29:
512:, representing the earth, fresh water and agriculture on irrigated lands, made his home. In the beginning, the entire space of the world was filled with an ocean that had neither beginning nor end. It was probably believed that he was eternal. In its bowels lurked the foremother Nammu. In her womb arose a cosmic mountain in the form of a hemisphere, which later became the earth. An arc of shiny tin, encircling the hemisphere vertically, later became the sky. In the Babylonian version, in the endless primordial Ocean there was nothing but two monsters – the forefather Apsu and foremother
788:, the original state of the universe is presented as the absence of existing and non-existent, airspace and sky above it, death and immortality, day and night, but the presence of water and disorderly movement. In the waters of the eternal ocean, there was a life-giving principle generated by the power of heat and giving birth to everything else. Another mandala of the Rigveda contains a different version: "Law and truths were born from the kindled heat...", hence the surging ocean. Out of the tumultuous ocean a year was born, distributing days and nights.
1535:
1418:
461:
identification of the sky with the oceans. But it was precisely the repetition of the act – first down, and then up – that led to the allocation of three spheres – earthly, heavenly and underground, which represents the transition from binary division to trinity. The middle sphere, the earth, opposes the watery world below and the heavenly world above. A trichotomous scheme of the cosmos arises, including the necessary space between earth and sky. This space is often represented as a
637:
1967:
497:
280:
175:
652:. Oceanus is presented first of all as the greatest world river (Hom. Il. XIV 245), surrounding the earth and the sea, giving rise to rivers, springs, sea currents (XXI 196), shelter of the sun, moon and stars, which they rise from the ocean and enter it (VII 422; VIII 485). The Ocean River touches the sea, but does not mix with it. In the extreme west, the ocean washes the boundaries between the world of life and death.
540:
807:, but trees and grasses emit their juices into the drying ocean. This motif echoes the Tungus myths about the creation of the earth by a celestial being, which, with the help of fire, dries up part of the primordial ocean, thus reclaiming a place for the earth. The motif of the struggle of water and fire in connection with the theme of the world ocean is also present in other traditions.
465:. Earth and sky are almost universally represented as feminine and masculine, a married couple standing at the beginning of a theogonic or theocosmogonic process. At the same time, the feminine principle is sometimes associated with the element of water and with chaos; usually it is conceived on the side of "nature" rather than "culture."
160:
emergence of the land. At the same time, the ability of the ocean to generate is realized in the appearance of the Earth from it and in the presence of a mythological creature in the ocean that promotes generation or, on the contrary, zealously defends the "old order" and prevents the beginning of the chain of births from the ocean.
273:, the role of the compactor of the ocean waters is played by the wind, which creates a milky substance out of them, which then becomes the Earth's firmament. According to the Kalmyks, plants, animals, people and gods were born from this milky liquid. Indian mythology has a similar myth about the churning of the
186:
Yu. E. Berezkin and E. N. Duvakin generalize the motif of primary waters as follows: "Waters are primary. The Earth is launched into the water, appears above the water, grows from a piece of solid substance placed on the surface of the water or liquid mud, from an island in the ocean, is exposed when
67:
enveloped by a vast primordial ocean. Found in many cultures and civilizations, the cosmic ocean exists before the creation of the Earth. From the primordial waters the Earth and the entire cosmos arose. The cosmic ocean represents or embodies chaos. The concept of a watery chaos also underlies the
791:
The
Rigveda repeatedly mentions the generative power of the ocean ("multiple," it roars at its first spread, giving rise to creations, the bearer of wealth), its thousands of streams flowing from the depths, it is said that the ocean is the spouse of rivers. The cosmic ocean forms the frame of the
252:
In the mythologies of many Asian countries, in which there is an image of an endless and eternal primordial ocean or sea, there is a motif of the creation of the Earth by a celestial being descending from the sky and interfering with the water of the ocean with an iron club, spear or other object.
325:
or serpent is widespread in terms of suppressing water and chaos. The serpent in most mythologies is associated with water, often as its abductor. He threatens either with a flood or a drought, that is, a violation of the measure, the water "balance". Since the cosmos is identified with order and
159:
can be personified as water or by the unorganized interaction of water and fire. The transformation of chaos into order is also the transition from water to land. In many ancient cosmogonic myths, the ocean and chaos are equivalent and inseparable. The ocean remains outside space even after the
460:
The transition from the formless water element to land is the most important act necessary for the transformation of chaos into space. The next step in the same direction is the separation of the sky from the earth, which, perhaps, essentially coincides with the first act, given the initial
952:, and is hence surrounded by it. "God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the water, that it may separate water from water.” God made the expanse, and it separated the water which was below the expanse from the water which was above the expanse. And it was so." (
580:
with Benben, and this when it blossomed emerged Ra. There were many versions of the sun's emergence, and it was said to have emerged directly from the mound or from a lotus flower that grew from the mound, in the form of a heron, falcon, scarab beetle, or human child. In
193:
In North Asia and North
America, the Earth diver myth is found. In this myth, a creator god dives into the cosmic ocean to bring up and form the Earth. A diving bird, catching a lump of earth from the primordial ocean, often appears in
468:
Mythical creatures personifying chaos, defeated, shackled, and overthrown, often continue to exist on the outskirts of space, along the shores of the oceans, in the underground "lower" world, in some special parts of the sky. In
900:. This phenomenon was later interpreted as the coming and going of the tide. At the centre of Vourukasha was located the Harvisptokhm or "tree of all seeds", which contains the seeds of all plants in the world. There is a bird
310:, at first, the Earth was completely covered with water, then the water subsided and exposed the top of the Shaitan ridge Koika-mou. The first two people fall to this peak – a man and a woman. In the myth of creation of the
79:, it is common for the primordial ocean to be separated into upper and lower bounds of water (i.e. cosmic bodies of water located above the sky or below the earth) by the creation of a solid structure known as a
290:
Myths about the world's oceans are universally accompanied by myths about its containment when the earth was already created, and myths about the attempts of the ocean to regain its undivided dominance. In
190:
The idea of the primacy of the ocean as an element, from the bowels of which the Earth arises or is created, is universally prevalent. This representation is present in many mythologies of the world.
295:, there is the idea of a giant depression or pit that determines the direction of the ocean waters and takes away excess water. In many mythologies there are numerous narratives regarding the flood.
1542:
1540:
1538:
1423:
1421:
618:. Initially, the existing ocean is personified in the image of the "father of the gods" Nu. In the historical era, the ocean, which was placed underground, gave rise to the river Nile. In the
831:, also known as "Tortoise", is an avatar of Vishnu who is depicted as churning the cosmic ocean. Vishnu adopts the form of a tortoise to help hold the stick used to churn the cosmic ocean.
780:, there is an idea of darkness and the abyss, but also of the primary waters generated by night or chaos. Ancient Indian myths about the oceans contain both typical and original motifs. In
956:). It is not clear as to if this upper water refers to the clouds or a "sky ocean" beyond the stars. There are hints though that indicate the cosmic ocean was enveloped in thick clouds.
603:), but primarily, chaos in the form of the primary ocean (Nu) or, in the Germanic version, five divine pairs representing its different aspects. The primary hill is identified with the
746:
1376). Since that time, a tendency has been established to distinguish between a large outer sea – ocean – and inland seas. Later, Euripides begins to divide the ocean into parts: the
153:
The ocean is boundless, unordered, unorganized, amorphous, formless, dangerous, and terrible. In some myths, its cacophony is opposed to the ordered rhythm of the sea.
150:. The act of creation is the establishment of an inhabitable space separate from the enveloping waters. The cosmic ocean is the shape of the universe before creation.
568:, portrayed as a cow with a sun disk between her horns, gives birth to the sun, said to have risen from the waters of creation and to have given birth to the sun god
1773:
1870:
1696:
195:
1831:
1318:
796:, who is associated both with the destructive and uncontrolled power of the waters of the oceans and with fruitful waters that bring wealth to people.
560:
In
Ancient Egyptian mythology, in the beginning, the universe only consisted of a great, chaotic cosmic ocean, and the ocean itself was referred to as
318:, "Spilling Water", created the world in the waters of the lord of the waters, Pune, and invoked the light that initiated the creation of the Earth.
302:) – about the earth sinking in the ocean, and about the retreat of the ocean or sea. An example of the first type is the legend about the origin of
648:
about the ocean demonstrate a typologically more advanced stage, when the image of
Oceanus becomes the object of "pre-scientific" research and
592:
Some strands of
Egyptian cosmology appear to have also had the idea of a river-ocean encircling the earth, as one of the words used for sea,
803:
myth contains the motif of the confrontation between the elements of water and fire. As a result of the rapid rotation, a whorl lights up –
698:(Hom. Il. XIV 201, 246), but Oceanus also had parents. According to Hesiod, Oceanus is the son of the oldest of the titans Uranus and Gaia (
714:
367–370). The gods revere
Oceanus as an aged parent, take care of him, although he lives in solitude. Oceanus did not participate in the
610:. Water chaos is opposed by the first earthly mound protruding from it, with which Atum is associated in Heliopolis (as Ra-Atum), and in
1721:
2265:
68:
widespread motif of the worldwide flood that took place in early times. The emergence of earth from water and the curbing of the
896:
sent the clean waters of
Vourukasha down to the earth in order to cleanse the world and sent the water back to the heavenly sea
730:(Apollod. I 2, 1). Known for his peacefulness and kindness (Euripides tried unsuccessfully to reconcile Prometheus with Zeus;
1794:
1765:
1731:
1682:
1650:
1629:
738:
contains criticism of the mythological concept of
Oceanus as a poetic invention (Herodot. II, 23, cf. also IV 8, 36, etc.).
1912:
1876:
477:, primordial giants, precede time and are located on the outskirts of the earth's circle in cold places near the oceans.
2070:
182:
creation myth, Kugu-Yumo and his brother Jõn (Kijamat) in the form of drakes create peace on the waters of the oceans
1820:
1745:
1397:
589:, a deity closely associated with Ra, who was said to have existed in the waters of Nu as an inert potential being.
146:, the primordial waters are often represented as having filled the entire universe and are the first source of the
1704:
577:
491:
127:
548:
915:", considered to be the "king of healing plants". It is surrounded by ten thousand other healing plants.
2255:
2014:
2260:
2026:
1302:
694:, where he was born". In Homer and Hesiod, the Ocean is a living being, the progenitor of all gods and
582:
454:
2126:
351:
338:
28:
1832:"Islamic and Christian heterodox water cosmogonies from the Ottoman period—paralleles and contrasts"
2229:
2162:
1597:
953:
406:
437:'s heroic struggle with the cosmic flood ends with the murder of the insidious owner of the water
2250:
2063:
2043:
1905:
1602:
1570:[Thematic classification and distribution of folklore and mythological motifs by areas].
983:, is said to have washed his weapons in the cosmic ocean. The cosmic ocean is mentioned again in
866:
438:
225:, Maui fishes islands out of the ocean. In Scandinavian mythology, the gods raise the earth, and
83:. Some cosmologies depict the world plain as being surrounded by a circular ocean-river, such as
1389:
1383:
2009:
706:, from whom he gave birth to all the rivers and sources – three thousand daughters – oceanids (
470:
904:
on the tree which causes the bough to break and seeds to sprinkle all around when it alights.
2048:
1879:
972:
840:
645:
386:
92:
88:
2222:
222:
8:
2211:
2053:
1995:
1692:
1568:"Тематическая классификация и распределение фольклорно-мифологических мотивов по ареалам"
1457:
980:
619:
169:
147:
107:
2141:
1898:
1862:
1854:
1622:
Scripture and
Cosmology: Reading the Bible Between the Ancient World and Modern Science
1284:
1276:
939:
703:
649:
529:
254:
234:
131:
99:
2076:
1866:
1816:
1790:
1727:
1678:
1646:
1625:
1592:
1563:
1393:
1288:
1268:
1014:
945:
858:
723:
446:
371:, the personification of the dark waters of chaos, who has taken the form of a dragon
292:
261:
arose from foam raised by mixing the waters of the ocean with the spear of the gods (
199:
156:
119:
115:
1344:
572:
in some myths. The universe was enrapt by a vast mass of primordial waters, and the
2206:
2082:
1846:
1761:
1260:
1064:
800:
731:
719:
270:
1777:
1512:
1222:
622:
version of the myth, an internal connection between the ocean and chaos is noted.
2058:
1921:
1640:
1054:
968:
777:
747:
600:
307:
230:
111:
103:
1883:
1990:
1741:
960:
846:
751:
743:
668:
611:
561:
552:
525:
143:
123:
1850:
1579:
Buxton, Richard G.A.; Smith, Jonathan Z.; Bolle, Kees W. (November 11, 2022).
975:
was thrown into the "Sea of
Extinction." Yahweh rises Egypt up from this sea.
2244:
1642:
Old Testament Cosmology and Divine Accommodation: A Relevance Theory Approach
1272:
991:
804:
767:
303:
284:
274:
76:
72:
or underground waters are usually presented as a factor in cosmic ordering.
34:
2178:
2155:
2148:
2133:
1019:
927:
919:
771:
755:
434:
420:
1753:
1223:"Nature worship | Rituals, Animism, Religions, & History | Britannica"
994:, after forty days and nights of rain, the cosmic ocean floods the earth.
2035:
2003:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1608:
893:
850:
715:
636:
604:
565:
179:
20:
1580:
1858:
1567:
1280:
1248:
1059:
1004:
781:
539:
462:
237:, the Earth itself comes to the surface in the form of a mound. In the
69:
504:
In Sumerian mythology, there was an image of the original sea abyss –
2110:
1464:, 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring,
1074:
1034:
1029:
976:
739:
735:
681:
428:
246:
242:
218:
extracts silt from the waters, from which land is gradually created.
215:
211:
80:
56:
474:
1612:
1264:
1039:
984:
964:
889:
810:
Indian mythology is characterized by the image of the creator god (
711:
707:
699:
660:
442:
391:
311:
238:
203:
1319:"Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg"
792:
cosmos, separating it from chaos. The ocean is personified by the
279:
174:
1049:
901:
874:
785:
691:
631:
599:
The concept of chaos is etymologically associated with darkness (
496:
402:
378:
330:
299:
266:
262:
207:
84:
1044:
819:
368:
315:
2095:
1985:
822:
815:
811:
793:
695:
664:
576:, a pyramid mound, emerged amid this primal chaos. There was a
573:
513:
416:
395:
382:
364:
360:
347:
322:
298:
The opposition of two types of myths is known (for example, in
253:
This results in condensation which gives rise to the Earth. In
64:
1110:
1108:
2100:
1155:
1069:
1024:
1009:
949:
912:
828:
676:
656:
424:
412:
399:
356:
343:
258:
60:
39:(opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum, 1835)
1890:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
818:), floating on the primary waters in a lotus flower, on the
326:
measure, chaos is associated with the violation of measure.
2183:
1523:
1188:
1105:
727:
615:
586:
509:
505:
374:
334:
226:
564:. In some versions of this myth, at the beginning of time
2188:
2105:
1981:
1486:
1433:
1132:
718:
against Zeus and retained its power and the trust of the
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
948:
the world is created as a space inside of the water or
607:
569:
306:, recorded on this island. In the creation myth of the
1839:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1476:
1474:
1200:
857:
or the "tree of all seeds". Another cosmic ocean from
245:
took the Earth out of the water, taking the form of a
233:", which lives at the bottom of the ocean. In ancient
1787:
Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East
1165:
1093:
196:
mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
98:
The cosmic ocean is also present in the mythology of
1406:
710:
346–364) and the same number of sons – river flows (
457:
has a much-reduced description of Yahweh and Tehom.
419:
with dragons and sea monsters that represent chaos (
1471:
508:, on the site of which the most active of the gods
918:In later times, Vourukasha was connected with the
2242:
1770:Myths of the peoples of the world: Encyclopedia.
1578:
1562:
1385:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
1304:The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt
1194:
1120:
1114:
987::4 and signified as a boundary of the universe.
1666:Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities
907:At the center of the Vourukasha also grows the
321:The motif of the cosmogonic struggle with the
1906:
1748:[Ocean]. In S. A. Tokarev. M. (ed.).
845:Vourukasha is the name of a heavenly sea in
702:133). Oceanus is the brother and husband of
441:and his "close associate", –the nine-headed
385:contest the owner of the underworld, Kur in
1591:
1529:
1499:
2034:
1913:
1899:
1740:
1699:[CHAOS AND COSMOS| COSMOGENESIS].
1691:
1444:
1182:
137:
1619:
1381:
1362:
1206:
1719:
1660:Korsh, M. (1894). A. S. Suvorina (ed.).
1099:
834:
635:
495:
278:
214:are a common theme in creation myths. A
173:
27:
1760:
1246:
1159:
2243:
1815:(in Swedish). Almquist & Wiksell.
1662:Краткий словарь мифологии и древностей
1638:
1566:; Duvakin, Evgeny Nikolaevich (2021).
1412:
555:. The vignette illustrates (left) Nu.
1894:
1784:
1752:. Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from
1750:Мифы народов мира : Энциклопедия
1675:Gods & Goddesses of Ancient India
1672:
1659:
1546:
1480:
1427:
1345:"Lotus - Sunnataram Forest Monastery"
1126:
967:and is mentioned in Exodus 15:4, the
933:
519:
485:
206:, bird people are often presented as
1217:
1215:
870:
480:
761:
659:, Oceanus is without beginning. In
283:Lithograpf showing the churning of
13:
1804:
1789:. A&C Black. pp. 55–133.
1624:. InterVarsity Press. p. 63.
686:'spring, well', referring to "the
625:
14:
2277:
1212:
946:first creation story in the Bible
585:, the creation was attributed to
1965:
1830:Stoyanov, Yuri (February 2001).
1388:. Thames & Hudson. pp.
750:, Eritrean ocean, Gallic ocean,
640:Reconstruction of Hecataeus' map
551:The mystical Spell 17, from the
538:
163:
37:Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
1813:Skapelsemyter från hela världen
1505:
1450:
1375:
1337:
1311:
1295:
126:. It plays a prominent role in
2266:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1382:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003).
1240:
1115:Buxton, Smith & Bolle 2022
492:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1:
1920:
1081:
849:mythology. It was created by
801:churning of the ocean of milk
269:). In the mythologies of the
1703:(in Russian). Archived from
1677:. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
1598:The Sacred Books of the East
1195:Beryozkin & Duvakin 2021
1086:
853:and in its middle stood the
682:
7:
1726:. Oxford University Press.
1723:The Religion of the Rigveda
1697:"ХАОС И КОСМОС. КОСМОГЕНЕЗ"
997:
722:. Oceanus is the father of
596:, means "great encircler".
187:the waters subsided, etc."
10:
2282:
1556:
963:, the cosmic ocean is the
937:
838:
765:
742:called the ocean the sea (
677:
629:
523:
500:Abzu (cuneiform scripture)
489:
455:Genesis creation narrative
415:describes the struggle of
167:
134:, and other cosmologies.
18:
2199:
2171:
2119:
2025:
1974:
1963:
1929:
1851:10.1017/S0041977X01000027
1720:Oberlies, Thomas (2023).
1572:B3A. Primary waters, A810
352:historical Vedic religion
339:ancient Egyptian religion
2230:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2163:Be fruitful and multiply
2071:Framework interpretation
1639:Hilber, John W. (2020).
1620:Greenwood, Kyle (2015).
1462:The Heroes of the Greeks
407:ancient Iranian religion
19:Not to be confused with
2064:Progressive creationism
2044:Young Earth creationism
1811:Stiessel, Lena (1995).
1785:Wyatt, Nicolas (2001).
1772:(in Russian). pp.
1768:[World Ocean].
1603:Oxford University Press
1585:Encyclopedia Britannica
1249:"The Yahweh-Tehom Myth"
1247:Whatham, A. E. (1910).
363:defeats the progenitor
231:serpent of middle earth
138:Primordial cosmic ocean
2137:(original translation)
641:
501:
471:Scandinavian mythology
287:
183:
40:
2149:According to its kind
2049:Old Earth creationism
1673:Laser, Tammy (2014).
1517:Encyclopaedia Iranica
841:Zoroastrian cosmology
835:Zoroastrian cosmology
646:early Greek cosmology
639:
499:
387:Mesopotamian religion
282:
177:
93:Zoroastrian cosmology
31:
2015:Christian conception
1996:Christian conception
1693:Meletinsky, Yeleazar
885:in Middle Persian).
716:battle of the titans
223:Polynesian mythology
128:ancient near eastern
59:that represents the
2054:Day-age creationism
1162:, pp. 751–752.
981:Neo-Assyrian Empire
726:, the wise wife of
350:the serpent in the
333:fights the serpent
208:phratrial ancestors
170:Snakes in mythology
2256:Water and religion
2142:Let there be light
1780:on March 13, 2013.
1593:Darmesteter, James
1349:www.sunnataram.org
1253:The Biblical World
1227:www.britannica.com
940:Biblical cosmology
934:Biblical cosmology
650:natural philosophy
642:
530:Egyptian cosmology
520:Egyptian cosmology
502:
486:Sumerian cosmology
288:
255:Japanese mythology
235:Egyptian mythology
184:
57:mythological motif
41:
16:Mythological motif
2261:Chaos (cosmogony)
2238:
2237:
2212:Parashat Bereshit
2091:
2090:
2077:Creatio ex nihilo
2010:Jewish conception
1991:Jewish conception
1796:978-0-567-04942-1
1762:Toporov, Vladimir
1756:on March 6, 2019.
1733:978-0-19-269432-4
1684:978-1-62275-391-8
1652:978-1-5326-7621-5
1645:. Cascade Books.
1631:978-0-8308-9870-1
1015:Danava (Hinduism)
888:According to the
859:Persian mythology
756:Hyperborean Ocean
481:In world cultures
447:Chinese mythology
293:Chinese mythology
257:, the islands of
241:it was said that
200:Samoyedic peoples
100:Ancient Egyptians
49:primordial waters
2273:
2207:Primeval history
2127:In the beginning
2083:Special creation
2032:
2031:
1969:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1836:
1826:
1800:
1781:
1776:. Archived from
1757:
1737:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1707:on March 6, 2019
1688:
1669:
1656:
1635:
1616:
1588:
1575:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1530:Darmesteter 1880
1527:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1500:Darmesteter 1880
1497:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1468:, is expressed."
1454:
1448:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1323:Glencairn Museum
1315:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1163:
1157:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1097:
872:
778:Indian cosmology
762:Indian cosmology
732:Prometheus Bound
685:
680:
679:
675:as derived from
542:
271:Mongolic peoples
116:Ancient Persians
2281:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2195:
2167:
2115:
2087:
2059:Gap creationism
2021:
1970:
1961:
1925:
1919:
1873:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1810:
1807:
1805:Further reading
1797:
1766:"Океан Мировой"
1742:Takho-Godi, Aza
1734:
1710:
1708:
1701:Poetics of myth
1685:
1653:
1632:
1609:The Zend Avesta
1564:Beryozkin, Yury
1559:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1532:, p. lxix.
1528:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1455:
1451:
1445:Takho-Godi 2008
1443:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1376:
1370:Middle Egyptian
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1325:. July 13, 2021
1317:
1316:
1312:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1183:Meletinsky 2006
1181:
1166:
1158:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1055:Sea (astronomy)
1000:
990:In the myth of
979:, ruler of the
969:Song of the Sea
942:
936:
843:
837:
774:
764:
748:Ethiopian Ocean
634:
628:
626:Greek cosmology
558:
557:
556:
550:
545:
544:
543:
532:
524:Main articles:
522:
494:
488:
483:
308:Nganasan people
172:
166:
140:
112:Ancient Indians
89:Greek cosmology
53:celestial river
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2279:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:Creation myths
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1976:
1975:Divine figures
1972:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1827:
1821:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1758:
1738:
1732:
1717:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1651:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1589:
1576:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1534:
1522:
1504:
1485:
1470:
1449:
1447:, p. 751.
1432:
1417:
1405:
1398:
1374:
1361:
1336:
1310:
1294:
1265:10.1086/474395
1259:(5): 329–333.
1239:
1211:
1207:Greenwood 2015
1199:
1187:
1164:
1131:
1119:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1001:
999:
996:
971:. The army of
961:Book of Exodus
938:Main article:
935:
932:
881:; also called
867:Middle Persian
839:Main article:
836:
833:
763:
760:
752:Germanic Ocean
669:folk etymology
630:Main article:
627:
624:
553:Papyrus of Ani
547:
546:
537:
536:
535:
534:
533:
526:Nu (mythology)
521:
518:
490:Main article:
487:
484:
482:
479:
451:
450:
432:
409:
389:
372:
367:, the wife of
354:
341:
314:, the creator
168:Main article:
165:
162:
144:creation myths
139:
136:
104:Ancient Greeks
77:creation myths
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2278:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:Spirit of God
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1822:91-21-14467-2
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:(in Russian).
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1502:, p. 54.
1501:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1483:, p. 45.
1482:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1415:, p. 67.
1414:
1409:
1401:
1399:0-500-05120-8
1395:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1209:, p. 63.
1208:
1203:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1102:, p. 65.
1101:
1100:Oberlies 2023
1096:
1092:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
995:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
941:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
832:
830:
826:
824:
821:
817:
813:
808:
806:
805:Mount Mandara
802:
797:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
773:
769:
768:Kshira Sagara
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
644:The ideas of
638:
633:
623:
621:
620:Heracleopolis
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
554:
549:
541:
531:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
498:
493:
478:
476:
472:
466:
464:
458:
456:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
342:
340:
336:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Easter Island
301:
296:
294:
286:
285:Ocean of Milk
281:
277:
276:
275:Ocean of Milk
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:catches the "
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:totemic myths
201:
197:
191:
188:
181:
176:
171:
164:Common themes
161:
158:
154:
151:
149:
145:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
36:
30:
26:
22:
2223:The Creation
2221:
2217:Cosmic ocean
2216:
2179:Adam and Eve
2156:Image of God
2134:Tohu wa-bohu
2132:
2075:
1930:Noted verses
1845:(1): 19–33.
1842:
1838:
1812:
1786:
1778:the original
1769:
1754:the original
1749:
1722:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:the original
1700:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1641:
1621:
1613:The Vendidad
1606:
1596:
1584:
1571:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1465:
1461:
1458:Karl Kerényi
1452:
1408:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1313:
1303:
1297:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:
1202:
1190:
1160:Toporov 2008
1122:
1095:
1020:Danu (Asura)
989:
958:
943:
928:Gulf of Oman
923:
917:
908:
906:
897:
887:
882:
878:
862:
855:Harvisptokhm
854:
844:
827:
809:
798:
790:
775:
772:Causal Ocean
687:
672:
671:of the name
654:
643:
598:
593:
591:
578:lotus flower
559:
503:
467:
459:
452:
435:Yu the Great
320:
297:
289:
251:
220:
192:
189:
185:
155:
152:
141:
124:Zoroastrians
97:
91:or Raŋhā in
74:
70:global flood
52:
48:
45:cosmic ocean
44:
42:
35:Cosmic Ocean
32:
25:
2036:Creationism
1937:Genesis 1:1
1549:, p. .
1430:, p. .
1413:Hilber 2020
954:Genesis 1:6
920:Persian Sea
894:Ahura Mazda
851:Ahura Mazda
847:Zoroastrian
667:presents a
566:Mehet-Weret
463:cosmic tree
398:) with the
21:world ocean
2245:Categories
2172:Characters
1611:, Part I:
1547:Wyatt 2001
1513:"Fraxkard"
1481:Laser 2014
1428:Korsh 1894
1127:Wyatt 2001
1082:References
1060:Sea of Suf
1005:Ap (water)
992:Noah's Ark
911:or "White
782:Mandala 10
766:See also:
734:284–396).
583:Heliopolis
212:World eggs
2111:Firmament
1884:214039469
1867:162583636
1456:Noted by
1372:, p. 144.
1289:144762059
1273:0190-3578
1232:April 18,
1087:Citations
1075:Unhcegila
1035:Heh (god)
1030:Firmament
977:Sargon II
926:with the
909:Gaokerena
879:Vourukaša
740:Euripides
736:Herodotus
720:Olympians
429:Leviathan
243:Prajapati
216:waterfowl
178:From the
120:Sumerians
108:Abrahamic
81:firmament
2027:Creation
1880:ProQuest
1764:(2008).
1744:(2008).
1711:March 6,
1695:(2006).
1595:(1880).
1040:Heryshaf
998:See also
985:Joshua 1
965:Yam Suph
922:and the
890:Vendidad
871:plʾhwklt
863:Fraxkard
712:Theogony
708:Theogony
700:Theogony
661:Theogony
594:shen-wer
443:Xiangliu
392:Tishtrya
312:Tuamotus
239:Brahmana
132:biblical
2200:Related
2120:Phrases
1922:Genesis
1877:1157309
1859:3657539
1774:751–752
1746:"Океан"
1607:Vol 4:
1557:Sources
1390:206–207
1368:Allen,
1354:May 21,
1329:May 21,
1281:3141790
1050:Samudra
973:Pharaoh
959:In the
944:In the
924:Puitika
902:Sinamru
898:Puitika
875:Avestan
786:Rigveda
784:of the
758:, etc.
744:Orestes
692:Okeanos
673:Pegasus
632:Oceanus
612:Memphis
605:sun god
403:Apaosha
400:antigod
379:Ninurta
331:Ra-Atum
300:Oceania
267:Izanami
263:Izanagi
85:Oceanus
2096:Heaven
1986:Elohim
1882:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1819:
1793:
1730:
1681:
1668:].
1649:
1628:
1581:"myth"
1396:
1287:
1279:
1271:
883:Warkaš
823:Shesha
816:Vishnu
812:Brahma
794:Varuna
704:Tethys
696:titans
665:Hesiod
574:Benben
514:Tiamat
475:jǫtnar
473:, the
439:Gungun
417:Yahweh
396:Sirius
383:Inanna
365:Tiamat
361:Marduk
348:Vritra
323:dragon
122:, and
65:cosmos
2226:(art)
2101:Tehom
1871:INIST
1863:S2CID
1855:JSTOR
1835:(PDF)
1664:[
1285:S2CID
1277:JSTOR
1070:Tehom
1025:Erlik
1010:Arche
950:Tehom
913:Haoma
829:Kurma
724:Metis
688:pegai
663:282,
657:Homer
445:, in
425:Tehom
421:Rahab
413:Bible
381:, or
357:Enlil
346:with
344:Indra
259:Japan
202:. In
157:Chaos
61:world
55:is a
51:, or
2184:Adam
1817:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1713:2019
1679:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1466:pege
1394:ISBN
1356:2023
1331:2023
1269:ISSN
1234:2023
1065:Styx
1045:Rasā
820:nāga
799:The
770:and
728:Zeus
683:pēgē
678:πηγή
616:Ptah
587:Atum
528:and
510:Enki
506:Abzu
453:The
411:The
375:Enki
369:Apsû
335:Apep
316:Tāne
265:and
247:boar
227:Thor
198:and
180:Mari
148:gods
33:The
2189:Eve
2106:Yom
1982:God
1847:doi
1261:doi
861:is
814:or
776:In
690:of
655:In
601:kek
405:in
359:or
337:in
221:In
142:In
95:.
87:in
75:In
63:or
2247::
2006:"
1984:/
1869:.
1861:.
1853:.
1843:64
1841:.
1837:.
1605:.
1601:.
1583:.
1537:^
1515:.
1488:^
1473:^
1460:,
1435:^
1420:^
1392:.
1347:.
1321:.
1283:.
1275:.
1267:.
1257:36
1255:.
1251:.
1225:.
1214:^
1167:^
1134:^
1107:^
930:.
892:,
877::
873:,
869::
825:.
754:,
614:,
608:Ra
570:Ra
562:Nu
516:.
427:,
423:,
377:,
249:.
210:.
130:,
118:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
47:,
43:A
2165:"
2161:"
2158:"
2154:"
2151:"
2147:"
2144:"
2140:"
2129:"
2125:"
2002:"
1957:5
1952:4
1947:3
1942:2
1924:1
1914:e
1907:t
1900:v
1886:.
1849::
1825:.
1799:.
1736:.
1715:.
1687:.
1655:.
1634:.
1587:.
1519:.
1402:.
1358:.
1333:.
1307:.
1291:.
1263::
1236:.
1197:.
1185:.
1129:.
1117:.
865:(
449:.
431:)
394:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
