418:, the distribution of initial tokens, and the distribution of ownership. Firstly, the whitepaper is published, describing the DApp’s protocols, features and implementation. Then, required software and scripts are made available to the miners and stakeholders that support the validation and fundraising of the network. In exchange, they are rewarded with the initial tokens distributed by the system. Lastly, as greater numbers of participants join the network, either through utilisation of the DApp or through contributions to the DApp’s development, token ownership dilutes, and the system becomes less centralised.
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one fifth of DApps capture almost all the DApp users on the
Ethereum blockchain. About 5% of DApps capture 80% of Ethereum transactions. 80% of DApps on Ethereum are used by less than 1000 users. On Ethereum, DApps that are exchanges capture 61.5% of transaction volume, finance DApps capture 25.6%, gambling DApps capture 5%, high-risk DApps capture 4.1%, and games capture 2.5%.
407:, fund-raising and development. In mining, tokens are distributed as per a predetermined algorithm as rewards to miners that secure the network through transaction verification. Tokens can also be distributed through fundraising, whereby tokens are distributed in exchange for funding in the initial development phase of the DApp, as in an
324:
Although traditional DApps are typically open-source, DApps that are fully closed-source and partially closed-source have emerged as the cryptocurrency industry evolves. As of 2019, only 15.7% of DApps are fully open-source while 25% of DApps are closed source. In other words, the proportion of DApps
484:
is the distributed ledger technology (DLT) that has the largest DApp market. The first DApp on the
Ethereum blockchain was published on April 22, 2016. From May 2017, the number of DApps being developed have grown at a higher rate. After February 2018, DApps have been published every day. Less than
361:
DApps incur gas, that is fees paid to the validators of the block chain, due to the cost of deploying and executing the DApp's smart contracts. The amount of gas required of a DApp's functions is dependent on the complexity of its smart contracts. A complex smart contract of a DApp that operates on
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Smart contracts are used by developers to maintain data on the block chain and to execute operations. Multiple smart contracts can be developed for a single DApp to handle more complex operations. Over 75% of DApps are supported by a single smart contract, with the remainder using multiple smart
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DApps have not achieved wide adoption. Potential users may not have the skill or knowledge to be able to effectively analyse the differences between DApps and traditional applications, and also may not value those differences. This skill and information can be difficult to access for mainstream
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Internet connectivity is a core dependency of blockchain systems, which includes DApps. High monetary costs also act as a barrier. Transactions of small monetary values can comprises a large proportion of the transferred amount. Greater demand for the service also leads to increased fees due to
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The performance of a DApp is tied to its latency, throughput, and sequential performance. Bitcoin's system for transaction validation is designed so that the average time for a block on bitcoin's blockchain to be mined is 10 minutes. Ethereum offers a reduced latency of one mined block every 12
262:
or other distributed ledger system. Like traditional applications, DApps provide some function or utility to its users. However, unlike traditional applications, DApps operate without human intervention and are not owned by any one entity, rather DApps distribute
267:
that represent ownership. These tokens are distributed according to a programmed algorithm to the users of the system, diluting ownership and control of the DApp. Without any one entity controlling the system, the application is therefore
389:. Bitcoin uses the proof-of-work mechanism. Proof-of-stake is a consensus mechanism that supports DApps through validators that secure the network by having a stake and percent ownership over the application.
430:, as opposed to typical applications where the backend code is running on centralized servers. A DApp can have frontend code and user interfaces written in any language that can make calls to its backend.
988:
Lee, Timothy (2013). "Bitcoin needs to scale by a factor of 1000 to compete with Visa. Here's how to do it: The
Bitcoin network can only handle 7 transactions per second. Visa can handle 10,000".
325:
with publicly available code is less than the proportion of Dapps without publicly available code. DApps that are open-source generally have higher transaction volumes than closed-source DApps.
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Johnston, D., Yilmaz, S. O., Kandah, J., Bentenitis, N., Hashemi, F., Gross, R., ... & Mason, S. (2014). The
General Theory of Decentralized Applications, DApps.
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Many DApps struggle to attract users, particularly in their founding stages, and even those that attract widespread initial popularity struggle to retain it.
441:. Decentralized finance protocols validating peer-to-peer transactions, such as Aave Protocol, are expected to disrupt centralized finance and lower costs.
527:– game built on Ethereum. It slowed Ethereum down due to insufficient transaction processing and exposed the scaling limitations of public blockchains.
489:
users. Additionally, the user experience for DApps is often poor, as they are often developed to prioritize functionality, maintenance and stability.
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411:. Lastly, the development mechanism distributes tokens that are set aside for the purpose of developing the DApp through a pre-determined schedule.
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DApps can be classified based on whether they operate on their own block chain, or whether they operate on the block chain of another DApp.
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Andoni, Merlinda; Robu, Valentin; Flynn, David; Abram, Simone; Geach, Dale; Jenkins, David; McCallum, Peter; Peacock, Andrew (2019-02-01).
313:. That is, the application operates autonomously without a centralised entity in control of the majority of the application’s associated
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Consensus mechanisms are used by DApps to establish consensus on the network. The two most common mechanisms to establish consensus are
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1147:"Improving the Blockchain User Experience - an Approach to Address Blockchain Mass Adoption Issues from a Human-Centred Perspective"
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blockchain may fail to be deployed if it costs too much gas, leading to lower throughput and longer wait times for execution.
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1166:
1153:. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Vol. 965. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 608–616.
907:"Are decentralized finance really decentralized? A social network analysis of the Aave protocol on the Ethereum blockchain"
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1005:"It's DeFi season and things got a little too hot to handle for Solana and Arbitrum One as transaction volumes ballooned"
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There are three main steps that always occur in the formation and development of any DApp: the publishing of the DApp’s
2013:
473:(NFTs). Transaction fees are affected by the complexity of a DApp's smart contracts, and by the particular blockchain.
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blockchain that is used by the application to keep a cryptographic record of data, including historical transactions.
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This article is about trustless decentralized applications (DApp). For other types of decentralized applications, see
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DApps are divided into numerous categories: exchanges, businesses, gambling, games, finance, development, storage,
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1320:"Session Is a Blockchain-Based Private Messenger That Uses Decentralised Server Nodes To Ensure Anonymity"
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There are a series of criteria that must be met in order for an application to be considered a DApp.
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and another similar gaming-based DApp Dice Games have failed to attract similar traction since.
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Cai, Wei; Wang, Zehua; Ernst, Jason B.; Hong, Zhen; Feng, Chen; Leung, Victor C. M. (2018).
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handles approximately 10,000 transactions per second. More recent DApp projects, such as
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Proof-of-work utilises computational power to establish consensus through the process of
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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576:"CVC Money Transmission Services Provided Through Decentralized Applications (DApps)"
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1191:"People have spent over $ 1M buying virtual cats on the Ethereum blockchain"
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Traditional definitions of a decentralised application require a DApp to be
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blockchain, on which DApps are built, amongst other public blockchains.
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939:"Decentralized Applications: The Blockchain-Empowered Software System"
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Advances in
Artificial Intelligence, Software and Systems Engineering
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840:"Comparative evaluation of consensus mechanisms in cryptocurrencies"
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689:"Understanding Ethereum, Bitcoin's Virtual Cousin (Published 2017)"
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888:"Why 'DeFi' Utopia Would Be Finance Without Financiers: QuickTake"
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1244:"CryptoKitties Mania Overwhelms Ethereum Network's Processing"
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Glomann, Leonhard; Schmid, Maximilian; Kitajewa, Nika (2020).
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1090:"A first look at blockchain-based decentralized applications"
725:"A first look at blockchain-based decentralized applications"
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DApps distribute their tokens through three main mechanisms:
1269:"Decentralisation: the next big step for the world wide web"
1225:"As Crypto Meets Prediction Markets, Regulators Take Notice"
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that can operate autonomously, typically through the use of
1532:
1454:
1327:
1301:"DeFi Boom Makes Uniswap Most Sought-After Crypto Exchange"
298:, media, social, security, energy, insurance, health, etc.
1206:"CryptoKitties and Dice Games Fail to Lure Users to Dapps"
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DApps have their backend code running on a decentralized
1088:
Wu, Kaidong; Ma, Yun; Huang, Gang; Liu, Xuanzhe (2021).
905:
Ao, Ziqiao; Horvath, Gergely; Zhang, Luyao (June 2022).
723:
Wu, Kaidong; Ma, Yun; Huang, Gang; Liu, Xuanzhe (2021).
533:– a platform for developing decentralized applications.
1034:"Transaction fee economics in the Ethereum blockchain"
437:(DeFi), in which dapps perform financial functions on
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Decentralised applications have been popularised by
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
557:– blockchain-based end-to-end encrypted messenger.
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461:increased network traffic. This is an issue for
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1318:Bhattacharjee, Shomik Sen (October 8, 2021).
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838:Hazari, Shihab S.; Mahmoud, Qusay H. (2019).
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1032:Donmez, Anil; Karaivanov, Alexander (2022).
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396:A Bitcoin mining rig composed of dozens of
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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215:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
644:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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457:, have attempted to exceed that rate.
2339:Decentralized autonomous organization
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1003:Prabhjote, Gill (15 September 2021).
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95:adding citations to reliable sources
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1334:from the original on June 18, 2023
1223:Leising, Matthew (July 26, 2018).
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469:blockchain, such as those used by
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2349:Distributed ledger technology law
1094:Software: Practice and Experience
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729:Software: Practice and Experience
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41:This article has multiple issues.
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613:from the original on 2020-04-26
495:A notable example was the DApp
277:distributed ledger technologies
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
781:"Where did Bitcoins come from"
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1:
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539:– platform on smart contract.
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1159:10.1007/978-3-030-20454-9_60
545:– blogging and social media.
433:DApps have been utilized in
369:
317:. DApps also have a public,
16:Type of computer application
7:
1410:Cryptographic hash function
1242:Kharif, Olga (2017-12-05).
1204:Vigna, Paul (29 May 2019).
966:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2870644
844:Internet Technology Letters
508:
445:seconds on average (called
335:, is an example of a DApp.
106:"Decentralized application"
10:
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1267:Corbyn, Zoë (2018-09-08).
657:10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.014
551:– cryptocurrency exchange.
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191:Last update: March 7, 2021
18:
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2369:Initial exchange offering
2344:Decentralized application
2324:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
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1149:. In Ahram, Tareq (ed.).
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398:graphics processing units
229:decentralised application
182:This article needs to be
2374:List of cryptocurrencies
2261:Crypto service companies
2052:Cryptocurrency exchanges
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294:, governance, property,
256:decentralized computing
2309:Complementary currency
1415:Decentralized exchange
1400:Cryptocurrency tumbler
1009:Business Insider India
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2464:Distributed computing
2364:Initial coin offering
2319:Cryptocurrency bubble
1850:Basic Attention Token
1420:Decentralized finance
1405:Cryptocurrency wallet
435:decentralized finance
409:initial coin offering
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21:Distributed computing
2359:Environmental impact
2329:Cryptocurrency scams
428:peer-to-peer network
91:improve this article
2014:Inactive currencies
1210:Wall Street Journal
990:The Washington Post
471:Non-fungible tokens
449:). For comparison,
279:(DLT), such as the
1474:Proof of authority
1445:Non-fungible token
1425:Distributed ledger
1307:. 16 October 2020.
1193:. 3 December 2017.
1050:10.1111/ecin.13025
785:The Times of India
693:The New York Times
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1435:Lightning Network
1168:978-3-030-20454-9
1100:(10): 2033–2050.
894:. 26 August 2020.
787:. August 17, 2021
735:(10): 2033–2050.
603:"IEEE DAPPS 2020"
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108: –
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102:Find sources:
96:
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80:This article
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54:
53:
48:
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2278:Initiative Q
1636:Bitcoin Gold
1528:Counterparty
1523:Bitcoin Cash
1336:. Retrieved
1323:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1273:The Observer
1272:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1247:
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1012:. Retrieved
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89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2449:Blockchains
2379:Token money
2268:Hyperledger
2140:EDX Markets
2004:WhopperCoin
1900:Stablecoins
1044:: 265–292.
943:IEEE Access
850:(3): e100.
650:: 143–174.
439:blockchains
358:contracts.
311:open-source
248:application
2443:Categories
2299:BitLicense
2243:QuadrigaCX
2226:bankruptcy
2190:ShapeShift
2135:Crypto.com
2022:BitConnect
1974:MobileCoin
1743:currencies
1602:Bitconnect
1597:Auroracoin
1501:currencies
1467:mechanisms
1395:Blockchain
1388:Technology
1324:Gadgets360
1286:2019-10-06
1253:2018-08-23
1107:1909.00939
1014:2 December
956:1810.05365
791:2022-08-06
742:1909.00939
617:2020-08-15
588:2019-05-09
562:References
447:Block Time
416:whitepaper
378:(POW) and
302:Definition
260:blockchain
198:March 2021
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2130:Coincheck
2032:KodakCoin
1880:Shiba Inu
1865:KodakCoin
1855:Chainlink
1781:Injective
1755:Avalanche
1717:Primecoin
1465:Consensus
1281:0029-7712
1248:Bloomberg
1229:Bloomberg
1177:198325323
1132:202541736
1124:1097-024X
1058:244232599
975:2169-3536
874:169801236
866:2476-1508
767:202541736
759:1097-024X
674:116422191
666:1364-0321
537:Freelance
521:platform.
370:Operation
147:June 2019
52:talk page
2403:Category
2125:Coinbase
2105:Bitstamp
2085:Bitpanda
2075:bitFlyer
2070:Bitfinex
1994:SafeMoon
1954:Filecoin
1933:USD Coin
1801:Polkadot
1796:Peercoin
1776:Gridcoin
1770:Ethereum
1750:Algorand
1727:Vertcoin
1697:AmbaCoin
1627:Equihash
1617:Litecoin
1612:Dogecoin
1572:Ethereum
1548:Peercoin
1543:Namecoin
1538:MazaCoin
1440:MetaMask
1338:June 18,
1332:Archived
611:Archived
509:Examples
482:Ethereum
467:Ethereum
463:Ethereum
364:Ethereum
296:identity
281:Ethereum
246:) is an
2415:Commons
2294:Airdrop
2273:IQ.Wiki
2238:Mt. Gox
2209:Defunct
2195:Uniswap
2155:Genesis
2090:Bithumb
2065:Binance
2037:OneCoin
1999:Stellar
1885:The DAO
1875:Polygon
1845:Aventus
1760:Cardano
1553:Titcoin
1518:Bitcoin
1509:SHA-256
555:Session
549:Uniswap
543:Steemit
382:(POS).
329:Bitcoin
285:Cardano
184:updated
131:scholar
2248:Thodex
2175:Kucoin
2170:Kraken
2150:Gemini
2120:Circle
2095:BitMEX
2080:Bitkub
2027:Coinye
1989:Ripple
1964:Helium
1928:Tether
1833:tokens
1831:ERC-20
1806:Solana
1765:EOS.IO
1669:-based
1657:Monero
1629:-based
1607:Coinye
1590:-based
1588:Scrypt
1565:-based
1563:Ethash
1511:-based
1279:
1175:
1165:
1130:
1122:
1056:
973:
911:Papers
872:
864:
765:
757:
672:
664:
583:FinCEN
477:Trends
455:Solana
405:mining
387:mining
315:tokens
292:wallet
265:tokens
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
2216:BTC-e
2200:Upbit
2160:Huobi
2145:eToro
2100:Bitso
2042:Petro
1923:Terra
1870:Minds
1840:Augur
1816:Tezos
1811:Steem
1772:(2.0)
1722:Verge
1690:Other
1681:Petro
1641:Zcash
1574:(1.0)
1173:S2CID
1128:S2CID
1102:arXiv
1054:S2CID
951:arXiv
870:S2CID
763:S2CID
737:arXiv
670:S2CID
579:(PDF)
515:Augur
339:Usage
242:, or
233:DApp,
138:JSTOR
124:books
2427:List
2180:Kuna
2110:BTCC
2060:Abra
1979:Nano
1969:Luna
1949:Chia
1913:Diem
1890:TRON
1707:IOTA
1702:Firo
1676:Dash
1533:LBRY
1455:Web3
1430:Fork
1340:2023
1328:NDTV
1277:ISSN
1163:ISBN
1120:ISSN
1016:2021
971:ISSN
862:ISSN
755:ISSN
662:ISSN
451:Visa
362:the
244:dapp
240:Dapp
236:dApp
110:news
2221:FTX
2185:OKX
2115:BUX
1984:NEO
1918:Pax
1908:Dai
1860:Kin
1821:TON
1791:Nxt
1786:Kin
1667:X11
1155:doi
1112:doi
1046:doi
961:doi
852:doi
747:doi
652:doi
648:100
283:or
272:.
93:by
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1024:^
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626:^
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227:A
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