241:
204:
300:
174:
257:
186:
74:
524:
38:
532:
349:
477:
106:
382:
Due to its high-end luxurious form, bespoke commissioning and resultant design nature, and final high cost, coupés de ville of both types were hand-built in small numbers. The cars were almost always made as individual ("Full Custom"), or in a small edition with individual equipment ("semi-custom").
96:
The term "de ville" is French for "for town" and indicates that the vehicle is for use in town or for short distances. When added to the end of a body style (saloon, coupé, landaulet, etc.), "de Ville" indicated that the top over the driver's compartment could be folded away, retracted, or otherwise
166:
In the United States, a coupé de ville with rear doors for the passenger area, no roof or sides for the driver's area, and a partition between the passengers and the driver was referred to as a "town car" or "town brougham". Town cars normally had side windows in the doors only. The name "town car"
128:
Early roofs for the driver's area were made of a single skin of leather without any structural support, and were held in place between the passenger compartment and the windshield by poppers to allow for easy removal or rollback when the weather allowed. From the late 1920s onward designs used a
148:
Some versions had a partition between the driver and the passengers. These partitions often had a small slide-back glass window, or were completely made of glass with a manual or electric winding system. The passengers could speak to the driver through a communications tube, or, from the 1920s,
141:. The same material was also most often used to provide complete curtain coverage for the compartment, and was matched by substantial carpet and fine inlaid woodwork. The driver's compartment had leather seats to endure bad weather. The division between the two compartments often held
222:
were introduced by
Spanish nobleman Count Carlos de Salamanca, the Spanish distributor for Rolls-Royce, in 1923. The strict definition of a sedanca includes a locker for the cant rails and canopy that form the roof; this was introduced by Count de Salamanca in his original sedanca.
898:
One of the most famous custom-built cars that came out of Edsel Ford's leadership was the 1922 Lincoln Town Car, which was built for Henry Ford himself. Town Car derived its name from its body styling, which featured an open chauffeur's compartment and enclosed passenger
60:
produced from 1908 to 1939 with an external or open-topped driver's position and an enclosed compartment for passengers. Although the different terms may have once had specific meanings for certain car manufacturers or countries, the terms are often used interchangeably.
64:
Some coupés de ville have the passengers separated from the driver in a fully enclosed compartment while others have a canopy for the passengers and no partition between the driver and the passengers (passengers enter the compartment via driver's area).
153:. Some designs included a switch panel in the rear passenger compartment, which contained a speedometer and switches to impart the most common instructions to the driver via a lighted dashboard panel, such as "stop", "left", "right", or "home".
120:
Early cars had the driver fully exposed to the weather with no cover, no doors, and sometimes no windshield,. As speed and distances travelled increased, windshields were added to protect the driver from dirt from the unpaved roads and
1100:
A version of the Coupe style, with the rear seat covered by a fixed roof. The front seats are open, but occasionally covered by a sliding panel. Dummy hood irons are sometimes in evidence, as are fixed (occasionally circular) side
136:
vehicle, the passenger compartment was normally luxurious, clad in the best materials, with seating for between two and most often up to six or occasionally eight persons, made of the finest cotton or silk adorned with
369:. In strict terms, a brougham would have a sharply squared rear end of the roof and a forward-curving body line at the base of the front of the passenger enclosure. The term degraded during the twentieth century.
88:
The term "coupé de ville" came into existence in the 19th century before the invention of the automobile. The initial usage of the term was for a variant of the coupé carriage that is very similar to the
British
574:– the opposite with the rear convertible and the front closed. Landaulets de ville, or town landaulets, were similar to sedancas de ville but with folding tops on the passenger enclosure instead of fixed tops.
226:
Usage of these terms in the United
Kingdom is unclear. According to once source, "sedanca de ville" refers to a town car variant, and "sedanca" refers to a sedanca coupé. According to another source,
324:
but with a longer passenger compartment capable of holding up to seven passengers, with up to three on jump seats usually facing forward. The style was referred to in the United States as a
393:
In the United
Kingdom, the style was applied to numerous chassis by the various specialist coachwork builders, but it is most often associated via the 4-door Sedanca de Ville variant with
430:
Due to its historic and luxurious connections, the term town car found early favour amongst many North
America automobile manufacturers. The most luxurious were handbuilt by
240:
1158:
A body style in which the passenger compartment was closed, but the driver was exposed to the weather. although from the 1920s onward a sliding roof was often provided.
287:
In the United
Kingdom, a sedanca-style drophead coupé with three-position folding top (fully open, covering the rear passengers only, or fully closed) is called a "
542:
Production of cars with the coupe de ville body style ceased in 1939. However, car manufacturers in the United States have continued to release models called
1360:
275:
In the United States, the similar term "coupé de ville" is used for the
Sedanca Coupé. A coupé de ville is alternatively defined in North America as a
1007:
864:
496:
and designated the 140-A, the Model A town car was sold until early 1930. 1,065 Model A town cars were built by the end of production in 1930.
173:
256:
2255:
580:– also known in the United Kingdom as a Surrey Top. Removable panel over the front seats, while the back of the top is usually fixed.
145:
for lighter passengers such as children, and it would often accommodate various compartments for drinks, cigars, make-up, or books.
2276:
2110:
2248:
1353:
2290:
2269:
2262:
1288:
1084:
1017:
2304:
2283:
1054:
2311:
2297:
1197:
279:
with a three-position top which may be fully closed, fully open, or partially closed, leaving rear passengers covered.
1210:
A Town Car model was introduced on
December 13, 1928, followed during 1929 by a wood-bodied station wagon on April 25.
536:
468:
had two
Lincoln Continentals altered to coupés de ville in 1946 using a removable plexiglas cover over the chauffeur.
1346:
1323:
1229:
1176:
1140:
272:
In France, Germany and Italy, the term "coupé de ville" was used for both the town car and sedanca coupé variants.
247:
129:
metal two-skin roof which retracted into a void above the passenger compartment, either manually or electrically.
203:
2411:
1036:
2168:
2064:
1540:
555:
299:
2070:
944:
928:
889:
500:
2328:
2130:
1262:
1255:"Car of the Month - December 99 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost, 1920, #24AE, Coupé de Ville by Mulbacher (F)"
489:
97:
removed. As a vehicle for town use, the coupé de ville usually had no facilities for carrying luggage.
185:
2104:
387:
2432:
2059:
2015:
1517:
508:
20:
2140:
2115:
1734:
410:
207:
1919:
2363:
2135:
2045:
1972:
1545:
1461:
1070:
1864:
1729:
1484:
1187:
954:
938:
406:
402:
24:
2358:
2322:
493:
447:
303:
8:
2216:
1937:
1749:
1494:
1164:
394:
366:
360:
90:
2348:
2226:
2198:
1942:
1874:
1378:
559:
512:
2373:
2236:
2221:
2208:
2188:
2163:
2007:
1319:
1294:
1284:
1235:
1225:
1193:
1172:
1146:
1136:
1116:
1080:
1032:
1013:
443:
276:
2178:
2125:
2055:
1952:
1829:
1659:
191:
125:
from draught animals. Later models also included doors to the driving compartment.
31:
1779:
1313:
2368:
2193:
2183:
2173:
1804:
1278:
1079:(Paperback ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. p. 483.
1074:
571:
435:
353:
114:
1169:
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
1046:
73:
2119:
1909:
1884:
1869:
1774:
1721:
1403:
1221:
523:
337:
57:
2426:
2406:
2388:
2100:
2050:
1947:
1899:
1889:
1639:
1593:
1489:
1428:
1128:
1120:
465:
110:
1854:
37:
1849:
1844:
1754:
1598:
1573:
1423:
531:
431:
2401:
2343:
2338:
2155:
2095:
2080:
2035:
1967:
1904:
1859:
1764:
1649:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1512:
1418:
1171:. Vol. A–K. Springfield, Mass. USA: G & C Merriam. p. 521.
288:
1107:
Elliott, James (March 2007). Elliott, James (ed.). "The Magic Numbers".
892:. Dearborn, MI USA: Ford Motor Company. The Roaring '20s. Archived from
454:. Brewster also sold a limited line of automobiles under its own name.
1997:
1982:
1977:
1744:
1583:
1565:
1476:
1438:
1413:
458:
348:
2145:
2085:
2025:
1992:
1894:
1879:
1839:
1834:
1814:
1794:
1739:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1578:
1555:
1451:
1408:
577:
414:
291:". This variant is defined as a coupé de ville in the United States.
150:
142:
133:
1254:
2383:
2378:
2353:
2090:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1784:
1759:
1603:
1588:
1550:
1522:
1466:
1456:
1393:
481:
476:
451:
105:
82:
1298:
1239:
2030:
2020:
1987:
1962:
1957:
1824:
1789:
1608:
1504:
1446:
1398:
504:
457:
In 1922, Edsel Ford had a Lincoln built with a town car body for
439:
398:
138:
1150:
1115:(12). Teddington, Middlesex, UK: Haymarket Publishing: 100–109.
893:
839:
554:
despite the cars having other body styles; for example the 1959
2040:
113:
Type H.6 with collapsible rear compartment roof, also called a
757:
1914:
1769:
1338:
583:
198:
122:
464:
Seeking publicity and building on his work with Studebaker,
692:
690:
446:, and various Cadillacs, Lincolns, Packards, and others by
984:
735:
733:
731:
729:
600:
503:
carried the Town Car name. It was reintroduced as a coupe
30:"Town car" redirects here. For the Lincoln car model, see
2074:
1644:
1532:
1369:
820:
397:
motor cars, and the 2-door sporting Sedanca variant with
904:
687:
646:
644:
619:
617:
615:
726:
81:
The separate exposed area for the driver followed from
808:
796:
786:
784:
714:
702:
19:
For the cars built by Cadillac from 1959 to 1993, see
960:
916:
745:
641:
612:
629:
781:
1076:The complete catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975
1259:Rolls-Royce and Bentley Photos, Reports and Books
507:in 1949 using the French name for the body style
499:In 1940 and 1941, a limited edition model of the
2424:
1283:. Minneapolis, MN US: MotorBooks International.
1218:Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles
442:and North American-built Rolls-Royces bodied by
1135:. New York, NY USA: E. P. Dutton. p. 217.
1068:
763:
511:and in 1956 as a four-door hardtop called the
1354:
1220:. Illustrations by Bertil Nydén; foreword by
665:
663:
661:
659:
1249:, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 1989
518:
1031:. Yeovil, UK: The Haynes Publishing Group.
1029:The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design
386:In France, Audineau et Cie., Mulbacher and
161:
1361:
1347:
1045:
979:
882:
776:
682:
670:
656:
199:Sedanca / Sedanca de ville / Sedanca coupé
149:through an electrical device similar to a
1069:Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) .
438:provided by prestige automakers, such as
16:Car body style produced from 1908 to 1939
1765:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
1311:
1252:
1215:
1127:
826:
814:
802:
739:
720:
708:
696:
650:
623:
606:
530:
522:
475:
347:
298:
202:
167:is an Anglicized version of "de Ville".
104:
72:
36:
2111:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1185:
1106:
1026:
990:
966:
922:
751:
635:
488:Ford introduced a town car body to its
2425:
1276:
950:
934:
865:"For Sale: 1925 Rolls-Royce Phantom I"
1342:
1192:(2nd ed.). Krause Publications.
1005:
910:
282:
1163:
1133:Encyclopedia of American Automobiles
790:
1186:Gunnell, John (December 25, 2007).
492:line in December 1928. Designed by
13:
315:
294:
14:
2444:
1775:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
1253:Roßfeldt, K.-J. (December 1999).
267:
1265:from the original on 20 May 2011
1224:. Jefferson, NC USA: McFarland.
1009:Speed and Luxury: The Great Cars
840:"Car of the Month - December 99"
420:
255:
239:
184:
172:
1071:"Appendix 5 - Coachwork styles"
1057:from the original on 2014-04-07
972:
857:
832:
769:
372:
2412:Template:EC car classification
1368:
675:
320:French variant similar to the
262:Bentley sedanca coupe interior
1:
1216:Haajanen, Lennart W. (2003).
589:
471:
425:
390:became known for such works.
365:The term is derived from the
1047:"Coach Building Terminology"
594:
556:Lincoln Continental Town Car
527:1950 Cadillac Coupe De Ville
336:was also used to describe a
7:
1012:. St. Paul MN: Motorbooks.
764:Culshaw & Horrobin 2013
565:
343:
179:Driver's area in a Town Car
156:
10:
2449:
2101:Gasoline / petrol
1865:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
1131:, ed. (1971). "Glossary".
999:
358:
29:
23:. For the 1990 movie, see
18:
2397:
2321:
2241:(engine / drive)
2235:
2207:
2154:
2006:
1928:
1720:
1658:
1617:
1564:
1531:
1503:
1475:
1437:
1386:
1377:
1247:Oxford English Dictionary
519:Current use as model name
401:. Coachbuilders included
377:
100:
68:
41:1908 Thomas 4-20 town car
1880:Sedan delivery/Panel van
1189:Standard Catalog of Ford
1109:Classic & Sports Car
311:similar to the town car.
230:is a redundant term and
162:Town car / town brougham
21:Cadillac de Ville series
2141:Liquified petroleum gas
1953:Driverless (autonomous)
1312:Stratton, Ezra (1878).
208:Rolls-Royce Phantom III
2046:Compressed natural gas
1973:Personal rapid transit
1006:Adler, Dennis (2007).
539:
528:
501:Cadillac Sixty Special
485:
356:
306:
246:1937 Bentley 4¼ litre
234:refers to a town car.
211:
117:
78:
42:
2312:Dual motor-four-wheel
1910:Town (Coupé de Ville)
1277:Schild, Jim (2009) .
1027:Beattie, Ian (1977).
681:de Ville extension –
534:
526:
479:
351:
302:
206:
108:
83:horse-drawn carriages
76:
40:
25:Coupe de Ville (film)
2323:Engine configuration
1165:Gove, Philip Babcock
537:Continental Town Car
328:and in Britain as a
132:Due to its use as a
2329:internal combustion
2131:Internal combustion
1938:All-terrain vehicle
1860:Retractable hardtop
1318:. New York: Bloom.
993:, pp. 104–105.
913:, pp. 144–146.
869:www.classiccars.com
609:, pp. 242–243.
361:Brougham (car body)
1261:. K.-J. Roßfeldt.
540:
529:
486:
444:Brewster & Co.
357:
340:body of the type.
330:limousine de ville
326:limousine town car
307:
289:cabriolet victoria
283:Cabriolet-Victoria
212:
118:
79:
43:
2420:
2419:
1716:
1715:
1485:Compact executive
1290:978-0-7603-3746-2
1086:978-1-874105-93-0
1019:978-0-7603-2960-3
829:, pp. 24–27.
775:Coupe de Ville –
699:, pp. 55–56.
367:brougham carriage
91:clarence carriage
2440:
2332:
2291:Front-four-wheel
2242:
2105:direct injection
2016:Alternative fuel
1830:Multi-stop truck
1384:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1243:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1182:
1160:
1124:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1042:
1023:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
948:
942:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
901:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
685:
679:
673:
667:
654:
648:
639:
633:
627:
621:
610:
604:
548:sedanca de ville
312:
304:Minerva AK-32 CV
259:
243:
228:sedanca de ville
220:sedanca de ville
210:Sedanca de Ville
188:
176:
54:sedanca de ville
32:Lincoln Town Car
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2433:Car body styles
2423:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2393:
2364:Single-cylinder
2326:
2325:
2317:
2305:Rear-four-wheel
2256:Front mid-front
2240:
2239:
2231:
2209:Engine position
2203:
2150:
2136:Liquid nitrogen
2002:
1930:
1924:
1712:
1654:
1613:
1560:
1546:Crossover (CUV)
1527:
1499:
1471:
1433:
1373:
1367:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1315:World on Wheels
1303:
1301:
1291:
1268:
1266:
1232:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1179:
1143:
1129:Georgano, G. N.
1091:
1089:
1087:
1060:
1058:
1039:
1020:
1002:
997:
989:
985:
980:Coachbuilt 2004
978:Introduction –
977:
973:
965:
961:
949:
945:
933:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
896:on 2010-06-18.
890:"About Lincoln"
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
838:
837:
833:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
782:
777:Coachbuilt 2004
774:
770:
762:
758:
750:
746:
738:
727:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
688:
683:Coachbuilt 2004
680:
676:
671:Coachbuilt 2004
668:
657:
649:
642:
634:
630:
622:
613:
605:
601:
597:
592:
568:
521:
474:
436:rolling chassis
428:
423:
380:
375:
363:
354:Peugeot Type 27
346:
322:coupé chauffeur
318:
316:Coupé limousine
310:
309:French variant
297:
295:Coupé chauffeur
285:
270:
263:
260:
251:
244:
201:
194:
189:
180:
177:
164:
159:
103:
71:
48:—also known as
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
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2335:
2333:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2298:Mid-four-wheel
2294:
2287:
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2273:
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2012:
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2003:
2001:
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1995:
1990:
1985:
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1970:
1965:
1960:
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1940:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Shooting brake
1882:
1877:
1875:Saloon / Sedan
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
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1501:
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1498:
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1481:
1479:
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1396:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1379:Classification
1375:
1374:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1309:
1289:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1230:
1222:Karl Ludvigsen
1213:
1199:978-0896896154
1198:
1183:
1177:
1167:, ed. (1966).
1161:
1141:
1125:
1104:
1085:
1066:
1051:Coachbuilt.com
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
983:
971:
959:
943:
927:
915:
903:
881:
856:
831:
819:
807:
795:
793:, p. 521.
780:
768:
766:, p. 483.
756:
744:
742:, p. 121.
725:
723:, p. 148.
713:
711:, p. 217.
701:
686:
674:
655:
640:
628:
611:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
581:
575:
567:
564:
544:coupe de ville
520:
517:
473:
470:
461:personal use.
427:
424:
422:
419:
411:H. J. Mulliner
379:
376:
374:
371:
359:Main article:
345:
342:
338:Bugatti Royale
334:Coupé Napoleon
317:
314:
296:
293:
284:
281:
277:drophead coupé
269:
268:Coupé de ville
266:
265:
264:
261:
254:
252:
248:Gurney-Nutting
245:
238:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:Cadillac 57 V8
190:
183:
181:
178:
171:
163:
160:
158:
155:
102:
99:
77:Coupé carriage
70:
67:
58:car body style
46:Coupé de ville
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2367:
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2359:Reciprocating
2357:
2355:
2352:
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2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:Rear mid-rear
2274:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
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2197:
2195:
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2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
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2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
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1890:Station wagon
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1886:
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1878:
1876:
1873:
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1780:Coupé utility
1778:
1776:
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1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Sport compact
1592:
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1505:Minivan / MPV
1502:
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1325:0-405-09006-4
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1237:
1233:
1231:0-7864-1276-3
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1178:0-7135-1037-4
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
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1152:
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1138:
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981:
975:
969:, p. 32.
968:
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956:
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947:
940:
936:
931:
925:, p. 27.
924:
919:
912:
907:
900:
895:
891:
885:
870:
866:
860:
845:
841:
835:
828:
827:Haajanen 2003
823:
817:, p. 58.
816:
815:Haajanen 2003
811:
805:, p. 57.
804:
803:Haajanen 2003
799:
792:
787:
785:
778:
772:
765:
760:
754:, p. 57.
753:
748:
741:
740:Haajanen 2003
736:
734:
732:
730:
722:
721:Haajanen 2003
717:
710:
709:Georgano 1971
705:
698:
697:Haajanen 2003
693:
691:
684:
678:
672:
666:
664:
662:
660:
653:, p. 55.
652:
651:Haajanen 2003
647:
645:
638:, p. 18.
637:
632:
626:, p. 60.
625:
624:Haajanen 2003
620:
618:
616:
608:
607:Stratton 1878
603:
599:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
533:
525:
516:
514:
513:Sedan DeVille
510:
509:Coupe DeVille
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
483:
478:
469:
467:
466:Raymond Loewy
462:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:coachbuilders
421:North America
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
384:
370:
368:
362:
355:
350:
341:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
313:
305:
301:
292:
290:
280:
278:
273:
258:
253:
250:sedanca coupé
249:
242:
237:
236:
235:
233:
229:
224:
221:
217:
209:
205:
193:
187:
182:
175:
170:
169:
168:
154:
152:
146:
144:
140:
135:
130:
126:
124:
116:
112:
111:Hispano-Suiza
107:
98:
94:
92:
86:
84:
75:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
26:
22:
2199:Twelve-wheel
2156:Drive wheels
1929:Specialized
1850:Pickup truck
1755:Cabrio coach
1599:Sports sedan
1574:Grand tourer
1329:. Retrieved
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1280:Ford Model A
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1258:
1246:
1217:
1209:
1203:. Retrieved
1188:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1142:0-525-097929
1132:
1112:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1090:. Retrieved
1075:
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1028:
1008:
991:Elliott 2007
986:
974:
967:Gunnell 2007
962:
946:
930:
923:Gunnell 2007
918:
906:
899:compartment.
897:
894:the original
884:
872:. Retrieved
868:
859:
847:. Retrieved
844:www.rrab.com
843:
834:
822:
810:
798:
771:
759:
752:Beattie 1977
747:
716:
704:
677:
636:Beattie 1977
631:
602:
562:body style.
551:
547:
543:
541:
498:
487:
463:
459:his father's
456:
429:
392:
385:
381:
373:Manufacturer
364:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
308:
286:
274:
271:
231:
227:
225:
219:
215:
213:
165:
147:
131:
127:
119:
95:
87:
80:
63:
53:
49:
45:
44:
2349:Four-stroke
2249:Front-front
2189:Eight-wheel
2164:Front-wheel
2096:Natural gas
2081:Fossil fuel
2036:Biogasoline
1722:Body styles
1650:Vintage car
951:Schild 2009
935:Schild 2009
669:Town car –
395:Rolls-Royce
332:. The term
134:chauffeured
2374:Two-stroke
2270:Front-rear
2263:Rear-front
2179:Four-wheel
2169:Rear-wheel
2008:Propulsion
1998:Voiturette
1983:Flying car
1978:Police car
1943:Amphibious
1855:Quad coupé
1745:Berlinetta
1462:Street rod
1404:Subcompact
1331:2014-09-04
1304:2014-08-23
1299:2009023786
1269:2014-06-08
1240:2002014546
1205:2015-05-20
1092:2013-12-06
1061:2014-06-08
1038:0854292179
953:, p.
937:, p.
911:Adler 2007
590:References
472:Production
426:Coachbuilt
388:Rothschild
214:The terms
143:jump seats
2284:Rear-rear
2194:Ten-wheel
2184:Six-wheel
2174:Two-wheel
2086:Fuel cell
2026:Biodiesel
1993:Tow truck
1968:Pedal car
1948:Connected
1920:Vis-à-vis
1895:Targa top
1840:Panel van
1835:Notchback
1815:Limousine
1805:Landaulet
1795:Hatchback
1740:Barchetta
1708:S-segment
1703:M-segment
1698:J-segment
1693:F-segment
1688:E-segment
1683:D-segment
1678:C-segment
1673:B-segment
1668:A-segment
1579:Hot hatch
1556:Coupe SUV
1490:Executive
1452:Lead sled
1429:Full-size
1409:Supermini
1156:Town Car.
1121:0263-3183
791:Gove 1966
595:Citations
578:Targa top
572:Landaulet
480:Cadillac
415:Park Ward
151:telephone
115:Landaulet
2427:Category
2407:Category
2384:W engine
2369:Straight
2126:Hydrogen
2091:Fuel gas
2056:Electric
1931:vehicles
1870:Runabout
1820:Microvan
1810:Liftback
1800:Kammback
1785:Fastback
1760:Cab over
1750:Brougham
1495:Personal
1467:T-bucket
1457:Lowrider
1424:Mid-size
1263:Archived
1151:79147885
1101:windows.
1055:Archived
1053:. 2004.
566:See also
552:town car
482:town car
452:Rollston
440:Packards
399:Bentleys
344:Brougham
157:Variants
50:town car
2379:V (Vee)
2354:H-block
2120:plug-in
2118: (
2103: (
2073: (
2071:Ethanol
2060:battery
2058: (
2031:Biofuel
2021:Autogas
1988:Taxicab
1963:Gyrocar
1958:Go-kart
1905:Touring
1900:Torpedo
1845:Phaeton
1825:Minibus
1790:Hardtop
1635:Economy
1630:Classic
1625:Antique
1609:Go-kart
1541:Compact
1518:Leisure
1513:Compact
1447:Hot rod
1419:Compact
1387:By size
1098:Sedanca
1000:Sources
874:4 April
849:4 April
505:hardtop
494:LeBaron
490:Model A
448:LeBaron
232:sedanca
216:sedanca
139:brocade
2402:Portal
2389:Wankel
2314:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2237:Layout
2116:Hybrid
2051:Diesel
2041:Biogas
1735:Baquet
1584:Muscle
1566:Sports
1477:Luxury
1439:Custom
1414:Family
1372:design
1322:
1297:
1287:
1238:
1228:
1196:
1175:
1149:
1139:
1119:
1083:
1035:
1016:
558:has a
484:, 1940
407:Hooper
403:Barker
378:Europe
101:Design
69:Origin
56:—is a
2339:Boxer
2217:Front
2146:Steam
1915:T-top
1770:Coupe
1618:Other
1604:Super
1394:Micro
584:Coupé
560:sedan
535:1959
352:1899
109:1925
2344:Flat
2227:Rear
1589:Pony
1551:Mini
1523:Mini
1320:ISBN
1295:LCCN
1285:ISBN
1236:LCCN
1226:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1147:LCCN
1137:ISBN
1117:ISSN
1081:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1014:ISBN
876:2018
851:2018
550:and
450:and
413:and
218:and
123:dung
2222:Mid
2075:E85
2065:NEV
1730:2+2
1645:Van
1640:Ute
1533:SUV
1399:Kei
1370:Car
434:on
52:or
2429::
1660:EU
1293:.
1257:.
1234:.
1208:.
1153:.
1145:.
1113:25
1111:.
1095:.
1073:.
1049:.
955:83
939:33
867:.
842:.
783:^
728:^
689:^
658:^
643:^
614:^
546:,
515:.
417:.
409:,
405:,
93:.
85:.
2331:)
2327:(
2122:)
2107:)
2077:)
2067:)
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1334:.
1307:.
1272:.
1242:.
1181:.
1123:.
1064:.
1041:.
1022:.
957:.
941:.
878:.
853:.
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
