66:
25:
593:
of the ladders are usually made of aluminium tube because it is light and strong. Ladders are usually made in 5, 8 or 10 m (16, 26 or 33 ft) lengths, and can be clipped together to make longer lengths. While ladders can be used without a belay, this is unsafe and is not recommended. Ladders may be carried coiled, without other protection, until needed, or may be carried inside tough PVC
168:
624:, using bolts adapted from the construction industry. A hanger can then be screwed into the bolt. Since affordable battery drills came on the market it is more common to see cavers drill the holes and use a variety of different bolts and concrete screws. Stainless steel resin bolts are used on routes that see a lot of traffic as they have a long life and, if placed correctly, are safe and reliable.
380:(SRT) began to be developed in the US in the 1950s. A similar system was developed in Europe in the late 1960s, which was quickly standardised and is still in use today. SRT offered the advantage of greater speed and versatility in the descent of vertical shafts. (Previously, one caver would have to remain at the head of the final pitch to belay the returning cavers up a ladder climb.)
660:
228:
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554:- used to ascend ropes. Devices that used lever cams were once used, though these have now been overtaken in popularity by toothed cam devices which slip less. A minimum of two ascenders are used, one attached to the harness at waist level, and another attached to a foot-loop and moved by hand. A third ascender may be attached to a foot and a rope-walking technique used.
679:, that can be read to the half-degree. Compasses used for cave surveying have to be rugged to cope with the harsh conditions. For high grade surveys, inclinometers are required, and are sometimes made in combined units with compasses. Recently, digital compasses and inclinometers have been developed by enthusiasts, some with wireless connections to
254:. The term may also be used to refer to equipment used to document caves, such as photographic and surveying equipment. Originally, cave diving equipment was quite limited, but the increasing popularity of caving during the 20th century led to the creation of specialist caving equipment and companies.
474:
are a popular choice of footwear, being hard-wearing, cheap, having good grip and great water-resistance. Hiking boots are also worn, providing superior ankle support. They do however let water and grit in much easier and are often damaged by the harsh cave environment. There is also the risk of lace
400:
Caves in temperate regions such as Europe and North
America maintain an average yearly temperature of 11–13 °C (52–55 °F). While this is not especially cold, exposure to water and fatigue can increase the risk of hypothermia. Cavers usually wear a one-piece undersuit made of fleece or fibre
592:
Early cavers used rope ladders with timber rungs. These were superseded by wire 'Elektron' ladders at the start of the 1960s and remained the most common method of descending large shafts until around the end of the 1980s. Today they are largely used for descending short or tight pitches. The rungs
257:
Due to the greatly varying conditions of caves throughout the world there is a multitude of different equipment types and categories. Cavers exploring a largely dry system may wear a fleece one-piece undersuit with a protective oversuit while cavers exploring a very wet cave may opt to use
455:
oversuits may be preferred, as they provide a greater degree of warmth and protection against getting wet. Oversuits often come with reinforced areas, especially at wear points such as the elbows, seat and shins. Internal pockets and hoods are sometimes provided.
548:- rope used for abseiling is low-stretch static rope, typically 9 mm-thick in Europe. In the US, SRT rope is thicker (11mm) and more abrasion-resistant, given the greater amount of rope-rub tolerated. Ropes are cut into varying lengths
582:
Chest roller - helps stabilize barrel-chested or top-heavy users who have a tendency to lean back during vertical caving. The device features a chest plate, which is strapped high on the torso, and a metal roller, which locks around the
565:, and a rack descender, favoured in parts of the US for its smooth descent and excellent heat-sinking capacities. Bobbin descenders are favoured for European style SRT as they make it easier to change ropes at rebelays and are lighter.
387:. Previously, cavers adapted equipment from other sources, such as miners' helmets and electric lamps, or made their own equipment. Caving equipment made today conforms to high safety standards, decreasing injuries and fatalities.
491:
are used to protect the caver's head against occasional falling rocks, they find much more use in protecting the cavers' heads from bumps and scrapes while moving through low or awkward passageways. Helmets are invaluable for
749:
and his cousin
Gabriel Gaupillat utilized lightweight telephones of 480 g (1.06 lb) with up to 400 m (1,300 ft) of wire to explore deep pitches. However, it is possible that telephones were used in
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Cowstails - lanyards used to clip into safe points of contact when changing over at rebelays and while using traverse lines. They are made from a length of dynamic rope with two lanyards of differing length ending in
642:
is a specialist activity undertaken within caving to produce maps of caves. The type of equipment used depends on the intended accuracy of the survey. A basic survey may be carried out with an orienteering or diving
714:
is used to record data, the advantage being that, if the paper becomes excessively muddy, it can be washed off in a stream or pool. Paperless surveying is now becoming a reality as digital measuring devices can be
325:. His expeditionary equipment was described in 1895 as: "a canvas boat, some hundreds of feet of rope-ladders, a light portable folding wooden ladder, ropes, axes, compass, barometer, telephone, map etc." The
608:
Static rope, once past its useful life for abseiling, is often used for fixed aids, such as handlines on climbs. The rope may be knotted to help climbers. Rope may also be recycled for digging.
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for illumination. Exploration was usually limited to drier caves, as there was little to protect cavers from the cold once they became wet. Later, cavers began to adopt
189:
475:
hooks ensnaring on ladders. In large, dry, tropical caves they are superior to
Wellington boots, being cooler and restrict movement less. Specialist
290:
were limited in their explorations by a lack of suitable equipment. Explorers of the early 1800s, when caving began to become more common, caved in
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rungs. The lightness and portability of these ladders revolutionised the exploration of deep caves, paving the way for the exploration of the
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Communication between cavers and people on the surface may be essential for rescues or expeditions. Communication may be as simple as coded
647:
and distances paced by foot or estimated. A more accurate survey would make use of a tape measure and specialist surveying compasses and
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Many caves have shafts or drops that require ropes or ladders to pass. Wire ladders have largely been superseded by ropes for descending
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The increasing popularity of caving during the 1960s and 1970s led to the creation of specialist caving equipment companies, such as
302:, which were designed for underground use and were reasonably reliable, though their light was not especially powerful. Lighting
130:
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435:, specialist caving wetsuits are available with reinforced elbows and knees. Hybrid fleece wetsuit-undersuits are also used.
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364:, the first cave in the world to break the 1 km depth limit. Early systems of ascending ropes were developed by
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have been used in mines since at least June 1882, while the first record of telephones used in caving is from 1898.
496:—an array of lights can be attached to a helmet. Many helmets used in caving can also be used as climbing helmets.
333:—was one of the main light sources used by cavers during the 20th century. Electric miners' headlamps, powered by
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Dynamic rope, more commonly used in climbing, is used in caving for belaying cavers on climbs or using ladders.
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A standard
Brunton Geo, a combined compass and inclinometer, popular as a cave surveying compass until recently
87:
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pioneered the use of ever lighter rope ladders until developing the
Elektron Ladder, a light wire ladder with
98:
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Whistle - on long pitches where shouting is ineffective, whistles are used to signal other team members.
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Knee pads and, less commonly, elbow pads are worn both to protect both the caver's person and clothing.
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have recently gained popularity, though tapes remain preferable in especially wet or muddy conditions.
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caverns before
February 1885, as there are references to a "talking machine" in use before this time.
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blasts, though they are only effective across short distances and cannot be used in underwater caves.
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since the early '60s, though ladders still have useful applications on shorter pitches, where full
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is commonly used to measure distance, usually in lengths of 30 to 50 metres (98 to 164 ft).
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Most caves require artificial anchor points to secure abseiling rope. A common method of placing
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provide superior insulation to fleece underclothes. While cavers often use wetsuits designed for
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are also worn. In wet caves neoprene gloves can be worn as added protection against the cold.
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pile, sometimes used in tandem with thermal underclothes. In warmer caves, such as those in
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348:. These were cumbersome and unwieldy, especially when wet, and sometimes required teams of
262:. Cavers in large dry systems in the tropics and in desert climates may simply opt to wear
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cave showing common caving wear: coveralls, helmet-mounted lights, heavy boots and gloves.
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down the rope. There are two main types of descender – a bobbin descender such as the
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which he used to explore several caves containing long flooded sections, such as the
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Knife - used as safety equipment to cut ropes, cut hair caught in descenders etc.
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cave system in France in the late 1930s, Chevalier also being the first to use
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530:(SRT) is the most commonly used technique for passing vertical obstacles.
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boots offer an expensive alternative to
Wellingtons and hiking boots.
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Radio communication within caves is problematic because rock is a
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986:"Lamb leer cavern 1880-90: the lake and the talking machine"
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Beford, Mike (2012). "A Directory of Cave Radio
Designs".
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strips was a popular way of illuminating large chambers.
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are more commonly used today. Early models were called "
765:. Ordinary radios have a very short range within caves.
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but made of heavily abrasion-resistant material such as
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Cavers commonly wear protective oversuits, similar to
409:, lighter undersuits are used to prevent overheating.
683:, though these have not yet attained widespread use.
667:The most common device used by cave surveyors is a
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
376:rope in a cave as opposed to natural fibre rope.
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811:"Evolution of Caving and Cave Diving Equipment"
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620:is to hand drill them using a hammer and a
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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337:were later used, eventually superseded by
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
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310:, a French caver, created a collapsible
250:to aid and protect them while exploring
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192:of all important aspects of the article.
904:"Caving Wetsuits - Clothing for Cavers"
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878:"Ground Water, Caves, and Temperature"
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188:Please consider expanding the lead to
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836:"Full text of "The Irish naturalist""
733:Through-the-earth mine communications
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723:where the data is stored and drawn.
344:Vertical caving was undertaken with
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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352:to carry them. The French explorer
16:Equipment for caving and spelunking
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1080:Glossary of caving and speleology
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34:This article has multiple issues.
993:Proc. Univ. Bristol Speleol. Soc
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1469:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
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941:from the original on 2023-09-03
857:"Famous People: Robert de Joly"
671:, such as that manufactured by
180:may be too short to adequately
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
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190:provide an accessible overview
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512:gear would be inappropriate.
1522:List of UK caving fatalities
7:
984:Williams, R. G. J. (1995).
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775:single-sideband modulation
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416:A pair of Wellington boots
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451:. In wet or windy caves,
420:When caving in wet caves
1498:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
963:. Lulu.com. p. 73.
1491:Diving into the Unknown
791:Rock-climbing equipment
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1537:Tham Luang cave rescue
1532:Riesending cave rescue
959:Gibson, David (2010).
761:and therefore absorbs
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506:Pitch (vertical space)
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236:
1505:The Underground Eiger
747:Édouard-Alfred Martel
662:
655:Measuring instruments
528:single-rope technique
522:Single rope technique
516:Single rope technique
415:
378:Single rope technique
242:is equipment used by
230:
1012:CREG Journal Archive
884:on December 11, 2007
557:Descender - used to
84:improve this article
1527:Alpazat cave rescue
1172:Types and formation
1029:Cave-link Home Page
628:Surveying equipment
439:Abrasive protection
391:Protective clothing
335:lead-acid batteries
1454:Cave-dwelling Jews
1201:Estavelle/Inversac
1034:HeyPhone Home Page
961:Cave Radiolocation
925:"PMI Chest Roller"
773:(VLF) radios with
771:very low frequency
700:Laser rangefinders
687:Measuring distance
665:
622:self-drilling bolt
534:Standard equipment
500:Vertical equipment
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396:Thermal protection
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99:"Caving equipment"
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1336:(Cave formations)
1099:Cave conservation
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1163:Caves by country
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540:Climbing harness
472:Wellington boots
366:Pierre Chevalier
323:Northern Ireland
319:Marble Arch Cave
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73:This article
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1363:Cave popcorn
1302:Underground
1221:Karst spring
1211:Glacier cave
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943:. Retrieved
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886:. Retrieved
882:the original
872:
861:. Retrieved
850:
839:. Retrieved
830:
819:. Retrieved
817:. 2017-08-09
814:
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779:speleophones
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696:tape measure
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346:rope ladders
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339:LED lighting
329:—powered by
308:E. A. Martel
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231:Caver in an
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177:lead section
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82:Please help
77:verification
74:
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36:Please help
33:
1328:Speleothems
1241:Exploration
1141:Troglofauna
1109:Cave survey
1087:Main topics
932:pmirope.com
763:radio waves
691:A standard
634:Cave survey
595:tackle-bags
1464:Kome Caves
1428:Stalagnate
1423:Stalagmite
1418:Stalactite
1408:Soda straw
1398:Shelfstone
1358:Cave pearl
1333:Speleogens
1298:Talus cave
1231:Ley tunnel
1158:Speleology
1136:Stygofauna
945:2023-09-03
910:2015-04-23
863:2015-04-23
841:2015-04-23
821:2019-11-06
797:References
743:Telephones
731:See also:
717:wirelessly
693:fibreglass
571:carabiners
563:Petzl Stop
140:April 2015
110:newspapers
39:improve it
1515:Incidents
1442:Dwellings
1383:Helictite
1378:Frostwork
1373:Flowstone
1343:Anthodite
1316:Waterfall
1288:Suffosion
1273:Show cave
1258:Salt cave
1226:Lava cave
1174:processes
1124:Equipment
759:conductor
752:Lamb Leer
640:surveying
510:abseiling
477:canyoning
358:aluminium
304:magnesium
182:summarize
45:talk page
1565:Category
1550:Category
1403:Snottite
1393:Rimstone
1388:Moonmilk
1278:Sinkhole
1263:Sea cave
1248:Pit cave
1216:Ice cave
936:Archived
785:See also
769:(LF) or
552:Ascender
467:Footwear
425:wetsuits
422:neoprene
260:wetsuits
1474:Yaodong
1348:Boxwork
1191:Cave-in
888:July 2,
739:whistle
645:compass
612:Bolting
588:Ladders
489:helmets
483:Helmets
449:cordura
429:surfing
368:in the
350:donkeys
331:carbide
296:candles
274:History
268:T-shirt
233:Alabama
124:scholar
1283:Spring
1196:Cenote
1119:Diving
1114:Caving
1072:topics
967:
710:Tough
673:Suunto
559:abseil
487:While
461:Gloves
433:diving
403:France
312:canvas
284:Europe
280:cavers
266:and a
264:shorts
244:cavers
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
1311:River
1253:Ponor
1206:Foiba
1148:Karst
1131:Fauna
989:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
928:(PDF)
677:Silva
638:Cave
618:bolts
583:rope.
407:Spain
385:Petzl
374:nylon
315:canoe
292:tweed
252:caves
131:JSTOR
117:books
1331:and
1306:Lake
1293:Sump
1236:Mine
1070:Cave
965:ISBN
890:2011
721:PDAs
681:PDAs
601:Rope
526:The
405:and
286:and
246:and
103:news
1433:Vug
781:".
675:or
453:PVC
431:or
321:in
282:in
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