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744:– both of whom were previous Grand Tour winners, alongside high finishes at the Tour de France itself – Dumoulin recognised that he would be unable to maintain his own general classification campaign, and voluntarily assumed a super-domestique role to Roglič. This allowed Jumbo-Visma to operate with similar tactics to those used by Sky/INEOS in previous years, by setting a higher pace throughout difficult climbs, buoyed by the fact that Dumoulin and other Jumbo-Visma support riders such as
309:", Brocco shouted, "do I have the right to stay with him?" And then he rode off alone and won. He had made two points to Desgrange. The first was that he was a talented rider and not a servant. The second was that he had so much talent that his poor riding with Faber could only have been through a commercial arrangement. Desgrange replied that any rider with such flair had clearly been selling the race. "He deserves his punishment", Desgrange wrote, "immediate disqualification."
27:
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540:' behind to conserve energy until the last few hundred meters. The lead-out train sometimes starts 10–15 km to the finish with up to eight domestiques setting a pace to discourage others from breaking away. One by one, worn-out teammates drop off. The last to lead a sprinter is often a good sprinter himself. The sprinter will launch into a dash to the line with one or two hundred meters to go.
233:– they were far from last – and the judges were powerless because the race was decided not on time but points. It mattered less what speed riders competed than the order in which they crossed the line. In an era when riders could be separated by hours, there was no point in hurrying after a rival who could not be caught and passed. The judges had to wait for everyone.
866:
Domestiques sometimes get a chance to win stages in stage racing. Typically this would be late in a stage race. Domestiques whose standings do not threaten the leaders will often not be chased if they break away. Domestiques can progress to more senior roles if they show ability. For example, at the
312:
Domestiques had long been accepted in other races. Desgrange believed the Tour should be a race of individuals and fought repeatedly with the sponsors, bicycle factories, who saw it otherwise. Desgrange got rid of the factories' influence only by reorganising the Tour for national teams in 1930, with
82:
of another rider is easier than taking the lead. The difference increases with speed. Racers have known this from the start and have ridden accordingly, often sharing the lead between them. From there it is a small step to employing a rider to create a slipstream while their leader rides behind them.
198:
It is team tactics which so often win or lose races – and the lieutenants and the dog soldiers who expend their energy blocking chasing moves when they have riders up the road in a position to win. It is they who ride out into the wind so their aces can get an easier ride tucked inside their wheel .
426:
When you have the chance to start your career in so big a team and at the side of a champion as great as
Indurain, you grow in the service of sacrifice. I don't complain. To the contrary, I had the chance to live some wonderful moments. When Indurain won, or another rider for whom we had decided to
399:
Jean-Paul
Ollivier said: Carrea thought the sky had fallen in. How would Fausto take it? When the champion arrived a few minutes later, Carrea went towards him in tears to offer his excuses. "You must understand that I did not want this jersey, Fausto. I have no right to it. A poor man like me, the
942:
The 1990s saw the introduction of radio communication, allowing managers to assign tasks to domestiques wherever they are on the road. The influence of radios on race tactics is a topic of discussion amongst the cycling community, with some arguing that the introduction of radios in the 1990s has
923:
points system changed the relationship between domestiques and leaders. Previously, domestiques were not concerned with their finishing order. However, riders now get points for their finish position. This presses domestiques to also consider their own performance in addition to their leader's.
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before making a decisive attack. Experienced super-domestiques often also have the role of captain, passing on tactical instructions to other riders and making tactical decisions when there is little or no contact with the coaching staff. Examples of traditional super-domestiques are
947:(UCI), the governing body of pro cycling, voted to phase in a ban on the use of team radios in men's elite road racing. Finally radio found its undisputed place in peloton for good and, as some races with imposed radio ban proved, the ban changed nothing in racing tactics.
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would remain present in breakaways and leaders' groups to protect RogliÄŤ, while the weaker support riders surrounding other contenders would be whittled away. However, their defensive tactics had the unforeseen consequence of Jumbo-Visma helping eventual winner and rival
394:
Carrea had no idea he had become race leader. When officials told him, he burst into tears. He had ousted Coppi and he dreaded the consequences. He wept as he received his jersey, looking constantly down the road for the main field that included his leader.
651:. This finish came after some tension between the two lead riders, in particular during Stage 17 of the race, where Froome was forced to wait for Wiggins – his defined team leader – three times on the climb to the summit finish at Peyragudes, allowing
578:
There is a hierarchy among domestiques; the more accomplished, often called lieutenants or super-domestiques, are called upon during critical times. The lieutenant stays with the leader as long as possible during demanding periods. For example,
264:, the organiser and chief judge, wanted to disqualify him for breaking the rules. But he had no proof and feared Brocco would appeal to the national cycling body, the Union Vélocipédique Française. He limited himself to scorn in his newspaper,
655:
to win the stage, while both
Wiggins and Froome cemented their overall general classifications standings. Following this, a number of teams have adopted fluid, or shared team leadership at the Tour de France and the other Grand Tours. The
707:. This tactic was largely unsuccessful for Movistar, who experienced difficulties in coordinating their three leaders, none of whom appeared willing to sacrifice their own ambitions to serve as super-domestiques for one of the other two.
376:
par excellence", said the journalist Jean-Luc
Gatellier, "the incarnation of personal disinterest ... showing to perfection the notion of personal sacrifice. He refused the slightest bit of personal glory." Carrea was riding the
911:, a much less-prominent race in which Sastre (and other high-profile members of the team) did not ride, the Australian O'Grady acted as team leader and was assisted by his teammates to win two stages and the general classification.
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Assigned team roles vary substantially from race to race based on a variety of factors, including the course, the team members riding the race, their current physical condition, or even commercial factors. For instance,
515:
Domestiques bring water and food from team cars and shield teammates from opponents. They help teammates with mechanical disasters – should the leader puncture a tire, the domestique will cycle in front to create a
528:
Domestiques race in the interest of the team, or against opposing teams. By putting themselves in a breakaway they force other teams to chase. In turn, they chase a breakaway that threatens their team.
362:. The two men were of similar size and rode bikes of exactly the same dimensions, even though that made Ernzer a little low in the saddle. He was always there to give his bike to Gaul when it was needed.
389:
Carrea said: "Without knowing it, I had slid into the important break of the day and at
Lausanne, to my great surprise, I heard I had inherited a jersey destined for champions. For me, it was a terrible
959:
event, a team of four riders must complete 4 km, with the third rider being used to stop the clock. Therefore, one rider often sprints towards the finish line to tow the teammates.
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Recent developments in the compositions of the rosters of leading teams have led to an increasing number of high-status riders fulfilling super-domestique duties, especially during the
405:
Coppi said: "I wondered how Carrea, so shy and so emotional, was going to take it. When I went to congratulate him on the track at
Lausanne, he didn't know what face he ought to adopt".
90:). Where the domestique finishes a race is less important than the help he gives. During their role as domestiques, riders do not share the fame of their respective leaders, such as
221:, who promised them the equivalent of first prize if they would pace him from restaurant to restaurant. The three never hurried. They took 12 hours and 20 minutes longer than
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248:, known as Coco, in 1911. Brocco started six Tours de France between 1908 and 1914, finished none of them, although a stage he won in 1911 caused the coining of
688:, who had himself served as a super-domestique to Froome and Thomas the previous year, subsequently finished first himself, with Thomas finishing second.
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said: "He no longer counts the hours, the years, spent with his nose in the wind trying to protect his leader for as long as possible". Arrieta said:
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672:– successfully capture the yellow jersey, while a second rider from the team finished elsewhere within the top four: 2017 saw Froome win, with
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The rules of the Tour in its first decades forbade team riding, but PĂ©pin did little to affect the result. He dropped out on stage five.
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was in danger of being eliminated for taking too long and the two came to a deal. Brocco waited for Faber and paced him to the finish.
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Nonetheless, the traditional domestique role remains an important one, and a 2020 poll of riders in the professional peloton by
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devalued the tactical knowledge of individual riders and has led to less exciting racing. In
September 2009, the
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Rare indeed is the major victory that cannot be credited in large part to the groundwork laid by the domestiques.
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translates as "servant". The use of the term dates back to 1911, although such riders had existed before then.
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Comparatively, a more successful and more hierarchical example of the super-domestique system featured at the
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but later became team leader due to Evans struggling and eventually won the young rider classification.
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In mountainous races, domestiques help their leaders by setting a pace or thwarting attacks from others.
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This top-heavy strategy has also been a feature of other teams in contention, with mixed results. The
281:, we are going to settle our accounts." He won the day by 34 minutes. Desgrange followed him and the
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20:
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editions of the Tour de France all saw Sky – in 2019, changing sponsorship to become known as
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allowing him to reclaim their position. A domestique may also sacrifice his bicycle or wheel.
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Many domestiques have ultimately gone on to achieve fame of their own, however.
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for the 2018 and 2019 Tours saw the deployment of the so-called 'Trident' of
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the effect that he thereby acknowledged teamwork and therefore domestiques.
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finished second on the overall podium behind his teammate and compatriot
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The first riders known to have been employed to help a leader were
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as climbing domestiques to set pace during mountain stages of the
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252:. Brocco's chances in 1911 ended when he lost time on the day to
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1207:"Pro riders vote Tim Declercq as Best Domestique in the World"
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Domestiques from several teams form lines at the front of the
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and leader, rather than trying to win the race. In French,
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1294:, Velonews.com (September 27, 2009). Retrieved 3.06.2010
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A domestique retrieving water bottles for his teammates.
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having entered the Tour with shared leadership between
34:
to keep their leaders near the front of the race. Note
1176:
Ollivier, Jean-Paul (1990), trans. and ed. Yates, R.,
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1306:"Race radio: US Continental teams weigh in on debate"
938:(the eventual winner) during the 1997 Tour de France.
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in the 2008 Tour de France. By contrast, in the 2008
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work, it was a victory for all the team men as well".
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277:
Next morning Brocco greeted
Desgrange with: "Today,
244:
The word was first used in cycling as an insult for
887:also won a stage while riding in support of winner
1304:March 2011, Kirsten Frattini 18 (18 March 2011).
1023:(meaning "servant" or "helper" in Dutch) is used.
768:as the best domestique in the world, followed by
270:, writing: "He is unworthy. He is no more than a
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1430:
875:began the tour as a domestique for 2011 winner
355:, was followed for as long as he could last by
1292:"Directors: UCI out of tune on race-radio ban"
914:
62:is a rider who works for the benefit of their
1416:
1233:May 2007, Kirsten Frattini 24 (24 May 2007).
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684:, while Froome finished third; and in 2019,
1345:"CS Comment: Do radios make racing boring?"
1328:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1251:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1235:"Bölts and Schmid admit doping involvement"
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1017:). In Belgium and the Netherlands the term
834:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
470:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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899:, a veteran professional rider riding for
635:. This approach was largely originated by
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854:Learn how and when to remove this message
490:Learn how and when to remove this message
169:, who scored second place at the Tour in
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1165:La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France
1123:La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France
1110:La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France
1007:. In Italy and Spain, the term used is
1489:
639:, beginning with their success at the
316:
1404:
1003:However, in French, the term used is
628:, when both went on to win the Tour.
612:. Hincapie was also a domestique for
239:
173:before ultimately going on to win in
1396:column on the team roles in cycling.
1082:A Moustache, Poison and Blue Glasses
903:, served as a domestique supporting
832:adding citations to reliable sources
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468:adding citations to reliable sources
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204:
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934:(right) riding as a Domestique for
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385:to protect his leader's interests.
351:The dominant climber of the 1950s,
213:and Henri Gauban. They rode in the
189:. The writer Roger St Pierre said:
13:
1375:portrait of domestique Sean Yates.
1205:Fletcher, Patrick (5 April 2020).
14:
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1269:. Cycling Central. Archived from
305:. Desgrange was still watching. "
1343:Pickering, Edward (2011-02-24).
1267:"Radio killed the tactical star"
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1497:Road bicycle racing terminology
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1178:The True Story of Fausto Coppi
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945:Union Cycliste Internationale
1431:Types of road racing cyclist
608:who was a key lieutenant of
570:. Froome went on to win the
38:working for his team leader
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915:Evolution of the domestique
181:after being domestique for
16:Type of road racing cyclist
10:
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18:
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1044:Barry Ryan (2021-07-16).
21:Domestic (disambiguation)
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676:coming fourth; in 2018,
381:and joined an attack to
1121:Chany, Pierre, (1988),
1108:Chany, Pierre, (1988),
1383:article on domestiques
1163:Chany, Pierre (1988),
1080:Novrup, Svend (1999),
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412:was a domestique for
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368:was a domestique for
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129:'s domestique in the
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1446:Breakaway specialist
867:2012 Tour de France
828:improve this section
464:improve this section
19:For other uses, see
955:In track cycling's
730:2020 Tour de France
723:2023 Tour de France
641:2012 Tour de France
572:2013 Tour de France
568:2012 Tour de France
317:Devoted domestiques
215:1907 Tour de France
131:1985 Tour de France
123:1986 Tour de France
115:1966 Tour de France
56:road bicycle racing
985:Outline of cycling
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869:Tejay van Garderen
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653:Alejandro Valverde
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240:Terminology origin
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560:Bradley Wiggins
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877:Cadel Evans
790:Iljo Keisse
697:Mikel Landa
686:Egan Bernal
674:Mikel Landa
633:Grand Tours
622:Cadel Evans
390:situation."
357:Luxemburger
353:Charly Gaul
307:Alors, quoi
219:Henri PĂ©pin
143:Bjarne Riis
135:Jan Ullrich
119:Greg LeMond
92:Eddy Merckx
1456:Domestique
1354:2020-06-02
1315:2020-06-02
1277:2017-07-09
1137:, UK, 2002
1135:ProCycling
1096:, UK, 2000
1094:ProCycling
1055:2023-09-11
1031:References
670:Team Ineos
558:assisting
518:slipstream
345:ProCycling
324:Vin Denson
299:Paul Duboc
272:domestique
250:domestique
113:, won the
80:slipstream
68:domestique
60:domestique
1373:BBC Sport
1218:20 August
1015:etymology
932:Udo Bölts
844:June 2021
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480:June 2021
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88:see below
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963:See also
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