Donbas - Knowledge

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military intervention to "protect" the Russian-speaking population, with only 9% offering support for that action. Another survey by Rating, conducted in 2019, found that only 23% of those Ukrainians polled supported granting the Donbas autonomous status, whilst 34% supported a ceasefire and "freezing" the conflict, 23% supported military action to recover the occupied Donbas territories, and 6% supported separating these territories from Ukraine.

759: 1714: 1499: 164: 1461:, to newly founded cities in the Donbas. A subject of continuing research controversies, and often denied in these two oblasts, is the extent of forced emigration and deaths during the Soviet period, which particularly affected rural Ukrainians during the Holodomor which resulted as a consequence of early Soviet industrialization policies combined with two years of drought throughout southern Ukraine and the Volga region. 1947: 1860: 851:, where they constituted 36.7% of the population. Despite this, Russians constituted the majority of the industrial workforce. Ukrainians dominated rural areas, but cities were often inhabited solely by Russians who had come seeking work in the region's heavy industries. Those Ukrainians who did move to the cities for work were quickly assimilated into the Russian-speaking worker class. 2021: 1209:, however, stated that no one wanted autonomy, but rather sought to stop the Orange Revolution demonstrations going on at the time in Kyiv and negotiate a compromise. After the Orange Revolution's victory, some of the organisers of the congress were charged with "encroachment upon the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine", but no convictions were made. 3268:

Russification was achieved first and foremost through the physical inflow of huge numbers of Russians in the years after 1945. Their numbers grew from 0.77 million in 1926 to 2.55 million in 1959 and 3.6 million in 1989. In percentage terms the number of Russians grew from 31.4 per cent in 1926 to 44

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Other industries in the Donetsk region include blast-furnace and steel-making equipment, railway freight-cars, metal-cutting machine-tools, tunneling machines, agricultural harvesters and ploughing systems, railway tracks, mining cars, electric locomotives, military vehicles, tractors and excavators.

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The initial protests in the Donbas were largely native expressions of discontent with the new Ukrainian government. Russian involvement at this stage was limited to its voicing of support for the demonstrations. The emergence of the separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk began as a small fringe group of

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of mismanagement and neglect. Donbas coal miners went on strike in 1993, causing a conflict that was described by historian Lewis Siegelbaum as "a struggle between the Donbas region and the rest of the country". One strike leader said that Donbas people had voted for independence because they wanted

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During the reconstruction of the Donbas after the end of the Second World War, large numbers of Russian workers arrived to repopulate the region, further altering the population balance. In 1926, 639,000 ethnic Russians resided in the Donbas, and Ukrainians made up 60% of the population. As a result

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By 1924 there were 158 Ukrainian schools in the Donbas; by 1930 44 per cent of the 'industrial apparat' was Ukrainian-speaking; while the percentage of the working class who considered themselves Ukrainian supposedly rose from 40.6 per cent in 1926 to 70 per cent in 1929 (the overall population of

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wrote that in the 20th century, "s peasants from all surrounding regions were flooding its then busy mines and plants on the border of ethnically Ukrainian and Russian territories", "incomplete and archaic institutions" prevented Donbas residents from "acquiring a notably strong modern urban – and

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said was intended to "protect" the people of the Donbas from the "abuse" and "genocide" of the Ukrainian government. However, Putin's claims have been refuted. The DPR and LPR joined Russia's operation; the separatists stated that an operation to capture the entirety of Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk

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Despite the Minsk agreements, low-intensity fighting along the line of contact between Ukrainian government and Russian-controlled areas continued until 2022. Since the start of the conflict there have been 29 ceasefires, each intended to remain in force indefinitely, but none of them stopped the

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was signed on 12 February 2015. This agreement called for the eventual reintegration of the Donbas republics into Ukraine, with a level of autonomy. The aim of the Russian intervention in the Donbas was to establish pro-Russian governments that, upon reincorporation into Ukraine, would facilitate

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report released on 3 March 2016 stated that, since the conflict broke out in 2014, the Ukrainian government registered 1.6 million internally displaced people who had fled the Donbas to other parts of Ukraine. Over 1 million were said to have fled elsewhere, mostly to Russia. At the time of the

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policy, the Ukrainian population of the Donbass then declined drastically as ethnic Russians settled in the region in large numbers. By 1959, the ethnic Russian population was 2.55 million. Russification was further advanced by the 1958–59 Soviet educational reforms, which led to the near

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of residents of the Ukrainian-controlled parts of the Donbas found that 82% of respondents believed there was no discrimination against Russian-speaking people in Ukraine. Only 11% saw some evidence of discrimination. The same survey also found that 71% of respondents did not support Russia's

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in independent Ukraine. These questions included whether Russian should be declared an official language of Ukraine, whether Russian should be the language of administration in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, whether Ukraine should federalise, and whether Ukraine should have closer ties with the

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Fighting continued through the summer of 2014, and by August 2014, the Ukrainian "Anti-Terrorist Operation" was able to vastly shrink the territory under the control of the pro-Russian forces, and came close to regaining control of the Russo-Ukrainian border. In response to the deteriorating

1120:, during the early 2000s. Privatisation of state industries led to rampant corruption. Regional historian Hiroaki Kuromiya described this elite as the "Donbas clan", a group of people that controlled economic and political power in the region. Prominent members of the "clan" included 1168: 5292:"Disaster in the making: The "DPR government" has announced its intention to flood the closed Young Communard mine in Yenakiyeve. 40 years ago, nuclear tests were carried out in it, and nobody knows today what the consequences would be if groundwater erodes the radioactive rock" 2448: 3074:'Ten thousand Cossacks were slaughtered systematically in a few weeks in January 1919 'And while that wasn't a huge number in terms of what happened throughout the Russia, it was one of the main factors which led to the disappearance of the Cossacks as a nation. ' 1684:

of the 0.6%, both the religions with a share of the population that is higher compared to other regions of Ukraine. People who declared to be not believers or believers in some other religions, not identifying in one of those listed, were 28.3% of the population.

1729: 1368:". On 11 January 2017, the Ukrainian government approved a plan to reintegrate the occupied part of the Donbas and its population into Ukraine. The plan would give Russian-backed political entities partial control of the electorate and has been described by 1922:. For example, on 16 September 1979, at the Yunkom Mine, known today as the Young Communard mine in Yenakiyeve, a 300kt nuclear test explosion was conducted at 900m to free methane gas or to degasified coal seams into a sandstone oval dome known as the 1397: 1220:", and that speaking Ukrainian in the region was "not safe for one's health and life". It was also portrayed as being home to pro-Russian separatism. The Donbas is home to a significantly higher number of cities and villages that were named after 1092:

Small strikes continued throughout the 1990s, though demands for autonomy faded. Some subsidies to Donbas heavy industries were eliminated, and many mines were closed by the Ukrainian government because of liberalising reforms pushed for by the

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signed a decree on a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, so since then Ukraine does not buy coal from the Donets Coal Basin.

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The region's economy deteriorated severely in the ensuing years. By 1993, industrial production had collapsed, and average wages had fallen by 80% since 1990. The Donbas fell into crisis, with many accusing the new central government in

961:. In the lead-up to the war, the region was racked by poverty and food shortages. War preparations resulted in an extension of the working day for factory labourers, whilst those who deviated from the heightened standards were arrested. 1315:

There was limited support for separatism in the Donbas before the outbreak of the war, and little evidence of support for an armed uprising. Russian claims that Russian speakers in the Donbas were being persecuted or even subjected to

1089:, Ukrainian was retained as the sole official language, and the Donbas gained no autonomy. Nevertheless, the Donbas strikers gained many economic concessions from Kyiv, allowing for an alleviation of the economic crisis in the region. 489:. The conflict split the Donbas into Ukrainian-held territory, constituting about two-thirds of the region, and separatist-held territory, constituting about one-third. The region remained this way for years until Russia launched 1801:

The region also produces consumer goods like household washing-machines, refrigerators, freezers, TV sets, leather footwear, and toilet soap. Over half its production is exported, and about 22% is exported to Russia.

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on the status of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts on 11 May 2014. In the referendums, viewed as illegal by Ukraine and undemocratic by the international community, about 90% voted for the independence of the DPR and LPR.

1061:. Turnout was 76.7% in Donetsk Oblast and 80.7% in Luhansk Oblast. In October 1991, a congress of South-Eastern deputies from all levels of government took place in Donetsk, where delegates demanded federalisation. 1224:

figures compared to the rest of Ukraine. Despite this portrayal, surveys taken across that decade and during the 1990s showed strong support for remaining within Ukraine and insignificant support for separatism.

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Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015).

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takes place at depths of around 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). Prior to the start of the region's war in April 2014, Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts together produced about 30 percent of Ukraine's exports.

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the protesters, independent of Russian control. This unrest, however, only evolved into an armed conflict because of Russian military backing for what had been a marginal group as part of the

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regions of Ukraine. The project was initiated on 26 November 2004 by the Luhansk Oblast Council, and was discontinued the next month by the Donetsk Oblast Council. On 28 November 2004, in

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of the region. As a result of the Russian invasion, DPR and LPR insurgents regained much of the territory they had lost during the Ukrainian government's preceding military offensive.

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in 2012 to develop the Yuzivska field. Shell was forced to freeze operations after the outbreak of war in the region in 2014, and officially withdrew from the project in June 2015.

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Only this Russian intervention prevented an immediate Ukrainian resolution to the conflict. This forced the Ukrainian side to seek the signing of a ceasefire agreement. Called the

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Coal mining in the Donbas is conducted at very deep depths. Lignite mining takes place at around 600 metres (2,000 ft) below the surface, whilst mining for the more valuable

1644: 1356: 3666: 4979: 5170:"Assessment of Undiscovered Continuous Oil and Gas Resources in the Dnieper-Donets Basin and North Carpathian Basin Provinces, Ukraine, Romania, Moldova, and Poland, 2015" 3833: 1131: 6008: 2100:) (literally "standing by oneself"), can be translated as either full independence or broad autonomy, which left voters confused about what their ballot actually meant. 1352:

Russian interference in Ukrainian politics. The Minsk agreements were thus highly favourable to the Russian side, as their implementation would accomplish these goals.

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teaching in the Ukrainian language was lower than the proportion of ethnic Ukrainians in the Donbas – even though the Soviet Union had ordered that all schools in the

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In other parts of Ukraine during the 2000s, the Donbas was often perceived as having a "thug culture", as being a "Soviet cesspool", and as "backward". Writing in the

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and an advisor from the Russian Embassy were present in the presidium. There were calls for the appointment of Viktor Yanukovych as president of Ukraine or

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river where most of the coal reserves were found. The rise of the coal industry led to a population boom in the region, largely driven by Russian settlers.

2915:"The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897 − Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia" 4718: 4231: 4203: 1910:-disposal sites in the Donbas have not been maintained, and pose a constant threat to the environment. One unusual threat is the result of the Soviet-era 1073:

This strike was followed by a 1994 consultative referendum on various constitutional questions in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, held concurrently with the

6186: 4814: 4178: 3995: 4475: 4738: 4579: 2576: 889:, the successor of the Ukrainian People's Republic, was able in May 1918 to bring the region under its control for a short time with the help of its 5056: 4256: 1337: 831:", in the official imperial language) accounted for 52.4% of the population of the region, whilst ethnic Russians constituted 28.7%. Ethnic Greeks, 4853:"Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 – English version – Results – General results of the census –& Linguistic composition of the population" 3708: 2529: 5009: 5324: 6116: 5801: 3981: 3533: 1911: 1563: 1269: 2972: 4834: 2473: 1444:

form the largest minority, accounting for 39% and 38.2% of the two oblasts respectively. In the present day, the Donbas is a predominately

1070:"power to be given to the localities, enterprises, cities", not because they wanted heavily centralised power moved from "Moscow to Kyiv". 1085:

Close to 90% of voters voted in favour of these propositions. None of them were adopted since the vote was nationwide. Ukraine remained a

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report, 2.7 million people were said to continue to live in areas under DPR and LPR control, comprising about one-third of the Donbas.

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dangers, and outdated infrastructure. Even more hazardous illegal coal mines became very common across the region in the late 2000s.

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resulted in the return of Donbas to Soviet control. The war had taken its toll, leaving the region both destroyed and depopulated.

1000: 952: 1448:. According to the 2001 census, Russian is the main language of 74.9% of residents in Donetsk Oblast and 68.8% in Luhansk Oblast. 1312:. The conflict was thus, in the words of historian Hiroaki Kuromiya, "secretly engineered and cleverly camouflaged by outsiders". 4976: 2121: 909: 320: 2284: 6265: 6146: 4453: 1054: 948: 4609: 5786: 5369: 5200: 5119: 4964: 4900: 3957: 3630: 3575: 3389: 3095: 2739: 2685: 1492: 1074: 5152: 4282: 3931: 3769: 458:. It has been an important coal mining area since the late 19th century, when it became a heavily industrialised territory. 6280: 6275: 5083: 1136: 1110: 1102: 4948: 4138: 1875:

in the Donbas have led to severe damage to the local environment. The most common problems throughout the region include:

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According to the 2001 census, ethnic Ukrainians form 58% of the population of Luhansk Oblast and 56.9% of Donetsk Oblast.

6290: 6111: 6084: 2371:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine – 10 facts you should know about the Russian military aggression against Ukraine" 1992: 1823:. In an effort to reduce Ukrainian dependence on Russian gas imports, the Ukrainian government reached an agreement with 1057:

on Ukrainian independence, 83.9% of voters in Donetsk Oblast and 83.6% in Luhansk Oblast supported independence from the

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Residents of Russian origin are mainly concentrated in the larger urban centers. Russian became the main language and

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as "implanting a cancerous cell into Ukraine's body." This was never implemented, and was subject to public protest.

1113:. President Kuchma gave economic aid to the Donbas, using development money to gain political support in the region. 881:

took control of large parts of the region. For a while, its government bodies operated in the Donbas alongside their

4646: 664:), which was built for the profitable business of exploiting newly discovered rock-salt reserves. Known for being a 6058: 5943: 5661: 4977:

Soviet conspiracy theories and political culture in Ukraine:Understanding Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Region

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The conflict led to a vast exodus from the Donbas: half the region's population were forced to flee their homes. A

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A brief attempt at gaining autonomy by pro-Viktor Yanukovych politicians and officials was made in 2004 during the

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Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

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Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

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Kofman, Michael; Migacheva, Katya; Nichiporuk, Brian; Radin, Andrew; Tkacheva, Olesya; Oberholtzer, Jenny (2017).

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Games from the Past: The continuity and change of the identity dynamic in Donbas from a historical perspective

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Andrew Wilson (April 1995). "The Donbas between Ukraine and Russia: The Use of History in Political Disputes".

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Andrew Wilson (April 1995). "The Donbas between Ukraine and Russia: The Use of History in Political Disputes".

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Andrew Wilson (April 1995). "The Donbas between Ukraine and Russia: The Use of History in Political Disputes".

2712: 2327: 1495:. Prominent members of that party, such as former Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych, were from the Donbas. 1300: 882: 878: 836: 729:

migrated to lands along the southern course of the Donets river, into an area previously inhabited by nomadic

4483: 2370: 2345:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine – Temporary Occupation of Territories in Donetsk and Luhansk Regions" 1672:(including 50.6% Orthodox, 11.9% who declared themselves to be "simply Christians", and 2.5% who belonged to 1277: 1239: 1179: 653:. The region now known as the Donbas was largely unpopulated until the second half of the 17th century, when 474: 306: 4094:

Wilson, Andrew (20 April 2016). "The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War".

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Wilson, Andrew (20 April 2016). "The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War".

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Wilson, Andrew (20 April 2016). "The Donbas in 2014: Explaining Civil Conflict Perhaps, but not Civil War".

6151: 3518: 2254:Как далеко зайдет Москва на Донбассе. Срочное обращение Байдена. Первые санкции | ВЕЧЕР | 22.2.22 1289: 1285: 860: 482: 478: 17: 2888: 2702: 2317: 1558:

Surveys of regional identities in Ukraine have shown that around 40% of Donbas residents claim to have a "

816:). With the development of Yuzovka and similar cities, large numbers of landless peasants from peripheral 6270: 6161: 5681: 5062: 1445: 1378: 2530:"Putin signs documents to illegally annex four Ukrainian regions, in drastic escalation of Russia's war" 6260: 6171: 5998: 5671: 4723: 3341:

Secession as an International Phenomenon: From America's Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements

1469: 5030: 5002: 4835:"About number and composition population of UKRAINE by data All-Ukrainian population census 2001 data" 1347:, this was signed on 5 September 2014. As this failed to stop the fighting, another agreement, called 287: 5651: 5320: 4936: 4761: 1567: 1191: 1026: 797: 733:, who were nominally subject to the Crimean Khanate. Tsarist Russia named the conquered territories " 360: 3453: 2981: 477:

between Ukrainian government forces and pro-Russian separatists affiliated with the self-proclaimed

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in the course of industrialization, boosted by the immigration of many Russians, particularly from

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A map of the region during the frozen conflict phase of the Donbas war, from the conclusion of the

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Prior to the Revolution of Dignity, the politics of the region were dominated by the pro-Russian

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resources of the region, discovered in 1721, began to be exploited in the mid-late 19th century.

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Katchanovski, Ivan; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (11 July 2013).

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Along with other territories inhabited by Ukrainians, the Donbas was incorporated into the

607: 4139:"Causes and Consequences of the War in Eastern Ukraine: An Economic Geography Perspective" 873:

A Soviet Russian propaganda poster from 1921 that says "The Donbas is the heart of Russia"

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Institute of Demography at the National Research University 'Higher School of Economics'

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Russia's Overlooked Invasion: The Causes of the 2014 Outbreak of War in Ukraine's Donbas

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took part in the congress, claiming to represent over 35 million citizens. Moscow Mayor

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annexation of Donbas together with two other Ukrainian oblasts, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia

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Market power politics : war, institutions, and strategic delays in world politics

2597:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 2577:"Mysterious Indo-European homeland may have been in the steppes of Ukraine and Russia" 2423:[Donbass is the only part of Ukraine that emerged from an industrial region]. 6063: 5902: 5863: 5853: 5574: 5415: 5206: 5196: 5115: 4960: 4769: 4335: 4323: 4160: 4123: 4111: 4080: 4068: 4031: 4019: 3999: 3963: 3953: 3887: 3875: 3815: 3803: 3626: 3571: 3412: 3385: 3345: 3315: 3309: 3288: 3199: 3172: 3145: 3118: 3091: 3011: 2951: 2894: 2865: 2792: 2765: 2735: 2708: 2681: 2652: 2634: 2323: 1976: 1824: 1544: 1260:

and anti-government groups took place in the Donbas, as part of the aftermath of the

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Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 November 2015 to 15 February 2016

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Districts with a majority of native Russian speakers are shown in red (census 2001).

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in the aftermath of the Russian Civil War. Cossacks in the region were subjected to

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with support from the Donbas and other areas in eastern Ukraine, was re-elected as

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newspaper in 2005, commentator Viktor Tkachenko said that the Donbas was home to "

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elimination of all Ukrainian-language schooling in the Donbas. By the time of the

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Workers of the Donbass Speak: Survival and Identity in the New Ukraine, 1982–1992

2945: 2729: 2209: 1930:, no miners were informed of the presence of radioactivity at the mine, however. 1836: 1794: 1694: 1665: 1540: 1365: 1320:" by the Ukrainian government, forcing its hand to intervene, were deemed false. 1164: 1160: 894: 886: 691: 611: 562: 537: 432: 184: 3114:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe

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Power in the Donbas became concentrated in a regional political elite, known as

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during 1919–1921. Ukrainians in the Donbas were greatly affected by the 1932–33

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The region has been inhabited for centuries by various nomadic tribes, such as

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