2504:(varies) within the production process, as the worker can produce value over and above what he needs to live (the "necessary labor time"), which is paid in wages. As the worker produces more than he is paid in wages, he thus creates new value. Although most commentaries on Marx do not acknowledge this, these changes could be both positive or negative. A misapplication of labour, or the devaluation of types of labour activity by the market can mean the loss of part of the capital invested, or all of it. However, Marx does generally assume that labour will accomplish the
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2400:). The latter distinction corresponds to the very common distinction in economics between fixed inputs (and costs) and variable inputs (and costs). It distinguishes inputs from the point of view of their user (the capitalist), in terms of the degree of flexibility that the user has in using them. On the other hand, constant capital refers to the non-human inputs into production, while variable capital refers to the human input (the hiring of
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argues that "Essentially, Marx reached the result that the means of production cannot generate surplus value by confusing depreciation, or the loss of value by a machine, with value creation". His argument is, that a machine can add value to new output in excess of the value of economic depreciation
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The flow value divided by the stock value provides a measure of the number of rotations of the stock (the speed of turnover or turnover time) in an accounting period. It is strongly related to the actual depreciation rate of fixed capital. Alternatively, the stock value divided by the flow value is
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Keen further argues that Marx speculated that machines could have a use-value greater than their exchange-value, much like labor. Keen argues that though Marx did not develop this point, if it was developed then this would mean that the amount of value a machine loses in depreciation will be less
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If workers receive a subsistence wage, and if the working day exhausts the capacity to labor, then it could be argued that in a day a worker âdepreciatesâ by an amount equivalent to the subsistence wageâthe exchange-value of labor power. However this depreciation is not the limit of the amount of
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Another argument is that Marx's theory does not account for things such as time. For example, yeast is added to crushed grapes to turn them into wine. No human labor is involved yet the value of the wine is higher than that of the grapes. Another example is that wine gains value as it ages, even
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to the new product by living labor. For example, if a machine that is used to make cars costs $ 1 million and it is used to make 10,000 cars before it is worn out and replaced, then each car would have $ 100 worth of that machine in it (constant capital involves both fixed costs and unit costs).
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Another clarification is that Marx may have used the terms fixed and variable capital to emphasize the idea that the input cost of compensation can be varied by the enterprise, which sets the compensation levels of its workers, whereas the price of the other input factors sold to the company is
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between people that is specific to certain historical conditions. Inanimate objects can only feature in value relations as tokens of prior human effort, since they are not social beings. Thus, it is not the machine with which new outputs are produced that itself adds value to those outputs, but
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An example of variable capital would be as follows: a worker is hired for $ 100 and uses $ 1000 of materials and components to create a product which is sold for $ 1300. This would be $ 1000 constant capital plus $ 100 variable capital plus $ 200 surplus value. The $ 200 surplus value was added
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It has also been argued that Marx's theory ignores time preference (the common preference for goods and services immediately rather than later). Workers generally prefer to be paid when their work is completed rather than when it is sold (which could be much later). For workers to be paid
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of capital is broken as soon as living labour is withdrawn; then it becomes clear that the constant part of capital produces nothing, and declines in value. Because of its role as a traditional money commodity some individuals give a reference display of this fetish by seeing
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for constant capital inputs could change after they have been bought for use in production, but normally this cannot affect those inputs (having been withdrawn from the market for use in production), only the market valuation of the outputs created from those inputs.
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Variable capital is almost exclusively a component of circulating capital. However, the salaries of some "overhead" employees (who have long-term security from being fired or laid off) are in effect, fixed elements of variable capital.
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immediately, they must be given wages - thus their service has a value. It is argued that the labor theory of value would "have it both ways" - workers would receive the full future value of their product before it is actually sold.
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solely by the activity of the worker - of the $ 1100 investment, only the $ 100 variable capital expanded. The $ 1000 constant capital was transferred from the materials and components to the product and thus produced no new value.
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powers and characteristics which it does not truly have. Economists talk about the "productivity of capital" to describe the yield or return on capital, but capital itself "produces" nothing, people do that.
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period. Which measure is used depends on the purposes and assumptions of one's analysis, for example, whether one is interested in the unit-costs of output or in the rate of return on capital invested.
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According to some
Marxists, the first two types of objection above cut to the heart of the main dispute between Marx and mainstream economic theoryâtheir different conceptions of
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value that can be added by a worker in a dayâs laborâthe use-value of labor. Value added is unrelated to and greater than value lost; if it were not, there could be no surplus.
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The concept of "constant capital" is closely related to the concept of "real capital" which is used by Marx to distinguish physical capital goods from
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rather the people operating the machine who permit its value to be conserved and who operate the transfer of part of its value to the new outputs.
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Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism
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charged. Keen uses an analogy with labor to demonstrate the problem:
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object that labor is not the only source of value-added goods.
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
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Debunking
Economics; The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences
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The Origin of the Family, Private
Property and the State
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The particular fetish of the money commodity as capital
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of equipment and materials being used in production is
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2602:"fixed," insofar as it is set by external vendors.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2488:Constant capital contrasts with variable capital,
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2361:Constant capital includes (1) fixed assets, i.e.
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2638:. In other words, property (a "thing") is given
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2766:. Marxist Internet Archive: Glossary of Terms
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175:The Condition of the Working Class in England
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170:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
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2861:"The Labour Theory of Value (an analysis)"
2808:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
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315:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
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2863:, Liberty International, 12 October 1988
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2589:For Marx, however, economic value is a
27:Capital invested in means of production
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1096:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
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2891:Fixed Capital and Circulating Capital
2880:Constant Capital and Variable Capital
2859:Donald Ernsberger, Jarret Wollstein,
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385:Change the World Without Taking Power
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
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488:Critique of political economy
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2409:
2406:
2404:to do labor).
2363:physical plant
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:Vulgar Marxism
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:Related topics
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Monthly Review
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2004:Constellations
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
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1608:
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1598:
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1578:
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1528:
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1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
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1488:
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1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
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1278:
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1188:
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1173:
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1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:Other variants
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
976:
975:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
930:
929:
923:
922:
921:
920:
918:Third-worldist
915:
910:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
878:
870:
869:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:Historiography
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
744:Class struggle
740:
735:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Metabolic rift
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
593:
588:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
548:
547:
542:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
491:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
475:Marxist ethics
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
441:
436:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
320:Ways of Seeing
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
161:
160:
157:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3175:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2821:
2814:(1): 107â121.
2813:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Surplus value
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:fixed capital
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2478:
2477:market prices
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:David Ricardo
2391:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Revolutionary
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:Authoritarian
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Moufawad-Paul
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:Eurocommunism
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:Austromarxism
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:Communization
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
978:
977:
973:
972:
967:
966:Praxis School
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
928:
925:
924:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
871:
868:
865:
864:
856:
855:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
738:
733:
732:
725:
724:Working class
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
591:
586:
585:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Crisis theory
503:
500:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
439:
434:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
164:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:February 2009
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3084:(short) vs.
3011:Intellectual
2855:
2842:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2783:
2779:
2768:. Retrieved
2688:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2645:
2609:
2600:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2550:
2536:
2526:
2522:value theory
2519:
2510:
2508:of capital.
2506:valorisation
2501:
2498:exploitation
2489:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2411:
2383:
2360:
2339:
2335:
2330:invested in
2319:and used in
2304:
2300:
2299:
2134:Municipalism
1946:Bhattacharya
1091:Situationist
1066:Instrumental
719:State theory
684:Immiseration
679:Human nature
669:Exploitation
499:accumulation
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3001:Information
2976:Educational
2957:Circulating
2897:, Chapter 8
2889:Karl Marx,
2886:, Chapter 8
2663:The ratio,
2628:reification
2494:labor power
2469:transferred
2408:Measurement
2402:labor power
2097:Communalism
1496:Wallerstein
1086:Revisionist
817:Film theory
797:Criminology
792:Archaeology
704:Proletariat
689:Imperialism
602:Bourgeoisie
577:Wage labour
470:Reification
265:On Practice
3152:Categories
3116:Fictitious
3099:analytical
3041:Reputation
3006:Intangible
2996:Individual
2770:2019-12-25
2746:References
2616:capitalism
2543:Steve Keen
2426:accounting
2396:and other
2332:production
2154:Democratic
2019:Mediations
1631:Przeworski
1571:Poulantzas
1421:Sivanandan
1376:Bettelheim
1276:Horkheimer
1271:MariĂĄtegui
1246:Pashukanis
1171:Liebknecht
1101:Wertkritik
1041:Analytical
901:Trotskyism
876:Autonomist
867:Structural
847:Philosophy
787:Aesthetics
572:Value-form
540:Capitalist
445:Alienation
438:Philosophy
195:Grundrisse
80:newspapers
3031:Political
2981:Financial
2931:Types of
2876:Karl Marx
2516:Criticism
2465:conserved
2375:buildings
2367:machinery
2317:Karl Marx
2201:Economism
2164:Reformist
2144:Socialism
2092:Communism
2072:Anarchism
1926:Coulthard
1851:McDonnell
1811:Screpanti
1721:Rowbotham
1586:Harnecker
1396:Althusser
1336:Deutscher
1176:Kollontai
1166:Luxemburg
1146:Plekhanov
1076:Nkrumaism
987:Classical
961:Political
886:Guevarism
842:Sociology
822:Geography
642:Democracy
590:Sociology
545:Socialist
510:Commodity
3132:Monopoly
3111:Variable
3106:Constant
3056:Symbolic
3026:Physical
2966:Cultural
2961:Floating
2947:Academic
2694:See also
2622:was for
2127:Old Left
2122:New Left
1989:Antipode
1983:Journals
1886:Heinrich
1861:Roediger
1856:Douzinas
1846:Hennessy
1801:Holloway
1716:Hartsock
1706:Eagleton
1691:Federici
1666:Bannerji
1641:Therborn
1621:RanciĂšre
1616:Easthope
1596:Anderson
1591:Altvater
1491:O'Connor
1486:MĂ©szĂĄros
1481:Guattari
1436:Thompson
1426:Miliband
1406:Williams
1391:Hobsbawm
1366:Emmanuel
1346:Beauvoir
1311:Lefebvre
1256:Benjamin
1221:Bukharin
1201:Zinoviev
1196:Grossman
1181:Bogdanov
1156:Connolly
1136:Lafargue
1081:Orthodox
1051:Centrist
1002:Leninism
997:Feminist
946:Humanist
927:Hegelian
455:Ideology
137:a series
135:Part of
3097:Marxist
3086:Patient
3075:By term
3066:Working
3061:Venture
3016:Natural
2940:By form
2933:capital
2630:of the
2620:capital
2502:changes
2328:capital
2321:Marxian
2226:Outline
2179:Utopian
1956:Srnicek
1941:Toscano
1936:Seymour
1891:Prashad
1841:Sankara
1836:Berardi
1821:Hampton
1796:Burawoy
1766:Panitch
1761:Haraway
1751:Cleaver
1736:Brenner
1701:Balibar
1656:Postone
1646:Losurdo
1576:Vattimo
1546:Gonzalo
1541:Jameson
1531:Parenti
1471:Liebman
1466:Guevara
1356:Nkrumah
1351:Sombart
1326:Padmore
1296:Kalecki
1291:Marcuse
1251:Bordiga
1236:Gramsci
1191:Trotsky
1151:Du Bois
1141:Kautsky
1017:Western
896:Titoism
781:Aspects
737:History
657:Radical
495:Capital
200:Capital
145:Marxism
94:scholar
3088:(long)
3082:Liquid
3051:Social
3046:Sexual
3036:Public
2648:fetish
2634:or of
2591:social
2438:profit
2344:German
2309:German
2174:Social
2159:Market
1961:Horvat
1916:Fisher
1911:Linera
1906:Lordon
1896:Kelley
1881:Marcos
1876:Ghandy
1866:Foster
1791:Fraser
1786:Wright
1776:Jessop
1771:Clarke
1756:Bishop
1746:Massey
1726:Mouffe
1676:Newton
1671:Spivak
1661:Rodney
1626:Berman
1581:Badiou
1561:Laclau
1556:Harvey
1551:Dussel
1511:Debord
1506:Tronti
1476:Heller
1461:Castro
1456:Berger
1441:Bauman
1431:Cabral
1416:Mandel
1411:Freire
1401:Hinton
1381:Draper
1361:Sweezy
1331:Sartre
1321:Adorno
1286:Brecht
1241:Galiev
1216:Korsch
1211:LukĂĄcs
1186:Stalin
1131:Morris
1126:Engels
1114:People
891:Maoism
812:Ethics
652:Soviet
375:Empire
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2991:Human
2986:Fixed
2893:, in
2882:, in
2804:(PDF)
2640:human
2584:price
2577:value
2461:value
2414:stock
2386:fixed
2356:value
1971:Saito
1966:Hamza
1831:ĆœiĆŸek
1816:TamĂĄs
1781:Davis
1741:Davis
1731:Geras
1696:Wolff
1681:Sakai
1636:Cohen
1611:Sison
1606:Vogel
1566:Bahro
1536:Negri
1526:Nairn
1451:Kosik
1446:Fanon
1386:Jones
1341:Hoxha
1316:James
1301:Fromm
1231:Serge
1206:Bloch
1161:Lenin
982:Black
607:Class
101:JSTOR
87:books
2682:and
2653:gold
2646:The
2624:Marx
2467:and
2422:flow
2388:vs.
2373:and
2371:land
1931:Malm
1901:Dean
1871:West
1826:Cano
1806:Rose
1711:Kurz
1686:Wood
1651:Ture
1601:Löwy
1521:Hall
1516:Amin
1501:Mies
1371:Hill
1281:Dutt
1266:Basu
1121:Marx
1012:Post
974:Both
956:Open
73:news
1306:Cox
1261:Mao
1007:Neo
56:by
3154::
2878:,
2812:15
2810:.
2806:.
2791:^
2753:^
2675:.
2579:.
2447:.
2440:.
2369:,
2365:,
2358:.
2346::
2342:;
2311::
2307:;
1921:Li
1226:Ho
139:on
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2773:.
2669:v
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