348:
453:
211:
33:
781:, in that he headed up the clerical side of the court. As well as his duties to the judicial body, the King's Remembrancer also handled the revenue side of the Exchequer, a jurisdiction established in the 14th century. He was originally able to appoint all the sworn clerks, but by the 16th century this jurisdiction had been limited to appointing one of the 24 side clerks, with the sworn clerks appointing the rest. In a similar way, while he was originally in charge of the court's records and the enrolment of writs, by the 17th century he no longer possessed the keys to the record office, and the sworn clerks had the exclusive right to search the records. His main job was instead quasi-judicial, examining certain witnesses, taking minutes in court and settling disputes over "scandal and impertinence".
2310:
483:. The Exchequer also had sole jurisdiction to try cases against their own officials and other figures engaged in collecting the royal revenue. The court was also used to prosecute clerics who, while innocent, had come close to committing an infraction; as the plaintiff was represented by the Attorney General, the costs were reduced, and as the Attorney General had no incentive to compromise it was more threatening to the cleric. In 1649 the Exchequer formally extended its common law and equity jurisdiction, becoming a fully fledged court of law able to hear any civil case.
701:
825:. The sworn clerks were assisted by 24 side clerks, of whom each sworn clerk appointed three. Each side clerk studied under a sworn clerk for five years before practising himself, although under the sworn clerk's name. A side clerk had the chance of being promoted to sworn clerk, first by the Remembrancer and then by the sworn clerks themselves. The examiners were tasked with supervising depositions of witnesses, bringing the witness to a Baron, administering the oath and keeping the files of the depositions.
761:, or "during good behaviour". A Baron could leave the Exchequer in one of three situations; resignation, death, or appointment to another court, which automatically made their office void. The letters patent expired after the death of each monarch; when the new one was crowned, a Baron would have to receive a new patent or leave his office. This was mostly a routine event; from 1550 to 1714 all but nine continued in office after the crowning of a new monarch.
401:, a Member of Parliament, complained in Parliament that as long as there were three courts unevenness was inevitable, saying that "It is not in the power of the courts, even if all were monopolies and other restrictions done away, to distribute business equally, as long as suitors are left free to choose their own tribunal", and that there would always be a favourite court, which would therefore attract the best lawyers and judges and entrench its position.
554:; a case heard in one could not be re-heard in the other. Apart from that, cases of equity could be heard by either court. The Exchequer had superior status over inferior courts of equity, able to take cases from them and countermand their decisions. The jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts also overlapped with that of the Exchequer, particularly in relation to the collection of tithes, and there are many records of disputes between the two.
829:
had at least one clerk, who acted as their private secretary; although not paid, they were authorised to take fees for their work. The Chief Baron had two clerks, while the puisne Barons had one each. The King's
Remembrancer also employed a clerk, who was also a secretary. He received no salary and was not a sworn officer of the court, meaning the Remembrancer could have him replaced at any time.
285:, the Queen's Remembrancer. A capable man, Fanshawe was often consulted by the Barons of the Exchequer as to the best way to administer the court, and helped standardise pleadings, allowing the Exchequer to cope during a period of increased business. Fanshawe's administrative reforms were considered excellent, and his work continued to be used as the standard until the 1830s.
412:, with the three central common law courts becoming three of the five divisions of the Supreme Court; this was not designed to be permanent, but rather to avoid having to retire or demote two of the three Chief Justices to allow a single head of the Supreme Court, as this would have violated the constitutional principle that senior justices were irremovable. By sheer chance
82:'s reputation for tardiness and expense resulted in much of its business transferring to the Exchequer. The Exchequer and Chancery, with similar jurisdictions, drew closer together over the years until an argument was made during the 19th century that having two seemingly identical courts was unnecessary. As a result, the Exchequer lost its equity jurisdiction. With the
386:, removing cases of insolvency from the Exchequer. The Exchequer's fees were also higher than those of the Court of Chancery, and with both courts now using almost identical precedent it was seen as unnecessary to maintain two equitable courts. As a result, the Administration of Justice Act 1841 formally dissolved the equitable jurisdiction of the court.
821:. There were eight sworn clerks, so called because they were sworn officers of the court, who held their offices for life and worked under the Remembrancer. Each clerk acted as an attorney for the parties in court, and every party was required to employ one. The first clerk was known as the First Secondary, and administered oaths out of the
738:; if the Chancellor and Treasurer were unavailable, he was the head of the court. When he was also absent the Second Baron took charge, and so on; in one case in 1659, the Fourth Baron was the only judge available. The Second, Third and Fourth Barons were known as puisne Barons; initially treated as individual offices, after the time of
639:. The Lord Chancellors of the time were clergymen with little interest in judicial or fiscal matters; as a result, the clerk became more independent from the Chancellor and, by the 1230s, became a royal appointment holding the seal independently of the Lord Chancellor, known as the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
598:
the
Treasurer's other duties began to increase, and he played less of a role in the Exchequer's affairs. By the 17th century, the Lord High Treasurer had been replaced by a dedicated Treasurer of the Exchequer (although earlier writs show that the Lord High Treasurer had been independently given this
506:, although it later grew back. This process of common law and equity was reversed; during the 16th century the Exchequer was solely a common law body, with the equity jurisdiction only again becoming relevant near the end of the Tudor period. W. H. Bryson argues that this happened during the reign of
828:
In 1624 it was decided these examiners should be sworn officers of the court, and from then on each Baron had an examiner, who acted in the Baron's name. The office of examiner was dissolved in 1841, when the equity jurisdiction of the
Exchequer came to an end. In addition to an examiner, each Baron
650:
the
Chancellor of the Exchequer was a judicial office with little political standing; after the War, however, it became seen as a "stepping stone" to higher political appointments. After 1672 it again became an administrative and judicial office, until 1714, when the Chancellor's position as head of
370:
The court's equity side became deeply unpopular during the 1830s because many cases were heard by a single judge with no real prospect of appeal; while cases could be taken to the House of Lords, it was highly expensive and time-consuming to do so. The Court of
Chancery, however, had long had an
272:
as Lord High
Treasurers from 1501 to 1546 led to a gradual reduction in the Exchequer's power. The Dukes were seen by the government as too independent to be trusted with any real power, but too useful to be removed. As a result, to indirectly reduce their power, the Exchequer was deliberately
804:
from barristers of five years standing, holding offices during good behaviour and unable to appoint a deputy. The masters handled the taking of minutes previously undertaken by the
Remembrancer, with the accountant general overseeing all money paid into the court, which was deposited in the
225:
There are few records known to date from before 1580, as bills were not dated before then. Until the 16th century, the
Exchequer carried out its duties with little variation in its function or practice. A small court, the Exchequer handled around 250 cases a year, compared to 2,500 in the
366:
became more and more important, leading to a reduction in the inferior
Exchequer's influence. Despite these warning signs, the Exchequer continued to flourish, maintaining a large amount of business, and by 1810 was almost entirely an equity court, having little common law work.
467:
The
Exchequer's position as a court originally came from an informal process of argument between the king and his debtors as to how much money was owed; by the 13th century, this had evolved into formal court proceedings. Therefore, its initial jurisdiction, as defined by the
362:. As a result, each court cited the other's cases as precedent, and drew closely together. In addition, 18th-century Acts of Parliament treated them in the same way, merely referring to "courts of equity" rather than mentioning them individually. At the same time, the
304:, which allowed royal debtors to bring a case against a third party who owed them money if it was that lack of money which prevented them paying the king and the new regime, the Exchequer actively transformed from a "tax court" dealing with civil cases to a dedicated
194:, a process which continued until the beginning of the 13th century. Academics have suggested that this was due to an increasing demand on the revenue side of the court, which led to part of the common law element being split off to form the
101:. From then on, it concerned itself with equitable matters and those common law matters that it had discretion to try, such as actions brought against Exchequer officials and actions brought by the monarch against non-paying debtors.
339:, a political figure who had been intimately involved in the conflict. As a result, the Exchequer increased in importance as a court, although it is not known whether its active transformation was a judicial or political decision.
108:, which allowed the Exchequer to look at "common" cases between subject and subject, this discretionary area was significantly expanded, and it soon regained its standing in common law matters. Cases were formally taken by the
174:
By the late 12th century it had taken to sitting in a fixed location, the one body of government in England to do so. By the 1170s it was possible to distinguish the Exchequer's work from that of the other parts of the
797:
642:
After 1567 the Chancellor was additionally confirmed as the Under-Treasurer of the Exchequer, allowing him to carry out the Treasurer's duties when he was unavailable. The Chancellor was appointed by
472:, was as a court where only the king could bring cases. The Exchequer became the first "tax court", where the king was the plaintiff and the debtor the defendant. The king was represented by the
793:
137:
It was originally claimed that the Exchequer was based on a similar Norman court. While there are many records of the Exchequer's work in England, there is no evidence of a similar body in pre-
689:, it became practice for all Barons of the Exchequer to be Serjeants. This further increased the Exchequer's standing, since for the first time it put the Exchequer at the same level as the
635:, also holding the Exchequer's copy of the Great Seal. The earliest appearances of such a clerk in the records come from 1220, when a document was signed by Robert de Neville,
389:
With the loss of its equitable jurisdiction, the Exchequer became a dedicated common law court, and thus fell prey to the same fate as the other two common law courts (the
785:
677:. In the early years of the Exchequer's existence, the Barons were the chief auditors of the accounts of England, a role passed to dedicated auditors during the reign of
97:
at various times was common law, equity or both. Initially a court of both common law and equity, it lost much of its common law jurisdiction after the formation of the
2438:
863:
731:. In 1830 a fifth Baron was permanently added to relieve court congestion; at the same time, a fifth judge was added to the Court of Common Pleas and King's Bench.
1874:
719:; as a mere convention, it was occasionally broken. When one Baron was ill or otherwise unable to sit it was felt appropriate to appoint a fifth, as in 1604 when
518:; since taxation was ever-present, it was not difficult to show that the dispute prevented the payment of a debt to the monarch, allowing the Writ of Quominus.
2448:
479:
The "next logical step" was to allow debtors to collect on their own debts in the Exchequer, so that they could better pay the king; this was done through the
358:
By the beginning of the 18th century, the equity jurisdiction of the Exchequer of Pleas was firmly cemented, and it was considered a viable alternative to the
2453:
681:. With the Exchequer's expansion during the Tudor era, the Barons became more important; where previously only the Chief Baron had been appointed from the
547:
to the King's Bench and assert that the case's claimant was an officer of the Exchequer, necessitating his trial there rather than in the King's Bench.
124:, who appointed all other officials and kept the Exchequer's records, and the sworn and side clerks, who acted as attorneys to parties to a case.
510:. By 1590 the Exchequer's jurisdiction over equity cases was confirmed, and it was handling a significant number a year, including disputes over
282:
258:. Since the Lord High Treasurer was head of the Exchequer, with the Treasurer's increased influence came increased importance for the Exchequer.
486:
The main focus of the Exchequer was the collection of royal revenue as part of the greater Exchequer, which was officially undertaken by the
1867:
187:, or King's Court at Exchequer. The word "Exchequer" derives from the chequered cloth laid on a table for the purposes of counting money.
2220:
398:
800:. To replace him, two masters were appointed, one of whom was to be the accountant general. These officials were to be appointed by the
331:, as it was dependent on the Seal for its authority. After the War ended there were only two equity courts remaining, the Exchequer and
2423:
255:
214:
2052:
428:, respectively, both died in 1880, allowing the merger of the common law divisions of the Supreme Court into a single division, the
2418:
1985:
562:
646:, and until 1672 it was a life appointment, then changed to an office "to hold only during the pleasures of the crown". Until the
2249:
2162:
2042:
1914:
1860:
425:
2443:
2299:
2157:
473:
437:
543:, but the King's Bench represented the monarch, who could not have writs placed against him. Instead, a clerk would bring the
1802:
The Ancient Exchequer of England; the Treasury; and Origin of the Present Management of the Exchequer and Treasury of Ireland
1640:
1554:
246:
was more traditionally important, the Lord High Treasurers from 1547 to 1612 were politically influential figures, including
2284:
2057:
1919:
784:
The Remembrancer was appointed for life, and qualified to appoint a deputy, the first of whom, John West, was appointed by
417:
347:
251:
210:
1909:
452:
433:
247:
2005:
1782:
743:
694:
668:
534:
526:
499:
409:
390:
266:
262:
227:
429:
2110:
2062:
1790:
1767:
1694:
1577:
1514:
421:
273:
weakened. When William Paulet was appointed Treasurer in 1546 the Exchequer again increased in power, absorbing the
1995:
1712:
Lobban, Michael (Spring 2004). "Preparing for Fusion: Reforming the Nineteenth-Century Court of Chancery, Part I".
746:, the different positions did not equate to different degrees of power; each Baron had an equal vote in decisions.
320:
278:
2213:
1975:
690:
522:
503:
394:
231:
195:
98:
17:
2329:
2120:
1970:
1883:
789:
715:
At least one Baron sat to hear a case, with convention insisting on a maximum of four Barons after the rule of
599:
title), who was ceremoniously presented with a white staff by the monarch. The Treasurer, while active in the
1819:
1652:
1589:
926:
853:
728:
238:, the Exchequer's political, judicial and fiscal importance all increased. This was partially thanks to the
2392:
2269:
2264:
2115:
1721:
1650:
Kemp, Brian (1973). "Exchequer and Bench in the Later Twelfth Century ā Separate or Identical Tribunals?".
848:
801:
735:
709:
117:
2413:
2259:
2125:
2105:
1960:
612:
372:
371:
established method of appealing to the Lords, and later introduced an intermediary appellate court ā the
336:
109:
2433:
2324:
2206:
1742:
1632:
1569:
1546:
404:
In 1867 a commission was created to look into issues with the central courts, and the outcome were the
379:
198:. Although the Exchequer of Pleas was the first common law court, it was the last to separate from the
817:
Other offices included the sworn clerks, the examiners, the clerk to the barons, and the clerk to the
533:), with cases transferred easily from one to another, although there were problems in the case of the
2428:
2382:
2084:
822:
544:
2309:
397:) during the late 19th century. There had long been calls for the merger of the courts, and in 1828
2000:
632:
159:
followed the king as he travelled, rather than sitting at any one fixed location, and was held in
2244:
1828:
1661:
773:
was the chief clerk of the Exchequer, handling all bills of equity. He was the equivalent of the
113:
2294:
2254:
2077:
1939:
843:
818:
770:
660:
595:
274:
121:
586:, who was tasked with collecting royal revenues. Originally a clerk, he was supervised by the
2387:
2371:
2339:
2072:
1944:
1924:
335:. The Court of Chancery was publicly reviled for its slow pace and because it was led by the
809:; previously the Remembrancer had held complete discretion as to what to do with the money.
32:
2365:
858:
716:
678:
591:
316:
293:
590:, and only became head of the court after this position was abolished during the reign of
378:
At the same time, many elements of the Exchequer's equity business had dried up, with the
8:
2360:
2289:
2047:
1929:
1669:
788:
in 1616. From 1565 until 1716, the office was kept in the Fanshawe family, starting with
778:
620:
583:
507:
487:
469:
239:
218:
179:, although the king of the time considered the Exchequer to simply be an element of the
2279:
2183:
2178:
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2067:
739:
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511:
351:
289:
142:
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1980:
1840:
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1636:
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1573:
1550:
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1510:
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647:
616:
558:
551:
530:
461:
457:
444:
of 16 December 1880. At this point, the Exchequer of Pleas formally ceased to exist.
359:
332:
328:
324:
297:
79:
61:
1606:
Gross, Charles (1909). "The Jurisdiction of the Court of Exchequer under Edward I".
2010:
1832:
1665:
480:
441:
301:
149:
from his reign shows the Exchequer working out of the king's palace as part of the
105:
87:
2100:
1904:
1852:
838:
806:
754:
682:
624:
405:
305:
269:
243:
138:
83:
1836:
1817:
Vincent, Nicholas (1993). "The Origins of the Chancellorship of the Exchequer".
1779:
Selling the church: the English parish in law, commerce, and religion, 1350ā1550
671:, only becoming independent positions after the Exchequer's separation from the
750:
720:
643:
521:
The Exchequer stood on an equal footing with the other Westminster courts (the
476:, allowing him to avoid much of the legal costs associated with a court case.
57:
323:
had their equity jurisdiction stripped by the same Act of Parliament, and the
2407:
1844:
1809:
1750:
1729:
1704:
1677:
1619:
1598:
1533:
705:
413:
382:
ending their tithe cases and the Insolvent Debtors Act 1820 establishing the
235:
2015:
1687:
An historical sketch of the equitable jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery
1506:
491:
312:
94:
49:
631:, who sat in the Exchequer and was responsible for correcting and sealing
327:
became invalid after the Privy Seal was invalidated by the outcome of the
2344:
1934:
1629:
Tudor Rule and Revolution: Essays for G R Elton from His American Friends
757:, head of the judiciary. During the 16th century they held their offices
673:
539:
495:
363:
168:
151:
67:
53:
2377:
550:
The Exchequer maintained a clear rule with the other equity court, the
383:
146:
2230:
686:
600:
587:
490:. The Exchequer was unique in having jurisdiction in matters of both
2198:
796:. After 1820, the Remembrancer's broad duties were split up by the
582:
The formal head of the Exchequer for much of its existence was the
515:
700:
447:
1965:
742:
the order was determined by the judges' seniority. Unlike in the
619:, was also involved in the Exchequer of Pleas as a check on the
408:, under which all the central courts were made part of a single
311:
The Civil War caused four equitable courts to be dissolved. The
221:
significantly increased the power and influence of the Exchequer
86:, the Exchequer was formally dissolved as a judicial body by an
164:
342:
603:, played little or no active role in the Exchequer of Pleas.
494:
and the common law, the latter initially curtailed after the
1563:
537:. The traditional method for moving a case was the writ of
460:, England's only other dedicated court of equity after the
160:
141:
Normandy. The first reliable records come from the time of
72:, or King's Council, the Exchequer of Pleas split from the
697:, where all judges were already required to be Serjeants.
27:
English-Welsh court for common and equity law (1190sā1880)
1566:
Historical dictionary of late medieval England, 1272ā1485
864:
List of lord high treasurers of England and Great Britain
78:
in the 1190s to sit as an independent central court. The
667:, who were originally the same judges as those of the
281:
by 1554. The Exchequer was assisted in this period by
1288:
1286:
651:
the Treasury made it an important appointment again.
300:
disrupted the courts. With the increasing use of the
205:
190:
In the 1190s the Exchequer began separating from the
1390:
1388:
1882:
1564:Fritze, Ronald H.; William Baxter Robison (2002).
1283:
2439:Former courts and tribunals in England and Wales
2405:
1385:
440:and became Lord Chief Justice of England, by an
1593:. George Mason University School of Law. 1899.
565:, which was first used in 1660 for the case of
448:Jurisdiction and relationship with other courts
2449:Courts and tribunals established in the 1190s
2214:
1868:
2454:Courts and tribunals disestablished in 1880
1762:. Vol. 10 (4th ed.). LexisNexis.
1739:English constitutional documents, 1307ā1485
1402:
1400:
343:Loss of equity jurisdiction and dissolution
73:
65:
2221:
2207:
1875:
1861:
798:Court of Exchequer (England) etc. Act 1820
727:was called to Edinburgh to be a temporary
48:, was a court that dealt with matters of
1986:Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes
1523:
1503:An Introduction to English Legal History
1397:
699:
561:, the court also allowed appeals to the
451:
346:
209:
31:
2250:Auditor of the Receipt of the Exchequer
1816:
14:
2406:
2300:Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer
1799:
1776:
1757:
1711:
1540:
438:Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
2228:
2202:
1856:
1736:
1684:
1605:
1500:
729:Chief Baron of the Scottish Exchequer
120:. Other court officials included the
52:, a set of legal principles based on
2285:Comptroller General of the Exchequer
1649:
1626:
659:The main judicial officers were the
315:was formally dissolved in 1641, the
112:, but in practice were heard by the
288:Exchequer business increased under
24:
1783:University of North Carolina Press
1670:10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.559
1235:Fritze & Robinson (2002) p.199
206:Increasing work and transformation
25:
2465:
2424:1880 disestablishments in England
2111:Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
1737:Lodge, Eleanor Constance (1935).
422:Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer
354:courts before the Judicature Acts
2308:
1996:Court of Great Sessions in Wales
1543:The Equity Side of the Exchequer
812:
321:Council of Wales and the Marches
279:Court of First Fruits and Tenths
116:, judicial officials led by the
2419:1190s establishments in England
1587:"The Barons of the Exchequer".
1493:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1376:
1367:
1358:
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1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
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1274:
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1247:
1238:
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1211:
1202:
1193:
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1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
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1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
764:
2330:Exchequer Bill Loan Commission
1971:Court for Crown Cases Reserved
1884:Judiciary of England and Wales
1689:. Cambridge University Press.
950:
941:
932:
920:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
36:The Exchequer of Pleas at work
13:
1:
2444:Medieval English court system
1820:The English Historical Review
1653:The English Historical Review
869:
854:Court of Exchequer (Scotland)
685:, with the other Barons mere
606:
601:revenue side of the Exchequer
426:Lord Chief Justice of England
2393:Taxation in medieval England
2270:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
2265:Chamberlain of the Exchequer
2116:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
1722:University of Illinois Press
1614:(144). Sweet & Maxwell.
849:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
802:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
736:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
710:Chief Baron of the Exchequer
615:, independently head of the
577:
183:. It was referred to as the
7:
2260:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2126:Justice of the Common Pleas
2121:Justice of the King's Bench
2106:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary
1961:Court of Appeal in Chancery
832:
723:was ill, and in 1708, when
613:Chancellor of the Exchequer
572:
410:Supreme Court of Judicature
373:Court of Appeal in Chancery
110:Chancellor of the Exchequer
10:
2470:
2325:Court of Exchequer Chamber
1777:Palmer, Robert C. (2002).
1760:Halsbury's Laws of England
1743:Cambridge University Press
1633:Cambridge University Press
1570:Greenwood Publishing Group
1547:Cambridge University Press
1064:Lobban (Spring 2004) p.390
557:As well as appeals to the
380:Tithe Commutation Act 1836
337:Lord Chancellor John Finch
145:, when the sole surviving
132:
127:
2383:Red Book of the Exchequer
2353:
2317:
2306:
2237:
2171:
2150:
2143:
2093:
2085:Common Serjeant of London
2035:
2028:
1953:
1897:
1890:
1837:10.1093/ehr/cviii.426.105
823:Red Book of the Exchequer
759:quamdiu se bene gesserint
749:Barons were appointed by
654:
545:Red Book of the Exchequer
185:Curia Regis ad Scaccarium
64:. Originally part of the
2001:Court of High Commission
1526:Present State of the Law
1524:Brougham, Henry (1828).
734:The First Baron was the
623:. He evolved out of the
514:, mortgages, tithes and
2245:Auditor of the imprests
1829:Oxford University Press
1662:Oxford University Press
661:Barons of the Exchequer
569:and confirmed in 1677.
261:The appointment of the
114:Barons of the Exchequer
2255:Baron of the Exchequer
2078:Recorder of Manchester
1940:High Court of Chivalry
1758:Mackay, James (2002).
1714:Law and History Review
1685:Kerly, Duncan (1890).
1627:Guth, Delloyd (2008).
844:Baron of the Exchequer
786:Sir Christopher Hatton
712:
594:. During the reign of
464:
430:Queen's Bench Division
391:Court of Queen's Bench
355:
275:Court of Augmentations
222:
74:
66:
37:
2388:Stop of the Exchequer
2372:Dialogus de Scaccario
2340:Exchequer of the Jews
2073:Recorder of Liverpool
2053:Court of Appeal judge
2006:Court of King's Bench
1976:Court of Common Pleas
1800:Thomas, F.S. (1848).
1541:Bryson, W.H. (2008).
744:Court of King's Bench
703:
695:Court of King's Bench
691:Court of Common Pleas
669:Court of King's Bench
535:Court of King's Bench
527:Court of King's Bench
523:Court of Common Pleas
504:Court of Common Pleas
500:Court of King's Bench
498:and reserved for the
455:
395:Court of Common Pleas
350:
313:Court of Star Chamber
232:Court of Common Pleas
228:Court of King's Bench
213:
196:Court of Common Pleas
99:Court of Common Pleas
90:on 16 December 1880.
35:
2366:Exchequer of Chester
1608:Law Quarterly Review
1501:Baker, J.H. (2002).
1301:Vincent (1993) p.107
1292:Vincent (1993) p.105
1091:Brougham (1828) p.10
859:Exchequer of Ireland
753:and sworn in by the
317:Council of the North
2361:Exchequer Standards
2295:King's Remembrancer
2290:Lord High Treasurer
2048:Master of the Rolls
1930:Court of Protection
1528:. Lea & Carey.
1136:Palmer (2002) p.179
1118:Palmer (2002) p.178
1100:Mackay (2002) p.603
1082:Bryson (2008) p.162
1073:Bryson (2008) p.163
1046:Bryson (2008) p.161
1037:Bryson (2008) p.160
819:King's Remembrancer
779:Master of the Rolls
771:King's Remembrancer
629:clericus cancellari
621:Lord High Treasurer
584:Lord High Treasurer
488:Lord High Treasurer
470:Statute of Rhuddlan
384:Court of Bankruptcy
240:Lord High Treasurer
219:Lord High Treasurer
171:at various times.
122:King's Remembrancer
2414:Exchequer of Pleas
2335:Exchequer of Pleas
2280:Clerk of the Pells
2184:Admiralty Advocate
2131:Justice of Chester
2068:Recorder of London
2043:Lord Chief Justice
1991:Court of Exchequer
1945:Magistrates' Court
1487:Bryson (2008) p.77
1478:Bryson (2008) p.64
1469:Bryson (2008) p.63
1460:Bryson (2008) p.76
1451:Bryson (2008) p.75
1442:Bryson (2008) p.74
1433:Bryson (2008) p.67
1424:Bryson (2008) p.66
1415:Lodge (1935) p.227
1406:Bryson (2008) p.65
1394:Bryson (2008) p.58
1382:Bryson (2008) p.54
1373:Bryson (2008) p.47
1364:Bryson (2008) p.46
1328:Bryson (2008) p.44
1319:Bryson (2008) p.42
1310:Bryson (2008) p.41
1271:Bryson (2008) p.39
1262:Bryson (2008) p.35
1253:Thomas (1848) p.18
1217:Bryson (2008) p.32
1208:Bryson (2008) p.31
1199:Bryson (2008) p.30
1190:Bryson (2008) p.29
1181:Bryson (2008) p.11
1172:Bryson (2008) p.15
1109:Gross (1909) p.138
1055:Kerly (1890) p.168
1028:Bryson (2008) p.27
1019:Bryson (2008) p.26
1010:Bryson (2008) p.25
1001:Bryson (2008) p.25
992:Bryson (2008) p.22
713:
465:
418:Alexander Cockburn
356:
352:English common law
230:and 10,000 in the
223:
46:Court of Exchequer
42:Exchequer of Pleas
38:
2434:Exchequer offices
2401:
2400:
2275:Clerk of the Pipe
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2163:Solicitor General
2139:
2138:
2024:
2023:
1981:Court of Chancery
1804:. John Petheram.
1642:978-0-521-09127-5
1556:978-0-521-07659-3
1355:Guth (2008) p.151
1346:Thomas (1848) p.9
1337:Thomas (1848) p.3
1280:Thomas (1848) p.5
1244:Thomas (1848) p.7
1226:Thomas (1848) p.6
1163:Guth (2008) p.157
1154:Thomas (1848) p.4
1145:Guth (2008) p.158
1127:Guth (2008) p.153
983:Guth (2008) p.152
974:Guth (2008) p.150
965:Guth (2008) p.149
956:Bryson (2008) p.2
947:Baker (2002) p.47
938:Kemp (1973) p.572
917:Kemp (1973) p.568
908:Kemp (1973) p.565
899:Kemp (1973) p.561
890:Thomas (1848) p.2
881:Thomas (1848) p.1
775:Court of Chancery
648:English Civil War
617:Court of Chancery
559:Exchequer Chamber
552:Court of Chancery
531:Court of Chancery
462:English Civil War
458:Court of Chancery
360:Court of Chancery
333:Court of Chancery
329:English Civil War
325:Court of Requests
298:English Civil War
80:Court of Chancery
62:England and Wales
16:(Redirected from
2461:
2429:Courts of equity
2312:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2158:Attorney General
2148:
2147:
2058:High Court judge
2033:
2032:
2011:Court of Probate
1895:
1894:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1813:
1796:
1773:
1754:
1733:
1708:
1681:
1646:
1623:
1602:
1583:
1560:
1537:
1520:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
966:
963:
957:
954:
948:
945:
939:
936:
930:
924:
918:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
882:
879:
792:and ending with
683:Serjeants-at-Law
665:barones scaccari
633:writs of summons
567:Fanshawe v Impey
481:Writ of Quominus
474:Attorney General
442:Order in Council
308:and common law.
302:Writ of Quominus
270:Dukes of Norfolk
252:Thomas Sackville
106:writ of quominus
93:The Exchequer's
88:Order in Council
77:
71:
21:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2349:
2313:
2304:
2233:
2227:
2197:
2188:
2179:King's Advocate
2167:
2135:
2101:Lord Chancellor
2089:
2020:
1949:
1920:Court of Appeal
1905:Court of equity
1886:
1881:
1851:
1793:
1770:
1697:
1643:
1586:
1580:
1557:
1517:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
982:
978:
973:
969:
964:
960:
955:
951:
946:
942:
937:
933:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
876:
872:
839:Court of equity
835:
815:
807:Bank of England
767:
755:Lord Chancellor
721:Baron Sotherton
657:
625:Lord Chancellor
609:
588:Chief Justiciar
580:
575:
450:
436:, who had been
406:Judicature Acts
345:
306:court of equity
283:Thomas Fanshawe
244:Lord Chancellor
242:. Although the
208:
135:
130:
84:Judicature Acts
28:
23:
22:
18:Exchequer Court
15:
12:
11:
5:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1814:
1797:
1791:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1734:
1709:
1695:
1682:
1647:
1641:
1624:
1603:
1584:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1538:
1521:
1515:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1012:
1003:
994:
985:
976:
967:
958:
949:
940:
931:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
834:
831:
814:
811:
794:Simon Fanshawe
790:Henry Fanshawe
766:
763:
751:letters patent
656:
653:
644:letters patent
608:
605:
579:
576:
574:
571:
563:House of Lords
449:
446:
434:John Coleridge
399:Henry Brougham
344:
341:
256:William Paulet
215:William Paulet
207:
204:
134:
131:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2466:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Circuit judge
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1915:Privy Council
1913:
1911:
1910:Supreme Court
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1792:0-8078-2743-6
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1769:90-411-1742-3
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:0-8377-2331-0
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1590:The Green Bag
1585:
1581:
1579:0-313-29124-1
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1516:0-406-93053-8
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
935:
928:
927:The Green Bag
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
874:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
836:
830:
826:
824:
820:
813:Other offices
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
711:
707:
706:Fitzroy Kelly
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
652:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
627:'s clerk, or
626:
622:
618:
614:
604:
602:
597:
593:
589:
585:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
471:
463:
459:
454:
445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Fitzroy Kelly
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
368:
365:
361:
353:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
296:, before the
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
220:
216:
212:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
140:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
76:
70:
69:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2370:
2334:
2144:Law Officers
2016:Star Chamber
1990:
1966:Assize Court
1824:
1818:
1801:
1778:
1759:
1738:
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