811:
544:
1813:, and ROM containing the disk operating software. This software was not compatible with Commodore standards and was somewhat awkward to use. Before using the disk system, it had to be initialized manually by issuing the command SYS45056. This made available a set of "pseudo-BASIC" commands for performing disk operations, which bore little or no resemblance to the standard Commodore commands for the same operations and in addition had to be prefixed with $ , thus breaking the rules of BASIC syntax. It had a severe limitation in that it was only possible to have one file open at a time, which made many common tasks difficult and slow, though the direct interface to the motherboard made data transfer significantly faster than the CBM units using the IEEE-488 bus. The additional code hooked into the BASIC interpreter could slow the execution of BASIC programs by 20–30%, and it would break with programs which used the standard POKE to disable user STOPs. Nevertheless, it was still regarded as a useful system and as a great improvement over cassette storage.
1458:
647:
1273:
1068:. Normally, banking in the expansion RAM will swap out the video RAM, I/O registers, and system ROMs, so interrupts must be turned off first, but it is also possible to set the video RAM and I/O registers to "peek" through. Regardless, switching the OS ROMs out will require the user to either have interrupts disabled or supply their own interrupt handler. The expansion RAM cannot be seen by BASIC and machines equipped with the RAM board will still report the standard 31,743 bytes free on power up. A relatively small amount of software could utilize it.
655:
268:
3195:
3185:
3175:
259:
623:
635:
802:
and positioning the cursor. In addition, the kernal ROM received system interrupts and scanned the keyboard. The kernel, an idea of John
Feagans, was the first personal computer OS ROM to be a distinct entity from BASIC. The character ROM was 4K in size, containing four different 128 character tables, the uppercase/graphics character set and upper/lowercase character set, plus reverse video versions of both. This included a number of graphics characters for creating
2741:
3155:
1841:, lowercase letters, and reliable cassette system, while disapproving of the keyboard. His machine had three faulty RAM chips and after some difficulty contacting Commodore, was mailed a set of replacement chips and installation instructions by John Feagans. Fylstra described the PET 2001 as a versatile "appliance" computer most suitable for casual users and computer hobbyists, calling it a "strong contender" in the personal computer market.
1440:
1160:
a new molded plastic case with a swivel monitor. Four models were offered, the 8032SK, 8096SK, and the new 8296 and 8296-D. The 8296 models had 128K of memory (96K on the expansion memory board) and the 8296-D had two internal half-height 8250 drives. In addition, the 8296 came bundled with an office suite on disk and the system ROMs included a menu program to launch each of its four applications. Early units contained leftover 8032/96
73:
175:
32:
1378:
3165:
1331:, where new characters could be defined by a programmer to create custom graphics shapes. From a programming point of view, this was a relatively simple method of producing good-looking graphics, which used negligibly more RAM than a standard character display, and significantly less RAM than bitmap graphics. The PET's lack of a remappable character set is a major weakness in the machine's design.
956:
1596:
937:
567:-based processors and had a lower total cost of production. These companies began to undercut TI business, so TI responded by entering the calculator market directly in 1975. As a result, TI was selling complete calculators at lower price points than they sold just the chipset to their former customers, and the industry that had built up around it was frozen out of the market.
1277:
1274:
822:" because the keys resembled the chewing gum it was named after. The key tops also tended to rub off easily. Reliability was fairly poor, although that was common in many early microcomputers. Because of the poor keyboard on the PET, external replacement ones quickly appeared. The PET had somewhat of a competitive advantage over its Apple II and
1276:
1237:. Of the previously extensive PET disk drive line, the only drives that returned were the 2031-LP and SFD-1001 (basically a 2040 and an 8250 repackaged in a 1541-style case with half-height drive mechanisms). The resurrected PET was sold through 1986 and then finally retired for good, having been superseded by the
1358:. This flexibility was achieved by the use of two switchable character sets, allowing the choice of either mixed-case characters, or uppercase with graphics; either could also be displayed as a reverse field, negative image. For specialized applications, alternative character sets could be programmed into an
1800:
An alternative option for adding floppy disk capability to the PET was the
Computhink disk system. Although references to this system are hard to find today, it was nevertheless popular at the time, as it was both cheaper and considerably faster than the Commodore system and available from an earlier
1167:
The 8296 had a completely redesigned motherboard and handled expansion RAM in a different fashion than the 8096. While on the 8096, the expansion RAM cannot be accessed at all without switching out the OS ROMs and video RAM, the 8296 has a setup closer to that of the
Commodore 64 where writing to the
1023:
The 4000/8000 PETs were more explicitly targeted at professional/business use than the 2001/3000. Business customers were the main target for the features of the enhanced BASIC 4.0, and a good selection of prepackaged business software was available. A large line of 5.25-inch and 8-inch floppy drives
1159:
In 1982, Commodore retired the PET line with the intention of replacing it with the B-series machines; however, they were a marketplace flop and also very expensive to manufacture. Because
Commodore still had a strong business software market in Europe, the 80xx series PET was revived during 1984 in
806:
on the screen as well as playing card symbols (reportedly because Jack
Tramiel's sons wanted to play card games on the computer). On the original PET 2001, the uppercase/graphics character set and upper/lowercase character set were reversed compared to how they would be on later machines; PET owners
801:
ROM. The first half of the kernal contained screen editor functions (the screen editor on 80 column PETs differed from 40-column models) with the second half containing a number of function calls for tasks such as inputting and outputting data to and from different I/O devices, reading the keyboard,
1015:
and the row above the alphabet keys had only punctuation symbols. The 3032 and 4032 were produced in two special variants known as the B models with the so-called "business keyboard", which had a conventional layout with mathematical symbols and numbers above the alphabet keys. The keypad contained
979:
model. Because of this, they punched out the memory sockets in the 4008 and 4016 to prevent that practice. The 4032 was a major success in schools, where its tough all-metal construction and all-in-one design made it better able to stand up to the rigors of classroom use. Just as important in this
1736:
The original lineup of disk drives for the PET were the single-unit 2031 and dual-unit 2040, 3040. Then followed the 4040, 8050, and 8250. Later (near the end of the PET's lifespan), single-unit 2031 and SFD-1001 drives were produced that used the same case as the 1540/1541, but sported the PET's
1083:
at the same time. This feature was used because of the extremely slow 6550 SRAMs in the PET 2001, although it ceased to be a problem on 3000-series PETs since they used faster 2114 SRAMs for the video memory instead. Ordinarily, this feature was enabled on power-up. If the user did not mind snow,
904:
displayed a
Microsoft copyright notice). This feature was present in all 30xx series PETs. Commodore executives were unhappy when they learned about it and it was removed from BASIC on all subsequent Commodore machines. Microsoft also remained sensitive about their copyrighted code and pressured
1396:
The PET had two empty sockets on the motherboard for adding expansion ROMs, which could be a total of 8K in size. A predecessor to the cartridge slots on later
Commodore machines, they allowed various software add-ons such as machine language monitors. In addition, it was common for commercial
1103:
The PET 2001 and 2001-8N had a register that would disable the video output; this was also used as output for the IEEE-488 interface, so screen flicker would occur during disk drive or printer use. It also became a popular method of producing explosion effects in games, but because the screen
1373:
In 2012, Commodore enthusiast Steve Gray began a project to convert the
Commodore PET to colour. This involves upgrading a 4032 machine or downgrading an 8032 machine. The result is 16 colours for foreground and background, The colour RAM is located at $ 8800 which is not used in regular PET
735:
A working PET 2001 prototype was shown to the public at the Winter CES 1977 in
January 1977, and the first hundred units were shipped in October, mostly going to magazines and software developers, while the machine was not generally available to consumers until December. However, the PET was
1449:
995:
The PET's simple, rugged design and completely enclosed components made it an early favorite in the North
American education market. Schools preferred the 40-column models because the 40-column display's larger characters vs. the 80xx PETs were easier for young children to read. Commodore
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1151:
program which allowed the machine to be used as a "smart terminal" as well, so this single machine could replace many of the boxes currently in use at the university. Additionally this machine became a remote development environment where the user could later upload their creation to a
984:
and allowed printers and disk drives (which were then very expensive) to be shared among all of the machines in the classroom. Unlike later Commodore machines, PETs had no kernel ROM functions for the IEEE-488 port and users had to write their own to use peripherals such as modems.
526:
Following the initial PET 2001, the design was updated through a series of models with more memory, better keyboard, larger screen, and other modifications. The systems were a top seller in the Canadian and United States education markets, as well as for business use in Europe.
1792:
All PET peripherals will work on VIC-20/C64/Plus-4/C128 machines with an IEEE-488 parallel to IEC serial adapter (reverse IEC serial to IEEE-488 parallel adapters were also made), and as mentioned above, using these adapters, 8050/8250 drives were sometimes used on C64s for
754:
This was delayed by over six months, during which Microsoft lost money and had their cash reserves further depleted by a lawsuit over ownership of Altair BASIC. At the end of the year, Microsoft was saved by Apple's decision to license Microsoft BASIC for the Apple II line.
895:
personally coded, which would cause "MICROSOFT!" to appear if the user typed WAIT 6502,x (x being the number of times to display the message); this was reportedly due to a dispute with Commodore over ownership of BASIC (years later, when Microsoft developed BASIC for the
673:
The result was Commodore's first mass-market personal computer, the PET, the first model of which was the PET 2001. Its 6502 processor controlled the screen, keyboard, cassette tape recorders and any peripherals connected to one of the computer's several expansion ports.
834:, a sophisticated screen editor, and lowercase letters, the last being a feature that the two competing platforms would not have for a few years. On the other hand, Commodore were a year behind Apple and Tandy in making disk drives available for their computers.
1191:. When operating from BASIC, the machine would be nearly indistinguishable from an 8032. By setting the jumpers, one could swap out any 8K region of upper memory for RAM, and it was even possible to have everything switched out and convert the entire
723:
The computer's main board carried four expansion ports: extra memory, a second cassette tape recorder interface, a parallel ("user") port which could be used for sound output or connection to "user" projects or non-Commodore devices and a parallel
1275:
1084:
they could turn it off and get faster text output. BASIC programs and some machine-language software commonly did this for performance reasons. PETs with 12-inch displays (all 8000s and later 4000s) used a video controller based on the
1401:
ROM that had to be installed prior to running the application; something of an inconvenience to users owning multiple applications protected in this way, as the chips would have to be swapped in order to run their respective programs.
1749:
and is read compatible (although software that performs low-level drive access will not work, and a one byte sector–header size difference makes the formats write-incompatible). 8050 and 8250 drives had an incompatible higher density
996:
manufactured a variation on the PET called "Teacher's PET" – these were relabeled 2001-series PETs which were donated by Commodore as part of a "buy 2, get 1 free" program offered to schools as part of a promotion/
1222:
The motherboard also sported "user" jumpers which "connected" the RAM banking to the user port, these required soldering to enable. If connected, the user port could be used to adjust the upper memory configuration via software.
782:. BASIC 1.0 still had numerous bugs and IEEE-488 support was broken, so that when Commodore later came out with disk drives, they could not be used from BASIC (although the kernel routines supported them), and only supported 256
1847:
praised its portability, reliability, and ease of use. While it criticized the efficiency of its cassette recorder and the initial lack of adequate documentation, it considered the PET to be the best computer for a classroom.
1826:
wrote that the Commodore PET was revolutionary in helping to bring personal computers to widespread use, noting the company's marketing and its targeting of inexperienced computer users with the computer's simple design.
1019:
Entering graphics symbols on PETs with the business keyboard proved something of a challenge since they could not be directly typed out and usually it was necessary to display them indirectly via a CHR$ function.
570:
Commodore initially responded by beginning their own attempt to form a vertically integrated calculator line as well, purchasing a vendor in California that was working on a competitive CMOS calculator chip and an
1007:
with programs designed for the 40 column screen, and it appears to have been unpopular as a result. Unlike the 30xx series, the 40xx and 80xx PETs came standard with a 1-channel speaker for sound generation.
860:
in the original model. PET 2001-8Ns had eight 2108 (8kx1) DRAMs and 2001-16Ns used sixteen 2108s. The PET 4016 used eight 4116 (16kx1) chips. All 32K PETs used sixteen 4116 chips. Finally, Commodore added a
1801:
date. Unlike the Commodore units, it did not use the IEEE-488 interface, but instead required an extra circuit board to be installed inside the PET, connected to the PET's expansion connector, which used a
851:
It was offered in 8 KB, 16 KB, or 32 KB models as the 2001-N8, 2001-N16, and 2001-N32 (the 8 KB models were dropped soon after introduction). The 2001-N switched to using conventional
1203:
to control which RAM banks occupied upper memory. The 8296's RAM is banked in 16K chunks like the 8096, although since it has 128K, there are six possible banks instead of four, three that can go into
1096:
flag had been on the 2001/3000. BASIC programs intended for the 2001/3000 thus had to be modified in order to run safely on 12-inch PETs. Later machines had modified video circuitry to prevent
1071:
As noted above, 8000-series PETs (and later 4000s) used larger monitors and a different video controller than the 2001/3000 models. This created a notorious compatibility problem known as the
880:
Commodore contacted Microsoft to upgrade BASIC for the new machines; this resulted in the soon-to-be-familiar BASIC 2.0 which removed the 256 element array limitation and had a rearranged
1164:
in order to get rid of remaining stock; after these were used up, Commodore equipped the machines with a new PCB that replaced the old triple-voltage 4116 DRAMs with more modern types.
2235:
810:
1338: – was one of the most varied and flexible of the era. It allowed PET games with rudimentary graphics to be created, exemplified by clones of video games such as
1100:
damage; a TDA 1170 chip was used in place of the original analog circuit so that if no sync went to the monitor, it would merely be shut off rather than send spurious signals.
594:
design (short for "Keyboard Input Monitor") in January of 1976, a small computer kit based on the 6502. At Commodore, Peddle had long dreamed of making computers and convinced
1511:
48 KB, including BASIC 4.0 and other programming languages (Waterloo microAPL, microFORTRAN, microBASIC, microPASCAL, microCOBOL), and microEDITOR a modal text editor
887:
Most bugs were fixed and IEEE-488 support in BASIC was made to be functional. The PEEK function was unblocked for memory locations above 49152. BASIC 2.0 also included an
543:
2601:
2137:
1327:, similar to the Apple II in text mode. On many of the PET range's home computer rivals, the look-up address of the character graphics could be changed and pointed to
1003:
Two more machines were released in the PET series. The 8000 series included a new display chip which drove an 80Ă—25 character screen, but this resulted in a number of
1075:. On 2001/3000 PETs, there was a register which when enabled did not allow reading/writing of the video RAM except during the vertical blanking in order to prevent
1028:. While they became fairly popular for business use in Europe, they failed to make much impact on the US market in part because the 6502-based PETs could not run
736:
back-ordered for months, so to ease deliveries, early in 1978, Commodore decided to cancel the 4 KB version (also because the user would be left with barely
837:
In 1979, Commodore replaced the original PET 2001 with an improved model known as the 2001-N (the N was short for "New"). The new machine used a standard green-
1837:
magazine received one of the initial PETs in October 1977, S/N 16, and reported on the computer in the March 1978 issue. Fylstra praised its full-featured
1199:
to RAM, although such a machine would be useless with no I/O or system ROMs accessible. Like with the 8096, the user could also manipulate the register at
666:, with his team including John Feagans, Bill Seiler, two Japanese engineers named Fujiyama and Aoji, and Jack's son Leonard Tramiel, who helped design the
1581:
Basically an upgraded 2001. The 8000 series was basically a 4000 with 80 columns and a slightly different keyboard with a smaller, 11-key numeric pad.
963:
In 1980, the 4000-series PETs were launched. These included the enhanced BASIC 4.0, which added commands for disk functions and significantly improved
1642:
dual disk drive – replacing the 2040 and 3040 models; used same disk format as the 2031 and could be used as a stand-alone disk copier
988:
First year 4000-series PETs retained the same video hardware as the PET 2001/3000, but in 1981 this was replaced by the 12-inch screen and 6845-based
2638:
578:
They also went looking for a company with an existing calculator chip line, something to tide them over in the immediate term, and this led them to
2083:, By Harrie De Ceukelaire (With Ottls Cowper, Technical Editor, And Charles Brannon, Program Editor), COMPUTE! ISSUE 57 / FEBRUARY 1985 / PAGE 112
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2127:
Commodore press release. "The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977."
662:
The Commodore PET was officially announced in 1976 and Jack Tramiel gave Chuck Peddle six months to have the computer ready for the January 1977
1309:, and Atari 400 (via 3rd party expansions)/800 could all be expanded to a maximum of 48 KB of RAM while the PET was limited to 32 KB.
818:
Although the machine was moderately successful, there were frequent complaints about the tiny calculator-like keyboard, often referred to as a "
2376:
1393:) up to the 6522 "user" port that could be used to output square wave tones to an external amplifier, and some games supported this feature.
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for data storage located on the front of the case, which left little room for the keyboard. The data transfer rate to cassette tape was 1500
489:
Development of the system began in 1976, and it was demonstrated and sold as the first personal computer for the masses at the January 1977
1285:
In the home computer market, the PET line was soon outsold by machines that supported high-resolution color graphics and sound, mainly the
2333:
2239:
1092:
logic circuit in 2001/3000s/early 4000s) that eliminated the snow problem, but also placed a CRT control register in place of where the
1985:
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1948:
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market instead. At first, they considered purchasing an existing design, and in September 1976 Peddle asked for a demonstration of
1389:-class beeper, PETs did not have sound hardware (except for the 8000 models), but it was possible to rig a circuit (attributed to
790:
function would not work on memory locations above 49152 so as to prevent the user from viewing the copyrighted code in the system
2571:
1168:
memory locations with the OS ROMs accesses the RAM underneath, but reading from those locations will read back the ROMs instead.
2576:
2222:
908:
Sales of the newer machines were strong, and Commodore then introduced the models to Europe. However, Philips owned a competing
766:
of BASIC-80, and Commodore performed the rest of the work themselves, including changing the startup screen and prompts, adding
2581:
1226:
The IEEE-488–based PET disk drive line was also updated; the large, heavy metal-cased drives were replaced by smaller units in
1614:
Commodore 2040/3040 dual disk drives – The initial dual floppy disk drive units. 2040 (U.S.), 3040 (Europe). (
1584:
Basically an 8000 with ROMs for programming languages, it also had three character sets, and an RS-232 for use as a terminal.
2631:
2147:
1334:
Somewhat offsetting this drawback, the PET's ROM-restricted character set – an ASCII-1963 deviation known as
905:
Commodore to not release any BASIC code listings to the public, although user groups eventually made disassemblies of BASIC.
2200:
582:. MOS had been building calculator chips for some time, but more recently had begun to branch out into new markets with its
137:
729:
2292:
1523:
video circuit, 9" monochrome monitor (white phosphor on the original 2001, green on 2001-N PETs), 40Ă—25 character display
1230:
cases; they looked almost identical to a 1541 drive except for the back sporting an IEEE-488 connector instead of the two
109:
2961:
2515:
1052:
is used to set the RAM configuration. The extra RAM is banked in four 16K blocks, the first two blocks are switched into
928:
models. Like the 2001-N-8, the 3008 was quickly dropped. Later PET 3000 series machines switched to the BASIC 4.0 ROMs.
3224:
3219:
2547:
2302:
2185:
1904:
1505:
18 KB, including BASIC 1.0, or 20 KB, including BASIC 2.0 (disk drives not supported on the original 2001)
236:
218:
156:
116:
59:
200:
3158:
2624:
2067:
1773:
used on their other disk drives and was mainly intended to allow PET users to read disks written on IBM mainframes/
807:
who upgraded their machines to the BASIC 2.0 ROMs often also swapped out the character ROMs for the newer version.
1011:
2001/3000 and 4000-series PETs used what became known as the "graphics keyboard". Numbers were exclusively on the
758:
The BASIC included on the original PET 2001 was known as Commodore BASIC 1.0; Microsoft supplied Commodore with a
2424:
1822:
1520:
1107:
The last in the series was the SP9000, known as the SuperPET or MicroMainframe. This machine was designed at the
1089:
844:
It now had a conventional, full-sized keyboard and no longer sported the built-in cassette recorder. The kernel
614:
prototype. Steve Jobs was offering to sell it to Commodore, but Commodore considered Jobs' offer too expensive.
3188:
1370:
were available in the aftermarket. A 2001-8B model with katakana keyboard and character set was sold in Japan.
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185:
123:
94:
90:
45:
2770:
2474:
1843:
1766:
1711:
1140:
866:
853:
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role was the PET's otherwise underutilized IEEE-488 port. Used wisely, the port could be used as a simple
105:
2760:
1867:
857:
1128:
1093:
1080:
964:
900:, one of their conditions was that Commodore credit the original authors of BASIC, so BASIC 7.0 on the
2836:
831:
663:
490:
20:
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3198:
3052:
1004:
611:
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1526:
9-inch as 3000 or MOS 6545 12-inch / 12-inch monochrome monitor, 40Ă—25 or 80Ă—25 character display
1260:. This was an attempt to retake some of the education market they had largely lost by then to the
555:
In the 1970s, Commodore was one of many electronics companies selling calculators designed around
3178:
2647:
2511:
1374:
machines. Colour PET emulation is available in the newer versions of the Vice Emulator software.
1183:. The factory default configuration was to have the I/O registers, video RAM, and ROMs occupying
1112:
548:
464:
368:
281:
196:
83:
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646:
2325:
2080:
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for use in writing and maintaining programs for any of the 6809 languages. Also included was a
1108:
870:
1111:
for teaching programming. In addition to the basic CBM 8000 hardware, the 9000 added a second
1044:
that added an additional 64K of RAM for 96K total; this was a standard feature on the 8096. A
1036:
of memory was a disadvantage against the Apple II and TRS-80, both of which could accommodate
2846:
2539:
1794:
1786:
1770:
1759:
1538:
1290:
1161:
1041:
690:
498:
720:, but the data was recorded to tape twice for safety, giving an effective rate of 750 baud.
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1670:
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1328:
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microprocessor design, which they were trying to bring to market. Along with the 6502 came
572:
560:
130:
1104:
flickered while using the IEEE-488 port, the 16K and 32K models had this feature removed.
8:
2346:
1952:
1470:
1350:. The PETSCII character set was even flexible enough to allow for the creation of simple
1127:
for the 6502 and a separate ANSI Minimal BASIC-compatible BASIC for the 6809, along with
713:
583:
468:
373:
2527:(Interview). Interviewed by Doug Fairbairn and Stephen Diamond. Computer History Museum.
2469:
1975:
1219:, and like with the 8096, the video RAM and I/O registers can be set to "peek" through.
2611:
2262:
1729:
1622:
1172:
1153:
981:
888:
694:
192:
51:
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for their first six months on the market while the PET had a full-featured BASIC with
530:
The PET line was discontinued in 1982 after approximately 219,000 machines were sold.
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1900:
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as Commodore stipulated that they would only pay for it when the PET began shipping.
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556:
460:
291:
2606:
2440:
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motherboards in plastic cases similar to the PET 4000-series in order to create the
1016:
only numerals. On the other hand, all 8000-series PETs sported the business layout.
3113:
2856:
2805:
1646:
1578:
and built-in Datassette / full-sized, full-travel keyboard, no built-in Datassette
1575:
1324:
1124:
845:
819:
791:
706:
639:
627:
479:
447:
353:
2002:
865:
to the kernel ROM that could be accessed by jumping to any memory location with a
814:
The Commodore PET 2001-8 alongside its rivals, the Apple II and the TRS-80 Model I
598:
that calculators were a dead-end and that Commodore should explore the burgeoning
267:
3088:
2841:
2716:
2445:
1833:
1802:
1723:
1717:
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single 8-inch disk drive (single-sided 800K format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)
1398:
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models of the 3000-series and upgrading the RAM rather than paying extra for the
511:
475:
358:
1691:
dual 8-inch disk drive (double-sided 1.6MB format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)
1652:
Commodore 8028 daisy wheel printer, 40 chars/s, friction or traction gear, with
1362:
inserted in the character set ROM socket. Alternative character set EPROMs with
797:
Aside from the 8K BASIC ROM, the PET also included a 4K character ROM and an 8K
3057:
3047:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2931:
2904:
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2422:
Wideman, Graham; Czerwinski, Mark (February 1978). "Inside The Commodore PET".
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In addition, Commodore had 8-inch 8060, 8061, 8062, and 8280 drives which used
1746:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1685:
dual 8-inch disk drive (single-sided 800K format, also supports IBM 3740 disks)
1682:
1676:
1659:
1639:
1604:
1390:
1340:
1302:
1252:
Although not officially a member of the PET series, in 1983 Commodore packaged
1246:
1242:
1227:
1012:
948:
803:
579:
471:
2524:
1559:
2 MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, 2 Datassette ports (1 on the back), 1Ă— IEEE-488
1305:
graphics chip with a resolution of 512Ă—512 pixels. In addition, the Apple II,
1032:, which had become the standard for business software. In addition, the PET's
848:
was upgraded to add support for Commodore's newly introduced disk drive line.
3213:
3134:
3093:
3020:
3015:
2969:
2861:
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1738:
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Single piezo "beeper" (optional external speaker driven by MOS 6522 CB2 pin)
1480:
1317:
1238:
1234:
1116:
1085:
1076:
997:
967:
cleanup. By this point, Commodore discovered that people were buying cheaper
901:
827:
787:
771:
607:
599:
483:
916:
series ('CBM' standing for Commodore Business Machines), which included the
3025:
2920:
2851:
2831:
2711:
2674:
2668:
2535:
The Home Computer Wars – An Insider's Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel
2520:
1980:
1774:
1626:
1253:
1079:
on the screen, caused by the CPU and video controller trying to access the
775:
767:
748:
622:
595:
587:
520:
2616:
2506:(first ed.), Palo Alto, California: Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
258:
3129:
2951:
2925:
2826:
2706:
2691:
1828:
1810:
1806:
1257:
1144:
1097:
1072:
874:
759:
702:
428:
2607:
Video Commodore PET 2001-8C Retro Computer museum, Zatec, Czech Republic
1636:
Commodore 4023 dot matrix printer, tractor feed, with Epson mechanicals.
634:
3108:
3083:
2946:
2941:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2586:
1919:
1553:
1386:
892:
603:
2740:
2178:
The encyclopedia of consoles, handhelds & home computers 1972–2005
1732:"quad density" single disk drive (basically a single-drive 8250 model)
2936:
2884:
2701:
2587:
Detailed discussion of PET 2001, with photos of exterior and interior
1890:
1888:
1363:
1261:
1025:
909:
881:
744:
502:
1897:
Home Computer Wars-An Insiders Account of Commodore and Jack Tramiel
1439:
1123:
and included a number of programming languages including a BASIC in
203:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
72:
3139:
2696:
2117:
What's New (February 1978), "Commodore Ships First PET Computers",
1645:
Commodore 8024 132 column printer, friction or traction gear, with
1286:
838:
725:
494:
2596:
1899:, Greensboro, NC: Compute Publications International, p. 12,
1885:
1143:
and a 6809 assembler on floppies. It also included microEDITOR, a
912:
on the PET name, so these models were renamed. The result was the
3078:
2326:"PET Keys - A closer inspection of the keyboards of the PET 2001"
1976:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures"
1857:
1448:
1335:
1136:
944:
763:
667:
425:
1541:"beeper" (optional external speaker driven by MOS 6522 CB2 pin)
1377:
1024:
were made for the PET family, and even 5 and 7 MB external
705:
case that reflected Commodore's background as a manufacturer of
501:, and stated they were going to make the "pet computer". It was
493:. The name "PET" was suggested by Andre Souson after he saw the
3098:
2810:
1563:
1306:
1294:
823:
798:
1797:
service because of their large capacity and faster interface.
1529:
MOS 6545, 12-inch monochrome monitor, 80Ă—25 character display
2871:
2795:
2142:
1838:
1630:
1359:
1132:
955:
897:
747:'s 6502 BASIC, but the agreement nearly drove Microsoft into
591:
2597:
Bo Zimmermann's pictures of CBM machines from his collection
1595:
931:
2236:"PET-Grafikkarte Commodore ASSY No. 324402-01 fĂĽr CBM 8296"
1175:
on the PCB to select the power-on memory configuration for
1029:
717:
564:
1156:
after completing development and testing on the SuperPET.
936:
559:(TI) chips. TI faced increasing competition from Japanese
1316:
board, the PET's graphics capabilities were limited to a
1120:
1040:. The 8000-series PETs had a motherboard connector for a
2015:
1789:
support and are treated as simply a larger floppy disk.
1293:(1979), and, in particular, Commodore's own bestselling
547:
Original prototype PET, in the storage warehouse of the
482:, keyboard, monochrome monitor, and, in early models, a
2036:
2003:"Total Share: Personal Computer Market Share 1975-2010"
1758:
format, but were popular well into the 1980s as server/
2370:"Compute - The Journal of Progressive Computing - 002"
1809:
interface. The board also held extra RAM for use as a
2098:
841:
monitor in place of the white in the original 2001.
2138:"A tribute to Jack Tramiel, father of Commodore 64"
1171:The 8296 also differs from the 8096 in that it has
989:
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2592:Universal Videogame List – Commodore PET Game List
2428:. Vol. 2, no. 2. Canada. pp. 10–16.
2223:Commodore PET – The Worlds First Personal Computer
1566:, 2 Datassette ports (1 on the back), 1Ă— IEEE-488
2421:
1762:storage devices because of their large capacity.
670:graphic characters and acted as quality control.
3211:
1281:Dutch newsreel from 1979 in which a PET is shown
1785:hard disks were produced as well. They have no
826:rivals as both were using relatively primitive
19:"SuperPET" redirects here. For other uses, see
2116:
732:peripherals such as disk drives and printers.
650:An early PET 2001 integrated cassette recorder
2632:
2432:
2110:
2000:
1942:
1940:
1805:floppy controller chip to provide a standard
1737:parallel interface instead of the VIC-20/C64
1701:capacity, same as the 8050, but double-sided)
1562:MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, MOS 6551 ACIA, 1
693:with discrete logic driving a small built-in
3150:†Listed in chronological order by category
2646:
2449:. Vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 114–127
2394:
869:instruction. It did not include a built-in
743:Commodore was the first company to license
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2739:
2639:
2625:
2415:
2286:
2284:
1937:
266:
257:
2478:. Vol. 4, no. 4. pp. 24–26
932:Education, business, and computer science
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
2602:A tribute to Jack Tramiel's contribution
2504:PET 2001-8 Personal Computer User Manual
2362:
1946:
1594:
1556:(1 used and 1 on the back), 1Ă— IEEE-488
1494:8, 16, or 32 KB / 32 or 96 KB
1376:
1271:
954:
943:
935:
809:
653:
645:
633:
621:
542:
2531:
2438:
2281:
2172:
2104:
2042:
1894:
1741:interface. The 4040/2031 used the same
3230:Computer-related introductions in 1977
3212:
2519:
2021:
1973:
1491:4 or 8 KB / 8, 16, or 32 KB
959:CBM 8296-D with two floppy disk drives
467:. A single all-in-one case combines a
2620:
2467:
2375:. January–February 1980. p. 19.
2336:from the original on August 10, 2023.
2201:"PET/CBM FAQ - MODELS OF THE PET/CBM"
712:The machine also included a built-in
3164:
2501:
2382:from the original on October 9, 2022
2290:
2092:
2054:
1974:Reimer, Jeremy (December 15, 2005).
762:for their 6502 BASIC, essentially a
523:collectively as the "1977 trinity".
322: (equivalent to $ 4,000 in 2023)
168:
95:adding citations to reliable sources
66:
25:
2291:West, Raeto Collin (January 1982).
2225: – www.Commodore.ca
1947:Matthews, Ian (February 22, 2003).
1411:Commodore PET model specifications
1267:
13:
2582:Commodore's version of the history
2468:Braun, Ludwig (July–August 1978).
2033:Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, 2011.
2001:Jeremy Reimer (December 7, 2012).
1599:Commodore 8028 daisy wheel printer
701:character graphics, enclosed in a
14:
3241:
2565:
2213:Commodore Microcomputers Issue 31
1988:from the original on June 7, 2012
1552:2 MOS 6520 PIA, MOS 6522 VIA, 2Ă—
41:This article has multiple issues.
3194:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3154:
3153:
2260:
1697:"quad density" dual disk drive (
1508:20 KB, including BASIC 4.0
1456:
1447:
1438:
1405:
1297:(1980/81). Commodore released a
173:
71:
30:
2461:
2425:Electronics Today International
2402:"Pet Floppyplatine (in German)"
2351:
2340:
2318:
2254:
2228:
2216:
2207:
2193:
2166:
2154:
2130:
2086:
2074:
1381:Commodore Pet Katakana Keyboard
873:and required the user to enter
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2525:"Oral History of Chuck Peddle"
2161:Commodore PET ROM descriptions
2060:
2048:
2027:
1967:
1951:. commodore.ca. Archived from
1912:
1666:single-sided 5.25-inch format)
1618:single-sided 5.25-inch format)
1611:single-sided 5.25-inch format)
1590:
1289:(which shipped in June 1977),
507:Personal Electronic Transactor
1:
2771:Commodore Semiconductor Group
2441:"User's Report: The PET 2001"
1920:"Commodore PET 2001 computer"
1873:
1669:Commodore 8075 plotter, with
677:The PET 2001 included either
563:companies who were using new
463:produced starting in 1977 by
2532:Tomczyk, Michael S. (1984).
2163:, (C) 1998-2013 André Fachat
1816:
1301:board for the PET using the
658:PET 2001 with its top lifted
7:
2761:Commodore Business Machines
2439:Fylstra, Dan (March 1978).
2238:. CBMPET.DE. Archived from
2125:(2), Byte Publications: 190
1949:"The Amazing Commodore PET"
1868:List of Commodore PET games
1863:PET Transfer Protocol (PTP)
1851:
1211:and three that can go into
951:dual disk drive (5.25-inch)
856:instead of the 6550 (1kx4)
551:, Mountain View, California
332:; 42 years ago
303:; 47 years ago
199:the claims made and adding
10:
3246:
2577:PET killer poke discussion
1707:dual disk drive (8-inch) (
1005:software incompatibilities
617:
538:
533:
18:
3225:Commodore 8-bit computers
3220:6502-based home computers
3148:
3122:
3071:
3038:
3008:
2960:
2870:
2819:
2788:
2781:
2748:
2737:
2684:
2661:
2654:
1570:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1466:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1415:
664:Consumer Electronics Show
491:Consumer Electronics Show
443:
435:
420:
412:
390:
382:
367:
352:
344:
326:
315:
297:
287:
277:
265:
256:
21:Superpet (disambiguation)
3189:Storage devices template
3053:Commodore 64 peripherals
2671:(founder/CEO, 1958–1984)
2263:"The Colour PET Project"
2180:, GAMEPLAN, p. 23,
1769:encoding instead of the
1726:hard drive (7.5 MB)
1420:2001-N and 2001-B series
863:machine-language monitor
689:, and was essentially a
16:Personal computer system
3179:Amiga hardware template
3104:List of cancelled games
2648:Commodore International
2294:Programming the PET/CBM
1314:High Resolution Graphic
1299:High Resolution Graphic
728:port which allowed for
549:Computer History Museum
465:Commodore International
282:Commodore International
2470:"Commodore PET review"
1720:hard drive (5 MB)
1600:
1397:programs to include a
1382:
1282:
1109:University of Waterloo
1088:CRTC chip (unlike the
1060:and the second two in
960:
952:
941:
832:floating-point support
815:
659:
651:
643:
642:of the PET 2001 series
631:
630:of the PET 2001 series
552:
2540:Compute! Publications
2242:on September 11, 2011
1895:Tomczyk, Tom (1985),
1598:
1476:MOS 6502, 1 MHz
1380:
1280:
958:
947:
939:
813:
778:programs, and fixing
774:command for invoking
691:single-board computer
657:
649:
637:
625:
561:vertically integrated
546:
515:referred to the PET,
3009:Cancelled prototypes
2150:on February 7, 2015.
1811:disk transfer buffer
1368:mathematical symbols
877:numbers for coding.
91:improve this article
2347:File:Cbm4022p-2.jpg
2081:How TurboTape Works
2068:"The Commodore PET"
1955:on January 23, 2009
1607:single disk drive (
1412:
1115:in the form of the
469:MOS Technology 6502
416:40Ă—25 or 80Ă—25 text
253:
3199:MOS chips template
2662:Board of directors
2612:Colour-PET Project
2475:Creative Computing
2297:. COMPUTE! Books.
1844:Creative Computing
1730:Commodore SFD-1001
1623:dot matrix printer
1601:
1410:
1383:
1283:
982:local area network
961:
953:
942:
816:
695:monochrome monitor
685:(2001-8) of 8-bit
660:
652:
644:
632:
553:
461:personal computers
316:Introductory price
272:Commodore PET 2001
251:
184:possibly contains
3207:
3206:
3063:Super Expander 64
3034:
3033:
2962:IBM PC compatible
2756:Amiga Corporation
2735:
2734:
2523:(June 12, 2014).
2358:File:Cbm-4023.jpg
2045:, pp. 30–32.
1662:dual disk drive (
1588:
1587:
1278:
575:production line.
557:Texas Instruments
453:
452:
301:January 1977
292:Personal computer
247:
246:
239:
229:
228:
221:
186:original research
167:
166:
159:
141:
64:
3237:
3197:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3156:
2786:
2785:
2743:
2677:(CEO, 1984–1989)
2659:
2658:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2528:
2507:
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2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:. Archived from
2134:
2128:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2095:, pp. 57–64
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1924:oldcomputers.net
1916:
1910:
1909:
1892:
1784:
1780:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1710:
1700:
1665:
1647:Mannesmann Tally
1617:
1610:
1576:chiclet keyboard
1462:SuperPET SP9000
1460:
1451:
1442:
1430:SuperPET SP9000
1427:CBM 8000 series
1422:CBM 3000 series
1413:
1409:
1279:
1268:Graphics display
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1039:
1035:
991:
978:
974:
970:
820:chiclet keyboard
776:machine language
739:
707:office equipment
700:
684:
680:
640:chiclet keyboard
628:chiclet keyboard
480:read-only memory
408:
404:
400:
399:5.25-inch floppy
396:
378:
363:
354:Operating system
340:
338:
333:
321:
311:
309:
304:
270:
261:
254:
250:
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224:
217:
213:
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201:inline citations
177:
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99:
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3209:
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3144:
3118:
3089:Commodore BASIC
3067:
3040:
3030:
3004:
2956:
2866:
2815:
2777:
2744:
2731:
2717:Carl Sassenrath
2680:
2650:
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2568:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2516:Wayback Machine
2492:
2491:
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2174:Forster, Winnie
2171:
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2020:
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1991:
1989:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1938:
1928:
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1913:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1876:
1854:
1819:
1803:Western Digital
1782:
1778:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1708:
1698:
1663:
1621:Commodore 4022
1615:
1608:
1593:
1537:None or single
1461:
1452:
1443:
1426:
1425:PET 4000 series
1421:
1419:
1408:
1399:copy protection
1272:
1270:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1065:
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1049:
1037:
1033:
976:
972:
968:
934:
737:
698:
682:
678:
620:
541:
536:
476:Commodore BASIC
406:
402:
398:
394:
376:
361:
359:Commodore BASIC
336:
334:
331:
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307:
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273:
243:
232:
231:
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146:
143:
106:"Commodore PET"
100:
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88:
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
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3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:Super Expander
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
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3006:
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3003:
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2997:
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2817:
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2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2766:MOS Technology
2763:
2758:
2752:
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2746:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
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2729:
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2567:
2566:External links
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2026:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1966:
1936:
1911:
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1880:
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1865:
1860:
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1818:
1815:
1745:format as the
1734:
1733:
1727:
1724:Commodore 9090
1721:
1718:Commodore 9060
1715:
1705:Commodore 8280
1702:
1695:Commodore 8250
1692:
1689:Commodore 8062
1686:
1683:Commodore 8061
1680:
1677:Commodore 8060
1674:
1667:
1660:Commodore 8050
1657:
1650:
1643:
1640:Commodore 4040
1637:
1634:
1619:
1612:
1605:Commodore 2031
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
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1568:
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1560:
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1464:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1391:Hal Chamberlin
1354:games such as
1341:Space Invaders
1307:TRS-80 Model I
1303:Thomson EF936x
1269:
1266:
1235:DIN connectors
1013:numeric keypad
940:CBM Model 4016
933:
930:
828:integer BASICs
804:pseudographics
786:elements. The
760:source listing
730:daisy-chaining
619:
616:
580:MOS Technology
540:
537:
535:
532:
472:microprocessor
451:
450:
445:
441:
440:
439:None or beeper
437:
433:
432:
422:
418:
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410:
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79:
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39:
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29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3200:
3192:
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3182:
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3172:
3170:
3162:
3160:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Commodore USA
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:Simons' BASIC
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Commodore DOS
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Commodore 900
3019:
3017:
3016:Commodore LCD
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
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2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2862:Commodore 128
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
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2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2728:
2727:Robert Yannes
2725:
2723:
2722:Shiraz Shivji
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
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2693:
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2649:
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2598:
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2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2551:
2549:0-942386-75-2
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:Peddle, Chuck
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:Anon (1978),
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2427:
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2418:
2403:
2397:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2306:
2304:0-942386-04-3
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2268:
2264:
2261:Gray, Steve.
2257:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2187:3-00-015359-4
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2107:, p. 32.
2106:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2007:Jeremy Reimer
2004:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1908:
1906:0-942386-78-7
1902:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1878:
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1869:
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1846:
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1836:
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1830:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1787:sub-directory
1776:
1775:minicomputers
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
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1716:
1713:
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1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:, 1 MHz
1482:
1481:Motorola 6809
1479:MOS 6502 and
1478:
1475:
1473:, 1 MHz
1472:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1414:
1406:Model summary
1403:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:Other than a
1379:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:character set
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Atari 400/800
1288:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Commodore 128
1236:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Motorola 6809
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Motorola 6845
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1047:
1043:
1042:daughterboard
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:tax write-off
993:
986:
983:
966:
957:
950:
946:
938:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
903:
902:Commodore 128
899:
894:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
812:
808:
805:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:support, the
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
750:
746:
741:
733:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
696:
692:
688:
675:
671:
669:
665:
656:
648:
641:
636:
629:
624:
615:
613:
609:
608:Steve Wozniak
605:
601:
600:microcomputer
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
531:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:cassette deck
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
459:is a line of
458:
457:Commodore PET
449:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:8-inch floppy
395:Cassette tape
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
372:
370:
366:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
329:
325:
318:
314:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
269:
264:
260:
255:
252:Commodore PET
249:
241:
238:
223:
220:
212:
202:
198:
194:
188:
187:
182:This article
180:
171:
170:
161:
158:
150:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108: –
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
3026:Commodore 65
2852:Commodore 16
2832:Commodore 64
2800:
2749:Subsidiaries
2712:Chuck Peddle
2675:Irving Gould
2669:Jack Tramiel
2553:. Retrieved
2534:
2512:Ghostarchive
2510:Archived at
2503:
2495:Bibliography
2480:. Retrieved
2473:
2463:
2451:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2405:. Retrieved
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2364:
2353:
2342:
2329:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2293:
2271:. Retrieved
2269:. Steve Gray
2266:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:the original
2230:
2218:
2209:
2195:
2177:
2168:
2156:
2148:the original
2141:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2105:Tomczyk 1984
2100:
2088:
2076:
2062:
2050:
2043:Tomczyk 1984
2038:
2029:
2017:
2006:
1992:November 27,
1990:. Retrieved
1981:Ars Technica
1979:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1927:. Retrieved
1923:
1914:
1896:
1842:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1799:
1791:
1764:
1735:
1633:mechanicals.
1627:tractor feed
1395:
1384:
1372:
1355:
1347:Lunar Lander
1345:
1339:
1333:
1313:
1312:Without the
1311:
1298:
1284:
1251:
1225:
1221:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1106:
1102:
1070:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
987:
962:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
886:
879:
850:
843:
836:
817:
796:
757:
753:
749:receivership
742:
734:
722:
711:
681:(2001-4) or
676:
672:
661:
596:Jack Tramiel
588:Chuck Peddle
577:
569:
554:
529:
525:
521:Tandy TRS-80
510:
506:
488:
456:
454:
386:4–96 KB
327:Discontinued
298:Release date
278:Manufacturer
248:
233:
215:
206:
183:
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
3130:Amiga, Inc.
2847:Educator 64
2827:MAX Machine
2707:Dave Needle
2692:Dave Haynie
2555:October 17,
2482:October 17,
2453:October 17,
2057:, p. 1
2022:Peddle 2014
1929:January 16,
1829:Dan Fylstra
1673:mechanicals
1656:mechanicals
1649:mechanicals
1591:Peripherals
1497:96 KB
1258:Educator 64
1145:text editor
1098:killer poke
1073:killer poke
875:hexadecimal
703:sheet metal
638:Drawing of
503:backronymed
429:semigraphic
424:Monochrome
3214:Categories
3109:Magic Desk
3084:Amiga Unix
3048:1351 mouse
2782:Computersâ€
2024:, 2:27:32.
1874:References
1823:ETI Canada
1739:IEC serial
1554:Datassette
1387:PC speaker
1364:diacritics
1038:48 KB
1034:32 KB
1026:hard disks
992:hardware.
977:32 KB
973:16 KB
893:Bill Gates
889:easter egg
604:Steve Jobs
431:characters
345:Units sold
209:April 2023
193:improve it
147:April 2023
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2702:Jay Miner
2685:Engineers
2572:PET index
2407:April 26,
2386:April 26,
2330:mass:werk
2310:April 19,
2246:March 30,
2093:Anon 1978
2055:Anon 1978
1817:Reception
1519:Discrete
1453:CBM 4032
1444:PET 2001
1356:Labyrinth
1321:hardwired
1262:Apple IIe
1154:mainframe
969:8 KB
910:trademark
882:zero page
871:assembler
745:Microsoft
740:of RAM).
714:Datasette
499:Los Gatos
444:Successor
407:hard disk
197:verifying
52:talk page
3159:Category
3140:Escom AG
3123:See also
3072:Software
3041:hardware
2932:500 Plus
2697:Bil Herd
2514:and the
2377:Archived
2334:Archived
2267:6502.org
2176:(2005),
1986:Archived
1959:July 11,
1852:See also
1671:Watanabe
1654:Robotron
1471:MOS 6502
1418:PET 2001
1287:Apple II
1149:terminal
1046:register
1000:scheme.
949:CBM 4040
914:CBM 3000
839:phosphor
726:IEEE-488
612:Apple II
517:Apple II
495:Pet Rock
421:Graphics
3169:Commons
3079:AmigaOS
2273:May 10,
1858:PETSCII
1807:Shugart
1714:format)
1629:, with
1574:69 key
1336:PETSCII
1173:jumpers
1137:FORTRAN
1119:, more
965:garbage
668:PETSCII
618:Release
539:Origins
534:History
426:PETSCII
413:Display
391:Storage
377:@ 1 MHz
362:1.0–4.0
348:219,000
335: (
320:US$ 795
308:1977-01
306: (
191:Please
131:scholar
3099:KERNAL
2921:3000UX
2857:Plus/4
2811:VIC-20
2806:CBM-II
2655:People
2546:
2301:
2184:
1903:
1783:7.5 MB
1752:500 KB
1743:170 KB
1709:500 KB
1664:500 KB
1616:170 KB
1609:170 KB
1571:Notes
1564:RS-232
1549:Ports
1534:Sound
1516:Video
1435:Image
1295:VIC-20
1245:, and
1217:$ FFFF
1213:$ C000
1209:$ BFFF
1205:$ 8000
1201:$ FFF0
1197:$ FFFF
1193:$ 8000
1189:$ FFFF
1185:$ 8000
1181:$ FFFF
1177:$ 8000
1141:Pascal
1094:VBLANK
1066:$ FFFF
1062:$ C000
1058:$ BFFF
1054:$ 8000
1050:$ FFF0
824:TRS-80
799:kernal
448:CBM-II
383:Memory
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
3039:Other
2952:4000T
2926:3000T
2872:Amiga
2842:SX-64
2837:C64GS
2796:KIM-1
2789:Early
2380:(PDF)
2373:(PDF)
2143:ZDNet
1879:Notes
1839:BASIC
1631:Epson
1539:piezo
1360:EPROM
1133:COBOL
898:Amiga
891:that
784:array
699:40Ă—25
697:with
592:KIM-1
436:Sound
138:JSTOR
124:books
3000:PC60
2995:PC50
2990:PC40
2985:PC30
2980:PC20
2975:PC10
2947:4000
2942:1200
2915:3000
2910:CD32
2905:CDTV
2900:1500
2895:2500
2890:2000
2880:1000
2557:2021
2544:ISBN
2484:2021
2455:2021
2446:Byte
2409:2013
2388:2013
2312:2018
2299:ISBN
2275:2022
2248:2010
2182:ISBN
2119:BYTE
1994:2021
1961:2006
1931:2019
1901:ISBN
1834:Byte
1781:and
1779:5 MB
1756:1 MB
1747:1541
1699:1 MB
1502:ROM
1488:RAM
1467:CPU
1366:and
1344:and
1247:1581
1243:1571
1228:1541
1162:PCBs
1081:VRAM
1077:snow
1030:CP/M
990:CRTC
971:and
926:3032
924:and
922:3016
918:3008
858:SRAM
854:DRAM
792:ROMs
788:PEEK
780:bugs
764:port
738:3 KB
718:baud
683:8 KB
679:4 KB
626:The
606:and
584:6502
565:CMOS
519:and
512:Byte
455:The
374:6502
337:1982
330:1982
288:Type
110:news
2970:PC1
2937:600
2885:500
2820:C64
2801:PET
1831:of
1795:BBS
1771:GCR
1767:MFM
1760:BBS
1712:MFM
1521:TTL
1329:RAM
1325:ROM
1323:in
1254:C64
1232:IEC
1129:APL
1125:ROM
1121:RAM
1113:CPU
1090:TTL
1048:at
867:BRK
846:ROM
772:SYS
768:I/O
687:RAM
610:'s
590:'s
573:LED
505:to
497:in
478:in
369:CPU
195:by
93:by
3216::
2542:.
2538:.
2518::
2472:.
2443:.
2332:.
2328:.
2283:^
2265:.
2140:.
2121:,
2005:.
1984:.
1978:.
1939:^
1922:.
1887:^
1777:.
1625:,
1352:3D
1264:.
1249:.
1241:,
1139:,
1135:,
1131:,
920:,
884:.
794:.
709:.
509:.
486:.
474:,
405:,
401:,
397:,
55:.
2928:)
2919:(
2640:e
2633:t
2626:v
2559:.
2486:.
2457:.
2411:.
2390:.
2314:.
2277:.
2250:.
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