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39:
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1119:. In order for a dog to detect a stimulus, or odor, the VNO has to be opened. It is opened when a pheromone attaches to the membrane of the nervous cells in the vomeronasal organ. From the VNO, the pheromone signals are sent to the accessory olfactory bulb and transferred to the amygdala. The pheromone will finally be sent to the ventromedial hypothalamus, where the signal is perceived. The
538:
Puppies lick themselves and their littermates as part of the cleaning process, and it appears to build bonds. Later in life, licking ceases to be a cleaning function and forms a ritualized gesture indicating friendliness. When stressed, a dog might lick the air, its own lips, or drop down and lick its paws or body. Lip-licking and sniffing are also recognized as calming signals.
582:
872:
because other dogs are barking. Subtler signs such as discreet bodily and facial movements, body odors, whines, yelps, and growls are the main sources of actual communication. The majority of these subtle communication techniques are employed at a close proximity to another, but for long-range communication, only barking and howling are employed.
179:
children and dogs, while 3-year-old children's performances were higher. The results also showed that all subjects were able to generalize from their previous experience to respond to relatively novel pointing gestures. This can be explained as a joint outcome of their evolutionary history as well as their socialization in a human environment.
1145:. The raised-leg posture provides increased dispersal of the elevated mark, allowing the wind to carry it further. Females; however, tend to utilize a squatting posture and urinate less frequently than males. Additionally, smaller dogs can use a higher leg raise when urinating to embellish their competitive ability.
1138:, she will urinate more frequently to attract a potential mate. The urine contains information about a female's reproductive status and it also conveys messages to the receiver about the female's location. The compound p-hydroxybenzoate is found in the pheromones that attract a male to a female in estrus.
523:
Similarly to humans, dogs yawn in an attempt to awaken. Dogs will also yawn when under stress, or as a pacifying signal when being menaced by aggression signals from another dog. Yawning, accompanied by a head turned away from the aggressor, can defuse a potentially threatening situation. It is also
182:
One study has indicated that dogs are able to tell how big another dog is just by listening to its growl. The research also shows that dogs do not, or cannot, misrepresent their size, and this is the first time research has shown animals can determine another's size by the sound they make. The test,
595:
when feeling tension and unease about a potentially threatening situation. The eyes are slightly closed, the brow area is wrinkled, and their teeth may be showing. A dog should not be approached when they are communicating this way and should be removed from the high tension situation, if possible.
142:
Both humans and dogs are characterized by complex social lives with complex communication systems, but it is also possible that dogs, perhaps because of their reliance on humans for food, have evolved specialized skills for recognizing and interpreting human social-communicative signals. Four basic
720:
Dogs' bodies alone can communicate a lot. By increasing the size and tension of their bodies and making themselves look larger, they can communicate confidence, alertness, or even threat. Actions meant to reduce the size of the body, such as lowering to the floor with tail tucked and lowered ears,
1160:
and is another way in which chemical signals are secreted. Pheromones are excreted from the pedal glands, aiding in territorial marking or adding additional odor to the scent mark. The chances of a dog scratching the ground increases when the individual is aggressively aroused. It is also usually
1148:
Overmarking is when an individual covers another's scent mark with its own. Both males and females practice overmarking, although it is more common in males. Overmarking is used to send information about social status and dominance. It enables dogs to find potential mates or acknowledge potential
594:
When dogs want to threaten a perceived adversary, they will stare. In contrast, dogs will avoid eye contact if trying to decrease tension. They can communicate emotional states by having "soft" eyes or "hard" eyes. Soft eyes are used when a dog feels relaxed and not threatened. Hard eyes are used
537:
are characterized by licking in a more vigorous manner than used during greetings. Licking can communicate information about dominance, intentions, and state of mind, and, like the yawn, is mainly a pacifying behavior. All pacifying behaviors contain elements of puppy behavior, including licking.
871:
By the age of four weeks, the dog has developed the majority of its vocalizations. The dog is the most vocal canid and is unique in its tendency to bark in myriad situations. Barking appears to have little more communication functions than excitement, fighting, the presence of a human, or simply
178:
The pointing gesture is a human-specific signal and is referential. Human infants acquire it weeks before the first spoken word. In 2009, a study compared the responses to a range of pointing gestures by dogs and human infants. The study showed little difference in the performance of 2-year-old
532:
Licking behavior has multiple causes and meanings and should not be simply interpreted as affection. Dogs that are familiar with each other may lick each other's faces in greeting, then sniff any moist membranes where odors are strongest (i.e. mouth, nose, anal region, or urogenital region.)
174:
cue. A human-dog gaze helps dogs establish stronger relationships by being able to communicate better with humans, as well as other dogs. Dogs will start to act and react much like their owners do. Dogs will pick up on how their owners respond to strangers and non-friendly dogs.
399:. The notion of dominance and submission is much debated. In her book, she does not use these terms to differentiate behaviour. She describes calming signals as a way for dogs to calm themselves or other humans/dogs around them. These are some of the signals she identifies:
1051:
Play sneezing is another calming signal that dogs use to indicate that they are not being aggressive, or that they are just playing. Play sneezes are not actual sneezes, but more of an expulsion of air that resembles a sneeze, and occur frequently during play.
1034:. Excitement can raise the body temperature in both humans and dogs. Although not an intentional communication, if the dog pants rapidly even though it is not exposed to warm conditions or intense physical activity, then this signals excitement due to stress.
150:
By undergoing domestication, dogs not only reduced their fear of humans but also applied all-purpose problem-solving skills to their interactions with people. This largely innate gift for reading human social gestures was inadvertently selected via
991:
Whining and whimpers are short, high pitched sounds designed to bring the listener closer to show either fear or submission on the behalf of the whiner or whimperer. These are also the sounds that puppies make as pacifying and soliciting sounds.
169:
Dogs tend to be highly responsive to human cues, especially the direction of a gaze and the direction in which a human points. Dogs rely on the gestures of humans more than verbal cues, most importantly eye contact. Eye contact is considered an
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Sighs are an expression of emotion, usually when the dog is lying down with its head on its paws. When the eyes are half-closed, it signals pleasure and contentment. When the eyes are fully open, it signals displeasure or disappointment.
118:, dogs have become particularly adept at "reading" human facial expressions, and they are able to determine human emotional status. When communicating with a human, their level of comprehension is generally comparable to a
946:
Noisy growl, medium and higher pitch, with teeth hidden from view – can signal intense concentration, may be found during play-aggression, however knowledge of the whole body language is required for a definitive
1134:, when individuals leave strong smelling scents on specific areas in the environment in order to mark their territory. The scent mark contains chemical messages about the sender. For example, when a female is in
44:
The mucus on a dog's wet nose traps particles from everything the dog has recently smelled or eaten. When dogs meet, they smell each other's noses to see what the other dog did that day and if there is any food
1456:
1098:
Dogs have an olfactory sense 40 times more sensitive than a human's and they commence their lives operating almost exclusively on smell and touch. The special scents that dogs use for communication are called
482:
Mouth closed, no teeth or tongue visible. Usually associated with the dog looking in one direction, and the ears and head may lean slightly forward – shows attention, interest, or appraisal of a situation.
189:
Most people can tell from a bark whether a dog was alone or being approached by a stranger, playing or being aggressive, and able to tell from a growl how big the dog is. This is thought to be evidence of
114:
Humans can communicate with dogs through a wide variety of methods. Broadly, this includes vocalization, hand signals, body posture and touch. The two species also communicate visually: through
71:, as well as between dogs and humans. Behaviors associated with dog communication are categorized into visual and vocal. Visual communication includes mouth shape and head position, licking and
183:
using images of many kinds of dogs, showed a small and big dog and played a growl. Twenty of the 24 test dogs looked at the image of the appropriately sized dog first and looked at it longest.
157:
Dogs are adaptively predisposed to learn about human communicative gestures. They come with a built-in "head start" to learn the significance of people's gestures, in much the same way that
698:
Dogs' ability to move their tails can be different among different breeds due to the fact that humans can dock their tails or remove them completely. In addition, some breeds, such as the
1014:
A yelp for several seconds in length much like a human child, then repeated – anguish or agony, a call to the pack-mates for help, is rarely heard. It could be an indication of severe
1659:
Miklósi, A'.; Polgárdi, R.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. (1 December 2000). "Intentional behaviour in dog-human communication: an experimental analysis of "showing" behaviour in the dog".
154:
Dogs' co-evolution with humans equipped them with the cognitive machinery to not only respond to human social cues but to understand human mental states; a so-called theory of mind.
901:
One or two sharp, short barks of high or midrange pitch – typical greeting sound, usually replaces the alarm bark when visitor is identified as friendly or the dog feels insecure.
511:
A less dominant dog approaching a dominant dog with its head down, and only on occasion quickly pointing its muzzle towards the higher-status dog – shows no fight is intended.
752:
Dog crouches with front legs extended, rear body and tail up, facing its playmate directly – classic "play-bow" to commence play. It is also recognized as a calming signal.
695:
Dogs are said to exhibit a left-right asymmetry of the tail when interacting with strangers, and will show the opposite right-left motion with people and dogs they know.
653:
Tail tucked between legs – expresses fear, anxiety, or nervousness; can also be a ritualized pacifying signal to fend off aggression from another dog. The expression
971:
Bark-howl, 2-3 barks followed by a mournful howl – dog is relatively isolated, locked away with no companionship, calling for company or a response from another dog.
635:
Tail horizontally straight out, stiff, and pointing away from the dog – displays an initial challenge that could lead to aggression if feeling threatened or anxious.
485:
Curling or pulling the lips to expose the teeth and perhaps the gums – a warning signal. The other party has time to back down, leave, or show a pacifying gesture.
2082:
1168:, and peripheral areas. There are specific glands in these areas that produce different odors, such as glands at the corner of the mouth, in the ear pinnae, the
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followed by another male counter marking with urine in order to cover the area with their own scent and more prevalent when there is a female in estrus around.
546:
Dogs' ability to move their ears is different among each breed. In addition, some ears move very little if they are artificially altered or cropped by humans.
644:
Tail held lower than horizontally but still some distance off from the legs, perhaps with an occasional swishing back and forth – an unconcerned, relaxed dog.
328:
3019:
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340:
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Mouth elongated as if pulled back, stretching out the mouth opening and showing the rear teeth – a submissive dog yielding to the dominant dog's threat.
32:
Dogs that are familiar with each other may lick each other's faces in greeting, then they begin to sniff any moist membranes where odours are strongest.
1141:
The most common type of scent marking is urine-marking to identify their territory. Adult males prefer to mark vertical surfaces with urine, using the
303:
917:
889:
Barking in rapid strings of 3 or 4 with pauses in between, midrange pitch – alerting call, the dog senses something but not yet defined as a threat.
1521:
1164:
Dogs also receive information about a conspecific by sniffing particular glands. When greeting, dogs tend to be more attentive to the neck, face,
898:
A prolonged string of barks, with moderate to long intervals between each one – lonely, in need of companionship, often exhibited when confined.
479:
Mouth relaxed and slightly open; tongue perhaps slightly visible or draped over the lower teeth – this is the sign of a content and relaxed dog.
2325:
2209:
J.A. Cohen and M.W. Fox, "Vocalizations in Wild Canids and
Possible Effects of Domestication," Behavioural Processes, vol. 1 (1976), pp. 77-92.
904:
Single sharp short bark, lower midrange pitch – annoyance, used by a mother dog disciplining her puppies or by a dog disturbed from its sleep.
316:
1111:, aggressive behavior, and territorial marking. They can serve to either attract or repel other dogs. Pheromone signals are received in the
1571:
647:
Tail down, near hind legs, legs straight, tail swings back and forth slowly – dog feeling unwell, slightly depressed or in moderate pain.
514:
In an alternative interpretation that does not involve dominance and submission, turning the head away is recognized as a calming signal.
454:
By moving different parts of their bodies, whether facial expressions or postures, dogs can express a wide range of emotions and signals.
860:, typically in the form of either barks (termed "pulse trains") or howls (termed "long acoustic streams"). The long-distance howling of
1184:
that produce anal secretions during defecation. These are important in marking territory and sending information about social status.
602:
Eyes turned away to avoid direct eye contact – breaking off eye contact signals submission; it is also recognized as a calming signal.
2200:
Robert L. Robbins, "Vocal
Communication in Free-Ranging African Wild Dogs", Behavior, vol. 137, No. 10 (October 2000), pp. 1271-1298.
1123:
is a behavior in dogs in which the upper lip curves up to reveal to their teeth; this behavior strengthens the intake of pheromones.
1107:
with conspecifics. These pheromones that contain chemical signals serve to send information to other dogs about social status, age,
186:
Depending on the context, a dog's bark can vary in timing, pitch, and amplitude. It is possible that these have different meanings.
352:
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Dog sits when approached by another, allowing itself to be sniffed – signals acceptance of dominance but does not signal weakness.
777:
364:
218:
191:
147:
Dogs, by way of their interactions with humans, learn to be responsive to human social cues through basic conditioning processes.
835:
376:
276:
2737:
2231:
P.N. Lehner, "Coyote vocalizations: a lexicon and comparisons with other canids," Animal
Behavior, vol. 26 (1978) pp. 712-722.
807:
562:
Ears flickering, slightly forward, then slightly back or downward – signals indecision with a submissive or fearful component.
505:
A dominant or threatening dog that looks directly at another individual – a threat. It is pointing its weapons (muzzle/teeth).
248:
2564:
2407:
2380:
2353:
2191:"Asymmetric tail-wagging responses by dogs to different emotive stimuli", Current Biology, 17(6), 20 March 2007, pp R199-R201
2250:
2174:
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Dog sits with one front paw slightly raised – stress, social fear and insecurity. It is also recognized as a calming signal.
1176:. Dogs gain social information by sniffing particular odors secreted from these areas. Dogs can also gain information from
814:
508:
A dominant dog turning its head away from a submissive dog – a calming action, indicating that it is not going to attack.
255:
3544:
2079:
743:
Dog rolls on side or exposes underbelly and completely breaks off eye contact – extreme pacifying or submission signal.
650:
Tail down, near hind legs, hind legs bent inwards to lower the body – expresses timidity, apprehension, or insecurity.
2301:
2274:
1395:
699:
585:
Tail held lower than the horizontal, perhaps with an occasional swishing back and forth – an unconcerned, relaxed dog
943:
Undulating growl, going from midrange to high midrange – dog is terrified, it will either defend itself or run away.
559:
Ears pulled slightly back and slightly splayed – signals indecision, or uneasy suspicion that may become aggression.
821:
680:
Tail wagging to the left side of the body – the dog senses a negative situation, such as unfamiliar dogs or people.
262:
2035:
2007:
3146:
2343:
2134:
792:
233:
2240:
H. McCarley, "Long distance vocalization of coyotes (Canis latrans)," J. Mammal., vol. 56 (1975), pp. 847-856.
1733:
Marler, Peter (1970). "A comparative approach to vocal learning: Song development in white-crowned sparrows".
803:
687:
244:
3539:
2589:
Kokocińska-Kusiak, Agata; Woszczyło, Martyna; Zybala, Mikołaj; Maciocha, Julia; Barłowska, Katarzyna (2021).
1130:, pedal glands, urine and fecal deposits, body odor, and rubbing their body on certain items. This is called
737:
Muzzle nudge – occurs when a submissive dog gently pushes the muzzle of the dominant dog, showing acceptance.
913:
Rising bark – indicates having fun, used during play-fighting or when the owner is about to throw an object.
629:
Tail held high – communicates confidence, arousal, and willingness to be approached by other dogs or humans
940:
Higher midrange-pitched growl-bark – higher pitch means less confident, frightened but will defend itself.
3365:
1696:
Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. (June 2004). "Comparative social cognition: what can dogs teach us?".
1083:
641:
Tail up and slightly curved over back – signals confidence; seen in a dominant dog that feels in control.
599:
Direct eye-to-eye stare – a threat, expression of dominance, or warning that an attack is about to begin.
465:
3236:
3077:
3014:
2730:
1698:
2705:
934:
Soft growling that is not so low-pitched and seems more obviously to come from the mouth – stay away.
553:
Ears pulled back flat against the head, teeth bared – signals an anxious dog that will defend itself.
1887:
1002:
Single yelp or high-pitched bark – response to sudden, unexpected pain such as a too-hard play bite.
613:
Tail between legs, lying down, ears back, body tight – a submissive dog who is worried or frightened
534:
3459:
3338:
3208:
162:
138:
showing facial expressions of a dog – a communication behavior. y-axis = fear, x-axis = aggression
1450:
Kaminski, Juliane; Waller, Bridget M.; Diogo, Rui; Hartstone-Rose, Adam; Burrows, Anne M. (2019).
931:
Soft, low-pitched growling that seems to come from the chest – used as a threat by a dominant dog.
3480:
3475:
3067:
2999:
2063:
1412:
895:
Barking still continuously but a bit slower and lower pitch – imminent threat, prepare to defend.
731:
Hair bristles on back of shoulders – possible aggression, may also indicate fear and uncertainty.
38:
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2799:
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Moan or moan-yodel, lower pitched than whines or whimpers – spontaneous pleasure or excitement.
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Siniscalchi, Marcello; d’Ingeo, Serenella; Minunno, Michele; Quaranta, Angelo (31 July 2018).
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Siniscalchi, Marcello; d’Ingeo, Serenella; Minunno, Michele; Quaranta, Angelo (31 July 2018).
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Faragó, T; Pongrácz P; Miklósi Á; Huber L; Virányi Z; Range, F (2010). Giurfa, Martin (ed.).
1874:
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Body slightly sloped forward, feet braced – challenge to a dominant dog, conflict may follow.
715:
158:
2397:
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Low-pitched growl-bark – growl leading to a bark is both a threat and a call for assistance.
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1961:
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1517:) human-like behaviors: or why behavior analysts should stop worrying and love their dogs"
8:
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2012:
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Broad tail wag, with wide swings that pull the hips from side to side – happy greeting.
2591:"Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications"
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2484:"Patterns of carnivores' communication and potential significance for domestic dogs"
1934:
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competitors. Such as males may overmark a female's urine to guard a potential mate.
725:
Stiff-legged, upright posture or slow, stiff-legged movement forward – dominant dog.
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A dog rolls on its back and rubs its shoulders on the ground to display contentment
577:
Ears held sideways – indicates conflicting emotions due to an unsettling situation.
1711:
632:
Tail horizontal, pointing away from the dog but not stiff – signals attentiveness.
461:
Dog with ears erect means it is alerted, and baring its teeth is a warning signal.
3163:
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2086:
1974:
1866:
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1116:
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Howling – indicates the dog is present, or indicating that this is its territory.
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Tail wagging to the right side of the body – the dog feels comfortable and safe.
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Hare, Brian; Tomasello, Michael (2005). "Human-like social skills in dogs?".
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Ears pulled back flat against the head, teeth not bared – signals submission.
135:
115:
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2311:
2269:(1st United States ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 183–206.
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784:
225:
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1993:
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1905:) and human infants' comprehension of various forms of pointing gestures".
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1552:
1497:
1436:
1019:
674:
Slow tail wag with tail at half-mast – unsure of what to do next, insecure.
638:
Tail up, between the horizontal and vertical position – conveys dominance .
392:
99:, whines and whimpers, screams, pants and sighs. Dogs also communicate via
88:
84:
2075:
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3518:
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3251:
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Dog rolls on its back and rubs its shoulders on the ground – contentment.
297:
Dogs communicating emotions through body positioning were illustrated in
2607:
2588:
1950:"Dogs' Expectation about Signalers' Body Size by Virtue of Their Growls"
565:
Ears pulled close to the head to give a "round face" – a calming signal.
26:
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2345:
The
Domestic Dog: Its Evolution, Behaviour and Interactions with People
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Baying – can be heard during tracking to call pack-mates to the quarry.
875:
655:
571:
Ears flattened or pressed down – indicates fear, anger, or frustration.
457:
311:
Examples of body positioning to communicate different emotions in dogs.
1569:(23 June 2016). "From nonhuman to human mind. What changed and why?".
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can communicate stress, fear, nerves, or a desire to avoid conflicts.
609:
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Two dogs communicating a warning; note the teeth baring and lip curl.
861:
171:
108:
100:
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766:
702:, are born with extremely short tails, or other breeds, such as the
207:
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1805:
1449:
1180:. All canines have two symmetric sacs on either side of the anal
959:
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Single short bark, higher midrange pitch – surprised or startled.
857:
119:
96:
1947:
550:
Ears erect or slightly forward – signals attention or alertness.
2969:
2875:
2848:
2794:
1015:
865:
2512:
The
Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
143:
hypotheses have been put forward to account for the findings.
2957:
2947:
2942:
2865:
1901:
Lakatos, Gabriella (2009). "A comparative approach to dogs' (
982:
Dog howling indicates the dog is present or in its territory.
104:
1103:. Pheromones are composed of natural chemicals that mediate
879:
Rapid barking with a midrange pitch is the basic alarm bark.
734:
Lowering the body or cringing while looking up – submission.
665:
Slight tail wag, each swing of only a small size – greeting.
87:. Dog vocalizations, or auditory communication, can include
57:
Dogs yawn when they are tired (like humans) or under stress.
51:
469:
Licking can mean different things depending on the context.
16:
Communication of dogs with other dogs and as well as humans
2368:
2222:
American
Zoologist, vol. 7, no. 2 (May 1967), pp. 331-338.
1658:
1417:
Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
574:
Ears pressed tightly to the head – expresses extreme fear.
2816:
2746:
68:
2036:"What Are Dogs Saying When They Bark? [Excerpt]"
581:
2715:
2220:"Howling as a Means of Communication in Timber Wolves,"
2033:
568:
Ears pulled back in varying angles – expresses arousal.
1152:
Scratching the ground is a common behavior seen after
1126:
Chemical signals are diffused into the environment by
910:
Stutter bark, midrange pitch – used to initiate play.
334:"Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions"
677:
Tail wagging is also recognized as a calming signal.
2061:
1867:"Pointing is the royal road to language for babies"
1736:
2508:"Current research in canine and feline pheromones"
2122:
1763:
1695:
1413:"Current research in canine and feline pheromones"
1411:Pageat, Patrick; Gaultier, Emmanuel (March 2003).
2293:On talking terms with dogs : calming signals
2125:On talking terms with dogs : calming signals
892:Rapid barking, midrange pitch – basic alarm bark.
304:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
3531:
2057:
2055:
1522:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
996:Soft whining and whimpering – hurting or scared.
346:"Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind"
2369:L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010).
2362:
2129:(2nd ed.). Wenatchee, Wash.: Dogwise Pub.
2116:
2114:
1858:
1457:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2505:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
1410:
2731:
2289:
2266:Behaviour of Wolves, Dogs, and Related Canids
2052:
2034:Brian Hare; Vanessa Woods (8 February 2013),
1615:
165:song and ducklings imprint on their own kind.
2506:Pageat, Patrick; Gaultier, Emmanuel (2003).
1452:"Evolution of facial muscle anatomy in dogs"
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
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1365:
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1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
965:Yip-howl – lonely, in need of companionship.
793:introducing citations to additional sources
395:identifies around 30 signals that she calls
234:introducing citations to additional sources
2372:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
2091:
1894:
1864:
1572:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
2738:
2724:
2337:
2335:
2324:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2008:"What dogs are saying Scientific American"
1755:
1689:
1652:
1510:
856:Long-distance contact calls are common in
125:
2678:
2660:
2616:
2606:
2556:Societies of Wolves and Free-ranging Dogs
1983:
1973:
1841:
1823:
1726:
1592:
1542:
1487:
1477:
706:, may be born without a tail altogether.
2251:"Probing Question: Why do coyotes howl?"
2027:
1504:
1216:
977:
916:
874:
783:Relevant discussion may be found on the
686:
608:
580:
464:
456:
224:Relevant discussion may be found on the
129:
2396:Beaver, Bonnie V. G. (1 January 2009).
2341:
2332:
1900:
1609:
1559:
1018:. It is recommended to take a dog to a
527:
67:is the transfer of information between
3532:
2552:
2546:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2395:
2120:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1766:Evolution and modification of behavior
1761:
1732:
1005:Series of yelps – severe fear or pain.
986:
868:is one way in which dogs communicate.
2719:
2638:
2636:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2481:
2456:– via Taylor and Francis Group.
2427:
2399:Canine Behavior: Insights and Answers
2218:John B. Theberge and J. Bruce Falls,
2064:"Humans can judge a dog by its growl"
1941:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1385:
322:"Small dog watching a cat on a table"
2706:Pet Behavior articles from the ASPCA
2296:(Second ed.). Wenatchee, Wash.
2172:
1565:
760:
659:is used in English about people too.
201:
2494:
2460:
2416:
2262:
2062:Katherine Sanderson (23 May 2008),
1511:Udell, MA; Wynne, CD (March 2008).
13:
2633:
2573:
2253:Penn State News (15 January 2007).
2152:Dominance in dogs: Fact or Fiction
2149:
1774:
14:
3556:
2699:
2553:Spotte, Stephen (15 March 2012).
700:Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
3513:
3504:
3503:
1585:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00476.x
1390:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1082:
1070:
1046:
776:relies largely or entirely on a
765:
524:recognized as a calming signal.
499:
410:Turning away/turning of the head
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
315:
217:relies largely or entirely on a
206:
50:
37:
25:
2389:
2375:. University of Chicago Press.
2290:Rugaas, Turid (December 2005).
2283:
2256:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2179:Pet Dog Trainers of Europe Blog
2175:"Digging the dirt on dominance"
2166:
2143:
2000:
662:Tail fast wagging – excitement.
2559:. Cambridge University Press.
2446:10.1080/17415349.2007.11013611
2348:. Cambridge University Press.
1770:. University of Chicago Press.
1594:11858/00-001M-0000-000F-FE6B-B
1443:
1404:
1115:(VNO) that is included in the
1077:"Raised-leg urination" posture
473:
1:
2524:10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00128-6
1712:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.10.008
1513:"A review of domestic dogs' (
1429:10.1016/S0195-5616(02)00128-6
1209:
1109:sexual or reproductive status
2482:Petak, Irena (1 June 2010).
2402:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1975:10.1371/journal.pone.0015175
1865:Butterworth, George (2003).
1618:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1055:
1022:immediately if they scream.
1009:
605:Blinking – a calming signal.
75:, ear and tail positioning,
7:
3366:List of longest-living dogs
2711:Communicating with your dog
1187:
756:
10:
3561:
3339:Origin of the domestic dog
3237:Breed-specific legislation
3078:Psychiatric assistance dog
2434:Veterinary Nursing Journal
2430:"Understanding pheromones"
1630:10.1016/j.tics.2005.07.003
1059:
1025:
957:
713:
668:Broad tail wag – friendly.
621:
389:On Talking Terms with Dogs
358:"Dog caressing his master"
3545:Dog training and behavior
3499:
3468:
3435:
3352:
3217:
3172:
3028:
2985:
2753:
1919:10.1007/s10071-009-0221-4
1032:regulate body temperature
1030:Panting is an attempt to
925:
197:
103:communication, utilizing
2745:
2263:Fox, Michael W. (1971).
1535:10.1901/jeab.2008.89-247
1172:and vaginal glands, and
1062:Dog anatomy § Smell
1037:
951:
883:
370:"Half-bred shepherd dog"
3481:List of individual dogs
3476:Domesticated silver fox
3068:Mobility assistance dog
2645:"Communication in Dogs"
2342:Serpell, James (1995).
2080:research available here
1808:"Communication in Dogs"
1762:Lorenz, Konrad (1965).
1479:10.1073/pnas.1820653116
1386:Coren, Stanley (2012).
1105:olfactory communication
709:
656:tail between one's legs
617:
589:
541:
518:
126:Dog–human communication
3486:List of fictional dogs
2800:Livestock guardian dog
2154:. Dogwise Publishing.
2121:Rugaas, Turid (2006).
1882:Cite journal requires
983:
922:
880:
692:
614:
586:
470:
462:
382:"Head of snarling dog"
159:white-crowned sparrows
139:
3154:Search and rescue dog
2488:Periodicum Biologorum
2428:Heath, Sarah (2007).
2076:10.1038/news.2008.852
1675:10.1007/s100710000072
1199:Body language of dogs
1060:Further information:
981:
920:
878:
716:Body language of dogs
690:
612:
584:
468:
460:
404:Licking/tongue flicks
192:human-dog coevolution
133:
3540:Animal communication
3209:Dog–cat relationship
3056:Medical response dog
2085:2 April 2015 at the
1204:Tail wagging by dogs
789:improve this article
704:Pembroke Welsh Corgi
624:Tail wagging by dogs
528:Licking and sniffing
230:improve this article
3000:List of crossbreeds
2763:African village dog
2608:10.3390/ani11082463
2542:– via PubMed.
2013:Scientific American
1966:2010PLoSO...515175F
1470:2019PNAS..11614677K
1464:(29): 14677–14681.
987:Whines and whimpers
804:"Dog communication"
407:Sniffing the ground
307:published in 1872.
245:"Dog communication"
2662:10.3390/ani8080131
2040:Scientific America
1825:10.3390/ani8080131
1194:Wolf communication
1143:raised-leg posture
984:
923:
881:
693:
615:
587:
471:
463:
425:Walking in a curve
140:
3527:
3526:
3407:Rabies in animals
3334:Human–canine bond
2912:Bull-type terrier
2566:978-1-107-37910-7
2409:978-1-4160-5419-1
2382:978-0-226-51698-1
2355:978-0-521-42537-7
2173:Rousseau, Steph.
1743:(2, Pt.2): 1–25.
1113:vomeronasal organ
854:
853:
839:
295:
294:
280:
81:facial expression
65:Dog communication
3552:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3284:Dogs in religion
3147:usage by country
2768:Free-ranging dog
2740:
2733:
2726:
2717:
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2664:
2640:
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2254:
2249:Charles Fergus,
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1907:Animal Cognition
1903:Canis familiaris
1898:
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1856:
1855:
1845:
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1772:
1771:
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1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:10.1037/h0029144
1730:
1724:
1723:
1699:Animal Behaviour
1693:
1687:
1686:
1662:Animal Cognition
1656:
1650:
1649:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1563:
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1556:
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1515:Canis familiaris
1508:
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1491:
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1447:
1441:
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1408:
1402:
1401:
1388:How To Speak Dog
1383:
1121:Flehmen Response
1086:
1074:
849:
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838:
797:
769:
761:
535:Mating behaviors
434:Wagging the tail
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3168:
3024:
3005:Mixed-breed dog
2981:
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2171:
2167:
2150:Eatron, Barry.
2148:
2144:
2137:
2119:
2092:
2087:Wayback Machine
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2018:
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1706:(6): 995–1004.
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1448:
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1190:
1178:anal secretions
1128:anal secretions
1117:olfactory tract
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397:calming signals
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163:species-typical
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3450:Crate training
3447:
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3429:
3424:
3422:Skin disorders
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3227:Animal testing
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3048:
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3036:Assistance dog
3032:
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3026:
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3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:Extinct breeds
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:List of breeds
2991:
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2708:
2701:
2700:External links
2698:
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2518:(2): 187–211.
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1999:
1960:(12): e15175.
1940:
1893:
1884:|journal=
1857:
1773:
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1688:
1669:(3): 159–166.
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1423:(2): 187–211.
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958:Main article:
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787:. Please help
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299:Charles Darwin
293:
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228:. Please help
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161:acquire their
155:
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151:domestication.
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3491:Lists of dogs
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3460:Socialization
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3455:Housebreaking
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3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Rage syndrome
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:Dogs in space
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3192:Body language
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:Communication
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Detection dog
3110:
3108:
3107:Companion dog
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2303:1-929242-36-0
2299:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2276:0-89874-686-8
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1913:(4): 621–31.
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:(9): 439–44.
1623:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:(2): 247–61.
1528:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1397:9781471109416
1393:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:scent marking
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1090:Scent rubbing
1085:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1047:Play Sneezing
1044:
1035:
1033:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
993:
980:
973:
970:
967:
964:
963:
961:
956:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
929:
919:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
887:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
848:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
813:
809:
806: –
805:
801:
800:Find sources:
794:
790:
786:
780:
779:
778:single source
774:This section
772:
768:
763:
762:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
723:
722:
717:
707:
705:
701:
696:
689:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
627:
625:
611:
604:
601:
598:
597:
596:
583:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
548:
547:
539:
536:
525:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:Head position
494:
491:"Smiling:" a
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
467:
459:
455:
449:Play sneezing
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
400:
398:
394:
390:
378:
373:
366:
361:
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
318:
313:
310:
309:
308:
306:
305:
300:
289:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247: –
246:
242:
241:Find sources:
235:
231:
227:
221:
220:
219:single source
215:This section
213:
209:
204:
203:
195:
193:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
145:
144:
137:
136:Konrad Lorenz
134:A drawing by
132:
123:
121:
117:
116:domestication
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
53:
40:
28:
19:
3417:Reproduction
3387:Conformation
3329:Fear of dogs
3279:Dog grooming
3272:2007 recalls
3257:Dog fighting
3204:Intelligence
3181:
3117:Fighting dog
3097:Carriage dog
3020:Most popular
2977:Turnspit dog
2785:Hairless dog
2652:
2648:
2598:
2594:
2555:
2548:
2515:
2511:
2487:
2440:(9): 22–23.
2437:
2433:
2398:
2391:
2371:
2364:
2344:
2292:
2285:
2265:
2258:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2168:
2151:
2145:
2124:
2067:
2043:, retrieved
2039:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2011:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1875:cite journal
1860:
1815:
1811:
1765:
1757:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1579:(2): 60–64.
1576:
1570:
1561:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1387:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1125:
1097:
1050:
1041:
1029:
1020:veterinarian
1013:
990:
955:
870:
855:
842:
832:
825:
818:
811:
799:
775:
719:
697:
694:
654:
593:
545:
531:
522:
453:
422:Sitting down
393:Turid Rugaas
388:
387:In her book
386:
302:
296:
283:
273:
266:
259:
252:
240:
216:
188:
185:
181:
177:
168:
141:
113:
85:body posture
64:
63:
18:
3427:Vaccination
3324:Dog walking
3294:Dog licence
3267:dog biscuit
3252:Dog daycare
3242:Cynanthropy
3220:interaction
3073:Therapy dog
3061:Seizure dog
3051:Hearing dog
2812:Hunting dog
2790:Herding dog
2601:(8): 2463.
1567:Hare, Brian
1174:anal glands
845:August 2023
474:Mouth shape
286:August 2023
3534:Categories
3319:Dog sports
3142:Police dog
3087:Attack dog
3041:Autism dog
3010:Crossbreed
2893:Sighthound
2871:Scenthound
2778:Street dog
2655:(8): 131.
2160:B011T6R50G
2136:1929242360
1818:(8): 131.
1210:References
1158:defecation
1101:pheromones
815:newspapers
714:See also:
622:See also:
446:Lying down
256:newspapers
109:pheromones
3314:Dog theft
3218:Human–dog
3137:Mercy dog
3122:Guard dog
3102:Catch dog
3046:Guide dog
2922:Schnauzer
2881:Coonhound
2859:Water dog
2844:Retriever
2805:Sheep dog
2671:2076-2615
2532:0195-5616
2454:219319909
2320:cite book
1834:2076-2615
1182:sphincter
1170:preputial
1154:urination
1056:Olfactory
1010:Screaming
785:talk page
440:Soft face
437:Urinating
431:"Smiling"
226:talk page
172:ostensive
101:gustatory
3509:Category
3437:Training
3397:Dog food
3392:Diseases
3377:Breeding
3309:Dog show
3304:Dog park
3299:Dog meat
3262:Dog food
3247:Dog bite
3174:Behavior
3159:Sled dog
3132:Meat dog
2917:Pinscher
2886:Foxhound
2689:30065156
2627:34438920
2540:12701508
2312:63519566
2083:Archived
2045:17 March
2019:9 August
1994:21179521
1954:PLOS ONE
1935:18078591
1927:19343382
1852:30065156
1720:15248027
1683:18448656
1638:16061417
1553:18422021
1498:31209036
1437:12701508
1188:See also
1166:inguinal
757:Auditory
443:Fiddling
419:Freezing
413:Play bow
77:eye gaze
73:sniffing
3469:Related
3445:Clicker
3372:Anatomy
3344:Therapy
3232:Baiting
3197:Howling
3187:Barking
3164:War dog
3127:Lap dog
3092:Bay dog
2965:Toy dog
2936:Bulldog
2931:Mastiff
2907:Terrier
2898:Longdog
2854:Spaniel
2839:Pointer
2834:Gun dog
2827:Lurcher
2773:Pye-dog
2680:6116041
2649:Animals
2618:8388720
2595:Animals
1985:3002277
1962:Bibcode
1843:6116041
1812:Animals
1646:9311402
1603:3402472
1544:2251326
1489:6642381
1466:Bibcode
1026:Panting
960:Howling
947:answer.
866:coyotes
858:Canidae
829:scholar
428:Yawning
270:scholar
120:toddler
45:nearby.
3519:Portal
3354:Health
2987:Breeds
2970:Bichon
2876:Basset
2849:Setter
2795:Collie
2687:
2677:
2669:
2625:
2615:
2563:
2538:
2530:
2452:
2406:
2379:
2352:
2310:
2300:
2273:
2158:
2133:
2068:Nature
1992:
1982:
1933:
1925:
1850:
1840:
1832:
1718:
1681:
1644:
1636:
1601:
1551:
1541:
1496:
1486:
1435:
1394:
1136:estrus
1016:injury
926:Growls
862:wolves
831:
824:
817:
810:
802:
272:
265:
258:
251:
243:
198:Visual
93:growls
83:, and
3362:Aging
3029:Roles
2958:Tugou
2953:Laika
2948:Husky
2943:Spitz
2866:Hound
2822:Feist
2755:Types
2450:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1642:S2CID
1599:S2CID
1038:Sighs
952:Howls
884:Barks
836:JSTOR
822:books
277:JSTOR
263:books
105:scent
97:howls
89:barks
3402:Odor
3382:Coat
2747:Dogs
2685:PMID
2667:ISSN
2623:PMID
2561:ISBN
2536:PMID
2528:ISSN
2404:ISBN
2377:ISBN
2350:ISBN
2326:link
2308:OCLC
2298:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2156:ASIN
2131:ISBN
2047:2015
2021:2015
1990:PMID
1923:PMID
1888:help
1848:PMID
1830:ISSN
1634:PMID
1549:PMID
1494:PMID
1433:PMID
1392:ISBN
864:and
808:news
710:Body
618:Tail
590:Eyes
542:Ears
519:Yawn
249:news
107:and
69:dogs
2817:Cur
2675:PMC
2657:doi
2613:PMC
2603:doi
2520:doi
2442:doi
2072:doi
1980:PMC
1970:doi
1915:doi
1838:PMC
1820:doi
1745:doi
1708:doi
1671:doi
1626:doi
1589:hdl
1581:doi
1539:PMC
1531:doi
1484:PMC
1474:doi
1462:116
1425:doi
1156:or
791:by
301:'s
232:by
3536::
2683:.
2673:.
2665:.
2651:.
2647:.
2635:^
2621:.
2611:.
2599:11
2597:.
2593:.
2575:^
2534:.
2526:.
2516:33
2514:.
2510:.
2496:^
2486:.
2462:^
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2418:^
2334:^
2322:}}
2318:{{
2306:.
2177:.
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2066:,
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1846:.
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847:)
843:(
833:·
826:·
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