Federation received €1.8 billion for investments from the EBRD and 1 billion € from the EIB. Russia employed the funds to finance a variety of projects like pipeline valves, property acquisitions, and a loan to a
3039:
and other activities related to environmental issues in 2020. Moreover, the EBRD signed up to the Sustainable Blue Economy Finance Principles which represent the world’s first global guiding framework for banks, insurers, and investors to invest in the ocean economy in a sustainable way.
49:
4936:"UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Document – Report of the joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS/IUCN Reactive Monitoring mission to the World Heritage property Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), 9 – 14 April 2017"
2827:
management. Later on, it is submitted to the Board of Directors for approval. After being signed for both parties, it becomes legally binding. It leads to the transfer of funds from the EBRD to the client which will in the future start to repay the bank’s loan.
3790:
3209:
and road infrastructure. Indeed, a 2017 report alleged deficiencies in monitoring and mitigation measures that had been designed to lessen the environmental impact of dam projects financed by the EBRD, while, in March 2018, outdoor clothing label
3323:
to charm European governments, its most important oil and gas clients". The EEC BankWatch warns that "Developing Shah Deniz stage 2 and the Southern Gas Corridor is likely to cement further the oppressive structures of the Aliyev government".
3258:
important part of the loans provided by the EBRD go to countries with authoritarian leaders as of the beginning of 2022, including states such as Belarus or Egypt among others, and this despite its major objective of promoting democracy.
3080:
The EBRD provided €802 million of support under the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme launched in April 2020, an emergency support programme for infrastructure providers which is part of its overall Solidarity Package response to
3405:, the Board of Governors of EBRD suspended access to the bank's resources by both Russian and Belarusian entities, and closed the bank's offices in both capitals Moscow and Minsk, but both countries are still legitimate shareholders.
3117:
There have been criticism regarding potential conflict of interest as it appeared that instead of focusing on public interests, some bankers' operations were influenced by their clients' needs, contrary to the objective of the EBRD.
3999:
495:. Institutions like the European Union and the EIB also participate in the bank operations. Since its foundation the EBRD has almost doubled in membership size. The latest accessions to the bank are countries located in Africa.
381:, and field offices located elsewhere, the European Bank for reconstruction and development is made of a three-tier structure composed of firstly, the president and the staff, secondly the Board of Governors and finally the
490:
To become a member of the bank, a country needs to fit the EBRD's Articles of Agreement. These Articles stipulate that a country can only become a Member State if it is a state in Europe or a non-European member of the
2953:
As a neoliberal institution, the EBRD participates in policy debates by publishing macroeconomic analysis as well as economic forecasts that are used by both governments and international financial institutions.
425:
members hold a majority voting power. At its beginning, the EBRD was owned by more than 40 members, in 2015 the number of countries owning it was 61. and as of March 2022, there were 71 countries as owners.
401:
The Board of Directors consists of 23 members elected by the Board of Governors. These members can not be on the Board of Governors. Its function is to direct the general operations of the bank, notably:
3229:. The Standing Committee of the Bern Convention requested immediate suspension of the project, with reference to the high biodiversity of the area and its importance as a core reproductive area for the
3245:
by a Joint Reactive Monitoring Mission from the World Heritage Centre, ICOMOS and the IUCN, which requested total cancellation of proposed A3 road sections. This recommendation was underlined by the
3205:
have attracted particular controversy and criticism, especially when they have centered on national parks or free-flowing rivers. This has often involved the completed or proposed construction of
5631:
5428:
3249:
at its 41st session in Kraków. Eventually, in February 2018, the Republic of North Macedonia abandoned plans for the road, redirecting the EBRD's funds to other infrastructure projects.
3122:
uneven concentration is notably visible in the countries benefiting from the EBRD activities. This has led to a reflection over the idea of winners and losers regarding globalisation.
5371:
3010:
every year. Its partner financial institutions lend approximately €100 million to local SMEs through a variety of programs that promote trade, green energy, and financial access.
4241:
Mahmood, M., & Orazalin, N. (2017). Green governance and sustainability reporting in Kazakhstan's oil, gas, and mining sector: Evidence from a former USSR emerging economy.
3019:
Obydenkova research has indicated that positive evolutions have been made, for instance that carbon emission from some of the states benefiting from EBRD loans have decreased.
4000:"The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: An Environmental Progress Report, Executive Summary (A CIEL Critique of EBRD's Environmental Policies) (November, 1995)"
5529:
2790:
According to the EBRD 2020 Sustainability Report, donors provided €589 million to support EBRD activities, taking the form of grants, loans and risk-mitigating instruments.
5421:
3035:
The EBRD agreed a new green economy approach for 2021–2025 and adopted a target of becoming a majority green bank by 2025. It invested €3.2 billion in climate mitigation,
5264:
4692:
2768:
EIB is completely owned by the EU. More recently, another source of rivalry was about becoming the new “European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank (ECSDB).
5414:
3609:"Shields, S. (2015). The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the lessons from Eastern Central Europe for Middle East/North African Transition"
4721:
5550:
4155:
4119:
5636:
5606:
5076:
468:
149:
3154:
have criticized the EBRD for financing projects they consider to be environmentally and socially harmful. Although it has increased its investments into
4191:
3233:, one of the most endangered mammals on the planet. In January 2017, the bank cancelled the loan saying the "conditions for disbursement were not met."
2839:
The following table shows the development of investment volume into the Green Economy Transition (GET) approach, in support of the Paris climate goals.
5616:
5246:
3114:
In the 90s, the start of the EBRD actions have been considered as slow as the amount of money loaned was rather modest compared to what was available.
4860:
327:
5152:
4524:
4416:
4363:
3534:
3166:
development such as coal, oil and gas production, transportation and generation, motorways, and airports. Among the contested projects are the
4668:
3218:
campaign, which directly requests international banks including the EBRD to "stop investing in the destruction of Europe's last wild rivers".
5010:
4035:
3812:
3241:
5601:
5596:
4884:
4057:
3085:
adopted on 13 March 2020. The package delivered emergency liquidity and the EBRD invested more than €10 billion, both in 2019 and 2020.
5626:
4216:
3129:
NGOs have criticised the EBRD on the lack of progress the EBRD makes in its main mission, the “transition towards open and democratic
5044:
3316:
5093:
4794:
4590:
3925:
3266:
The EBRD announced on 23 July 2014 that it would suspend new investment projects in Russia, following an earlier declaration by the
5397:
Central and Eastern European Bankwatch network of civil society groups monitoring and lobbying on public Bank projects and policies
4909:
308:
since October 2021. Despite its public sector shareholders, it invests in private enterprises, together with commercial partners.
5611:
3901:
3730:
3327:
The EBRD has invested over 3 billion euros ($ 3.5 billion) in 177 projects in Azerbaijan. The EBRD approved three loans for the
5621:
5591:
4700:
5128:
4500:
4435:"The impact of new actors in global environmental politics: the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development meets China"
4392:
4339:
3510:
4642:
4331:
International organizations and the promotion of effective dispute resolution : AIIB Yearbook of International Law 2019
5503:
5472:
5171:
4083:
3632:
3236:
Again in North Macedonia, the EBRD was criticised by environmentalists after plans were announced to bisect National Park
3284:
269:
85:
5220:
3271:
316:
35:
5289:"Pipedreams: Public subsidies for Lukoil in Azerbaijan (report by Bankwatch Network, Jan. 2015) by Both ENDS – Issuu"
3844:
3752:
3426:
3555:"Economic Transition in Latin American and Post-Communist Countries: A Comparison of Multilateral Development Banks"
3068:
democracy and human rights were included in the matter discussed. Those issues are clearly stated in the agreement.
5437:
5247:"Harassed, Imprisoned, Exiled: Azerbaijan's Continuing Crackdown on Government Critics, Lawyers, and Civil Society"
3402:
5391:
4144:
4108:
3226:
3162:
in recent years, these NGOs consider the bank continues to diminish the impacts of green investments by financing
5534:
5338:
5069:
3364:
4492:
Transforming markets : a development bank for the 21st century : a history of the EBRD : Volume 2
409:
In accordance with the Board of Governors, establishing policies and making other decisions, loans, investments;
4180:
3474:
5555:
3308:
348:
in 1989, the idea of creating this financial institution involving the European countries started before the
4823:"Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Standing Committee, 35th Meeting"
3332:
315:(EIB), which is owned by EU member states and is used to support EU policy. EBRD is also distinct from the
3975:
3222:
2802:
492:
173:
161:
5524:
5288:
5156:
4367:
3312:
340:
70:
57:
5477:
4434:
3036:
3142:
Republic, Hungary, Poland) were involved in 46% of the projects signed during the 1991–1993 period.
5560:
5498:
5451:
3246:
2794:
1063:
357:
312:
31:
5019:
4026:
3821:
3791:"New approaches to economic development: the World Bank, the EBRD, and the negative pledge clause"
3502:
International financial institutions and their challenges : a global guide for future methods
98:
5406:
3374:
3336:
3331:(US$ 200 million, US$ 250 million and US$ 100 million) as well as a US$ 500 million loan for the
349:
5386:
5195:
3716:
438:
5508:
5467:
4746:
768:
366:
3554:
2939:
345:
3296:
3280:
473:
154:
4565:"EBRD invested over €2 billion in over 200 projects during 30 years of operation in Armenia"
5565:
3864:
The rise of public development banks in the European financial architecture for development
3608:
3328:
3211:
2611:
17:
5265:"'Azerbaijan is turning into a dictatorship – we shouldn't fall for its caviar diplomacy'"
5048:
3315:
and activists and journalists are regularly arrested on false charges and imprisoned. The
8:
4259:
3951:
3702:
3570:
3183:
3155:
1369:
4643:"The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: An Environmental Progress Report"
3319:(FIDH) wrote in 2015, that "for more than a decade Azerbaijan has made shameless use of
5146:
4518:
4462:
4410:
4357:
4311:
3660:
3582:
3528:
3369:
3163:
3159:
3007:
2977:
2806:
382:
336:
244:
4770:
4538:
3845:"The End of the Battle of the European Banks? "Status Quo Plus" Emerges as the Winner"
3717:"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Shareholders and Board of Governors"
393:
Representatives from each member state compose this board, they have authority power.
5134:
5124:
4506:
4496:
4466:
4454:
4398:
4388:
4345:
4335:
4315:
4303:
4282:"The EBRD, fail forward neoliberalism and the construction of the European periphery"
3664:
3652:
3586:
3574:
3516:
3506:
3098:
1186:
5570:
5045:"EBRD statement on operational approach in Russia [EBRD – News and events]"
4446:
4293:
3644:
3566:
3320:
3267:
3206:
3175:
462:
210:
4450:
3167:
4646:
4433:
Obydenkova, Anastassia; Rodrigues Vieira, Vinícius G.; Tosun, Jale (2021-08-17).
3044:
2928:
2035:
273:
260:
132:
4836:
444:
5313:
4564:
3130:
2798:
2641:
1093:
951:
432:
353:
301:
281:
168:
5094:"EU poised to cut funding to Russia and widen sanctions over Ukraine conflict"
4935:
4861:"Destructive hydropower project in Macedonia loses its only source of funding"
4669:"Reviewing the evidence: how well does the European Development Fund perform?"
4510:
4402:
4349:
3877:
3648:
3449:
5585:
5138:
4458:
4307:
4298:
4281:
3656:
3578:
3520:
2674:
1705:
450:
296:, but only lends regionally in its countries of operations. Headquartered in
293:
5172:"In Azerbaijan, EU focuses on energy instead of democracy | DW | 08.10.2013"
4960:
4910:"DECLARATION ON PRESERVING THE WORLD NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE OF OHRID"
3774:
Schmit, Mathias; Gheeraert, Laurent; Denuit, Thierry; Warny, Cédric (2011).
4722:"Major banks put up nearly €1bn for controversial Balkan dams, says report"
4490:
4382:
4329:
3356:
3304:
2962:
More recently, other than its original lending role, the EBRD has played a
2940:
Collaboration of the bank with the European institutions and private actors
2551:
456:
361:
288:
63:
5118:
3500:
428:
The following presidents have served the EBRD to date (as of March 2022).
415:
Submit yearly for approval the audited accounts to the Board of Governors.
335:
Located in London, the EBRD was intended at its beginning to focus on the
3230:
2431:
2338:
2005:
1975:
4693:"HEP and EBRD cancel loan agreement for Ombla power plant – Daily – tp…"
3237:
4885:"Macedonia: EBRD's planned destruction of Lake Ohrid Biosphere Reserve"
4795:"Macedonia's ELEM invites bids for Boskov Most HPP construction – EBRD"
3300:
3179:
2707:
2461:
2218:
1915:
1765:
1585:
1525:
678:
331:
175 Bishopsgate in London, the EBRD's head office between 1992 and 2022
277:
186:
5314:"EBRD invested $ 3.5bn in 177 projects in Azerbaijan [PHOTO]"
4985:
2963:
1735:
618:
5196:"EBRD board approves $ 500 mln loan for TANAP gas pipeline project"
4058:"EBRD puts decarbonisation at centre of new energy sector strategy"
3190:
3082:
2308:
2278:
2125:
1885:
798:
5436:
3678:
3270:. The European Council declaration was made in the context of the
265:
Banque européenne pour la reconstruction et le développement, BERD
95:
international governmental or non-governmental organizations
4217:"EBRD delivers record positive impact across its regions in 2019"
3633:"Origins of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development"
3202:
3186:
3171:
3056:
3055:(elimination of plastics in single-use hygiene products), and in
3003:
2581:
2491:
2155:
1945:
1855:
1645:
1309:
1279:
1216:
1123:
1041:
981:
891:
738:
708:
648:
588:
558:
528:
305:
5120:
The unwinding of the globalist dream : EU, Russia and China
4822:
4027:"Development bank halts coal financing to combat climate change"
48:
5632:
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development joint ventures
5366:
4432:
3275:
3052:
3048:
2521:
2401:
2248:
2185:
2095:
2065:
1825:
1615:
1555:
1495:
1399:
1249:
1153:
921:
828:
378:
297:
128:
5401:
4618:
3902:"EBRD reports record 2020 investment in response to Covid-19"
3379:
3094:
2368:
1795:
1675:
1462:
1429:
1339:
1011:
861:
337:
switch from centrally planned economy to market based economy
198:
4384:
After the Berlin Wall : a History of the EBRD, Volume 1
3013:
5396:
3731:"EBRD moves forward with action against Russia and Belarus"
3299:, European countries and companies support gas export from
3221:
In 2011, the EBRD approved a €65 million loan to ELEM, the
2793:
The EBRD funds come mainly from bilateral donors, from the
27:
Financial institution which supports more than 30 countries
3773:
3043:
The EBRD also aims to support the corporate transition to
2970:
5530:
CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean
4619:"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)"
3703:"European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)"
3151:
3059:(green supermarkets); and support green infrastructures.
2771:
3072:
Group and has developed internal human rights guidance.
235:
5379:
4543:
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
3559:
International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
3303:
and contribute to finance Azerbaijan's government. The
3126:
projects involving gender equality related objectives.
3062:
5551:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
4084:"The EBRD's Energy Strategy and the switch from coal"
5070:"European Council conclusions on external relations"
3346:
74:
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development map
5221:"Azerbaijan: Bank Chief Should Raise Rights Issues"
4986:"Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region"
3252:
3145:
3022:
5039:
5037:
5018:
4025:
3878:"The EBRD and the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic"
3820:
3778:. Bruxelles: European Association of Public Banks.
3290:
4837:"EBRD statement on Boskov Most hydro power plant"
4747:"Europe's Last Wild River Is About to Get Dammed"
3397:
3395:
3335:(TANAP), and stated its financial support to the
287:Initially focused on the countries of the former
272:founded in 1991. As a multilateral developmental
5583:
5494:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5372:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
4613:
4611:
3427:"EBRD moves London headquarters to Canary Wharf"
3261:
3093:The EBRD has signed partnership agreements with
255:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
42:European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5034:
3849:Center for Global Development | Ideas to Action
3813:"Clash intensifies over EU's development banks"
3753:"EBRD to close its offices in Moscow and Minsk"
2993:
2830:
5438:International development and investment banks
5169:
3392:
5422:
4608:
5392:US Commercial Service Liaison office to EBRD
5008:
3553:Barria, Lilian A.; Roper, Steven D. (2003).
3444:
3442:
3440:
3242:Ohrid-Prespa Transboundary Biosphere Reserve
3136:
2762:
377:Divided between its headquarters located in
300:, the EBRD is owned by 71 countries and two
5637:International organisations based in London
5607:International organizations based in Europe
3552:
412:Prepare the work of the Board of Governors;
304:institutions, the newest shareholder being
5429:
5415:
5151:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4523:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4488:
4415:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4380:
4362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4173:
4137:
4101:
3533:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2821:
243:
97:
56:
5617:Organisations based in the City of London
5269:International Federation for Human Rights
5009:Pitel, Laura; Fleming, Sam (2022-01-30).
4297:
3437:
3317:International Federation for Human Rights
3088:
3014:Related to environment and climate change
4334:. Peter Quayle, Xuan Gao. Leiden. 2019.
4286:The Economic and Labour Relations Review
4209:
3498:
326:
311:The EBRD is not to be confused with the
69:
4279:
3788:
3776:Public Financial Institutions in Europe
3606:
3339:(TAP) could amount to EUR 1.2 billion.
3283:, seeking profits from Russia with the
2984:
2971:The initial focus on transition economy
2812:
14:
5584:
5123:. Steven Rosefielde. Singapore. 2018.
5011:"Does the EBRD still finance freedom?"
2772:Public banks and the COVID-19 pandemic
341:Central and Eastern European countries
322:
5410:
5244:
4817:
4815:
4666:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4428:
4426:
3861:
3842:
3630:
396:
388:
5504:Black Sea Trade and Development Bank
5473:Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
3626:
3624:
3622:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3075:
3063:Political and human rights standards
3843:Gavas, Mikaela (February 9, 2021).
3613:Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies
3285:privatisation of the Soviet economy
270:international financial institution
86:International financial institution
24:
5602:International finance institutions
5597:International banking institutions
4983:
4958:
4933:
4812:
4539:"EBRD activity in Armenia to date"
4473:
4423:
3571:10.1023/B:IJPS.0000031235.74193.a4
3272:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
3225:electricity utility, for a dam at
317:Council of Europe Development Bank
36:Council of Europe Development Bank
25:
5648:
5627:Organizations established in 1991
5359:
4591:"EBRD Sustainability Report 2020"
3679:"EBRD: staff, structure, history"
3619:
3593:
3541:
3485:
3109:
2753:
5365:
5082:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3976:"How EBRD projects are financed"
3403:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
3349:
3253:Regarding the targeted countries
3146:Environmentally harmful projects
3023:EBRD key achievements since 2020
2700:
2667:
2634:
2604:
2574:
2544:
2514:
2484:
2454:
2424:
2394:
2361:
2331:
2301:
2271:
2241:
2211:
2178:
2148:
2118:
2088:
2058:
2028:
1998:
1968:
1938:
1908:
1878:
1848:
1818:
1788:
1758:
1728:
1698:
1668:
1638:
1608:
1578:
1548:
1518:
1488:
1455:
1422:
1392:
1362:
1332:
1302:
1272:
1242:
1209:
1179:
1146:
1116:
1086:
1034:
1004:
974:
944:
914:
884:
854:
821:
791:
761:
731:
701:
671:
641:
611:
581:
551:
521:
47:
5535:Inter-American Development Bank
5331:
5306:
5281:
5257:
5238:
5213:
5188:
5163:
5111:
5086:
5062:
5002:
4984:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
4977:
4959:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
4952:
4934:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
4927:
4902:
4877:
4853:
4829:
4787:
4763:
4739:
4714:
4685:
4660:
4635:
4583:
4557:
4531:
4374:
4322:
4273:
4252:
4235:
4197:from the original on 2022-10-09
4161:from the original on 2022-10-09
4125:from the original on 2022-10-09
4076:
4050:
4038:from the original on 2022-12-10
4018:
3992:
3968:
3944:
3918:
3894:
3870:
3855:
3836:
3805:
3782:
3767:
3745:
3723:
3709:
3365:Development Finance Institution
3311:and watchdogs organizations as
3291:Azerbaijan's oil and gas sector
2927:The EBRD had pledged, prior to
498:
441:: September 1993 – January 1998
5612:Multilateral development banks
5170:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche.
3695:
3671:
3467:
3419:
3196:
3030:
2948:
13:
1:
5622:1991 establishments in Europe
5592:Finance in the European Union
5556:International Investment Bank
4667:Gavas, Mikaela (2014-06-27).
4451:10.1080/14631377.2021.1954825
4280:Shields, Stuart (June 2020).
4243:Journal of cleaner Production
3412:
3307:regime is considered by many
3262:2014 sanctions against Russia
3201:The EBRD's activities in the
3051:(EV battery performance), in
2934:
485:
447:: September 1998 – April 2000
372:
5245:Gogia, Giorgi (2016-10-20).
5047:. 2014-07-29. Archived from
4990:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4965:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4940:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4699:. 2013-07-10. Archived from
4645:. 2006-08-25. Archived from
3926:"EBRD Sustainability Report"
3819:. 2019-11-25. Archived from
3450:"EBRD Financial Report 2022"
3333:Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline
3104:
2994:Sustainable market economies
2957:
2831:Environmental sustainability
2780:
419:
68:EBRD head office since 2022
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
4489:Kilpatrick, Andrew (2021).
4381:Kilpatrick, Andrew (2020).
3789:Hurlock, Matthew H (1994).
3499:Lessambo, Felix I. (2015).
3342:
2803:Global Environment Facility
112:; 33 years ago
10:
5653:
5525:Caribbean Development Bank
4387:. Project MUSE. New York.
3637:International Organization
29:
5543:
5517:
5486:
5478:Eurasian Development Bank
5460:
5444:
4961:"41 COM 7B.34 – Decision"
3866:. Elcano Royal Institute.
3649:10.1017/S0020818300000801
3475:"EBRD Annual Report 2016"
3137:Regarding its investments
2785:
2763:Relationship with the EIB
230:
220:
208:
196:
184:
140:
124:
106:
91:
81:
55:
46:
5561:Islamic Development Bank
5499:European Investment Bank
5452:African Development Bank
4439:Post-Communist Economies
4299:10.1177/1035304620916652
3862:Bilal, Sanoussi (2021).
3607:Shields, Stuart (2015).
3385:
3247:World Heritage Committee
2795:Climate Investment Funds
1064:European Investment Bank
435:: April 1991 – June 1993
358:European Investment Bank
313:European Investment Bank
32:European Investment Bank
5387:Bank Information Center
5339:"Southern Gas Corridor"
3375:Sustainable development
3337:Trans Adriatic Pipeline
2822:Steps leading to a loan
465:: July 2012 – July 2020
459:: July 2008 – July 2012
453:: July 2000 – July 2008
350:fall of the Berlin Wall
5509:Nordic Investment Bank
5468:Asian Development Bank
4771:"Blue Heart of Europe"
3952:"EBRD project finance"
3631:Weber, Steven (1994).
3089:Partnerships with NGOs
2836:environmental impact.
769:Bosnia and Herzegovina
332:
204:€ 71.63 billion (2022)
75:
5155:) CS1 maint: others (
4366:) CS1 maint: others (
3505:. New York City, NY.
3297:Southern Gas Corridor
3281:Moscow Stock Exchange
515:capital subscription
330:
216:€19.33 billion (2022)
73:
5566:New Development Bank
5374:at Wikimedia Commons
4775:Blue Heart of Europe
4181:"Annual Review 2018"
4145:"Annual Review 2017"
4109:"Annual Report 2016"
4034:. 12 December 2018.
3329:Shah Deniz gas field
2985:To modern challenges
2929:2015 Paris Agreement
2813:Financial operations
2612:United Arab Emirates
439:Jacques de Larosière
192:€−1.1 billion (2022)
3401:In response to the
505:
406:Approve the budget;
323:History of the EBRD
280:as a tool to build
222:Number of employees
62:One Bank Street in
43:
5251:Human Rights Watch
5225:Human Rights Watch
4801:. 20 December 2013
4571:. December 6, 2022
4545:. October 31, 2022
4064:. 12 December 2018
3705:. 30 January 2020.
3370:Green Climate Fund
3207:hydroelectric dams
3160:sustainable energy
3047:, for instance in
3037:climate adaptation
2807:Green Climate Fund
504:EBRD shareholders
503:
469:Odile Renaud-Basso
397:Board of directors
389:Board of Governors
383:Board of Directors
333:
150:Odile Renaud-Basso
76:
41:
5579:
5578:
5370:Media related to
5295:. 23 January 2015
5130:978-981-322-206-9
4891:. 27 October 2015
4673:ODI: Think change
4649:on 25 August 2006
4502:978-963-386-412-8
4394:978-963-386-385-5
4341:978-90-04-40741-1
4260:"Russia overview"
4223:. 16 January 2020
3512:978-1-137-52270-2
3433:. 3 October 2022.
3168:Ombla power plant
3156:energy efficiency
3099:Save the Children
3076:COVID-19 response
3008:Armenia's economy
2925:
2924:
2751:
2750:
2616:23 September 2021
683:25 September 1992
251:
250:
16:(Redirected from
5644:
5571:World Bank Group
5431:
5424:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5383:
5382:
5380:Official website
5369:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5349:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5261:
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5254:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5192:
5186:
5185:
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5182:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5142:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5017:. Archived from
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4889:theecologist.org
4881:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
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4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4514:
4495:. New York, NY.
4486:
4471:
4470:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4414:
4406:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4353:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4301:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4256:
4250:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4149:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4113:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4029:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3550:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3524:
3496:
3483:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3446:
3435:
3434:
3423:
3406:
3399:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3321:caviar diplomacy
3268:European Council
3176:Kumtor Gold Mine
3164:carbon-intensive
3131:market economies
2913:10.1 billion EUR
2848:Total investment
2842:
2841:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2496:29 December 2011
2490:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2313:23 December 1992
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1560:17 December 2012
1554:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1500:29 December 2011
1494:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1461:
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1458:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1428:
1426:
1425:
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1415:
1412:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1191:4 September 1992
1185:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1046:28 February 1992
1040:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1010:
1008:
1007:
998:
997:
994:
980:
978:
977:
968:
967:
964:
950:
948:
947:
938:
937:
934:
920:
918:
917:
908:
907:
904:
890:
888:
887:
878:
877:
874:
860:
858:
857:
848:
847:
844:
841:
827:
825:
824:
815:
814:
811:
797:
795:
794:
785:
784:
781:
767:
765:
764:
755:
754:
751:
737:
735:
734:
725:
724:
721:
707:
705:
704:
695:
694:
691:
677:
675:
674:
665:
664:
661:
647:
645:
644:
635:
634:
631:
617:
615:
614:
605:
604:
601:
587:
585:
584:
575:
574:
571:
557:
555:
554:
545:
544:
541:
533:18 December 1991
527:
525:
524:
506:
502:
477:
463:Suma Chakrabarti
282:market economies
276:, the EBRD uses
247:
242:
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213:
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165:
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120:
118:
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102:
101:
60:
51:
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40:
21:
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5072:
5068:
5067:
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5054:
5052:
5051:on 29 July 2014
5043:
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5026:
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5015:Financial Times
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4019:
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4006:. November 1995
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3817:Financial Times
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3795:Harv. Int'l. LJ
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3755:. 28 March 2022
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3400:
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3264:
3255:
3199:
3189:power plant in
3148:
3139:
3112:
3107:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3045:decarbonisation
3033:
3025:
3016:
2996:
2987:
2973:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2937:
2916:4.6 billion EUR
2900:3.3 billion EUR
2897:9.5 billion EUR
2884:4.1 billion EUR
2881:9.7 billion EUR
2868:2.9 billion EUR
2865:9.4 billion EUR
2833:
2824:
2815:
2805:(GEF), and the
2788:
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2732:(28 March 1991)
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2466:16 October 1992
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2036:North Macedonia
2029:
2027:
2019:
2016:
2014:
1999:
1997:
1989:
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866:15 January 2016
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593:7 December 1992
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563:19 October 2021
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274:investment bank
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135:
116:
114:
111:
96:
77:
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39:
28:
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5361:
5360:External links
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4445:(5): 603–623.
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3733:. 1 March 2022
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3565:(4): 619–638.
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3481:. 10 May 2017.
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3240:in the UNESCO
3214:helped launch
3198:
3195:
3147:
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3138:
3135:
3111:
3110:About the EBRD
3108:
3106:
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3090:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3064:
3061:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
2995:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2978:its operations
2972:
2969:
2964:mediating role
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2851:GET investment
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2811:
2799:European Union
2787:
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2754:Public banking
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2642:United Kingdom
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2283:1 January 1993
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2011:
2010:19 August 1991
2008:
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1993:
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1094:European Union
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956:1 January 1993
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433:Jacques Attali
421:
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324:
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302:European Union
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136:United Kingdom
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5409:
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5402:Balkan Rivers
5400:
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5023:on 2022-12-10
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4703:on 2013-07-10
4702:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4427:
4418:
4412:
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4400:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4261:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4176:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4104:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3825:on 2022-12-10
3823:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3748:
3732:
3726:
3718:
3712:
3704:
3698:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3347:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3274:. As of 2014
3273:
3269:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3216:The Dam Truth
3213:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3073:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3028:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2979:
2968:
2965:
2955:
2946:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2714:
2712:30 April 1992
2711:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2681:
2679:28 March 1991
2678:
2676:
2675:United States
2665:
2664:
2648:
2646:28 March 1991
2645:
2643:
2632:
2631:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2588:
2586:13 April 1992
2585:
2583:
2572:
2571:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2526:28 March 1991
2525:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2482:
2481:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2438:
2436:29 March 1991
2435:
2433:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2406:28 March 1991
2405:
2403:
2392:
2391:
2375:
2373:28 March 1991
2372:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2345:
2343:28 March 1991
2342:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2299:
2298:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2160:28 March 1991
2159:
2157:
2146:
2145:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2115:
2102:
2100:28 March 1991
2099:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2070:28 March 1991
2069:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2040:21 April 1993
2039:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2012:
2009:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1980:28 March 1991
1979:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1952:
1950:28 March 1991
1949:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1832:
1830:28 March 1991
1829:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1802:
1800:28 March 1991
1799:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1770:28 March 1991
1769:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1710:28 March 1991
1709:
1707:
1706:Liechtenstein
1696:
1695:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1622:
1620:18 March 1992
1619:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1546:
1545:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1436:
1434:28 March 1991
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1406:
1404:28 March 1991
1403:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1374:28 March 1991
1373:
1371:
1360:
1359:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1286:
1284:28 March 1991
1283:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1256:
1254:29 March 1991
1253:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1223:
1221:28 March 1991
1220:
1218:
1207:
1206:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1158:28 March 1991
1157:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1128:28 March 1991
1127:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1098:28 March 1991
1097:
1095:
1084:
1083:
1070:
1068:28 March 1991
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1031:
1018:
1016:28 March 1991
1015:
1013:
1002:
1001:
988:
986:28 March 1991
985:
983:
972:
971:
958:
955:
953:
942:
941:
928:
926:28 March 1991
925:
923:
912:
911:
898:
896:15 April 1993
895:
893:
882:
881:
868:
865:
863:
852:
851:
835:
833:28 March 1991
832:
830:
819:
818:
805:
803:28 March 1991
802:
800:
789:
788:
775:
772:
770:
759:
758:
745:
743:10 April 1991
742:
740:
729:
728:
715:
712:
710:
699:
698:
685:
682:
680:
669:
668:
655:
653:28 March 1991
652:
650:
639:
638:
625:
623:30 March 1991
622:
620:
609:
608:
595:
592:
590:
579:
578:
565:
562:
560:
549:
548:
535:
532:
530:
519:
518:
514:
511:
508:
507:
496:
494:
481:
475:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:Jean Lemierre
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
429:
426:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
403:
394:
386:
384:
380:
370:
369:2.1 billion.
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
338:
329:
320:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:United States
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
262:
256:
246:
241:
233:
229:
225:
219:
215:
212:
207:
203:
200:
195:
191:
188:
183:
175:
170:
167:
163:
156:
151:
148:
147:
145:
139:
134:
130:
127:
123:
109:
105:
100:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
72:
65:
59:
54:
50:
45:
37:
34:(EIB) or the
33:
19:
5493:
5461:Asia-Pacific
5346:. Retrieved
5342:
5333:
5322:. Retrieved
5320:. 2021-06-30
5317:
5308:
5297:. Retrieved
5292:
5283:
5272:. Retrieved
5268:
5259:
5250:
5240:
5229:. Retrieved
5227:. 2016-05-24
5224:
5215:
5204:. Retrieved
5202:. 2017-10-18
5199:
5190:
5179:. Retrieved
5175:
5165:
5119:
5113:
5102:. Retrieved
5100:. 2014-07-16
5098:The Guardian
5097:
5088:
5064:
5053:. Retrieved
5049:the original
5025:. Retrieved
5020:the original
5014:
5004:
4993:. Retrieved
4989:
4979:
4968:. Retrieved
4964:
4954:
4943:. Retrieved
4939:
4929:
4918:. Retrieved
4916:. 2015-04-15
4913:
4904:
4893:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4868:. Retrieved
4864:
4855:
4844:. Retrieved
4841:www.ebrd.com
4840:
4831:
4803:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4778:. Retrieved
4774:
4765:
4754:. Retrieved
4750:
4741:
4730:. Retrieved
4728:. 2015-12-11
4726:The Guardian
4725:
4716:
4705:. Retrieved
4701:the original
4696:
4687:
4676:. Retrieved
4672:
4662:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:the original
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4598:. Retrieved
4594:
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4568:
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4542:
4533:
4491:
4442:
4438:
4383:
4376:
4330:
4324:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4254:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4225:. Retrieved
4221:www.ebrd.com
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4188:www.ebrd.com
4187:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4152:www.ebrd.com
4151:
4139:
4127:. Retrieved
4116:www.ebrd.com
4115:
4103:
4091:. Retrieved
4088:www.ebrd.com
4087:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:www.ebrd.com
4061:
4052:
4040:. Retrieved
4031:
4020:
4008:. Retrieved
4004:www.ciel.org
4003:
3994:
3983:. Retrieved
3980:www.ebrd.com
3979:
3970:
3959:. Retrieved
3956:www.ebrd.com
3955:
3946:
3934:. Retrieved
3929:
3920:
3909:. Retrieved
3906:www.ebrd.com
3905:
3896:
3885:. Retrieved
3882:www.ebrd.com
3881:
3872:
3863:
3857:
3848:
3838:
3827:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3816:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3725:
3711:
3697:
3686:. Retrieved
3683:www.ebrd.com
3682:
3673:
3643:(1): 01–38.
3640:
3636:
3612:
3562:
3558:
3501:
3478:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:
3430:
3421:
3357:Banks portal
3326:
3294:
3265:
3256:
3235:
3220:
3215:
3200:
3149:
3140:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3092:
3079:
3070:
3066:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2974:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2926:
2838:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2792:
2789:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2552:Turkmenistan
2429:
2190:9 April 1992
2130:5 April 1991
1740:5 March 1992
1680:16 July 2019
1650:17 July 2017
1530:27 July 1992
1467:2 April 1991
1344:11 July 2018
773:17 June 1996
713:10 June 1992
499:Shareholders
489:
479:
457:Thomas Mirow
445:Horst Köhler
427:
423:
400:
392:
376:
362:Soviet Union
334:
310:
289:Eastern Bloc
286:
264:
258:
254:
252:
226:3,000 (2016)
211:Total equity
199:Total assets
125:Headquarters
82:Company type
64:Canary Wharf
5318:AzerNews.az
4799:seenews.com
4575:December 9,
4549:December 9,
4227:19 February
4201:19 February
4165:19 February
4129:19 February
4068:19 February
4042:19 February
4010:20 February
3231:Balkan lynx
3227:Boskov Most
3197:The Balkans
3031:Environment
2949:Influencing
2797:(CIF), the
2556:1 June 1992
2432:Switzerland
2339:South Korea
2223:7 June 2019
2006:New Zealand
1976:Netherlands
1920:3 June 2006
1590:5 June 1992
1314:29 May 1991
512:date joined
509:shareholder
472: [
172:(inaugural
153: [
5586:Categories
5348:2022-03-29
5324:2022-03-29
5299:2022-03-29
5274:2022-03-29
5231:2022-03-29
5206:2022-03-29
5181:2022-03-29
5104:2022-03-29
5055:2022-03-29
5027:2022-03-29
4995:2022-03-29
4970:2022-03-29
4945:2022-03-29
4920:2022-03-29
4895:2022-03-29
4870:2022-03-29
4846:2022-03-29
4805:2022-03-29
4780:2022-03-29
4756:2022-03-29
4732:2022-03-29
4707:2022-03-29
4697:archive.ph
4678:2022-03-29
4653:2022-03-29
4628:2022-03-29
4569:armenpress
4511:1266195846
4403:1199584403
4350:1120936560
4249:, 389–397.
4032:www.ft.com
3985:2022-05-20
3961:2022-05-20
3911:2022-05-20
3887:2022-05-20
3829:2022-05-20
3759:4 November
3737:4 November
3688:2022-03-29
3413:References
3313:repressive
3301:Azerbaijan
3223:Macedonian
3182:, and the
3180:Kyrgyzstan
2935:Activities
2801:(EU), the
2729:71+2 total
2708:Uzbekistan
2462:Tajikistan
2219:San Marino
1916:Montenegro
1860:5 May 1992
1766:Luxembourg
1586:Kyrgyzstan
1526:Kazakhstan
679:Azerbaijan
486:Membership
373:Governance
346:Mitterrand
278:investment
187:Net income
142:Key people
5544:Worldwide
5343:Bankwatch
5293:issuu.com
5147:cite book
5139:988167038
4914:Ohrid SOS
4865:Bankwatch
4623:Bankwatch
4519:cite book
4467:238713706
4459:1463-1377
4411:cite book
4358:cite book
4316:219024534
4308:1035-3046
4093:1 October
3665:153997471
3657:0020-8183
3587:154390301
3579:0891-4486
3529:cite book
3521:919430034
3459:3 October
3295:Building
3212:Patagonia
3105:Criticism
2958:Mediation
2945:maximum.
2781:Financing
1736:Lithuania
619:Australia
478:: 2020 –
420:President
174:president
162:president
160:(current
5518:Americas
5077:Archived
5075:. 2014.
4600:26 March
4595:ebrd.com
4265:20 April
4192:Archived
4156:Archived
4120:Archived
4036:Archived
3936:26 March
3930:ebrd.com
3479:ebrd.com
3454:ebrd.com
3343:See also
3238:Galičica
3191:Slovenia
3083:COVID-19
3027:Source:
2309:Slovenia
2279:Slovakia
2126:Portugal
1886:Mongolia
799:Bulgaria
356:and the
268:) is an
92:Industry
5200:Reuters
4825:. 2015.
3203:Balkans
3187:lignite
3184:Šoštanj
3172:Croatia
3057:Ukraine
3004:Armenia
2857:Source
2809:(GCF).
2582:Ukraine
2492:Tunisia
2156:Romania
1946:Morocco
1856:Moldova
1646:Lebanon
1370:Ireland
1310:Iceland
1280:Hungary
1217:Germany
1187:Georgia
1124:Finland
1042:Estonia
982:Denmark
892:Croatia
739:Belgium
709:Belarus
649:Austria
589:Armenia
559:Algeria
529:Albania
480:present
339:in the
319:(CEB).
306:Algeria
231:Website
133:E14 4BG
115: (
107:Founded
5487:Europe
5445:Africa
5176:DW.COM
5137:
5127:
4509:
4499:
4465:
4457:
4401:
4391:
4348:
4338:
4314:
4306:
3932:. EBRD
3663:
3655:
3585:
3577:
3519:
3509:
3305:Aliyev
3276:Russia
3174:, the
3053:Turkey
3049:Poland
2786:Donors
2705:
2672:
2639:
2609:
2579:
2549:
2522:Turkey
2519:
2489:
2459:
2402:Sweden
2399:
2366:
2336:
2306:
2276:
2249:Serbia
2246:
2216:
2186:Russia
2183:
2153:
2123:
2096:Poland
2093:
2066:Norway
2063:
2033:
2003:
1973:
1943:
1913:
1883:
1853:
1826:Mexico
1823:
1793:
1763:
1733:
1703:
1673:
1643:
1616:Latvia
1613:
1583:
1556:Kosovo
1553:
1523:
1496:Jordan
1493:
1460:
1427:
1400:Israel
1397:
1367:
1337:
1307:
1277:
1250:Greece
1247:
1214:
1184:
1154:France
1151:
1121:
1091:
1039:
1009:
979:
949:
922:Cyprus
919:
889:
859:
829:Canada
826:
796:
766:
736:
706:
676:
646:
616:
586:
556:
526:
379:London
360:. The
298:London
261:French
259:EBRD;
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