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699:(ability to germinate under optimal conditions) in dry storage, lasting over 11 years. In the field, under buried conditions, seeds will lose their viability in 2–5 years. Seeds can withstand high soil temperatures, and the primary limit to germination is inadequate moisture. Germination is best in the dark or in diffuse light. They germinate most quickly when covered with soil, but do not need to be in contact with bare soil. Some leaf litter cover will generally improve germination and establishment of seedlings. Seedlings emerge rapidly from the top 2.5 cm (1") of soil, and a few plants emerge from depths of 8 cm (3"), but not from seeds 10 cm (4") below the surface.
216:
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894:, in 2010 the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) considered the possibility of extending the protections of the Endangered Species Act to the greater sage-grouse. The primary focus of Secretarial Order 3336, signed in 2015 in response to the USFWS status review, was to reduce threats to greater sage-grouse habitat by reducing the frequency and severity of rangeland fire. Specifically, Secretarial Order 3336 focused on how reducing
36:
517:
140:
1050:. Herbicides with no residual soil activity are not generally used because they are only effective in the year of application. If the herbicide has no residual soil activity the herbicide must be applied post-emergence in the early spring, but pre-emergence application is preferred because pre-emergence application is less likely to harm the native vegetation.
1118:
can trigger mutual relationships like increased fiber and, by extension, fuels that nurture the return of cheatgrass. Similarly, when densely packed conifers begin infilling sagebrush communities the understory perennial vegetation is reduced; when these areas are prescribed burned the succession is
698:
seeds demonstrate rapid germination as soon as the seed lands in appropriate conditions. If winter rainfall is limiting and germination is inhibited, but spring moisture is adequate, then seeds will germinate in the spring, and the plants will flower that summer. The seeds maintain high viability
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can germinate under even after herbicide application. But if it rains shortly after herbicide application, some of the herbicide that is trapped in the litter can be released and work into the soil. The rain may also allow native species to over come herbicide impacts. Increased precipitation in
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invaded area is to remove the highly flammable plant litter in a controlled manner. The timing of prescribed burns can affect the variety and amount of returning vegetation. A study shows spring burns may result in a significant reduction of native vegetation, but fall burns have been shown to
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control. Of the herbicides listed it is also the most commonly studied. Imazapic is preferred because it can be applied both pre and post-emergence, is approved for rangeland use, and has residual soil activity that allows for one to two year control. Indaziflam is one of the newest herbicides,
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and their effect on native plant communities. When using herbicides to suppress winter annual grasses the two most important factors that influence success are application timing and residual soil activity. Application timing is split into three main categories: pre-emergence in the fall before
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The availability of native seed will always be a limiting factor in restoration of sagebrush ecosystems after a rangeland fire. Little is understood about the germination requirements of native species. This lack of understanding is complicated by the episodic nature of establishment in arid
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is quick to colonize disturbed areas. It is most often found on coarse-textured soils and does not grow well on heavy, dry, and/or saline soils. It grows in a relatively narrow range of soil temperatures; growth starts at 2.0–3.5 °C (35.6–38.3 °F) and slows when temperatures exceed
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studies precipitation differences between years are speculated to be the cause of variation in effectiveness. However, well-timed precipitation after herbicide application can increase the amount of herbicide that makes it into the soil. When herbicide is applied to an area and there is
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Williams, Rachel E.; Roundy, Bruce A.; Hulet, April; Miller, Richard F.; Tausch, Robin J.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Matthews, Jeffrey; Schooley, Robert; Eggett, Dennis (2017). "Pretreatment Tree
Dominance and Conifer Removal Treatments Affect Plant Succession in Sagebrush Communities".
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has a shallow, spreading root system, which makes it much more efficient at absorbing moisture from light precipitation episodes and disrupts nutrient cycling. Several studies have shown that native plant biomass, especially that of bunchgrasses, negatively affects
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Belnap, J; Phillips, SL; Troxler, T (2006). "Soil lichen and moss cover and species richness can be highly dynamic: The effects of invasion by the annual exotic grass Bromus tectorum, precipitation, and temperature on biological soil crusts in SE Utah".
509:. The effectiveness of these treatments is tightly linked to the timing of the water availability at the site. With precipitation shortly after herbicide and seeding treatments increasing the success, and overall high precipitation increases
1209:. Fire and trampling by cattle are the major threats to the BSC communities, and once disturbed it can take decades to centuries for BSC to reform. A decline in the health of the BSC community serves as an early warning indicator for
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Duncan, CA; Jachetta, JJ; Brown, ML; Carrithers, VF; Clark, JK; Ditomaso, JM; Lym, RG; McDaniel, KC; Renz, MJ; Rice, PM (2004). "Assessing the
Economic, Environmental, and Societal Losses from Invasive Plants on Rangeland Wildlands".
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could reduce the frequency and extent of rangeland fires. Since the review of the status of the greater sage-grouse by the USFWS in 2010 and the implementation Secretarial Order 3336 in 2015 the bulk of the research focusing on
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grows in many different climates. It is found primarily in the 150–560 millimetres (5.9–22.0 in) precipitation zone. It will grow in almost any type of soil, including B and C horizons of eroded areas and areas low in
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to one year. For effective control it must be applied to the same area for more than five years to get ahead of seed production to prevent recolonization. Imazapic is the herbicide most widely used by land managers for
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Munson, SM; Long, AL; Decker, C; Johnson, KA; Walsh, K; Miller, ME (2015). "Repeated landscape-scale treatments following fire suppress a non-native annual grass and promote recovery of native perennial vegetation".
997:
can exhibit invasive behavior and is a strong competitor of native perennials. The reason it is used, regardless of its invasive behavior, is because it restores some function to a perennial grassland.
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Brockway, DG; Gatewood, RG; Paris, RB (2002). "Restoring fire as an ecological process in shortgrass prairie ecosystems: initial effects of prescribed burning during the dormant and growing seasons".
1014:. Adding sagebrush would diversify the ecosystem and provide habitat for sagebrush obligates. However, this would mean accepting the possibility that the native plant community may never establish.
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where the leaf attaches to the stem. It typically reaches 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in) tall, though plants as small as 2.5 centimetres (0.98 in) may produce seed. The flowers of
479:. After the review was completed by the USFWS, Secretarial Order 3336 was signed with the goal of reducing the threat of rangeland fires and preserve habitat by reducing downy brome.
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Studies have suggested that herbicide usage may select for warm season grasses and decrease the abundance of cool season grasses. There are five main herbicides used to control
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Bakker, JD; Wilson, SD; Christian, JM; Li, X; Ambrose, LG; Waddington, J (2003). "Contingency of grassland restoration on year, site, and competition from introduced grasses".
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licensed in 2010. It has a residual soil activity of 2–3 years and its also useful against many other invasive grasses. Not only does it reduce the abundance and biomass of
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produces. In early trials it has consistently out competed imazapic. As of 2017, indaziflam has not been approved for use outside of residential and commercial properties.
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is resistant to wildfire and it is suitable forage for cattle and wildlife. But the intensive control that would be needed to establish a native plant community in a
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in many other areas. It now is present in most of Europe, southern Russia, Japan, South Africa, Australia, New
Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, North America and western
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increased 1.5–2.7 gram per plant for every 10 part per million (ppm) increase above the 270 ppm pre-industrial baseline. On the qualitative side, rising
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is an abundant seed producer, with a potential in excess of 300 seeds per plant; seed production per plant is dependent on plant density. Under optimal conditions,
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often enters the site in an area that has been disturbed, and then quickly expands into the surrounding area through its rapid growth and prolific seed production.
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To be most effective post-emergence application needs to be done as late in the spring as possible to ensure that the herbicide treatment hits the majority of the
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Dettweiler-Robinson, E; Bakker, JD; Grace, JB (2013). "Controls of biological soil crust cover and composition shift with succession in sagebrush shrub-steppe".
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a perennial bunchgrass native to Russia and Asia. The use of seeding another non-native to control an exotic, problem species is called assisted succession.
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2797:"Cheatgrass die-offs as an opportunity for restoration in the Great Basin, USA: Will local or commercial native plants succeed where exotic invaders fail"
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Sebastian, DJ; Nissen, SJ; Sebastian, JR; Beck, KG (2017). "Seed Bank
Depletion: The Key to Long-Term Downy Brome ( Bromus tectorum L.) Management".
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Baynes, Melissa; Newcombe, George; Dixon, Linley; Castlebury, Lisa; O’Donnell, Kerry (2012). "A novel plant–fungal mutualism associated with fire".
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Sebastian, DJ; Nissen, SJ; De, J; Rodrigues, S (2016). "Pre-emergence
Control of Six Invasive Winter Annual Grasses with Imazapic and Indaziflam".
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Elseroad, AC; Rudd, NT (2011). "Can
Imazapic Increase Native Species Abundance in Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) Invaded Native Plant Communities?".
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litter on the ground, much of the herbicide will be absorbed into the litter and some will adhere to the litter. The litter creates a blanket that
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has been historically thought to create a positive feedback loop. However, Taylor, et al. (2014), suggest that fire alone does not promote
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of the area, are often the dominant cover, and are vital in ecosystem function. In addition to providing erosion control, BSC is vital for
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monoculture would cause disturbance that would also increase the invasive species it was planted to out compete. An alternative to using
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resistance. The life strategies of these three grasses differ in such a way that they provide constant interaction and competition with
1997:
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Sebastian, DJ; Sebastian, JR; Nissen, SJ; Beck, KG (2016). "A Potential New
Herbicide for Invasive Annual Grass Control on Rangeland".
1452:"Suppression of annual Bromus tectorum by perennial Agropyron cristatum: roles of soil nitrogen availability and biological soil space"
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biomass by decreasing removal by animals or bacteria. Ongoing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide may contribute significantly to
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may produce 450 kg of seed per hectare (400 pounds per acre) with about 330,000 seeds/kg (150,000 seeds/pound). As the seed of
680:, or attachment to animal fur, within a week of maturity. They are also moved as a contaminant in hay, grain, straw, and machinery.
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If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article, this information should also be included in the body of the article.
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is common along roadsides and as a crop weed, but usually does not dominate an ecosystem. It has become a dominant species in the
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1549:"Effect of biological soil crusts on seed germination and growth of an exotic and two native plant species in an arid ecosystem"
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There is a positive correlation between native vegetation communities and biological soil crust (BSC). BSC is composed of
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burns is consideration for the densities and fire adaptations of nearby foliage. In some cases, the existence of adjacent
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Davies, KW; Boyd, CS; Nafus, AM (2013). "Restoring the
Sagebrush Component in Crested Wheatgrass–Dominated Communities".
2898:"Importance of soil and plant community disturbance for establishment of Bromus tectorum in the Intermountain West, USA"
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germination and reduce the likelihood of invasion. However, if there is a disturbance in the biological soil crust and
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has been identified as an invasive weed in all provinces, and is extremely prevalent in
Alberta and British Columbia .
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580:. In areas where it is growing in dense stands the plants will not form this rosette like structures, but instead are
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increase species richness. Fall burns may also promote select grasses and fire resilient plants. Another control for
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population. However, the late application puts the native perennial vegetation at risk as they may be coming out of
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grasses have roots that often reach four feet into the soil. These roots provide organic matter, which feeds the
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early spring may increase the success of seeding by increasing the germination rate of native grasses and remove
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has demonstrated a quantitative and qualitative response to recent and near-term changes in the concentration of
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Cox, RD; Anderson, VJ (2004). "Increasing Native
Diversity of Cheatgrass-Dominated Rangeland through Assisted".
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928:. In addition to stimulation of biomass, rising carbon dioxide may also increase the above ground retention of
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639:(minimal soil moisture required for a plant not to wilt) to a depth of 70 centimetres (28 in), reducing
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1792:"Introduction history and population genetics of the invasive grass Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) in Canada"
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is much easier to establish than the native perennials and has been shown to be a strong competitor of
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Glyphosate has no residual soil activity and must be used post-emergence, which limits its control of
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as a placeholder species in assisted succession is to establish it alongside foundation species like
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does not increase as was once thought, but recovers to previous levels. Increased fires, because of
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grasslands. In response to the limited availability of native seed, land managers have been seeding
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2838:"Effects of precipitation change and neighboring plants on population dynamics of Bromus tectorum"
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cover and biomass, suggesting that a diverse native perennial community will be more resistant to
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recruitment and biomass will increase and may render the treatment ineffective. In most long-term
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is shallow rooted and completes most of its growth in the late winter and early spring.
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has a fibrous root system with few main roots that does not reach more than a foot into the
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Baynes, M. A.; Newcombe, G.; Dixon, L.; Castlebury, L. & O’Donnell, K. (January 2012).
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Thill, DC; Beck, KG; Callihan, RH (1983). "The Biology of Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum)".
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in early spring has been used as a fire fuels reduction strategy in the hills adjacent to
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ripen and disperse in the late spring and early summer. They are dispersed by wind, small
8:
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2931:"Conditions favoring Bromus tectorum dominance of endangered sagebrush steppe ecosystems"
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2372:"Drivers of Bromus tectorum Abundance in the Western North American Sagebrush Steppe"
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A majority of research in 2011-2017 has focused on the use of herbicides to control
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episodes. A study showed that it had the capability to reduce soil moisture to the
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is invasive treatments that are being researched/used by land managers to control
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https://www.forestsandrangelands.gov/rangeland/documents/SecretarialOrder3336.pdf
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1887:"Biological Invasions by Exotic Grasses, the Grass/Fire Cycle, and Global Change"
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is able to establish, then it will impede the recovery of the BSC community.
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include seeding of native plants and non-native bunch-grasses to out compete
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Brummer, TJ; Taylor, KT; Rotella, J; Maxwell, BD; Rew, LJ; LAvin, M (2016).
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are deep rooted and complete most of their growth in the late spring, and
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growth, causing the treatment effects to be statistically insignificant.
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The reduction of native plants and the increased fire frequency caused by
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that assist in water and nutrient cycling in arid ecosystems and improve
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sites, and roadsides. It is much reviled by ranchers and land managers.
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biomass for approximately two years. The goal of a prescribed burn in a
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2492:"Litter Reduction by Prescribed Burning Can Extend Downy Brome Control"
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and parts of Canada, and displays especially invasive behavior in the
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Klemmedson, JO; Smith, JG (1964). "Cheatgrass (Bromus Tectorum L.)".
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contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article
1840:"Bromus tectorum Response to Fire Varies with Climate Conditions"
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in favor of taller grasses, making burns situationally inferior.
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needed to be listed as a threatened or endangered species due to
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Out West, ‘Black Fingers of Death’ Offer Hope Against an Invader
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on biomass production and vegetative retention of cheatgrass (
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Taylor, K; Brummer, T; Rew, LJ; Lavin, M; Maxwell, BD (2014).
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invasion. If the BSC community is healthy then it will impede
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is a seedling, and late post-emergence in late spring after
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ripen the plant goes from green to purple to straw-colored.
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10.1614/0890-037x(2004)018[1411:ateeas]2.0.co;2
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10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0137:cogroy]2.0.co;2
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decreased the digestibility and potential decomposition of
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Baughman, OW; Meyer, SE; Aanderud, ZT; Leger, EA (2016).
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2003:. California Invasive Plant Council. 2006. Archived from
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lists general information and resources for Downy Brome.
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2895:
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Valliant, M. T.; Mack, R. N.; Novak, S. J. (July 2007).
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population by preventing the natives from establishing.
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had spread to all parts of the United States (including
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may be mistaken for a bunchgrass because it may send up
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Reisner, MD; Grace, JB; Pyke, DA; Doescher, PS (2013).
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Leffler, AJ; Monaco, TA; James, JJ; Sheley, RL (2016).
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2489:
1648:
1086:, but it also reduces the highly flammable litter that
619:(self pollinating, non-opening flower) with no evident
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Kessler, KC; Nissen, SJ; Meiman, PJ; Beck, KG (2015).
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Perennial grass ecosystems are less prone to burning.
1197:
BSCs colonize the spaces between plants, increase the
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germinates, early post-emergence in early spring when
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productivity and fuel load with subsequent effects on
916:. Laboratory experiments have shown that above-ground
2544:
2185:"A novel plant-fungal mutualism associated with fire"
1837:
1507:
1131:
Water availably has a large impact on the success of
862:
seeds are also a critical portion of the diet of the
2099:
1933:"Forage Grasses of the Colorado Plateau Cold Desert"
1381:"THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS. 75. Bromus tectorum"
2100:Ziska, L.H.; Reeves III, J.B.; Blank, R.R. (2005),
1379:Upadhyaya, MK; Turkington, R; McIlvride, D (1986).
595:) and have sheaths that are separate except at the
482:Research has shown that ecosystems with a healthy
2759:
2102:"The impact of recent increases in atmospheric CO
3694:
3009:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
2053:"Forest Service Use Sheep to Reduce Fire Hazard"
1449:
870:which have been introduced to the US. Intensive
486:and native plant community will be resistant to
2324:
1885:D'Antonio, C M; Vitousek, P M (November 1992).
1746:
1173:Characteristics of a resistant native community
962:) in western North America.
2835:
520:A sagebrush ecosystem in southern Idaho after
1935:. Northern Arizona University. Archived from
564:in autumn, overwintering as a seedling, then
84:The examples and perspective in this article
2224:
1135:treatments. In years of high precipitation,
3036:https://www.sagegrouseinitiative.com/roots/
3011:United States National Agricultural Library
2274:
1310:, may serve to maintain, not increase, the
702:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2159:Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives
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190:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2176:
2162:, The Nature Conservancy, archived from
1891:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1341:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
1159:
1127:Water availability and treatment success
706:
576:that give it the appearance of having a
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452:ecosystems where it has been listed as
2987:plants.usda.gov: USDA Plants Profile —
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1450:Blank, RR; Morgan, T; Allen, F (2015).
469:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
14:
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2110:): Implications for fire disturbance."
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906:and control has been completed.
615:and five to eight flowers each. It is
591:) and slender. The leaves are hairy (
536:comes from a Greek word for a type of
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2705:
2464:Invasive Plant Science and Management
2320:
2318:
2316:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2072:
2068:
2066:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1644:
1642:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1542:
1540:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1324:
1093:
3637:d562007d-4a0e-42b3-a2b5-4bb7cf5dde05
3513:d770292f-6ecd-4c3b-85e0-e63faa359c18
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1330:
965:
133:
70:
29:
2655:
2581:
2547:Journal of Environmental Management
2535:
2474:
2452:
2410:
1903:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.000431
1713:
846:In the US, it grows on rangelands,
841:
24:
2884:
2750:
2702:
2629:Rangeland Ecology & Management
2499:Rangeland Ecology & Management
2426:Rangeland Ecology & Management
2327:Rangeland Ecology & Management
2313:
2263:
2227:Rangeland Ecology & Management
2063:
1824:
1639:
1613:Rangeland Ecology & Management
1599:
1537:
1405:
1361:
25:
3749:
2975:
2836:Prevéy, JS; Seastedt, TR (2015).
1677:
1492:
1434:
1385:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
45:This article has multiple issues.
3578:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:394163-1
3053:CABI Invasive Species Compendium
2126:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00992.x
718:has been introduced to southern
560:grass native to Eurasia usually
227:
138:
75:
34:
3041:Fire Effects Information System
2922:
2829:
2788:
2619:
2363:
2277:Journal of Rangeland Management
2218:
2045:
2029:"Bromus tectorum (downy brome)"
2021:
1990:
1977:
1963:Fire Effects Information System
1951:
1925:
1878:
1783:
1547:Song, G; Li, X; Hui, R (2017).
946:has been shown to benefit from
568:in the spring or early summer.
53:or discuss these issues on the
3043:, United States Forest Service
3003:Species Profile- Downy Brome (
2822:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2015.08.011
2736:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.01.013
1983:How To Get Rid Of Cheatgrass?
528:
13:
1:
1317:
1017:
824:California Floristic Province
2982:npwrc.usgs.gov: USGS profile
2801:Journal of Arid Environments
2716:Journal of Arid Environments
2605:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.10.008
2204:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.10.008
1574:10.1371/journal.pone.0185839
1531:10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.12.010
754:. It was first found in the
7:
3733:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3049:, Colorado State University
711:Cheat grass in Elko, Nevada
603:are arranged on a drooping
548:which means overlaying and
98:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3754:
2935:Journal of Applied Ecology
2641:10.1016/j.rama.2017.05.007
2511:10.1016/j.rama.2015.05.006
2438:10.1016/j.rama.2016.12.003
2082:Department of the Interior
1998:"Invasive Plant Inventory"
1796:American Journal of Botany
1625:10.1016/j.rama.2015.11.001
1168:on Spruce Mountain, Nevada
970:
914:atmospheric carbon dioxide
890:fires and the invasion of
646:
471:(USFWS) to examine if the
3084:
2862:10.1007/s00442-015-3398-z
2774:10.1017/S0043174500060185
2688:10.1007/s10530-015-0847-x
2396:10.1007/s10021-016-9980-3
1864:10.1007/s10021-014-9771-7
1157:’s competitive advantage.
940:frequency and intensity.
664:15 °C (59 °F).
490:invasion. In areas where
385:
378:
361:
354:
224:Scientific classification
222:
213:
206:
3728:Plants described in 1753
2915:10.3897/neobiota.30.7119
2339:10.2111/rem-d-12-00145.1
2239:10.2111/rem-d-10-00163.1
2075:"Secretarial Order 3336"
1265:Achnatherum thurberianum
1251:Studies have identified
950:colonization by morels (
820:California native plants
806:is most abundant in the
703:Status as an exotic weed
667:
3047:Cheatgrass and Wildfire
2956:10.1111/1365-2664.12097
1651:Ecological Applications
1258:Pseudoroegneria spicata
1193:living on the soil. In
854:, fields, waste areas,
637:permanent wilting point
3718:Bunchgrasses of Europe
3708:Bunchgrasses of Africa
2559:10.1006/jema.2002.0540
1298:If an area burns, the
1169:
758:(where it is known as
712:
607:with approximately 30
587:The stems are smooth (
525:
2114:Global Change Biology
2073:Jewel, Sally (2015).
1965:. USDA Forest Service
1809:10.3732/ajb.94.7.1156
1468:10.1093/aobpla/plv006
1163:
814:, and is part of the
710:
519:
484:biological soil crust
416:, is a winter annual
3713:Bunchgrasses of Asia
2668:Biological Invasions
1511:Applied Soil Ecology
643:from other species.
440:. In the eastern US
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
86:may not represent a
3064:Plants for a Future
2947:2013JApEc..50.1039R
2854:2015Oecol.179..765P
2813:2016JArEn.124..193B
2728:2013JArEn..94...96D
2680:2015BiInv..17.1915M
2388:2016Ecosy..19..986B
2057:USDA Forest Service
1856:2014Ecosy..17..960T
1761:1964BotRv..30..226K
1565:2017PLoSO..1285839S
1523:2006AppSE..32...63B
1268:as key grasses for
979:Agropyron cristatum
953:Morchella sextelata
477:habitat destruction
473:greater sage-grouse
3738:Grasses of Lebanon
3026:The New York Times
2996:2012-06-01 at the
1769:10.1007/bf02858603
1398:10.4141/cjps86-091
1170:
1099:Prescribed burning
1094:Prescribed burning
816:introduced species
713:
552:which means roof.
526:
446:Intermountain West
388:Anisantha tectorum
3690:
3689:
3534:Open Tree of Life
3078:Taxon identifiers
3059:"Bromus tectorum"
2059:. April 12, 2011.
1959:"Bromus tectorum"
1418:"Bromus tectorum"
1237:. Bromus tectorum
966:Treatment options
432:, but has become
397:
396:
392:
200:
199:
192:
182:
181:
174:
132:
131:
124:
106:, as appropriate.
68:
16:(Redirected from
3745:
3723:Flora of Lebanon
3683:
3682:
3670:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3493:
3492:
3480:
3479:
3477:NBNSYS0000143228
3467:
3466:
3454:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3355:
3343:
3342:
3330:
3329:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3281:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3219:
3218:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3073:
3072:
3068:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2941:(4): 1039–1049.
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2893:
2882:
2881:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2711:
2700:
2699:
2674:(6): 1915–1926.
2662:
2653:
2652:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2496:
2487:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2408:
2407:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2136:, archived from
2120:(8): 1325–1332,
2097:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1835:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1802:(7): 1156–1169.
1787:
1781:
1780:
1749:Botanical Review
1744:
1711:
1710:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1576:
1559:(10): e0185839.
1544:
1535:
1534:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1447:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1343:. Archived from
1338:
1328:
1203:nutrient cycling
989:Bromus tectorum.
842:Invasive species
790:and portions of
507:prescribed burns
450:sagebrush steppe
390:
367:
347:B. tectorum
232:
231:
218:
204:
203:
195:
188:
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
142:
141:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
27:Species of grass
21:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3673:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3610:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3576:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3509:
3503:Bromus~tectorum
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3475:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3449:
3448:MichiganFlora:
3447:
3439:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3302:
3297:
3291:Bromus tectorum
3289:
3284:
3276:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3248:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3214:
3209:
3203:bromus-tectorum
3201:
3199:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3116:Bromus tectorum
3114:
3113:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:Bromus tectorum
3080:
3057:
3005:Bromus tectorum
2998:Wayback Machine
2989:Bromus tectorum
2978:
2973:
2972:
2927:
2923:
2894:
2885:
2834:
2830:
2793:
2789:
2758:
2751:
2712:
2703:
2663:
2656:
2624:
2620:
2589:
2582:
2543:
2536:
2494:
2488:
2475:
2460:
2453:
2422:
2411:
2382:(6): 986–1000.
2368:
2364:
2323:
2314:
2289:10.2307/4003920
2273:
2264:
2223:
2219:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2141:
2105:
2098:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1883:
1879:
1836:
1825:
1788:
1784:
1745:
1714:
1687:Weed Technology
1682:
1678:
1647:
1640:
1609:
1600:
1545:
1538:
1506:
1493:
1448:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1377:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1281:A. thurberianum
1211:Bromus tectorum
1175:
1166:Bromus tectorum
1133:Bromus tectorum
1129:
1103:Bromus tectorum
1096:
1061:, rimsulfuron,
1029:Bromus tectorum
1020:
973:
968:
959:M. snyderi
944:Bromus tectorum
910:Bromus tectorum
892:Bromus tectorum
844:
722:, west central
716:Bromus tectorum
705:
682:Bromus tectorum
670:
652:Bromus tectorum
649:
554:Bromus tectorum
531:
524:has established
522:Bromus tectorum
428:, and northern
424:, southwestern
401:Bromus tectorum
374:
369:
365:Bromus tectorum
363:
350:
226:
208:Bromus tectorum
196:
185:
184:
183:
178:
167:
161:
158:
155:
147:This article's
143:
139:
128:
117:
111:
108:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:wfo-0000856649
3671:
3661:
3651:
3641:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3507:
3494:
3481:
3468:
3455:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3383:
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3308:
3295:
3282:
3269:
3259:
3246:
3233:
3220:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3174:
3164:
3151:
3141:
3131:
3121:
3106:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:July 30, 2012
3017:
3000:
2984:
2977:
2976:External links
2974:
2971:
2970:
2921:
2883:
2848:(3): 765–775.
2828:
2787:
2749:
2701:
2654:
2635:(6): 759–773.
2618:
2599:(1): 133–144.
2593:Fungal Biology
2580:
2553:(2): 135–152.
2534:
2505:(4): 367–374.
2473:
2451:
2432:(4): 477–483.
2409:
2362:
2333:(4): 472–478.
2312:
2283:(2): 203–210.
2262:
2233:(6): 641–648.
2217:
2198:(1): 133–144.
2192:Fungal Biology
2175:
2149:
2103:
2087:
2062:
2044:
2020:
1989:
1976:
1950:
1939:on 11 May 2015
1924:
1877:
1850:(6): 960–973.
1823:
1782:
1755:(2): 226–262.
1712:
1676:
1638:
1619:(3): 195–198.
1598:
1536:
1491:
1433:
1404:
1391:(3): 689–709.
1360:
1333:BSBI List 2007
1322:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1230:soil organisms
1174:
1171:
1128:
1125:
1101:alone reduces
1095:
1092:
1019:
1016:
972:
969:
967:
964:
922:carbon dioxide
868:grey partridge
843:
840:
818:that replaced
812:Columbia Basin
800:South Carolina
786:), except for
774:, and by 1928
704:
701:
669:
666:
648:
645:
530:
527:
410:drooping brome
395:
394:
383:
382:
376:
375:
370:
359:
358:
352:
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220:
219:
211:
210:
198:
197:
180:
179:
146:
144:
137:
130:
129:
90:of the subject
88:worldwide view
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3750:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:(Downy Brome)
2990:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2745:
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2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2166:on 2009-04-12
2165:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2140:on 2020-07-27
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2010:on 2008-05-10
2006:
1999:
1993:
1987:, Pad Outdoor
1986:
1980:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
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1900:
1896:
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1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:: 1411–1416.
1692:
1688:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
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1465:
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1457:
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1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1422:www.fs.fed.us
1419:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1350:on 2015-06-26
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
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1243:
1238:
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1231:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:carbon fixing
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:cyanobacteria
1167:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1119:dominated by
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
991:
990:
986:
982:
980:
963:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
945:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
905:
902:
897:
893:
889:
886:. Because of
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:) in 1861 in
765:
761:
757:
756:United States
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:North America
725:
721:
717:
709:
700:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
665:
662:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:precipitation
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:cleistogamous
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:single-culmed
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:winter annual
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
467:prompted the
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
393:
389:
384:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
360:
357:
356:Binomial name
353:
349:
348:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
258:
255:
254:Tracheophytes
252:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
230:
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
202:
194:
191:
176:
173:
165:
153:
151:
145:
136:
135:
126:
123:
115:
112:November 2017
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3085:
3062:
3020:
3014:
3004:
2988:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2905:
2901:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2765:
2762:Weed Science
2761:
2719:
2715:
2671:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2596:
2592:
2550:
2546:
2502:
2498:
2467:
2463:
2429:
2425:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2348:10150/642734
2330:
2326:
2298:10150/643523
2280:
2276:
2248:10150/642911
2230:
2226:
2220:
2195:
2191:
2178:
2168:, retrieved
2164:the original
2158:
2152:
2142:, retrieved
2138:the original
2117:
2113:
2107:
2081:
2056:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2033:www.cabi.org
2032:
2023:
2012:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1992:
1985:"Cheatgrass"
1979:
1969:30 September
1967:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1943:30 September
1941:. Retrieved
1937:the original
1927:
1897:(1): 63–87.
1894:
1890:
1880:
1847:
1843:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1752:
1748:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1616:
1612:
1556:
1552:
1517:(1): 63–76.
1514:
1510:
1459:
1455:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1388:
1384:
1352:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1332:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1296:B. tectorum.
1295:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1274:B. tectorum.
1273:
1269:
1263:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:soil quality
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1199:biodiversity
1195:arid regions
1176:
1165:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1008:A. cristatum
1007:
1004:A. cristatum
1003:
1000:A. cristatum
999:
995:A. cristatum
994:
992:
988:
985:A. cristatum
984:
977:
974:
957:
951:
943:
942:
933:
929:
925:
909:
908:
900:
895:
891:
875:
874:browsing of
859:
845:
835:
834:. In Canada
803:
775:
772:Pennsylvania
763:
759:
736:South Africa
715:
714:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
671:
660:
651:
650:
624:
621:out-crossing
600:
586:
569:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
532:
521:
510:
500:B. tectorum,
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
464:
462:
457:
454:noxious weed
441:
438:Central Asia
413:
409:
405:
400:
399:
398:
387:
386:
364:
362:
346:
345:
333:
286:
273:
260:
247:
207:
201:
186:
168:
159:
150:lead section
148:
118:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3647:downy-brome
3459:NatureServe
3374:iNaturalist
3110:Wikispecies
2908:: 111–125.
2807:: 193–204.
2520:10217/88563
2108:B. tectorum
1657:: 137–153.
1312:B. tectorum
1308:B. tectorum
1300:B. tectorum
1292:B. tectorum
1277:P. spicata,
1270:B. tectorum
1254:Poa secunda
1246:B. tectorum
1242:B. tectorum
1219:B. tectorum
1215:B. tectorum
1155:B. tectorum
1150:B. tectorum
1146:B. tectorum
1141:B. tectorum
1137:B. tectorum
1121:B. tectorum
1112:B. tectorum
1107:B. tectorum
1088:B. tectorum
1084:B. tectorum
1079:B. tectorum
1074:B. tectorum
1063:tebuthiuron
1055:B. tectorum
1044:B. tectorum
1039:is mature.
1037:B. tectorum
1033:B. tectorum
1024:B. tectorum
934:B. tectorum
930:B. tectorum
926:B. tectorum
901:B. tectorum
896:B. tectorum
880:Carson City
876:B. tectorum
860:B. tectorum
836:B. tectorum
808:Great Basin
804:B. tectorum
776:B. tectorum
760:downy brome
744:New Zealand
696:B. tectorum
690:B. tectorum
686:B. tectorum
661:B. tectorum
641:competition
625:B. tectorum
601:B. tectorum
584:(stalked).
570:B. tectorum
562:germinating
544:comes from
529:Description
511:B. tectorum
496:B. tectorum
492:B. tectorum
488:B. tectorum
465:B. tectorum
458:B. tectorum
442:B. tectorum
406:downy brome
404:, known as
391:(L.) Nevski
319:Subfamily:
293:Commelinids
267:Angiosperms
3697:Categories
3654:WisFlora:
3552:kew-402067
3547:Plant List
3190:Calflora:
2722:: 96–104.
2470:: 308–316.
2376:Ecosystems
2170:2008-12-12
2144:2018-12-29
2038:2017-11-29
2014:2012-09-30
1844:Ecosystems
1462:: plv006.
1456:AoB Plants
1427:2017-11-29
1354:2014-10-17
1318:References
1302:cover and
1285:P. secunda
1248:invasion.
1067:glyphosate
1018:Herbicides
948:endophytic
830:and other
828:grasslands
764:cheatgrass
503:herbicides
420:native to
414:cheatgrass
50:improve it
18:Cheatgrass
3348:GrassBase
3304:200025003
3278:200025003
3200:Cal-IPC:
2842:Oecologia
2768:: 7–127.
1226:perennial
1164:Invasive
1116:morchella
1012:sagebrush
993:However,
888:rangeland
752:Greenland
740:Australia
609:spikelets
593:pubescent
566:flowering
341:Species:
237:Kingdom:
100:talk page
56:talk page
3632:VicFlora
3621:VASCAN:
3604:25509410
3599:Tropicos
3498:NSWFlora
3464:2.135508
3415:11266475
3402:394163-1
3353:imp01718
3167:BioLib:
3095:Wikidata
2994:Archived
2965:73573936
2902:NeoBiota
2878:15887595
2870:26227366
2782:88235742
2744:83802623
2696:15819903
2649:90945715
2613:22208608
2575:15695486
2567:12197076
2529:53650291
2446:90622245
2404:15485664
2357:59127764
2257:55840671
2212:22208608
2134:84746686
1919:86250355
1818:21636483
1777:43876700
1707:86198927
1671:54752821
1633:87912010
1593:28977018
1553:PLOS ONE
1486:25603967
1059:imazapic
1048:dormancy
938:wildfire
852:prairies
848:pastures
832:habitats
768:New York
657:nitrogen
589:glabrous
542:tectorum
434:invasive
380:Synonyms
323:Pooideae
309:Family:
280:Monocots
162:May 2019
94:You may
3614:5391963
3591:1275-22
3327:2703746
3229:1114249
3101:Q164128
2943:Bibcode
2850:Bibcode
2809:Bibcode
2724:Bibcode
2676:Bibcode
2384:Bibcode
2307:4003920
1911:2097282
1872:2077322
1852:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1584:5627943
1561:Bibcode
1519:Bibcode
1477:4340153
1304:biomass
1224:Native
1187:lichens
971:Seeding
918:biomass
904:ecology
822:in the
796:Georgia
792:Alabama
788:Florida
748:Iceland
678:rodents
647:Habitat
605:panicle
578:rosette
329:Genus:
313:Poaceae
299:Order:
241:Plantae
3703:Bromus
3611:uBio:
3560:PLANTS
3539:188833
3510:NZOR:
3314:BROTEC
3311:FoIO:
3265:brotec
3262:FEIS:
3255:191688
3183:120932
3144:APDB:
3124:AoFP:
2963:
2876:
2868:
2780:
2742:
2694:
2647:
2611:
2573:
2565:
2527:
2444:
2402:
2355:
2305:
2255:
2210:
2132:
1917:
1909:
1870:
1816:
1775:
1705:
1669:
1631:
1591:
1581:
1484:
1474:
1191:mosses
1189:, and
998:
884:Nevada
864:chukar
856:eroded
798:, and
784:Alaska
780:Hawaii
750:, and
720:Russia
574:shoots
550:tectum
546:tector
540:, and
534:Bromus
505:, and
430:Africa
422:Europe
334:Bromus
303:Poales
3664:WoI:
3644:WiO:
3586:SANBI
3521:NZPCN
3490:29667
3441:40524
3428:10036
3410:IRMNG
3386:IPA:
3379:58369
3286:FoAO2
3250:EUNIS
3242:BROTE
3216:6937F
3170:42515
3160:68165
3147:52170
3134:APA:
2961:S2CID
2874:S2CID
2778:S2CID
2740:S2CID
2692:S2CID
2645:S2CID
2571:S2CID
2525:S2CID
2495:(PDF)
2442:S2CID
2400:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2303:JSTOR
2253:S2CID
2188:(PDF)
2130:S2CID
2078:(PDF)
2008:(PDF)
2001:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1907:JSTOR
1868:S2CID
1773:S2CID
1703:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1629:S2CID
1348:(xls)
1337:(xls)
1183:algae
872:sheep
732:Japan
674:seeds
668:Seeds
611:with
556:is a
418:grass
287:Clade
274:Clade
261:Clade
248:Clade
102:, or
3667:1212
3657:2801
3624:7483
3573:POWO
3565:BRTE
3526:3542
3485:NCBI
3451:2043
3436:ITIS
3397:IPNI
3389:5214
3366:7880
3361:GRIN
3335:GISD
3322:GBIF
3237:EPPO
3193:1218
3178:BOLD
3155:APNI
3137:4715
3127:1944
2866:PMID
2609:PMID
2563:PMID
2208:PMID
1971:2012
1945:2012
1814:PMID
1589:PMID
1482:PMID
1279:and
1262:and
1205:and
866:and
782:and
770:and
724:Asia
672:The
629:soil
613:awns
597:node
426:Asia
3675:WFO
3472:NBN
3423:ISC
3340:266
3299:FoC
3273:FNA
3224:EoL
3211:CoL
2951:doi
2910:doi
2858:doi
2846:179
2817:doi
2805:124
2770:doi
2732:doi
2684:doi
2637:doi
2601:doi
2597:116
2555:doi
2515:hdl
2507:doi
2434:doi
2392:doi
2343:hdl
2335:doi
2293:hdl
2285:doi
2243:hdl
2235:doi
2200:doi
2196:116
2122:doi
1899:doi
1860:doi
1804:doi
1765:doi
1695:doi
1659:doi
1621:doi
1579:PMC
1569:doi
1527:doi
1472:PMC
1464:doi
1393:doi
826:'s
762:or
538:oat
412:or
3699::
3677::
3634::
3601::
3588::
3575::
3562::
3549::
3536::
3523::
3500::
3487::
3474::
3461::
3438::
3425::
3412::
3399::
3376::
3363::
3350::
3337::
3324::
3301::
3288::
3275::
3252::
3239::
3226::
3213::
3180::
3157::
3112::
3097::
3061:.
3013:—
2959:.
2949:.
2939:50
2937:.
2933:.
2906:30
2904:.
2900:.
2886:^
2872:.
2864:.
2856:.
2844:.
2840:.
2815:.
2803:.
2799:.
2776:.
2766:32
2764:.
2752:^
2738:.
2730:.
2720:94
2718:.
2704:^
2690:.
2682:.
2672:17
2670:.
2657:^
2643:.
2633:70
2631:.
2607:.
2595:.
2583:^
2569:.
2561:.
2551:65
2549:.
2537:^
2523:.
2513:.
2503:68
2501:.
2497:.
2476:^
2466:.
2454:^
2440:.
2430:70
2428:.
2412:^
2398:.
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