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Cosimo to pay for the construction of a reservoir, following a scandal at the convent: The Grand
Duchess had placed her pet dog's basket in close proximity to the fire, and the basket burst into flames, but instead of trying to extinguish it, she urged her fellow nuns to flee for their lives. On previous occasions, she had explicitly stated that she would burn down the convent if the Abbess disagreed with her, too, making the Abbess view the accident as intentional. Cosimo, unable to do much else for fear of upsetting Louis XIV, reproached her in a series of letters. Another scandal erupted that summer, the Grand Duchess bathed nude, as was the custom, in a local river. Cosimo exploded with anger upon hearing of this. Louis XIV, tiring of Florence's petitions, retorted: "Since Cosimo had consented to the retirement of his wife into France, he had virtually relinquished all right to interfere in her conduct." Following Louis XIV's rebuff, Cosimo fell grievously ill, only to be roused by
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742:. The Grand Duke eventually consented, but feared she may abscond, so she was not allowed to go to leave without his permission and when she went riding she was to be escorted by four soldiers. All the doors and windows of the villa had to be secured, too. The saga between them continued until 26 December 1674, after all attempts at conciliation failed, a beleaguered Cosimo agreed to allow his wife to depart for the
932:, to invest a huge sum into a bank. Soon after the Elector deposited the sum, the bank collapsed. Ferdinand Maria still had sore feelings; Cosimo consented to the reduction of her dowry accordingly to reimburse the Elector. Ferdinando was unimpressed with his wife. Violante, however, electrified the Grand Duke. He wrote, "I have never known, nor do I think the world can produce, a disposition so perfect..."
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1280:, agreed to an audience with the Electress Palatine in December 1711. He concluded that the Electress's succession brought no quandary, but added that he must succeed her. Cosimo and herself were abhorred by his reply. Realising how unforthcoming he had been, Charles wrote to Florence agreeing to the project, mentioning but one clause: the Tuscan state must not be bequeathed to the enemies of the
1357:. The state of the grand duchy reflected the decay of its ruler; in a 1718 military review, the army numbered less than 3000 men, some of whom were infirm, and aged 70. The navy composed of three galleys, and the crew 198. In September 1721, the Grand Duchess died; instead of willing her possessions to her children, as prescribed by the 1674 agreement; they went to the
866:, Bishop of Salisbury and a famed memorialist, visited this Florence in November 1685, of which he wrote that " is much sunk from what it was, for they do not reckon that there are fifty thousand souls in it; the other states, that were once great republic, such as Siena and Pisa, while they retained their liberty, are now shrunk almost into nothing..."
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disseminated a final proclamation commanding that
Tuscany shall stay independent; Anna Maria Luisa shall succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone; the Grand Duke reserves the right to choose his successor, but these stanzas were completely ignored. Six days later, on All Hallow's Eve, he died. He was interred in the
920:, remarried and had male issue, and if Isabel Luisa became Queen of Portugal, and Cosimo III, Gian Gastone and Francesco Maria died without any male heirs, Tuscany would be annexed by Portugal. Ferdinando rejected it outright with the fullest support of Louis XIV, his great-uncle. Cosimo's eyes now fell upon Violante of
260:. Cosimo's 53-year-long reign, the longest in Tuscan history, was marked by a series of laws that regulated prostitution and May celebrations. His reign also witnessed Tuscany's deterioration to previously unknown economic lows. In 1723, when Cosimo died, he was succeeded by the younger of his two surviving children,
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persona he acquired after Vienna, outlawed the practice of Jews using
Christian wet nurses and declared that if a Christian father wished to have his half-Jewish child suckled by a Christian nurse he must first apply to the government for a permit in writing. In addition, public executions increased to six per day.
1353:, Governess of Siena as to clearly define her precedence. That did not stop the two ladies from quarrelling, as was his intention. Cosimo discontinued hunting following an accident in January 1717. He accidentally shot, and killed, a man. He was so distraught, that he wished to be tried by the Knights of the
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Ambassador praised the young Cosimo to the skies. His successor, however, noticed a somewhat different person, whom he described as "melancholy". In his early youth, he was in love with a certain
Petrillo, a singer. Their romance was discovered when Cosimo spontaneously hugged and kissed him in front
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between Jews and
Christians was proscribed, and by a law promulgated on 1 July 1677, Christians could not work in establishments owned by Jews. If they did regardless, a fine of 50 crowns was incurred; if the person in question had insufficient funds, he was liable to be tortured on the rack; and if
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In May 1716, the
Emperor assured the Electress and the Grand Duke that there was no insurmountable obstacle preventing her accession, but that Austria and Tuscany must soon reach an agreement regarding which royal house which was to succeed the Medici. As an incentive to accelerate Cosimo's reply,
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Gian
Gastone arrived in Tuscany, without his wife, in 1708. The Emperor, thinking it unlikely that any male heirs were to be born to the Medici, prepared to occupy Tuscany, under the pretext of Medici descent. He intimated that upon the Grand Prince's death the Tuscans would rebel against Cosimo's
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on a daily basis. A contemporary recounted that "The Grand Duke knows all the monks of Saint Mark at least by sight..." This, however, did not occupy all his efforts: He was still trying to coax Anna Maria
Franziska to Florence, where he believed her caprices would cease. Additionally, in 1719, he
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Cosimo, not having much else to do, instituted more moral laws. Young men were not allowed to "enter into houses to make love to girls, and let them dally at doors and windows, is a great incentive to rapes, abortions, and infanticides..." If a man did not comply, he was liable to receive enormous
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Cosimo kept himself apprised of his wife's conduct in France through the Tuscan emissary, Gondi. Marguerite Louise frequently requested more money from the Grand Duke, while he was scandalised by her behaviour: she took up with a groom named
Gentilly. In January 1680 the Abbess of Montemarte asked
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Grand
Duchess Marguerite Louise and Dowager Grand Duchess Vittoria vied with each other for power. The Dowager, after a protracted battle, triumphed: The Grand Duke assigned his mother the day-to-day administration of the state. Cosimo III commenced his reign with the utmost fervour, attempting to
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Ferdinando and Violante, despite being married for over five years, had not produced any offspring as of 1694. The Grand Duke responded by declaring special days of devotion, and erecting a "fertility column" in the Cavour district of Florence, an act which attracted popular ridicule. Ferdinando
719:(Privy Council). Marguerite Louise, deprived of any political influence, went about arranging Prince Ferdinando's education and arguing with Vittoria over precedence, which only further encamped Cosimo on his mother's side. In the midst of this, on the first anniversary of Ferdinando II's death,
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with Anna Maria Franziska. He sent the Archbishop of Prague to reproach her. She cited the example of Marguerite-Louise, adding that the Pope did not bother himself to machinate a reconciliation. Cosimo wrote desperate missives to the Electress Palatine: "I can tell you now, in case you are not
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had not increased to the point of vying with kings, nor had the House of Medici diminished in splendour and possessions, so there was no reason for promoting one and degrading the other." Cosimo also played upon all the times Tuscany provided financial and military assistance to the Empire. The
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in September 1683. To Cosimo's dismay, "many scandals and disorders continued to occur in the matter of carnal intercourse between Jews and Christian women, and especially putting their children out to be suckled by Christian nurses." The Grand Duke, wishing to supplement the "foe of heretics"
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to do something about his daughter-in-law's behaviour; he sent the Comte de Saint-Mesme. Marguerite Louise wanted to return to France, and Saint-Mesme sympathised with this, as did much of the French court, so he left without finding a solution to the heir's domestic disharmony, incensing both
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The marriage was unhappy from the start. A few nights following the formal entry, Marguerite Louise demanded the Tuscan crown jewels for her own personal use; Cosimo refused. The jewels that she did manage to extract from Cosimo were almost smuggled out of Tuscany by her attendants but for the
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on his deathbed. The latter pronounced, "that this Prince required little assistance in order to die well, for he had studied and cared for nothing else throughout the long course of his life, but to prepare himself for death". On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo
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mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds. Accordingly, the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. The economy, too, was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural marketplaces. In August 1663 Marguerite Louise delivered a boy:
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Cosimo became perturbed by the question of the Tuscan Succession following the death of his mother. Ferdinando was lacking any children, as was Anna Maria Luisa. The latter, who was high in her father's estimation, put forward a German princess to marry Gian Gastone. The lady in question,
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The excursion did Cosimo good. His health was better than ever, as was his self-esteem. His wife's unrelenting enmity towards him, however, undid the aforesaid progressions. Grand Duke Ferdinando, once again, feared for his health, so he sent him on a second tour in September 1668.
799:, did not rubber stamp Cosimo's ambitions, as he had wished. The Lorrainer question was concluded with the birth of a son to Charles V in 1679, ending Cosimo's dream of a Medici cadet branch, dreams which were to be revived in 1697 by Gian Gastone's marriage to an heiress.
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to compensate for the affront. The Elector Palatine, two years later, several months before his marriage to Anna Maria Luisa, went about acquiring the aforesaid style for Cosimo and his family, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. Henceforth, Cosimo was
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Travels of Cosmo the Third, Grand Duke of Tuscany, through England during the Reign of King Charles the Second (1669), translated from the Italian manuscript in the Laurentian library at Florence. To which is Prefixed, a Memoir of his Life\, London, 1821, pp.128-132
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of a tutor. Petrillo fled Florence, never to return. Cosimo’s father knew of his homosexual nature and tried to force a marriage since he was the best possibility of heir. In 1687, he had a boyfriend in Venice, Cecchino, nicknamed de' Castris since he was castrated.
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The Grand Prince finally succumbed to syphilis on 30 October 1713. Cosimo deposited a succession bill in the Senate, Tuscany's nominal legislature, on 26 November. The bill promulgated that if Gian Gastone predeceased the Electress Palatine, she should ascend to
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was without an heir and Marguerite-Louise, as the daughter of a Lorrainer princess, delegated the right to succeed to the duchy to her elder son, Ferdinando. Grand Duke Cosimo tried to get his son international recognition as heir-apparent, to no avail.
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when Cosimo abruptly added that if himself and his two sons predeceased the Electress Palatine she should succeed and the republic be re-instituted following her death. The proposal sank, and was ultimately put on hold following Emperor Joseph's death.
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salvage the sinking exchequer and allowing his subjects to petition him for arbitration in disputes. The novelty soon wore off, however. Vittoria, Cosimo having lost his taste for administration, was further empowered by admission to the Grand Duke's
449:. Cosimo moved her into Villa Lapeggi. Here, she was watched by forty soldiers, and six courtiers, appointed by Cosimo, had to follow her everywhere. The next year she reconciled with the grand ducal family, and gave birth to Anna Maria Luisa, future
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Cosimo III left Tuscany one of the poorest nations in Europe; the treasury empty and the people weary of religious bigotry, the state itself was reduced to a gaming chip in European affairs. Among his enduring edicts is the establishment of the
1030:, a jail for women of that profession, for years, with scant food, if they could not afford the fines levied on them by the Office of Public Decency. Evening permits and exemptions were available for those willing to pay six crowns per month.
734:'s personal physician, to tend to her. Dr. Alliot, unlike Saint-MesmeĂŞ, did not comply with Marguerite Louise's plot to be sent to France, ostensibly for the thermal waters to ameliorate her "illness." In December she went on a pilgrimage to
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the states of the grand duchy. It was greeted with a standing ovation by the senators. Charles VI was furious. He retorted that the grand duchy was an Imperial fief, and that he alone had the prerogative to choose who would succeed.
1065:, who had once exercised a great deal of influence over Cosimo, died. Her allodial possessions, the Duchies of Montefeltro and Rovere, inherited from her grandfather, the last Duke of Urbino, were bestowed upon her younger son,
1284:. At the culmination of the War of the Spanish Succession, at the Treaties of Utrecht and Rattstatt, Cosimo did not vie for international assurances for the Electress's succession. An inaction he would later grow to lament.
824:, his physician, who helped him reform his ways so illness would never strike him again. It was after this event that Cosimo finally stopped bothering with the Grand Duchess's life. In 1682 Cosimo III appointed his brother,
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Ferdinando and Louis XIV. She humiliated Cosimo at every chance she got: she insisted on employing French cooks, as she feared the Medici would poison her. In September 1664 Marguerite Louise abandoned her apartments in the
1343:, the eldest child of Elisabeth Farnese and Philip V of Spain, as the Tuscan heir. By 1722 the Electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to a spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future.
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benefited from Cosimo's patronage in the early years of the 18th Century. Smibert was accorded the privilege of copying from paintings in his collection. The Duke's help led Alexander to dedicate his engravings by
1086:, was extremely wealthy. Cosimo once again dreamed of a Medici cadet branch in a foreign land. They were married on 2 July 1697. Gian Gastone and herself did not get along; he eventually abandoned her in 1708.
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reserved for the royal family. The Grand Duke, soon after the royal altercation, accepted the investiture of the nominal Spanish fief of Siena from Philip, thereby confirming his status as a Spanish vassal.
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had to pass through ten intermediate customs." The Grand Duke oversaw the establishment of the Office of Public Decency, whose goal was to regulate prostitution, also. Prostitutes were oft thrown into the
302:, and he felt he alone could alter the Tuscan laws of succession. All Cosimo's efforts to salvage the plan foundered, and in 1737, upon the death of his younger child, Gian Gastone, Tuscany passed to the
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By 1659, Cosimo had ceased smiling in public. He frequently visited places of religious worship and surrounded himself with friars and priests, concerning Grand Duke Ferdinando. Cosimo's only sibling,
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Cosimo did not enjoy a harmonious relationship with his elder son, Ferdinando. They disagreed about Cosimo's bigoted ideology and his monthly allowance. Cosimo married him to a Bavarian princess,
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1041:. In a letter dated 10 October 1691, Cosimo's personal secretary wrote, "By the Serene Master's express command I must inform Your Excellencies that His Highness will allow no professor in his
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once wrote to another family member with "news that should surprise you....The young prince has killed a goose in mid-air." Cosimo, at the age of 11, killed five pigs with five shots. The
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703:, the Medicean necropolis. At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 720,594 souls; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in
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that most aroused the curiosity of the Florentines due to the libertine lifestyle of the nuns living there. In Lisbon, Cosimo also had the opportunity to talk several times with the
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Louis XIV was angered by Anna Maria Luisa's marriage to his sworn foe. Cosimo, after much coaxing, persuaded him otherwise. On 9 October 1691, France, England, Spain, and the
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1398:. Gian Gastone repealed Cosimo's Jewish persecution laws, and eased tariffs and customs. Cosimo's inability to uphold Tuscany's independence led to the succession of the
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1269:. However, this presented many obstacles. Florence was nominally an Imperial fief, and Siena a Spanish one. The plan was about to be approved by the powers convened at
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1118:, a cloth thought to have been used by Christ before his crucifixion. Delighted by his warm reception from the Roman people, Cosimo left Rome with a fragment of Saint
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in June 1689, infuriating Grand Duke Cosimo, who complained to Vienna that a duke was inferior status to a grand duke, and proclaimed it "unjustly exalted...since the
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roster was supplemented by further declarations on 16 June 1679 and 12 December 1680 banning Jews from visiting Christian prostitutes and co-habitation, respectively.
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efforts of Ferdinando's agents. Marguerite Louise's extravagances perturbed Ferdinando because the Tuscan exchequer was nearly bankrupt; it was so empty that when the
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1465:, and like her brother, had no issue. Gian Gastone, Cosimo's eventual successor, despised his father and his court. Anna Maria Luisa arranged for him to marry
521:, who accompanied him through the rest of his travels through Europe. Another great personage that accompanied Cosimo was the Italian philosopher and diplomat
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Grand Duke Ferdinando encouraged Cosimo to go on a European tour to distract him from Marguerite Louise's renewed hostility. On 28 October 1667 he arrived in
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On 22 September 1723, the Grand Duke experienced a two-hour-long fit of trembling. His condition steadily deteriorated. Cosimo was attended by the Papal
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bearing the effigy of Cosimo III. Latin inscription: COSMVS III D G MAG DVX ETRVR. "Cosimo III, by the Grace of God, Grand Duke of Etruria (Tuscany)"
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to occupy his state; the Emperor reluctantly accepted this excuse. Tuscany was not alone in its feudal ties to the Empire: A large part of northern
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autocratic government. Cosimo, in an act of desperation, had Francesco Maria, the Medici family cardinal, renounce his religious vows and marry
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status and the Duke of Lorraine declared himself King of Jerusalem without any opposition. In May 1700 Cosimo embarked on a pilgrimage to Rome.
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Bust of Cosimo III de' Medici, 1717-1718 CE. By Giovanni Battista Figgini. Marble, from Florence, Italy. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London
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Cosimo resurrected a law from the regency of his father which banned Students from attending college outside Tuscany, thus strengthening the
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was the dauphine—and Bavaria. There was only one obstacle in the way, Ferdinando II, Cosimo's father, impartially advised Violante's father,
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Cosimo went about arranging a marriage for his elder son, Ferdinando, in 1686. He ushered him into the marriage as the other Tuscan princes,
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died in June 1717. Anna Maria Luisa returned home in October 1717, bringing with her vast treasures. Cosimo created his elder son's widow,
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as king of Spain. Fearing a Franco-Dutch invasion, Cosimo III refused to recognise Charles's title, but he did pay a fraction of the dues.
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that existed between Marguerite Louise and the rest of the family collapsed after Anna Maria Luisa's birth, when Marguerite Louise caught
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should succeed. Charles VI's promises never materialised. In 1718 he repudiated Cosimo's decision, declaring a union between Tuscany and
674:, in Paris. He arrived back in Florence on 1 November 1669. His travels were described in a detailed journal by his travelling companion
1037:' hold on education. A contemporary wrote that not a single man in Florence could read or write Greek, a stark contrast to those of the
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1461:. This union was exceedingly discontent, and produced no offspring. Anna Maria Luisa was the Grand Duke's favourite child. She married
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was also bound to pay the Emperor, but at a much higher magnitude than Cosimo, who merely paid on his few undisputed Imperial fiefs.
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2283:"Visão da paisagem seiscentista portuguesa através das vedute de Pier Maria Baldi e da Relazione ufficiale de Lorenzo Magalotti"
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The 17th century did not end well for the Grand Duke: he still had no grandchildren, France and Spain would not acknowledge his
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informed, that we have no money in Florence..." He added that "two or three-quarters of my pension are fallen into arrears".
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Negotiations with the Portuguese were intense, but stalled over certain clauses: Ferdinando and Isabel Luisa would live in
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2268:(PDF). VIII SimpĂłsio Luso-Brasileiro de Cartografia HistĂłrica. VIII SimpĂłsio Luso-Brasileiro de Cartografia HistĂłrica: 170
2266:«A cartografia Urbana da ProvĂncia d'Entre Douro e Minho, em meados do sĂ©culo XVIII: a urbivisĂŁo de Braga de AndrĂ© Soares»
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the Emperor hinted that Tuscany would reap territorial advancements. In June 1717 Cosimo declared his wish that the
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claimed that God asked him to pledge the grand duchy to "the governance and absolute dominion of the most glorious
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738:—she never returned. Marguerite Louise, instead of going back to Florence, chose to live in semi-retirement at the
1219:, a decisive Imperial victory, the Emperor sent an envoy to Florence to collect feudal dues, amounting to 300,000
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Without Marguerite Louise to occupy his attention, Cosimo turned to persecuting the Jewish population of Tuscany.
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would not attend to Violante, instead lavishing his attentions on his favourite, a castrated Venetian, Cecchino
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360:, a Sienese theologian, was appointed Cosimo's tutor. His character was analogous to the Grand Duchess's.
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Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, engraving by Adriaen Haelwegh before 1691, from the collection of the
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In later life, he attempted to have Anna Maria Luisa recognised as the universal heiress of Tuscany, but
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described him as "a very jolly and good comely man." Cosimo was amiably welcomed by the Universities of
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where they took another ship. At some point, the ship met an uncomfortable storm that made them land in
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in compensation. She departed the next June, after stripping bare Poggio a Caiano of any valuables.
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fines. This coincided with a new wave of taxes that stagnated Tuscany's already declining economy.
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Cosimo's piety had not faded in the slightest since his youth. He visited the Florentine
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2326:"CĂłsimo III Medici and the Portuguese Restoration: A Voyage to Portugal in 1668-1669"
2304:
1399:
1294:
1281:
1133:
1107:
1002:
957:
943:
874:
846:
779:
675:
522:
368:
331:
303:
148:
580:
5057:
5047:
5006:
4516:
4339:
4254:
4223:
4120:
4099:
2339:
2294:
858:
796:
771:
he was deemed unfit for torture, a four-month prison sentence was substituted. The
569:
514:
3134:
1045:
to read or teach, in public or in private, by writing or voice, the philosophy of
4918:
4902:
4334:
4043:
4020:
3313:
1270:
1235:
1216:
1128:
died in November 1700. His death, without any ostensible heir, brought about the
965:
Emperor, anxious to avoid friction, suggested that Anna Maria Luisa should marry
731:
636:
624:
486:
345:
253:
207:
1308:
1005:. The Grand Duke replied that if he did so France would send a naval fleet from
5042:
5037:
4860:
4755:
4714:
4566:
4319:
1507:
1336:
1298:
1119:
1083:
994:
961:
952:
947:
863:
821:
747:
663:
659:
648:
584:
533:
421:
1251:. Two years later, Francesco Maria died, taking with him any hope of an heir.
791:, supported Cosimo's claim, not wanting to see Lorraine revert to France. The
513:. He reached Florence in May 1668. There he took in the paintor and architect
5091:
4632:
4453:
2832:
2308:
1324:
409:
299:
548:, where he stayed until March, visiting several villages and cities such as
5001:
4818:
4776:
4764:
4637:
4601:
3413:. Later generations are included but the grand duchy was abolished in 1860.
1202:
1168:
1018:
772:
755:
644:
640:
632:
612:
446:
261:
96:
540:, received him in a private interview. By January 1669, he had arrived in
379:, the fruit of his parents' brief reconciliation, was born the next year.
291:, in 1667, and Gian Gastone, the last Medicean ruler of Tuscany, in 1671.
5011:
4985:
4939:
4750:
4265:
4228:
3860:
628:
237:
4719:
592:
319:
4845:
4248:
4218:
4084:
3150:
1046:
897:, were sickly and unlikely to produce children. The main suitors were:
726:
Marguerite Louise feigned illness at the start of 1672: Louis XIV send
4704:
1301:
and the second wife of Philip V of Spain, as a great-granddaughter of
1136:, as Carlos's successor, whose administration refused to sanction the
572:. Of the various monuments, convents and churches visited, it was the
553:
252:
from 1670 until his death in 1723, the sixth and penultimate from the
4959:
4876:
4840:
1188:
1050:
849:. At first, he resisted, but then sent a consignment of munitions to
498:
441:
272:
481:
Rembrandt, Self-portrait, 1668–1669, Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
1231:
1223:, an exorbitant sum; and to force Cosimo to recognise the Archduke
1220:
1164:
812:
761:
692:
501:, where he was well received by the art community, meeting painter
458:
275:. The marriage was solemnized by proxy in the King's Chapel at the
100:
4012:
5052:
3367:
2299:
2282:
1177:
1034:
1022:
998:
850:
746:, France. The contract signed that day renounced her rights as a
596:
588:
577:
561:
506:
413:
202:
1378:
1265:
Without any ostensible heir, Cosimo contemplated restoring the
1215:, took to government with a burst of ebullience. Following the
1006:
913:
696:
667:
549:
276:
2370:"Survey of London: 'St. James's Square: No 31, Norfolk House'"
2287:
RiMe. Rivista dell'Istituto di Storia dell'Europa Mediterranea
708:
651:. In London, he stayed at St. Albans House as a guest of the
494:
353:
1382:
704:
924:. Choosing her would strengthen ties between France—where
869:
3280:
Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom
408:, was married to Cosimo by proxy on 17 April 1661 at the
256:. He reigned from 1670 to 1723, and was the elder son of
3136:"Habsburg, Maria Magdalena (Herzogin von Florenz)"
1486:
Cosimo III de' Medici, Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany
525:, who proceeded to document and describe their travels.
356:
Grand Duchess Vittoria opposed. The latter got her way.
340:
was born on 14 August 1642, the eldest surviving son of
3162:
3160:
3149:] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 56 – via
3125:
3123:
3300:
Timeline of the events of Cosimo III's reign by Google
3060:
3058:
2264:
Moreira, LuĂs Miguel; Bandeira, Miguel Sopas (2019).
412:. She arrived in Tuscany on 12 June, disembarking at
3157:
3120:
3082:
3080:
1230:
The Grand Prince Ferdinando was grievously ill with
1183:
1144:
Gian Gastone was consuming money at a rapid pace in
1021:
recounts that a bale of wool "sent from Leghorn and
3472:
Prince Filippo "Filippino", Grand Prince of Tuscany
3142:Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich
3055:
670:, Cosimo visited Louis XIV and his mother-in-law,
461:and decided to blame Cosimo for all her problems.
3103:
3101:
3077:
2887:
2885:
2756:
2754:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2530:
2528:
686:
363:As a youth, Cosimo revelled in sports. His uncle
35:Cosimo in granducal robes with Tuscan regalia by
5089:
3147:Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire
2662:
2660:
997:guaranteed the neutrality of the Tuscan port of
762:Persecution of Jews and the Lorrainer succession
3196:
3194:
3088:"Vittòria Della Rovere granduchessa di Toscana"
3067:"FERDINANDO II de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
1641:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1331:(the Este lands) unacceptable. On 4 April 1718
491:Anna de' Medici, Archduchess of Further Austria
350:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
324:Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3405:Generations are numbered from the children of
3268:, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1997
3169:"FEDERICO UBALDO Della Rovere, duca di Urbino"
3098:
2927:
2882:
2751:
2614:
2525:
1919:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1557:Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1447:Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1423:Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany
658:On the return, he travelled again through the
120:Pitti Palace, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4028:
3876:
3383:
2657:
3191:
2276:
2274:
2042:"COSIMO III de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
1825:Federico Ubaldo della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
1761:Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
905:(the heiress-apparent of Portugal), and the
298:, would not allow it because Tuscany was an
3110:"COSIMO II de' Medici, granduca di Toscana"
3012:
3010:
2726:
2724:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2354:
2352:
2248:
2246:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
1583:Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1089:
1072:
623:, for his father's perceived protection of
4418:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
4035:
4021:
3890:
3883:
3869:
3390:
3376:
2157:
2155:
1192:The Grand Duke in the latter years of life
1110:, after much persuasion, created Cosimo a
29:
3238:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
2921:
2298:
2280:
2271:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2073:
754:. Cosimo granted her a pension of 80,000
3203:"CLAUDIA de' Medici, duchessa di Urbino"
3129:
3007:
2721:
2669:
2591:
2457:
2448:
2432:
2420:
2349:
2243:
2218:
1368:
1307:
1253:
1187:
1093:
981:
873:
845:requested Cosimo's participation in the
830:
806:
489:, where he was entertained by his aunt,
476:
468:
386:
318:
3200:
3166:
3107:
2152:
2039:
1061:. The same year, Dowager Grand Duchess
974:The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany.
870:Marriage of the Grand Prince Ferdinando
666:and his collection of insects. Passing
248:(14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was
16:Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1670 to 1723
5090:
3641:Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary
3606:Maximilian Francis, Elector of Cologne
3064:
2402:Magalotti, Lorenzo, Conte, 1637-1712,
2084:
2070:
1898:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1656:
1546:
1542:
1467:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1451:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1080:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
4016:
3864:
3371:
2320:
2318:
2260:
2258:
1975:
1965:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1933:
1916:
1906:
1902:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1854:
1844:
1840:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1796:
1786:
1782:
1758:
1748:
1732:
1722:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1674:
1664:
1660:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1612:
1602:
1598:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1469:, a union that produced no children.
1339:(and later Austria) selected Infante
691:Ferdinando II died on 23 May 1670 of
314:
283:. Together, they had three children:
3629:Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3488:Ferdinando II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3282:, Amer Philosophical Society, 1992,
3207:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3173:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3114:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
3071:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2367:
2046:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
1114:, in order to allow him to view the
723:was born to the grand ducal couple.
647:; Cosimo bought a machine, built by
574:Monastery of Saint Denis of Odivelas
289:Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
170:Anna Maria Luisa, Electress Palatine
5113:18th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
5108:17th-century grand dukes of Tuscany
4042:
3711:Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3550:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3545:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
3441:Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1410:Cosimo III had three children with
1402:upon Gian Gastone's death in 1737.
1364:
1258:The Electress Anna Maria Luisa, by
1211:, died in May 1705. His successor,
1098:Portrait of Gian Gastone de' Medici
1049:, or of atoms, or any save that of
464:
296:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
175:Gian Gastone, Grand Duke of Tuscany
165:Ferdinando, Grand Prince of Tuscany
13:
4965:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
4797:Painters, sculptors and architects
3600:Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau
3426:Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3397:
2837:Scots in Italy in the 18th Century
2315:
2255:
1532:Ancestors of Cosimo III de' Medici
1112:Canon of Saint John in the Lateran
1082:, nominal heiress of the Duchy of
544:, being welcomed by the Court and
505:. From Amsterdam, he travelled to
14:
5159:
3694:Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3524:Cosimo III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
3293:
1184:Tuscan succession and later years
935:
857:. They defeated the Turks at the
631:. He met with scientists such as
473:Cosimo around 1660, by Sustermans
5148:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence
4870:Poets and other literary figures
4430:
3462:Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1493:
1463:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1441:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1347:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1305:, exercised a claim to Tuscany.
967:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
3529:Francesco Maria, Duke of Rovere
3467:Cardinal Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
3240:, Vintage books, London, 2003,
3216:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2742:
2733:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2685:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2605:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2361:
2331:e-Journal of Portuguese History
2234:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2143:
2134:
1799:Francesco Maria II della Rovere
1249:the incumbent Duke of Guastalla
509:, where awaiting him was Queen
453:, in August 1667. The delicate
3623:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
3266:Rembrandt: The Painter at Work
3175:. Vol. 45. Archived from
3108:Guarini, Elena Fasano (1984).
2928:François Velde (4 July 2005).
2841:National Galleries of Scotland
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2061:
2052:
2040:Guarini, Elena Fasano (1984).
2033:
1313:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1278:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
687:Departure of Marguerite Louise
429:. Two more children followed:
1:
5123:18th-century Italian nobility
5118:17th-century Italian nobility
5048:Stories set to music: "opera"
3852:* also an archduke of Austria
3582:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
3254:, Orion books, London, 1977,
2281:Cabeleira, JoĂŁo (June 2021).
1209:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
1130:War of the Spanish Succession
843:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
789:Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor
309:
55:23 May 1670 – 31 October 1723
3065:Stumpo, Irene Cotta (1996).
2930:"The Grand-Duchy of Tuscany"
2027:
1523:
1427:Violante Beatrice of Bavaria
977:
802:
7:
4824:Michelangelo and the Medici
4668:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
4618:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
3647:Joseph, Palatine of Hungary
3508:Leopoldo, Governor of Siena
3226:, Macmillan, London, 1980,
2324:Radulet, Carmen M. (2003).
1433:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
1412:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
493:. He took a barge down the
402:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
392:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
382:
326:, Cosimo III's father, and
269:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
142:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
10:
5164:
4891:Humanists and philosophers
4643:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
3817:Prince Franz Karl Salvator
3498:Mattias, Governor of Siena
3309:Cosimo III de' Medici
1892:
1776:
1703:Maria Magdalena of Austria
1650:
1544:
1472:
1067:Francesco Maria de' Medici
986:Cosimo III in old age, by
891:Francesco Maria de' Medici
853:, and offered to join the
826:Francesco Maria de' Medici
750:and with them the dignity
603:. From there they went to
377:Francesco Maria de' Medici
154:
5030:
4994:
4978:
4952:
4927:
4911:
4890:
4869:
4796:
4789:
4743:
4697:
4676:
4610:
4452:
4445:
4428:
4410:
4392:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
4384:
4353:
4237:
4211:
4190:
4142:
4119:
4075:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
4057:
4050:
3898:
3849:
3832:
3779:
3738:
3703:
3686:
3615:
3574:
3558:
3537:
3516:
3480:
3454:
3418:
3403:
3356:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3307:
1963:
1955:
1927:
1904:
1900:
1864:
1842:
1834:
1806:
1784:
1780:
1742:
1720:
1712:
1684:
1662:
1658:
1622:
1600:
1592:
1564:
1548:
1513:
1501:
1492:
1479:
1390:, the Medici necropolis.
1317:Johann Gottfried Auerbach
1160:, other Medici consorts.
881:, Cosimo's elder son, by
711:was virtually abandoned.
583:and to attend his famous
233:
223:
213:
201:
192:
187:
183:
147:
137:
124:
110:
83:
79:
69:
59:
51:
44:
28:
23:
5138:Grand princes of Tuscany
3746:Prince Leopold Ferdinand
3635:Charles, Duke of Teschen
3343:Ferdinando II de' Medici
3264:van de Wetering, Ernst:
3131:Wurzbach, Constantin von
2240:van de Wetering, p. 281.
1449:(b.1671 d.1737) married
1439:(b.1667 d.1743) married
1425:(b.1663 d.1713) married
1405:
1247:, the youngest child of
1090:Dawn of the 18th century
1073:Marriage of Gian Gastone
903:Isabel Luisa of Portugal
740:Villa di Poggio a Caiano
699:and was interred in the
681:
676:Lorenzo, Conte Magalotti
258:Grand Duke Ferdinando II
218:Ferdinando II de' Medici
5143:Italian Roman Catholics
4623:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
4354:Bishops and archbishops
3764:Prince Leopold Salvator
3752:Prince Joseph Ferdinand
3360:Gian Gastone de' Medici
3252:Florence and the Medici
1388:Basilica of San Lorenzo
901:, a Bavarian princess,
895:Gian Gastone de' Medici
837:National Gallery of Art
701:Basilica of San Lorenzo
591:by sea they arrived at
130:Basilica of San Lorenzo
37:Baldassare Franceschini
5133:Nobility from Florence
4970:Order of Saint Stephen
4851:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
4144:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
3892:Grand dukes of Tuscany
3823:Prince Hubert Salvator
3758:Prince Peter Ferdinand
3729:Prince Johann Salvator
3723:Prince Ludwig Salvator
3201:Benzoni, Gino (1982).
3167:Benzoni, Gino (1995).
2374:British History Online
1381:and the Archbishop of
1374:
1355:Order of Saint Stephen
1319:
1262:
1193:
1099:
990:
886:
839:
816:
795:, which concluded the
672:Marguerite of Lorraine
482:
474:
398:
334:
105:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4770:Cappella dei Principi
4677:Fountains and gardens
4129:Alessandro "The Moor"
4111:Alessandro "The Moor"
3770:Prince Franz Salvator
3665:Prince Rainier Joseph
3588:Prince Charles Joseph
3493:Cardinal Giovan Carlo
3411:Grand Duke of Tuscany
3350:Grand Duke of Tuscany
1978:Christina of Lorraine
1883:Vittoria Della Rovere
1735:Maria Anna of Bavaria
1677:Charles II of Austria
1615:Christina of Lorraine
1414:, a granddaughter of
1372:
1311:
1303:Margherita de' Medici
1257:
1198:Convent of Saint Mark
1191:
1097:
985:
879:Ferdinando de' Medici
877:
834:
828:, Governor of Siena.
810:
748:Princess of the Blood
744:Convent of Montmartre
480:
472:
440:Ferdinando beseeched
404:, a granddaughter of
390:
342:Vittoria della Rovere
328:Vittoria Della Rovere
322:
281:Convent of Montmartre
250:Grand Duke of Tuscany
246:Cosimo III de' Medici
228:Vittoria Della Rovere
46:Grand Duke of Tuscany
4935:Emilio de' Cavalieri
4898:Pico della Mirandola
4856:Jacopo della Quercia
4831:Bernardo Buontalenti
4814:Filippo Brunelleschi
4804:Bartolomeo Ammannati
4653:Palazzo delle Vedove
4085:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
3799:Prince Leopold Maria
3717:Prince Karl Salvator
3407:Francesco de' Medici
3278:Setton, Kenneth M.:
3092:Enciclopedie on line
2495:Acton, pp. 133 – 135
1267:Republic of Florence
988:Jan Frans van Douven
793:Treaties of Nijmegen
536:, the disabled King
396:Louis-Édouard Rioult
394:, Cosimo's wife, by
4960:Medici coat of arms
4882:Niccolò Machiavelli
4345:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
3805:Prince Franz Joseph
3653:Prince Anton Victor
3043:Acton, pp. 275–276.
3025:Acton, pp. 272–273.
2959:Acton, pp. 255–256.
2814:Acton, pp. 223–224.
2504:Acton, pp. 140–141.
2336:University of Porto
1517:Your Royal Highness
1396:Chianti wine region
1351:Violante of Bavaria
1134:Philip, duc d'Anjou
1126:Charles II of Spain
956:from Spain and the
950:procured the style
899:Violante of Bavaria
511:Christina of Sweden
358:Volunnio Bandinelli
4689:Villa di Pratolino
4065:Cosimo "The Elder"
3179:on 30 October 2018
2909:Strathern, p. 400.
2843:, Edinburgh, p. 30
2787:Strathern, p. 394.
2058:Hale, pp. 185–186.
1946:Claudia de' Medici
1857:Livia della Rovere
1508:His Royal Highness
1437:Electress Palatine
1416:Henry IV of France
1375:
1359:Princess of Epinoy
1320:
1263:
1245:Eleanor of Gonzaga
1194:
1100:
1043:university at Pisa
991:
972:His Royal Highness
907:Elector Palatine's
887:
840:
817:
768:Sexual intercourse
736:Villa di Pratolino
503:Rembrandt van Rijn
483:
475:
451:Electress Palatine
406:Henry IV of France
399:
335:
315:Heir to the throne
5083:
5082:
5022:Arazzeria Medicea
4948:
4947:
4836:Leonardo da Vinci
4809:Sandro Botticelli
4785:
4784:
4725:San Piero a Sieve
4426:
4425:
4325:Bernardo Salviati
4315:Giovanni Salviati
4121:Dukes of Florence
4080:Piero "The Brief"
4070:Piero "The Gouty"
4058:Lords of Florence
4010:
4009:
3959:Francesco Stefano
3858:
3857:
3431:Cardinal Giovanni
3366:
3365:
3357:Succeeded by
3288:978-0-87169-201-6
3274:978-90-5356-239-0
3246:978-0-09-952297-3
3236:Strathern, Paul:
2368:Sheppard, F H W.
2289:(in Portuguese).
2197:Acton, pp. 91–92.
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
1521:
1520:
1459:Violante Beatrice
1400:House of Lorraine
1335:, France and the
1297:, heiress to the
1295:Elisabeth Farnese
1154:Eleanor of Toledo
1138:Trattamento Reale
1108:Pope Innocent XII
958:Holy Roman Empire
944:Victor Amadeus II
926:Violante's sister
847:Great Turkish War
653:Earl of St Albans
523:Lorenzo Magalotti
338:Cosimo de' Medici
332:Justus Sustermans
330:, his mother, by
304:House of Lorraine
243:
242:
197:
196:
193:Cosimo de' Medici
5155:
5058:Pazzi conspiracy
5017:Venus de' Medici
5007:Medici porcelain
4877:Agnolo Poliziano
4794:
4793:
4552:Poggio Imperiale
4450:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4366:Bernardo Antonio
4340:Ferrante Gonzaga
4191:Queens of France
4055:
4054:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3811:Prince Karl Pius
3787:Prince Gottfried
3503:Prince Francesco
3392:
3385:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3340:Preceded by
3330:
3329:31 October 1723
3323:
3305:
3304:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
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2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2347:
2340:Brown University
2322:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2293:(III): 113–144.
2278:
2269:
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2037:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1365:Death and legacy
1341:Charles of Spain
1282:House of Austria
995:United Provinces
859:Battle of Vienna
797:Franco-Dutch War
587:. After leaving
532:When he went to
515:Pier Maria Baldi
465:European travels
431:Anna Maria Luisa
185:
184:
158:
117:
93:
91:
33:
21:
20:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5128:House of Medici
5088:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5026:
4990:
4974:
4944:
4923:
4919:Galileo Galilei
4907:
4903:Marsilio Ficino
4886:
4865:
4781:
4739:
4693:
4684:Medici fountain
4672:
4606:
4492:Poggio a Caiano
4441:
4436:
4435:
4422:
4406:
4380:
4349:
4335:Lorenzo Strozzi
4330:Niccolò Ridolfi
4310:Luigi de' Rossi
4304:
4297:Francesco Maria
4233:
4207:
4186:
4138:
4115:
4046:
4044:House of Medici
4041:
4011:
4006:
3894:
3889:
3859:
3854:
3845:
3833:13th generation
3828:
3780:12th generation
3775:
3739:11th generation
3734:
3704:10th generation
3699:
3682:
3677:Cardinal Rudolf
3611:
3570:
3554:
3533:
3512:
3476:
3450:
3414:
3399:
3396:
3362:
3353:
3345:
3324:
3322:14 August 1642
3318:
3317:
3314:House of Medici
3310:
3296:
3224:The Last Medici
3222:Acton, Harold:
3219:
3214:
3209:. Vol. 26.
3199:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3158:
3128:
3121:
3116:. Vol. 30.
3106:
3099:
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3073:. Vol. 46.
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2949:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2932:. heraldica.org
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2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:. Vol. 30.
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
1526:
1503:Reference style
1485:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1408:
1367:
1271:Geertruidenberg
1236:Pope Clement XI
1217:Battle of Turin
1186:
1158:Isabella Orsini
1092:
1075:
980:
940:
930:Ferdinand Maria
883:Niccolò Cassana
872:
811:A contemporary
805:
764:
732:Anne of Austria
728:Alliot le Vieux
689:
684:
637:Henry Oldenburg
625:Galileo Galilei
607:, where he met
467:
385:
317:
312:
254:House of Medici
179:
152:
151:
133:
119:
115:
114:31 October 1723
95:
89:
87:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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5081:
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5078:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:Galilean moons
5040:
5038:Medici giraffe
5034:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4992:
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4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4861:Giorgio Vasari
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4756:Medici Chapels
4753:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
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4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Palazzo Madama
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4582:Montevettolini
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
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4355:
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4350:
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4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4320:Innocenzo Cybo
4317:
4312:
4299:
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4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
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4258:
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4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3984:
3975:Ferdinando III
3972:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3840:Prince Dominic
3836:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3783:
3781:
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3774:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3742:
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3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3688:
3687:9th generation
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3617:
3616:8th generation
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3575:7th generation
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3559:6th generation
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3538:5th generation
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3517:4th generation
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3482:
3481:3rd generation
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3455:2nd generation
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3419:1st generation
3416:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:Tuscan princes
3395:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:Regnal titles
3332:
3331:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3294:External links
3292:
3291:
3290:
3276:
3262:
3248:
3234:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3190:
3156:
3133:, ed. (1861).
3119:
3097:
3076:
3054:
3052:Acton, p. 160.
3045:
3036:
3034:Acton, p. 272.
3027:
3018:
3016:Acton, p. 265.
3006:
3004:Acton, p. 175.
2997:
2995:Acton, p. 267.
2988:
2986:Acton, p. 262.
2979:
2977:Acton, p. 261.
2970:
2961:
2952:
2950:Acton, p. 255.
2943:
2920:
2918:Acton, p. 254.
2911:
2902:
2893:
2891:Acton, p. 244.
2881:
2879:Acton, p. 243.
2872:
2863:
2861:Acton, p. 239.
2854:
2852:Acton, p. 240.
2845:
2833:Skinner, Basil
2825:
2823:Acton, p. 234.
2816:
2807:
2805:Acton, p. 233.
2798:
2796:Acton, p. 232.
2789:
2780:
2778:Acton, p. 224.
2771:
2769:Acton, p. 221.
2762:
2760:Acton, p. 208.
2750:
2748:Acton, p. 197.
2741:
2739:Acton, p. 194.
2732:
2730:Acton, p. 192.
2720:
2718:Acton, p. 204.
2711:
2709:Acton, p. 203.
2702:
2700:Acton, p. 185.
2693:
2691:Acton, p. 184.
2684:
2682:Acton, p. 183.
2668:
2656:
2654:Acton, p. 182.
2647:
2645:Acton, p. 181.
2638:
2636:Acton, p. 172.
2629:
2627:Acton, p. 162.
2613:
2611:Acton, p. 201.
2604:
2602:Acton, p. 159.
2590:
2588:Acton, p. 157.
2581:
2579:Acton, p. 155.
2572:
2570:Acton, p. 154.
2563:
2561:Acton, p. 152.
2554:
2552:Acton, p. 149.
2545:
2543:Acton, p. 151.
2536:
2534:Acton, p. 143.
2524:
2522:Acton, p. 142.
2515:
2513:Acton, p. 141.
2506:
2497:
2488:
2486:Acton, p. 122.
2479:
2477:Acton, p. 121.
2470:
2468:Acton, p. 115.
2456:
2454:Acton, p. 114.
2447:
2445:Acton, p. 113.
2431:
2429:Acton, p. 112.
2419:
2417:Acton, p. 108.
2410:
2395:
2393:Acton, p. 105.
2386:
2360:
2358:Acton, p. 104.
2348:
2314:
2270:
2254:
2252:Acton, p. 102.
2242:
2233:
2231:Acton, p. 103.
2217:
2208:
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1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1471:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1430:
1407:
1404:
1366:
1363:
1337:Dutch Republic
1299:Duchy of Parma
1185:
1182:
1173:John Alexander
1120:Francis Xavier
1091:
1088:
1084:Saxe-Lauenburg
1074:
1071:
979:
976:
962:House of Savoy
953:Royal Highness
939:
937:Royal Highness
934:
871:
868:
864:Gilbert Burnet
822:Francesco Redi
804:
801:
778:Meanwhile, in
763:
760:
752:Royal Highness
688:
685:
683:
680:
664:Jan Swammerdam
660:Dutch Republic
649:Samuel Morland
581:AntĂłnio Vieira
466:
463:
422:Wars of Castro
384:
381:
316:
313:
311:
308:
273:Louis XIV
271:, a cousin of
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
159:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
128:
126:
122:
121:
118:(aged 81)
112:
108:
107:
94:14 August 1642
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
74:Gian Gastone I
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5160:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Palazzo Pitti
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Cerreto Guidi
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Collesalvetti
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4438:Festina Lente
4433:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:(Clement VII)
4256:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4172:Ferdinando II
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:(Clement VII)
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3999:Ferdinando IV
3997:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:Ferdinando II
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:Prince Rainer
3791:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3446:Prince Pietro
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Prince Garzia
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3260:1-84212-456-0
3257:
3253:
3250:Hale, J. R.:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:0-333-29315-0
3229:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3195:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2876:
2870:Hale, p. 186.
2867:
2858:
2849:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2775:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2666:Hale, p. 187.
2663:
2661:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2529:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2215:Acton, p. 94.
2212:
2206:Acton, p. 93.
2203:
2194:
2188:Hale, p. 181.
2185:
2179:Acton, p. 86.
2176:
2170:Hale, p. 180.
2167:
2161:Acton, p. 73.
2158:
2156:
2149:Acton, p. 71.
2146:
2140:Acton, p. 70.
2137:
2131:Acton, p. 62.
2128:
2122:Acton, p. 46.
2119:
2113:Acton, p. 164
2110:
2104:Acton, p. 160
2101:
2095:Acton, p. 45.
2092:
2090:
2088:
2081:Acton, p. 44.
2078:
2076:
2074:
2067:Acton, p. 25.
2064:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:Great Britain
1330:
1326:
1325:House of Este
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
984:
975:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
954:
949:
945:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
880:
876:
867:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
833:
829:
827:
823:
814:
809:
800:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
774:
769:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
679:
678:(1637–1712).
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:Jesuit Priest
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
479:
471:
462:
460:
456:
455:rapprochement
452:
448:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
423:
417:
415:
411:
410:Louvre Palace
407:
403:
397:
393:
389:
380:
378:
373:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
333:
329:
325:
321:
307:
305:
301:
300:imperial fief
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
216:
212:
209:
206:
204:
200:
191:
186:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
160:
157:
156:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
131:
127:
123:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
64:Ferdinando II
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5085:
5002:Medici lions
4979:Institutions
4819:Michelangelo
4777:Old Sacristy
4765:New Sacristy
4638:Villa Medici
4562:L'Ambrogiana
4547:Arena Metato
4437:
4397:Don Giovanni
4305:
4287:Giovan Carlo
4277:Ferdinando I
4244:
4182:Gian Gastone
4176:
4162:Ferdinando I
4001:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3961:
3953:
3951:Gian Gastone
3945:
3937:
3929:
3921:
3919:Ferdinando I
3913:
3905:
3851:
3671:Prince Louis
3565:
3348:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3279:
3265:
3251:
3237:
3223:
3217:Bibliography
3206:
3181:. Retrieved
3177:the original
3172:
3146:
3140:
3113:
3091:
3070:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2934:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2744:
2735:
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2607:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2450:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2343:
2338:(Portugal);
2329:
2300:10.7410/1479
2290:
2286:
2236:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2035:
1760:
1514:Spoken style
1484:
1456:
1409:
1392:
1376:
1345:
1321:
1289:
1286:
1276:
1264:
1241:
1229:
1207:
1203:Saint Joseph
1195:
1169:John Smibert
1162:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1115:
1103:
1101:
1076:
1058:
1055:
1039:old republic
1032:
1027:
1019:Harold Acton
1015:
992:
971:
951:
941:
936:
911:
888:
841:
818:
777:
765:
751:
725:
721:Gian Gastone
716:
713:
690:
657:
645:Robert Boyle
641:Isaac Newton
633:Robert Hooke
613:Samuel Pepys
531:
527:
484:
454:
447:Pitti Palace
439:
435:Gian Gastone
433:in 1667 and
418:
400:
374:
362:
337:
336:
293:
266:
262:Gian Gastone
245:
244:
153:
116:(1723-10-31)
97:Pitti Palace
18:
5103:1723 deaths
5098:1642 births
5012:Medici Vase
4986:Medici Bank
4940:Jacopo Peri
4760:San Lorenzo
4751:Magi Chapel
4385:Condottieri
4306:female line
4224:Clement VII
4157:Francesco I
3994:(1849–1859)
3990:(1824–1849)
3987:Leopoldo II
3982:(1814–1824)
3978:(1790–1801)
3970:(1765–1790)
3962:(1737-1765)
3954:(1723–1737)
3946:(1670–1723)
3938:(1621–1670)
3930:(1609–1621)
3922:(1587–1609)
3914:(1574-1587)
3911:Francesco I
3906:(1569–1574)
3659:Prince John
3094:. Treccani.
2968:Acton, p256
1453:, no issue.
1443:, no issue;
1429:, no issue;
1122:'s bowels.
1116:Volto Santo
909:daughters.
855:Holy League
773:antisemitic
629:Inquisition
519:chamberlain
267:He married
238:Catholicism
60:Predecessor
5092:Categories
5063:Savonarola
4912:Scientists
4846:Michelozzo
4698:Fortresses
4542:Marignolle
4522:Camugliano
4517:La Petraia
4512:Spedaletto
4502:Mezzomonte
4462:Cafaggiolo
4266:Alessandro
4177:Cosimo III
4095:Lorenzo II
3967:Leopoldo I
3943:Cosimo III
3354:1670–1723
3183:30 October
3151:Wikisource
2900:Acton, 245
1260:van Douven
1059:de Castris
1047:Democritus
609:Charles II
538:Charles II
427:Ferdinando
365:Gian Carlo
310:Early life
285:Ferdinando
90:1642-08-14
24:Cosimo III
5068:TV series
4928:Musicians
4841:Donatello
4790:Patronage
4597:Seravezza
4532:La Topaia
4482:La Quiete
4446:Buildings
4411:Genealogy
4302:Francesco
4245:male line
4238:Cardinals
4167:Cosimo II
3927:Cosimo II
3594:Leopold I
2936:19 August
2309:2035-794X
2028:Citations
1524:Ancestors
1481:Styles of
1221:doubloons
1051:Aristotle
978:1691–1694
803:1679–1685
784:Charles V
627:from the
621:Cambridge
593:La Coruña
499:Amsterdam
442:Louis XIV
437:in 1671.
287:in 1663,
132:, Tuscany
70:Successor
39:, 1676–77
5073:episodes
4953:Heraldry
4735:Volterra
4715:Piombino
4710:Grosseto
4663:Materdei
4587:Artimino
4567:La MĂ gia
4497:Castello
4371:Giuliano
4292:Leopoldo
4272:Giovanni
4268:(Leo XI)
4261:Ippolito
4249:Giovanni
4198:Caterina
4152:Cosimo I
4134:Cosimo I
4106:Ippolito
4090:Giuliano
3903:Cosimo I
3409:, first
2835:(1966),
2379:6 August
1232:syphilis
1213:Joseph I
1180:to him.
1167:artists
1165:Scottish
1150:poisoned
1063:Vittoria
918:Peter II
780:Lorraine
717:Consulta
707:, while
693:apoplexy
558:Santarém
546:Peter II
542:Portugal
459:smallpox
383:Marriage
234:Religion
101:Florence
5053:Albizzi
5031:Related
4744:Chapels
4720:Pistoia
4648:Livorno
4611:Palaces
4577:Coltano
4572:Liliano
4557:Lapeggi
4527:Stabbia
4477:Fiesole
4472:Careggi
4467:Trebbio
4402:Mattias
4361:Filippo
4251:(Leo X)
2342:(USA).
1473:Honours
1225:Charles
1178:Raphael
1146:Bohemia
1035:Jesuits
1028:Stinche
1023:Cortona
1003:Austria
999:Livorno
922:Bavaria
851:Trieste
813:piastra
605:England
601:Ireland
597:Kinsale
589:Caminha
562:Coimbra
554:SetĂşbal
507:Hamburg
414:Livorno
369:Luchese
4705:Arezzo
4602:Madama
4507:Agnano
4454:Villas
4376:Zanobi
4255:Giulio
4229:Leo XI
4100:Giulio
4051:People
4002:(1859)
3992:&
3980:&
3325:
3286:
3272:
3258:
3244:
3230:
2307:
1379:nuncio
1329:Modena
1007:Toulon
914:Lisbon
756:livres
697:dropsy
668:Aachen
643:, and
617:Oxford
585:masses
550:Lisbon
348:, and
346:Urbino
277:Louvre
224:Mother
214:Father
208:Medici
155:Detail
138:Spouse
125:Burial
4730:Siena
4282:Carlo
4219:Leo X
4212:Popes
4203:Maria
3327:Died:
3320:Born:
3145:[
1980:(= 9)
1921:(= 8)
1406:Issue
1315:, by
1104:royal
1011:Italy
948:Savoy
942:Duke
709:Siena
682:Reign
570:Viana
566:Rates
534:Spain
517:as a
495:Rhine
487:Tyrol
354:pious
203:House
188:Names
149:Issue
52:Reign
4658:Pisa
4592:Buti
3566:None
3284:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3228:ISBN
3185:2018
2938:2009
2381:2020
2346:(2).
2305:ISSN
1976:15.
1917:14.
1855:13.
1797:12.
1733:11.
1675:10.
1383:Pisa
1171:and
1163:The
1156:and
893:and
705:Pisa
695:and
619:and
568:and
111:Died
84:Born
4995:Art
2295:doi
1944:7.
1881:3.
1823:6.
1759:1.
1701:5.
1639:2.
1613:9.
1581:4.
1555:8.
1290:all
1205:".
1053:."
946:of
497:to
344:of
5094::
4758:,
4308::
4247::
3205:.
3193:^
3171:.
3159:^
3139:.
3122:^
3112:.
3100:^
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3079:^
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3057:^
3009:^
2884:^
2839:,
2753:^
2723:^
2671:^
2659:^
2616:^
2593:^
2527:^
2459:^
2434:^
2422:^
2372:.
2351:^
2334:.
2328:.
2317:^
2303:.
2285:.
2273:^
2257:^
2245:^
2220:^
2154:^
2086:^
2072:^
2044:.
1435:,
1418::
1361:.
1152:"
1069:.
782:,
730:,
655:.
639:,
635:,
611:.
599:,
564:,
560:,
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552:,
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103:,
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3842:*
3825:*
3819:*
3813:*
3807:*
3801:*
3795:*
3789:*
3772:*
3766:*
3760:*
3754:*
3748:*
3731:*
3725:*
3719:*
3713:*
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3679:*
3673:*
3667:*
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3649:*
3643:*
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3608:*
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